A PROVISIONAL ANALYSIS OF SERI,
A NATIVE LANGUAGE OF SONORA, MEXICO
by
AV
Marjorie M. Schweitzer
A Thesis
submitted to the faculty of the
Department of Anthropology
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF ARTS
in the Graduate College, University of Arizona
1953
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This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements
for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited
in the Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the
Library•
Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without
special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source
is made.
Requests for permission for extended quotation from or re­
production of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by
the head of the major department or the dean of the Graduate College
when in their judgment the proposed use of the material is in the
interests of scholarship.
In all other instances, however, permission
must be obtained from the author•
SIGNED;
. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I wish to thank sincerely E» H« Spicer for allowing me to use his
Seri language data and for his time, patience and advice; D. Matson
for helping me with technical problems; my advisory committee for criti­
cizing the manuscript; W. N. Smith and W. Cardwell for the use of their
Seri language material; the Department of Anthropology at the University
of Arizona for making available to me money from the Com!ns Fund; and
my husband for his critical advice and assistance.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION.......................................
Seri Indians and Their Language .. .......................
Method of Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Limitations of the R e p o r t ..............................
II.
EHONELUCS ............................
Description of Phonemes and Allophones
V o w e l s ...................... ..
D i p h t h o n g s .............................................
Semivowels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..........
Number of Vowels . . . . ' ..............................
Length ........ . .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C o n s o n a n t s ............................................
Whispered Syllables
Variation in Initial P h o n e m e ..........................
Alternant Forms . ............ . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Initial and Immediately Following P h o n e m e s ............
Frequency List of Initial Phonemes . . . . . . . . . . .
Consonant Clusters .....................................
Three-Consonant Clusters
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vowel Clusters ....................................... .
Stress Accent ............ . ........ . . . . . . . . .
Phonetic Structure ............................ . . . .
Homophones ................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1
2
3
vn vn
I.
11
12
12
13
13
21
22
23
23
24
25
27
28
29
30
32
III.
MORPHOLOGY ...................................
N o u n s ..........
P r o n o u n s ...............................................
A t t r i b u t i v e s ...........................................
Verbal Complex .........................................
Locatives............................
Temporals . . ........................ . . . . . . . . .
Connect i v e s ....................
Minor-Clause Forms . ...................... . . . . . .
33
33
39
40
41
43
44
44
45
IV.
SENTENCE STRUCTURE.........................................
Sentences..............................
Positions of Classes of Forms in Sentences
•
46
Vi
L E X I C O N ...................................................
Free F o r m s .............................................
Bound F o r m s ............................................
46
49
51
51
62
Page
VI.
TEXT . ............................................. .
Free T r a n s l a t i o n ........................
66
80
VII.
PROBLEMS FOR R E S E A R C H ............ ........................
Unanalyzed Forms . ................. ....................87
85
APPENDIX:
TABLE OF PHONETIC S Y M B O L S .......... .
BIBLIOGRAPHY
............
94
95
CHARTS
I.
Vowels ..................... ..
II.
Allophones (Vowels)
III.
Consonants ................................
13
IV.
Allophones (Consonants)
14
V.
Initial and Immediately Following Phonemes . . . . . . . . .
24
VI.
Final and Penultimate Phonemes
25
VII.
Two-Consonant Clusters . . ........
. .......................
....................
...
5
6
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
26
VIII. Three-Consonant C l u sters............
28
IX.
28
Two-Vowel Clusters
I
INTRODUCTION
Seri Indians and Their Language
The Seri Indians are located on the Gulf of California coast of
Mexico in the state of Sonora, and on Tiburon Island just off the coast.
They live at Desemboque and at other points between that community and
Kino Bay.
With the possible exception of individuals who have left the
main Seri group, there is only one dialect of Seri spoken.
Although
some persons claim knowledge of dialects not now used, it has not been
possible to verify this.
Most Seri Indians know.some Spanish words in
addition to Seri, but the latter is preferred for ordinary conversations
among the Indians,
There are no English speakers in the group.
The language uses bound forms and is therefore a synthetic language
in contrast to an analytic language.^
It shows some relation to the
Tuman languages^ and is classified by linguists in the Hokan division
of the Hokan-Siouan group.3
Similarities, however, have also been noted
with AzteoTanoan languages - Papago, Pima and Yaqui.^
^Bloomfield, 1933, p. 208.
2Whiting, 1951, and Kroeber, 1931, P.
3lfason, 1940, p. 52-53.
^Spicer, 1952.
2
Method of Procedure
The material used in making this study was obtained from three
sources: word lists recorded on tape by 1. H. Spicer and V. N. Smith,
and a narrative text and word lists recorded by Spicer in phonetic
symbols during three visits to the Seri country in 1951 and 1952.
The writer used only the tape-recorded forms in making the phonemic
analysis, listening to each tape three or four times in an effort to
transcribe the sounds as accurately as possible.
The tapes were checked
for secondary features such as stress accent, aspiration, and length as
well as for primary features.
On several occasions Spicer transcribed
parts of the tapes with the writer, and the transcriptions of each form
were compared and discussed.
The transcriptions used in this report,
however, are the writer's.
The method of phonemic analysis used was developed from those
suggested by Pike^ and by Bloch and Trager.^
included 664 forms.
nificant phonemes.
The material analyzed
Certain phonetic sounds were accepted as being sig­
Certain pairs of sounds were considered questionable
and these were further analyzed in order to determine which sounds were
significant.
The suprasegmental features of accent, aspiration and
length were analyzed to determine whether they were significant.
All occurrences of Seri forms appearing in this paper, except for
5Pike, 1947.
^Bloch and Trager, 1942.
3
certain, examples in Chapter II, have been transcribed phonemically
using the symbols listed in the following chapter.
In making the morphological analysis the three available sources
of material mentioned above were used.
Methods suggested by Bloch and
Trager, and by Nida? were followed.
The lexicon contains only analyzed forms.
Those forms which are
still unanalyzed are listed in Chapter V H and have been included in
this report in order to make them available for future investigation.
Limitations of the Report
None of the analysis presented here was done in the field and there
was no opportunity to check results with native informants as the
analysis progressed.
Certain additional limitations are imposed by the
fact that the writer has never worked directly with Seri Indians but has
had to rely solely on her interpretations of material recorded by others.
?Nida, 1949
4
II
EHQNEMICS
The phonemes of Seri include three front unrounded vowels /a, e, i/,8
two central-front unrounded vowels /I, E/, two back rounded vowels /o, u/,
two diphthongs /ai, ao/, and two semivowels /y, w/.
There are four
voiceless stops /p, t, k, */, four voiceless spirants /f, h, s, S/, two
voiced nasals /m, n/, one voiceless lateral /l/, and one tongue flip /r/
which is found only in Spanish loan words.
The phonemes and allophones
are shown in Charts I, II, III, and 17 and each is described in follow­
ing sections.
For convenience, symbols which could be made with the typewriter
have been used where possible.
Brackets
slant lines enclose phonemic symbols.
enclose phonetic symbols,
and
Meaningful units, although written
phonemically, are not enclosed in slant lines.
Translations of forms
are enclosed in quotation marks.
'Or key to phonetic symbols, see Appendix, p. 94.
5
Description of Phonemes and Allophones
In the following list each phoneme and allophone is described and
an approximate English equivalent of each sound given with examples of
occurrence of each phoneme and allophone in initial, medial, and final
positions.
The examples are selected to show the various environments
in which each phoneme may occur.
F o r .example /a/ may occur initially
only before a consonant while medially it may occur in three environ­
ments: between a vowel and a consonant, vac, between two consonants,
cac, or between a consonant and a vowel, cay.
In certain environments /I, E, i, e, o, u/ are phonemes while in
other environments they are allophones of other phonemes.
They are
described only once - where they are listed as phonemes.
Towels
Chart I. Towels
Front
i
Central.
Back
u
High
Lower High
Bounded
Unrounded"1
I
Higher Mid
0
e
Mid
E
Lower Mid
Higher Low
a
Low
Diphthongs: /ai , ao/.
Seaivowels: /y, w/«
Chart II. AUophones (Vowels)
Central
Front
Back
High
Lower High
Higher Mid
Mid
Lower Mid
Higher Low
Low
L O
l)
/a/
and C K 3 are unrounded;
L O
is rounded.
a low front unrounded vowel as in "father.n
Occurs initially:
medially:
ast
"mountain"
Seapko
"whale"
|
tamkaiha
sol *anl
finally:
"strong man"
"nine"
hltoa
"leg"
t
kosa
"cliff"
Allophone:
[v]
a higher-low central unrounded vowel as in "mum";
never accented except in one-syllable words.
7
Occurs initially:
2)
/o/
fYxxkeh*}
"sit donn"
medially:
[Sakangl]
"maidens"
finally:
[.opat a It 3
"waves"
a higher-mid back rounded vowel as in "home."
Occurs initially:
medially:
i
opat
homat
"hot"
kanoa
"boat"
akEok
"firewood"
I
hapo.
finally:
"wave"
"sea lion"
Allophones:
a lower-high more-central back rounded vowel as
in "good."
Occurs medially:
finally:
Cu3
[.mwasjfl 3
"yellow"
[hapehigemj£3
"dice"
a high back rounded vowel as in "hoot."
Occurs medially:
[koitun3
"five"
y
finally:
3)
/u/
[.mwakuQ
"old man"
a high back rounded vowel as in "hoot."
Occurs medially:
kopul
"black"
/
8
sehlnatiuks
"javalina"
yanokanokuenlt
finally:
astkaku
"wrist”
"mountain”
Allophone:
Co 3
Occurs medially:
A)
/E/
[.homo 3
"housefly”
a lower-mid (more central than /e/) front unrounded vowel
as in "met.”
Occurs initially:
medially:
Ene
"knife"
yEa
"face"
t
-
oEn
t
akSak
finally:
ekomE
alone:
E*
E
-
"children"
"firewood"
"first cousin"
"jack rabbit"
"I, we"
Allophones:
L43
a higher-low front unrounded vowel as in "mat."
Occurs medially: [hlnol^ku 3 "thumb"
Li3
Occurs ialtlally:
[ihe'a]
"male cousin"
9
medially:
Qkls11 ]
wsmall”
[e]
Occurs alone:
5)
/!/
Le.3 "jack rabbit”
a lower-high (more central than /i/) front unrounded vowel
as in "hit.”
Occurs initially:
medially:
t
Insit
"shoulder blade”
antfk
"down”
Allophones:
[3]
Occurs medially:
[kgsil]
"small”
in
Occurs medially:
6)
/i/
L slPjJ-3 "youths”
a high front unrounded vowel as in "meet.”
Occurs initially:
medially:
iyat
sip
"point” (of land)
"youth”
i
akoip
"cactus picking stick”
*t
sehlnatiuks
finally:
t
mosni_
"javalina”
"sea turtle”
10
l
S e ’E ’Etkwi
hekakatoi_
alone:
"tortoise”
"cattle"
"father” (me)9
Aliophone:
Ci,
Occurs medially:
7)
[hlf3 "nose"
/ e/ a mid-front unrounded vowel as in "gate."
..
Occurs initially:
medially:
ekomE
hope
"younger sister"
"good"
siatok
"sheep"
yanokanokuemlt "wrist"
finally:
6ne
"knife"
konkae
kao fpwe
"old woman"
"seven"
(fcs)^®
^The terms "male ego" and "female ego" are indicated by the
abbreviations (me) and (fe) respectively.•^Finger counting system. There are two systems of counting. One
of them, the finger counting system, is said to be the older. Numbers
in this system will be identified by the abbreviation fcs.
11
Allophon.es:
[_ eL 3
a diphthong of mid-front and high front unrounded
vowels as in "bay."
Occurs initially: [. eiyal 3 "wife"
medially:
L heLkaspo3 "pencil"
Le 3
Occurs medially::[_ SHikam
3 "fish"
Li 3
Occurs medially:
E ’pemi'ml/a
3
"deer tracks"
Diphthongs
8)
/ai/
composed of high front and low front unrounded vowels as
in "buy."
Occurs alone:
/a)/
aL_
"wind"
medially:
kail
"dry lake"
finally:
t
anolaksd
"ring"
composed of low front unrounded and higher-mid back rounded
vowels as in "how."
Occurs initially:
aohl
"clam"
12
medially:
ravsEDjcl
"old men"
finally:
SEhlcanao
"cat"
Semivowels
10)
/y/
a voiced semivowel as in "zes."
Occurs initially:
1
medially:
11)
/w/
"face"
t
ijrat
"point"
(of land)
a voiced semivowel as in "win."
Occurs medially:
t i
anltaSokwi "eleven"
t
mrahik "women"
Number of Vowels
There are seven vowel phonemes. These may be divided into three
groups.
The sounds in each group occur in v;n allophonic variation with
other members of the group but do not occur in allophonic variation with
any sound in either of the other groups.
These groups are shown below
with dashes indicating the allophones which may occur in allophonic
variation, e.g., /i/ may vary with /!/ and /e/ but not with /E/.
/a/~Lv 3
L O “/°/”/u/
/i/-/l/
I
I
/ e/-/E/-[ 4 3
I
L O
Length
Only one Instance can be cited where length is significant E»
"jack rabbit,"
E
"I, we."
Consonants
Chart III.
Point of
Articulation
Bilabial
Voicing
Vis.
V.
Alveolar
Post
Alveolar
Palatal
Glottal
Vis.
Vis.
V.
Vis. V.
Vis. V.
Stops
P
t
Spirants
f
8
Nasals
Laterals
/ r/
Consonants
V.
k
S
n
m
i
is found in Spanish loan words.
t
h
Chart 17.
Allophones (Consonants)
Point of
Articulation
Bilabial
Alveolar
Voicing
Vis.
Vis.
Stops
V.
b
V.
Post
Alveolar
Palatal
V&lar l
Vis.
Vis. V.
Vis. V.
V.
d
g
Spirants
8
I
r
Nasals
9
laterals
12)
/p/
1
a voiceless bilabial stop as in w£in.n
Occurs initially:
medially:
pEn
"man’s carrying yoke"
tEpul
"cottontail rabbit"
i
kospuh
"spotted"
t
S a ’Ipka
|
kao fpwe
finally:
si£
koh£
"today"
"seven"
(fcs)
"youth"
"idiite"
Allophone:
C b3
a voiced bilabial stop as in "bin."
t
Occurs medially: [_ hatx> ] "sea lion"
15
The sounds /p/ and [. b 3
contrast only in the medial position.
There is a relation between stress accent and the voicing of this
stop.
In many cases in which /p/ and L b 3 occur in analogous environ­
ments, the voiced stop occurs in the accented syllable and the voiceless
stop occurs in the unaccented syllable.
Though this stop occurs both aspirated and unaspirated, no sig­
nificance has been discovered for the aspiration.
13)
/t/
a voiceless alveolar stop as in "tin."
Occurs initially:
i
tpkni
tSok
medially:
"rounded"
"four"
Sa'Etkwi "noon"
t■
**
pEtih "round, full"
t
htasi
"inlet"
t
antkora
finally:
"to sleep"
ant_
"year"
hot_
"coyote"
Allophones:
L d 3 a voiced alveolar stop as in "din."
Occurs initially: L del h e s 3
medially:
t
L and_Ik 3
"beach"
"down"l
l sehlnadiuks 3 "javalina"
16
L tf 3 aspirated voiceless alveolar stop as in "tough."
Occurs medially:
finally:
14)
/k/
L
E ,kehotco
3
L
S a ’ifjcwi 3 "noon"
"jack rabbits"
[_ opat0 3 "wave"
a voiceless palatal stop as in "kin."
Occurs initially:
i
toil
"horse"
ktam
"man"
kwEnE
medially:
finally:
"dust"
"house"
ISkS
"younger brother"
atoii
"bow"
kok "two"
i
ahaSk "arrows"
Allophones:
L 6 3 a voiced palatal stop as in "go."
Occurs initially:
medially:
L
gapt
3
"narrow"
L
angE
3
"wooden skewer"
L agEok 3 "firewood"
L amakgwal s 3 "smoke signal"
r
,
L IlltiagwaS 3 "braided hair"
finally:
L
hi1pe3Itag_3 "chest"
17
L k 3 a voiceless velar stop as in nc|UOtew; occurs most
§
frequently in the final position as in Lktamuk ]
"men," and before a whispered syllable as in
Lo k u 3 "bay."
As in the case of the bilabial stop, stress accent seems to be
directly associated with the voicing of the palatal stop.
In most cases,
in examples of medial occurrence, L g 3 precedes the accented phoneme
and /k/ follows the accented phoneme.
/V
is always unaspirated in the initial position and occasionally
aspirated in the medial and final positions.
The voiced allophone occurs frequently, especially in the connec­
tive L ge.3 .
In a few forms [. g 1 is preceded by a bilabial nasalization and
followed by labialization, e.g.,
15)
/V
L mgwam 3
"woman."
a glottal stop as in "an _ icehouse."
Occurs medially:
1
E^E
"stick"
k^El "red"
t
kojtah "ant"
finally:
16)
/f/
noJ_
"wildcat"
a voiceless bilabial (varying to labio-dental) spirant as
in "feed."
Occurs medially:
t
antpofi
t
paofwi
"tomorrow"
*
"three" (fcs)
18
finally:
1?)
/s/
hif.
"nose"
a voiceless alveolar spirant as in "sit."
Occurs initially:
t
stample
"rainbow"
1
sohanl
medially:
ast
"nine"
(fes)
"stone"
1
rnwasol "yellow"
t
"
taslslktasi "spark"
finally:
tls_ "point"
t antlps, "arroyo"
Allophone:
L sr
3a
voiceless retroflex spirant.
t
Occurs initially: [_ s^eapko 3 "black whale"
t
[ s^Litko 3 "skunk"
medially: L -E'Bs^aratkokwipa
3 "toy
.harpoon"
LhaSjlkanl3 "many stars"
finally:
L lkonsr
3
L amokls^
18)
/S/
"spinning cross"
3
"Milky Way"
a voiceless alveolar spirant with tongue in domal position
as in "shoot." .
Occurs initially:
medially:
Sail
"cave"
1
taSo
"one"
t
napSof
finally:
kpanS
#
antlS
"six"
(fcs)
"run"
"clay"
Allophone:
Lsr
3
Occurs initially: [ s^Ehkam. ] "fish"
medially:
L tasro ] "one"
C hasrlkanl 3 "stars"
/h/
a voiceless glottal spirant as in "hat."
Occurs initially:
medially:
hot
"mountain lion"
t
ahaSa
"arrow"
apha "rabbit"
f
Sohkon "four" (fcs)
finally:
t
hISah
"moon"
Allophone:
. x 3 a voiceless velar spirant as in German "ach
Occurs initially: [ rbasi 3 "inlet"
t
L xpmo3 "housefly"
20
medially: L a m t 3 "creosote bush"
L aari 3 "clam"
finally:
20)
/m/
L
m
3 "water"
a voiced bilabial nasal as in "me."
Occurs initially:
medially:
t
mosni "sea turtle"
t
mwahik "woman"
t
amk
"fire"
amt
"world"
t Itma’a "mother's older sister"
finally:
ktam
"man"
When /m/ is followed by /a/ it is frequently labialized.
t
labialization is written as /w/, as in mwako "old man."
21)
/n/
a voiced alveolar nasal as in "no."
Occurs initially:
medially:
finally:
it i
nopait
"afternoon"
t
hlnpk
1
mosni
"bay"
'
"sea turtle"
ant
"year"
yEn
"face"
AUophone:
f. g 3
a voiced velar nasal as in "sing."
This
21
Occurs finally: (f tohoip
"one*
(fcs)
This allophone occurs after /o/ and /u/ in a limited number of
forms and their compounds, as in £ koitug.]
"five* and £ anltoitugkwi]
"fifteen."
22)
/l/
a voiceless alveolar lateral.
,
Occurs medially:
t
lilt
"hair"
t m seSkEsiltam "boy"
I
haSlkanl
"many stars"
i
*
'
hikasposla "many pencils"
finally:
kopul_
"black"
k ’anl
"ten"
Allophone:
£
a voiced alveolar lateral as in "all."
Occurs medially: Q* mola]
£ Isla]
"mule"
"ear"
Z hllkSimaSi]
23)
/r/
"elbow"
a tongue flip as in ^herr/!; occurs only in Spanish loan
words.
Occurs medially:
I
troke
"truck"
Whispered Syllables
Analysis was inconclusive regarding the significance of whispered
22
syllables.
This feature occurs only in the final position and in the
following environments;
1)
/o/ following
[ V ] as in
[tEpulkehot^ °J
2)
/tu/
following /h/
3)
/uh/
following /*/ as in k l ,u^
4)
/u/ following /k/ as in oku
as in ahkoahtu
ncottontails”
”sweet water”
”red" '
"sea breeze"
Variation in Initial Phoneme
In certain forms the following variation of initial and second
phonemes was found:
-ka'a
-ta’a
-ha *a
"narrative indicator"
kl— , ki—
ml, mihitSne
hEme
mEme
maSim
haSim
hepe
mipe
tipe
nipe
kwa
mwa
kwamwa-
"present tense prefix"
"all gone"
"beautiful"
,
"good"
"now"
_
"not"
23
Alternant Forms
Certain forms, when in combination with other forms, have alternant
initial, medial or final sounds as in:
Free Form
koitun
ktam
"five
"man"
kok
i
anltokkwi
"two"
$
kapha
"three"
tSok
Complex Form
t
i
anltoitunkwi "fifteen"
i
tamkaiha "strong man"
f
anlaphakwi
t
"connective"
I
ya'Eme
ant
ha
"sail"
"year"
pEtih
"thirteen"
anltoktaphakwi "twenty-three"
I
h e ’anlSok ffforty”
"four"
he-
■
"twelve"
"full"
"one thousand"
t
t
wapa^Iheltokoha^a "raise the sail"
t
mohamt "last year"
* M
mwaspEthlSah
i
ho'opat
"quick"
i s
he1anleanlan
"first half of the moon"
"rough sea"
t
t
Btpen
"white tail deer"
E'pemi'mi*a
"deer tracks"
Initial and Immediately Following Phonemes
The following phonemes do not occur initially:
In the
664 forms
/f, 1, *,/ and /u/.
checked, /h/ and /a/ occurred initially more than 100
times and /si, ao, o, 1, a, w/ occurred initially less than 10 times.
24
Frequency List of Initial Phonemes
/h/ - 152
A / - 35
/a/ - 142
/e/ - 31
A / - 76
/s/ - 28
A/ -6
Ad./ -6
/!/ - 50
/t/ - 20
/n/ - 4
H
Chart 7.
O
H
1
/E/ - 36
1
/S/ - 38
/o/ - 9
/ao / - 2
/w/ - 2
Initial and Immediately Following Phonemes .
81 0 i i B e u ai ao w y n
h 3 s k t D 1 t f
—
P
t - - —
k - - - - - mm'
s
- s - - h
m
a n - - £ y
w
3 ao
ai
**
— - - G —
- - E
- 1
- - - — —
—
- I
—
—
0
a
3
The dash in the above chart indicates the phonemes which follow
each initial phoneme, e.g., initial /p/ may be followed by /a, o, E/
and /ao/e
25
Chart 71.
a 0 u
a
0
u
i
i - E
6 a)
ai
P - t - k - - f - s - s - h - - —
m - - - n
i
Final and Penultimate Phonemes
Penultimate Phonemes
I i E 6 ao Ed. P k|] f 8 s h m a i t w
- - - - - —
- —
- - - 1
mm
•
- - - — - - - - — - - ~ — - —
- - 1
The dash indicates the phonemes which precede each final phoneme,
e.g., /!/ used finally may be preceded only by /S/.
The following
phonemes do not occur finally: /*, w, y/.
Consonant Clusters:
Two-consonant clusters are by far the most common, occurring five
times more frequently than three-consonant clusters.
consonants may occur together in a cluster.
As many as four
These occur at the juncture
of free morphemes in compounds and, in one instance, in a one-syllable
morpheme, e.g., y E ’ktS
"Yaquis."
Chart 711.
p
p
t
1
u f
1
8
i
rca s
■p
3 h
m
-*k-
Second Member
s
8
m
h
n
i
—pS —ph— -pa-pi
—pS—
—ts -th- -to—tS—
ts-kn -kl
k*- -ks
—ks— -kS- -kh-kn- —kX—
— *s—
-*h-
-sksk-
-sh
-sh-
-sn- —si -sy—si—
-Sk
-Sk-
-Sh-
—Sn— -si-
t
k
-pt -pk
—pt— -pk—tt— -tk-
kp- -ktkt- ,P- -*t-ft
—st
—st—
■st—
—St—
1
k
hp—
-hp
-mt
Two-Consonant Clusters
-kk—
f
i
w
-kwkw-fw-
-hk-mk—
—hS
—hh— —tiia— -hn- -hi
-an-
—ns— —TlS
-nl
-as—
ma-
•
n
y
-up— —nt -nk-nt—It— -Ik
-Ik-
-Til —
-IS-
Dashes Indicate position of the cluster in the form, e.g.,
/at-/ indicates the cluster occurs initially, /-st-/ medially and
/-st/ finally.
Compounds as well as minimal free forms were used in
compiling this chart•
27
Three-Consonant Clusters
Three-consonant clusters occur only in the medial position with
the following exceptions:
Initial cluster only:
/hat-/
/hsp-/
Final cluster only:
/-SkS/
/-tkS/
/-plk/
/-tks/
Medial and final:
/-81k-/
/-Slk/
Only the following six phonemes occur medially in three-consonant
clusters:
/p, m, s, k, t, l/.
Eight consonant sequences vtiiich occur in three-consonant clusters
do not occur in two-consonant clusters:
lh, tw/.
/fp, pw, Is, tp, hs, 1m,
28
Chart Till.
G
I
H
ed
•H
s
5
w
-fpw-hm#-
fp
hm
hs
kk
ka
kt
Ik
1m
mk
mt
nk
nl
nt
pk
pi
sk
si
st
Sk
Three-Consonant Clusters
t
k
-fpk-
S
V
8
h
hsp-
hst-kkw-
-ksh-kts-IkS-
-Ikw-Imw-mkw-
-mtk-nk#—Bltw —aXS— -nlk- —nls—
-nlh-ntk—ntp—
-ntw- —ntt—
-pkw-plk
-skw-sks-sis-stt-stk-SkS-Slk
-Slk-tk#-tkS
-tks
SI
tk
Vowel Clusters
No more than two vowels were found occurring together in a cluster.
Chart IX.
a
a
I G
G
-ae
Two-Vowel Clusters
E
i
0
—o.'E— -ai
-ai- -ao-
§
-eaea-
E
1
•H 0
S
a
la-
-ia-oa—oZ"
-oa
-ua- -UG-
u
ai
-ai- — GO— -eu-
—So—
5
-iu- —idL —
? ?
29
Stress Accent
I
In two-syllable words the stress accent may be on either or both
syllables.
Forms with two accents are, however, relatively rare.
Where one accent occurs it is indicated by (*); where two accents
occur the primary stress is indicated by (M) and the secondary
stress by (*).
1)
2)
Accent on the first syllable
hape
"sea"
i
haSo
"mountain lion"
Accent on the second syllable
i
stamapk "rainbow"
t
, hapo "sea lion"
3)
Accent on both syllables
kaktam
"fire stick shaft"
M t
apis
"cigarette"
afik
"shirt"
Three-syllable words having only one accent are most frequently
stressed on the second syllable.
Several two-accent patterns occur
but they are relatively rare*
l)
Accent on the second syllable
t
ekomE "younger sister"
I
hikaspo "pencil"
30
2)
Accent on the first syllable
hianif "thunder”
i
hoiha "strong"
3)
Accent on the last syllable
t
antpof i "tomorrow"
;
.tonkokwi "seven"
4)
Accent on two syllables
n t
nopait "afternoon"
« i
seato "sheep"
I H
~
'
yalctSil "father's younger sister"
• i
hlpoSi "summer"
,
H mosnitls "harpoon point"
Phonetic Structure
Ten consonant-trowel patterns were found in one-syllabler forms:
cvc
hif
cvcc
"nose"
kohp
cvcccc
ccvc
"white"
yE'ktS
ktam
"Yaquis"
"man"
ccvcc
mwao kl
"old men"
ccvccc
ktaplk
"morning"
v
"jack rabbit"
vc
E»
ah
"water"
31
Too
vant
vccc
"year"
ISkS
"younger brother"
Nineteen patterns occur in two-syllable forms;
t
CYCV
taSo
CVCYC
"one"
CYCYCC
kl,uh "red"
f
*
sohanl "nine" (fcs)
CYCCY
hlpka
"rain"
CYCCYC
ho’nal "ten” (fcs)
t
^
CVCCCY
keofpwe "seven" (fcs)
t
cyv
1cal "horse"
CYYC
koil "blue"
i
mwako "father"
CCYCY
..
f
CCVCYC
mwahik "women"
1
cCYCYCC stamapk "rainbow"
vcv
vcvc
ycvcc
YCCY
E ’E
"stick"
lilt "head"
I
»
ikonS
"spinning cross"
t
wk-nj
"bow"
t
vccvc
"down"
i
vccvcc
antlps "arroyo"
i
vcccv tsksi
"first cousin"
vyc
antIk
i
eak
"second cousin"
/
32
Eighteen patterns were identified for three-syllable forms:
cvcvcv
mohlma "yesterday*
t
cvcvcvc
hi*amok "night"
I
cvcw
kanoa "boat"
ft *
cvctvc
nopait
"afternoon"
I
watahka
cvcvccv
"striped"
»
cvcvcccvc
sEnasksEt
«
cwcv
hoiha
"bat"
-
"strong"
i
cwctc
cttctcc
cwccv
ccvtctc
hianif
"thunder"
t
soi,anl
t
Seapko
kwaiton
"nine"
"black whale"
"five" (fcs)
t
vcvcv
ahaSa
"arrow"
\
t
vcvcvc
ISahlp
"plate"
t
vcw
apai "Papago"
i
vcwc
akEok "firewood"
I
vccvcv
I ’m i ’a "tracks"
i
vccvccv
ankahhsl
"smoke"
t
vccctct
antpofi "tomorrow"
Homophones
The existence of homophones is demonstrated by the following
three pairs of forms:
hL
"wind";
hat
ant "year" —
"to raise" —
hat
ant "earth, world” ; ai "flea" —
"hail."
33
III
MDEEHOLOGY11
The following classes of forms occur in Seri:
nouns, pronouns,
attributives, verbal complexes, locatives, temporals, connectives
and independent minor-clause forms.
Nouns
Nouns are forms which are inflected for number, singular and
plural.
1.
Plurals are formed by the following processes:
Affixation
a.
Suffixation - Plurals may be formed by adding a bound
suffix to a singular free form.
1)
-la
Intak "mother'syounger sister"
Intakla
2)
-1
MIkasi "daughter's child"
Ikasil
3)
4)
"mother's younger sisters"
(me)
"daughter's children"
-ta
kai
-tak
kaita "horses"
1
kanoa "boat"
n tkanoatak "boats"
(me)
"horse"
^"Syntactical analysis is presented in this chapter where it is
used to define classes of forms.
34
i
5)
-sla
hikaspo
"pencil”
hikasposla
6)
-SI
i
ema'a
"father’s older brother"
ema’aSl
7)
-uk
8) -Ik
"father’s older brothers"
ktam "man"
i
ktamuk "men"
t
asoa "cross"
i
asoalk
9)
-k
i
hlnos
"crosses"
"toenail"
hlnbsk
10)
-tS
"pencils"
|
ao na
"toenails"
"sombrero"
t
. ~
so natS
11)
-ko
yEh
"sombreros"
"face"
yEnko
"faces"
i
12) -ala opat
"wave"
t
opatala
13)
-ol
hot
"waves"
"coyote"
»
hotol
"coyotes"
t
14)
-tSo
Ene' "knife"
t
EnetSo
15)
-f
ato
"eye"
atof
16) -al
"knives"
"eyes"
i
Sakam
"maiden"
»
Sakamal
17) -kl
EmaS
EmaSkl
"maidens"
"father’s mother"
"father’s mothers"
35
18)
-il
sip
"youth”
t
sipil
"youths"
Nouns may also be composed of a bound root combined with either
a bound singular suffix or a bound plural suffix*
1)
hISti
"pelvis"
1
hIStah
"pelves"
hlSt-
2)
ss:
-i
ps:
—ah
ahs
"dog"
i
•
ahaka "dogs"
3)
r:
ah**
ss:
-s
ps:
-aka
ekomE
"younger sister"
ekomk
"younger sisters"
r:
ekom-
ss:
-E
ps:
-k
12
'The abbreviations r, ss, and ps indicate root, singular suffix,
and plural suffix respectively*
36
4)
IkepaS
"son’s child”
Ikepalk
5)
r:
Ikepa-
ss:
-S
ps:
-Ik
i
ahaSa
"arrow"
t
ahaSk
"arrows"
r:
6)
ahaS-
ss:
-a
ps:
-k
akni
t
akSo
"bow"
"bows"
r:
7)
"son’s children"
ak-
ss:
-ni
ps:
-So
haSo
"mountain lion"
haSl
"mountain lions"
r:
haS-
ss:
-o
ps:
-1
Plurals may also be formed by zero modification.
i
askam
i
aska
"balsa reed boat"i
"balsa reed boats"
r:
aska
ss:
-m
ps:
zero
37
b.
Suffixation plus internal change;
1)
-kla
etS
’’father’s younger brother”
etaSkla
2)
-tla
Hie’a
"father’s younger brothers”
"older brother”
EhE’Itla
3)
-1
Ekt
"mother’s mother”
ekatl
4)
-sil
"older brothers”
"mother’s mothers"
ItkEma’a
"sister’s child" (fe)
EtkEmasil
5)
-ta
i
"father”
e ’eta
6)
-o
"sister’s children" (fe)
IkEt
"fathers"
"woman’s child"
Ikto
"woman*s children"
In certain cases when the singular noun is composed of a bound
root plus a bound singular suffix the plural is formed by adding a
bound plural suffix with internal change in the root.
t
mwako "old man"
1) -o
2)
-1
mwaokl
-m
kwam
-hik
»
xmrrahik
"old men"
"old woman"
"old women1
In other cases the plural is formed by adding ke (connective) and
hoto
"many"
(a free form).
ap
"mule deer"
#
apkehoto
"many mule deer"
38
2.
Internal Change.
t
ako "house"
so k
"houses"
In certain complex singular forms the internal change to form the
plural parallels the change in Siah
i n
sehlnakol
"fox"
i
hekEnakol
"foxes"
"thing" - hika "things."
•
In other forms which exhibit change similar to that above,
additional change also occurs.
SeE’Etkwi
"desert tortoise"
i
n
heka’E'Etkwokal
"desert tortoise"
3«
Suppletion.
i
yasi "man?s child"
i
oEn "man*a children"
4>
Zero Modification,
atl
"in-law"
atl
"in-laws"
In addition to the above plural forms there are the following
types of complex nouns.
1.
Nouns which are composed of a free-form noun plus a bound
prefix.
a.
I
lyako
"my house"
-<C
ly-
f
"my"; ako
"house"
39
. b.
i
InyEn
yEn
c.
2.
.
"their faces" <
"face"
Iny-
"his, their";
(y is elided)
*
E ’nakhi "rifle" <C E ‘n
«
"iron"; akni
Nouns which are composed of a bound root and a bound prefix.
a.
apl
"tongue"
a-
"general class indicator";
-pi
"tongue"
b.
Ipl
"my tongue"
c.
hlnol
d.
mlpl
e.
hlpka
"rain" <f
hi-
f.
apait
"food" C
apa-
(root)
"my arm"
I-
"my";
"house"
-pi"tongue" (root)
hi- "my"; -nol
"your tongue" <.
ml-
"arm"
"nominalizer";
"nominalizer";
-pka
"rain" (root)
-it "to eat" (root)
"edge of the beach";
*
and as compounds which may be composed of:
f
Noun plus noun:
asoa
2.
"tongue" (root)
i
aho
'
1.
(root)
"your"; -pi
Nouns also occur as minimum free forms:
i
ako
"bow"
E ’Easoa
E'E
"wood";
ha
"quick”;
"cross"
Attributive plus noun:
si
"cross santo"
h a ’ai
"squall" «<
"wind"
Pronouns
Pronouns occur as free forms which are inflected for case*
They
may occur initially and immediately following initial names and in the
same distribution as nouns.1^
13-See Chapter VII.
40
1.
Subjective Case.
a.
Personal pronouns: E
and plural);
b.
2#
Ehte
m.
raE
"yotf* (singular
"they"
Relative pronouns:
Objective Case:
"I, we, he*;
kiya
"vdio"
"you"
Possessive pronouns may occur as free forms in the same distributton as free-form attributives:
t
lya
t
"my, mine"; mEnya'a
-
yours ;
Inya
"his, their."
-
'
They may also occur as bound forms in
the same distribution as bound-form attributive prefixes:
I-
"ray";
ml- "your";
"your,
Iny-
hi-, ly-,
"his, their."
Bound possessive pronouns
t
1. InyEn "their faces"
f
2. lyako "my house" <.
may precede free forms:
<C yEn "face"
t
‘
ako
"house"
(y is elided)
or they may precede bound roots:
1.
Ipl
"my tongue"
<1 -pi
2.
mlpl
3.
hlnol "(my) arm" <C
"your tongue"
"tongue" (root)
<. -pi
-nol
"tongue" (root)
"arm" (root)
A demonstrative pronoun may occur as a free form following a noun:
i
apis kom "this cigarette" <
i
apis
"cigarette";
kom
"thiaii"
Attributives
Attributives function as free and bound forms.
The free forms
may occur in these positions:
1.
Following a noun:
"pencil" (noun)
hikaspo kol
"blue pencil"
kol "blue" (attributive)
hikaspo
41
2.
Preceding a noun:
t
tunyai1u
3.
tunyai*u apis
'
"cheap" (attributive)
Mcheap cigarette1’
t
apis "cigarette" (noun)
Following a noun and joined by the bound connective ke:
i
t
*
hlpkakehoiha "hard rain" <C hlpka "rain" (noun)
i
ke "connective"
hoiha "hard" (attributive)
The bound forms may occur following a free noun:
i
-kaku, -Eku, -ku
"big" in the forms akatkaku
i
akat
*
"shark"; hlnolEku
"big toe"
hltoa
.
"thumb"
i
hlnol
"arm";
"big shark"
i
hltoiku
"leg."
Verbal Complex
The verbal complex functions as a free form which is composed
entirely of bound forms.
The bound forms include roots, prefixes
and suffixes and will be listed according to these three divisions.
Examples of the use of each form will be given, with a slant line
indicating the point of juncture of the constituent parts of the complex
form.
1.
Roots
a.
Roots occuring only in verbal complexes
1)
-si-, -si- "to drink"
t
kl/si/ohi'a ifwe are drinking11
2)
-1-
"to go"
t
asi/l/ha’a
3)
-toi-
"we are going to go"
"to go"
asi/toi/ha'a
"we are going to go"
42
4)
-Ska-
"to arrive”
asi/Ska/ma,a
5)
-m-
"to sleep"
ki/ia/i'a
6)
"we are going to arrive"
-ai -
"I sleep"
"to do, make, paint"
Si/dL/ki/m/Su
7)
-m-
"to want to"
a/sl/mi/m/Sa
b.
(usually follows other verb roots)
"I want to drink"
Roots occuring in both verbal complexes and noun forms
1)
-pka
"to rain"
si/pka
t
hl/pka
2)
-it
"going to rain"
"rain"
(hi-
nominalizer)
"to eat"
as/it/ol/ka’a
apa/it
2.
"I want to make"
"in order to eat"
"food"
Prefixes
a.
k-,::ki-, kl-, ami-, mi-, hi-
"present tense indicator,
i•
positive aspect indicator" ; ki/m/i’a "I sleep"
b.
as-, asi-, si-, aSi-, Si"future tense indicator"
i
asi/l/ka'a "we are going to go"
c.
aso-, so-, So- "past tense indicator"
i
t
so/k/it/ohi’a "we ate"
d.
homa-, ma-, m-, k m ma/si/a
"negative indicator"
"he is not drinking coffee"
43
3.
Suffixes
a.
-ka
"plural indicator"
i
mi/m/ka
(used with -m- "want to")
*
"we want to"
b.
-hi’a, ohi’a "plural indicator"
t
kI/si/ohi,a "we are drinking"
c.
-Su, -8a
"singular indicator"
si/mi/m/Su
d.
-i*a, -a, -o
kl/si/a
(used with -m- Mwant to")
"I want to drink"
"singular indicator"
"he drinks"
e.
-a'a, -ka*a, -ha’a, -ta,a, -ma’a
f
asi/l/ka’a "we are going to go"
f.
-ol-
"narrative indicator"
-
"function not clear,"
i
as/it/ol/ka’a "in order to eat"
Locatives
Locatives may function as free forms, occurring in the following
positions:
1.
Preceding a verbal complex:
yEni
"ahead"
yEni asitoiha'a
2.
"we are going to go ahead"
Preceding a verbal and joined by the connective ke:
yEni/ke/asitoiha’a
"we are going to go ahead"
Certain other locatives were given as isolated free forms in the
data but their positions in sentences have not been determined*
44
Temporals
Temporals may function as free forms, occurring in the following
positions:
1. Preceding nomirials:
I
1
mohlma h i ’amok "last night"
i
-■
hi’amok "night"
2.
I
mohlma
Introducing a sentence:
t
»
t
i
kwa kosteohliti aho asoitia’a
"now we are going to arrive
.
-
at San Esteban" <_^ kwa
I
aho
3.
"yesterday";
-'
.
t
"edge of beach";
i
"now"; kosteohliti
"San Esteban";
t
asoitia’a
"we are going to arrive"
Preceding a verbal complex:
kwa mlSkam
"now we arrive" ^
kwa
"now";■ mlSkam
"we
arrive"
Connectives
There are three bound forms idiich function as connectives:
1. -ke, -ki occur in the following positions:
a.
Following a free form and preceding a free form:
1)
noun-ke-noun:
E *Ekopmulakiona
"santo with hat"
t
E ’Ekopnatla
2)
"santo"; ona
"hat"
noun-ke-attributive:
kanoaketaSo
f
kanoa
"one"
"boat";
|
taSo
"one boat" <^_
3)
noun-k e-verbal complex: kanoakemiho’o "I see a
|
boat"
kanoa "boat"; miho’o "I see"
4)
noun-ke-temporal:
kanoakemohamt
"boat last year
45
(I made)M
5)
kanoa "boat” ; mohamt "last year"
noun-ke-locative:• trokekehana
broke
"truck";
hana
"inside"
i
6)
tenporal-ke-tenporal:
in the morning"
•
7)
^
\
"inside truck" <Z_
'
t
mnh t me VernnhTmg
i
mohlraa
"yesterday
"yesterday"
'
*
lo cat ive-ki-verbal complex:
»
yEnikiasitoiha *a "we
|
are going to go ahead" <C. yEni
|
"ahead";
asitoiha’a
"we are going to go"
b.
Following a free form and preceding a bound form:
oyakkikai
"older brother"
<. oyak
"relative";
-kai
"older"
2.
-kwi
occurs as a suffix following attributives of number.
It functions as an addition sign in the formation of certain
numerals above ten:
tSok
3*
he-
i
anltSokkwi
.
"fourteen"
anl
"ten";
"four".
occurs as a prefix preceding attributives of number.
It functions as a sign of multiplication in forming certain
»
numerals above ten:
he*anlkapha
"thirty"
anl
"ten";
t
kapha
"three."
Minor-Clause Forms
These forms are used only as independent minor-clause forms:
I ‘a*i, I ’a
"all right, yes."
46
/
17
SENTENCE STRUCTURE
The following sentences which occurred in isolation in the data
have been analyzed syntactically to determine the positions within the
sentence occupied by the classes of forms listed in Chapter III*
viations beneath each form indicate its class.
A summary of the
analysis follows the sentences*
The abbreviations are:
Sells
subjective noun
v.c.
verbal complex
o #11#
objective noun
a.
attributive
SePe
subjective pronoun
1.
locative
OePe
objective pronoun
t.
temporal
a.p*
demonstrative pronoun
r
Sentences
1.
kanoaketaSo yoya
o.n*
v.c.
one boat
2.
I have
kanoakaku ho'hi'i
P*n*
v.c.
large boat
I made
Abbre­
47
3.
4«
5.
E
s.p.
i
simEt
o .n.
i
t.
sokitohi*a
v.c.
We
bread
ate
pokatowmEkta
t.
t
E
ESitmiso
8 .p •
1.
1
t
Siadka'a
v.c.
Saturday
we
are going to ge
ikatomEk
t.
ItioktaSkima
t.
Saturday
6.
past
hikatomEkanalka
t#
Saturday coming
7*
8.
9»
10.
Hermosillo
t
i
ESitmiso
1.
ipmifp
Hermosillo
I arrived
kati’hiti
d #p # this
mosni
o.n.
akatmimSu
v.c.
sea turtle
wants to seek
kwa
t.
t
t
S a ’Ipkap
‘ t.
now
this day
Ike
1.
mipka
v.c.
here
raining
kwlnke
s.n.
(one)
Seri
asilha'a
v^c.
we are going to go
V.Cs
ESitmiso
1.
anopslfpa’a
v.e;
Hermosillo
I am going to arrive
i
taSo
a.
pe
one
?
i
mosni
o.n.
i
i
Iskunka’a
v.c.
sea
turtle
is not going
to look for
11.
apis
o.n.
cigarette
.
12
13.
15.
16.
I am looking at
this
t
«
apis-ke-kok
o.n.
himl’a
v.c:
two cigarettes
I see
z
apis-ke-taSo
sup.
o.n.
we
14.
imi,u
T.C.
kom
d.p.
one cigarette
t
Z
s.p.
ma
o.p.
mi'ii
Tie. '
I
you
look at
MB
s.p.
t
Inta'u
T.C.
you
look at (me)
titoma
d.p.
this
aai'Itk
T.C.
are looking at
so k-ke-kat o-ke-mi *u
o.n.
v;c.
many houses
I look at
apis
kano
o.n.
a.
t
Ityon
T.C.
cigarette
many
bring
Insltkohp
s.n.
apis
o.n.
kano
a.
t
Ityon
T.C.
White Spot
cigarette
many
brings
19.
2
s.p.
apis
o.n.
kano
a.
Ityon
v.c.
we
cigarette
many
bring
t
20.
mohlma-hl*amok
t.
V , ,c.
klpyim
last
I was sleeping
night
f
21.
22.
23.
o.n.
kop
d.p.
«
t
ano-ki-’h i ’a
1.
v.c.
house
this
in
apis
o.n.
kom
d.p.
ana
1.
anokahi
v.c.
cigarette
this
in (the package)
carries
E
s.p.
ako
I
t
Si’dL -kwa-m-Su *u
kanoa
o.n.
y
boat
I not want to make
..
c
t
24.
am
i
t
t
mohamt
t.
kanoa
o.n.
asomihi
v.c."
last year
boat
I made
Positions of Classes of Forms in Sentences
Nouns
1.
Subjective nouns occur in initial position but may be
preceded by a temporal.
2.
Objective nouns occur in initial position but may be
preceded by a subjective noun, a subjective pronoun or
temporal.
Pronouns
1.
Subjective pronouns occur in initial position but may be
preceded by a temporal.
2.
An objective pronoun occurs in the second position preceded
by a subjective pronoun.
(Only one example occurred in the
material analyzed.)
3.
Demonstrative pronouns occur in the position immediately
following a noun or a temporal.
Verbal Complex
The verbal complex occurs in final position only.
It may occur
alone as a complete sentence.
Attributives
Free attributives occur immediately following nouns.
Temporals
Temporals occur in initial position and take precedence over
subjective nouns, objective nouns, subjective pronouns and
demonstrative pronouns.
Locatives
Locatives occur in the position immediately preceding the
verbal complex.
51
T
LEXICON
Analyzed forms are listed as free or bound forms.
free forms are indicated by the following abbreviations:
The classes of
nominal - n.,
pronominal - p., attributive - a., locative - 1., temporal - t v e r b a l
complex - v.c., connective - c., independent minor-clause - i.c.
Abbre­
viations following bound forms indicate the class of the complex free
forms in which the bound form occurs.
The classes of constituent members
of compound and complex forms may be found by consulting the lists of
minimum free forms and bound forms.
The hyphen is used before and/or after bound forms to indicate their
positions in complex forms.
The slant lines are used to mark the point
of juncture of constituent members of compound and complex forms.
Free Forms
1.
Minimum Free Forms
afik
t
ahat
Mshirt":, n.
t
a ’Et
"stick splinter counters"
-n.
a*kim
"many-colored whale"
a'tai
"toy top"
ah
"water"
n.
n.
n.
I
aho
"creosote bush"
"edge of the beach"
|
akaih
i
akat
t
akEok
t
ako
n.
"bull-roarer"
"shark"
n.
"firewood"
"house"
n.
n.
n.
n.
52
akoip
Mlunar crosspiece of a
.cactus-picker'’ n.
i
aktapa
al
t
atamat
atl
"spouse" (wife)
"in-law" (singular & plural) n.
n.
sL
"flea"
n.
sL
"wind"
n.
n»
ameme
"sky"
amlSl
"red basketry strips" n.
n.
ait
"might"
"blood" (human or any other) a.
n.
so hi
amt
an
"year"
"inside"
I
ankE
"small clam"
aok "houses" n.
f
aona "sombrero" n*
n.
1.
"wooden skewer; pointed" n*
eak
ant
"year"
ant
"earth"
"second cousin, male & female" n.
n.
ekasak
ap
"daughter’s child"
(fe)
n.
apai "Papago" n.
i
apapk "necklace" n.
t
apha "small rabbit" n*
t
apis "cigarette"
t
apo "ready, now"
eketas "second cousin’s son" (me) n.
t
ekEsi
"third cousin, male" (me) n.
i
*
ema’a "father’s older brother" n.
t
eoam
■
"cactus fruit"
epak
n.
n.
|
"first cousin, female"
t
epkas
"first cousin"
(fe) n.
n.
"father’s sister"
n*
"mesquite (and beans)"n.
asar
"wagon"
aslm
"sea horse"
n.
E
"I, we, he"
p.
n.
E»
"many balsas"
"jack rabbit"
n.
n.
EaS
"mother’s father"
n.
*
asoa
"cross"
n.
*
E ’ean
ast
"rock"
(me) n.
~
eyak
i
aska
n.
n.
"burro deer"
as
n.
n.
"large clam"
ana
n.
"cactus-picker shaft" n.
t *
amak "fire"
amok
"sandals"
"mountain, hill"
n.
E ’E
"stick"
n»
n.
E ’pen
Nvihite tail deer" n.
Ehte
"they"
Ekt
p.
"mother’s mother"
t
Ekt in
n*
'
"club with itiiich to kill
-turtles" n.
t
hianif
hlf
"nose"
n.
hik
"sand"
n.
hika
hit
Em
"father"
EmaS
(fe)
"thunder"
"things"
n,
n.
"testicle"
n.
n.
"father’s mother"
n.
hlnos
"fingernail"
i
hitoh
"a spring"
n.
n.
*
Erne
"maguey"
n.
h o ’nal "ten" (fcs)
t
holha "strong" a.
,
EmE
"camp, people"
Ene
"knife"
Eno
"bay"
n.
n.
homat
EpaS
ES
n.
"prickly pear"
"hot"
n.
home
"all gone"
a.
i
homo
"housefly"
a.
n.
hot
"younger brothers" (me) n.
"coyote"
"much, many"
a.
"wild fig"
n.
"brother’s child" (fe) n.
hpasni
htasi
ha
n.
I
hoto
ESok
a.
t
"father’s father"
ESkal
a.
"immediately"
"inlet"
a.
ham "squash" n.
I
hape "sea" n.
1
"father"
ikonS
hapl
"very cold"
t
hapo
*
■
"sea lion" n.
hat
"hail"
i
haSlkanl
t
beam
i
hepe
$
bin a
its
"father’s younger brother"
|
iyat
"point of land"
n.
n.
"flash of lightning" n.
"good" a.
I ’a
"dew"
I ’m l ’a
n.
n.
"stick cross for spinning
-hair" n.
a.
n.
"stars"
n.
"yes"
I ’a ’i
i.c*
"all right"
"tracks"
i.c.
n.
Bcasi
’•daughter’s child"
(me)
'«H •
Iket
"son"
IketaSI
Intak
n*
"male or female second
.cousin" (me) n.
p.
ISkS- "first cousin; younger
.brother" (me) n.
t
~
ISni "mother’s younger brother"
~Us
t
ISok "male or female second
cousin" (fe) n.
i
lya
"mine"
"married"
"paddle"
"little"
k ’anl
"ten"
p.
i
klya
"idio"
i
k l ’uh
kahkon
"two"
n.
(fcs)
a.
t
*
*
kai "horse" n.
t
kais "soap" n.
a.
a.
a.
•
a.
p.
"red"
a.
i
ko’tah
"ant"
n.
kohp
"idiite"
a.
koil
"blue"
a.
'
koitun
"coffee"
a.
n.
kSsil
I
kafe
(fcs)
k ’El "red" a.
- i
kimahat "grey"
I
"his"
"seven"
f
ke’emEt
t
kEle
"mother’s younger sister"
(fe) n.
Inya
kaofpwe
"five"
kok
"two"
kom
"this"
i
a.
a.
p.
-
komato
"fire sticks"
n.
i
kontif
"kerosene lantern"
i
kam
"father"
i
*
kamehu
t
kanoa
kap
(fe)
"^ilrt"
"boat"
n.
t
kosa
n.
"black"
"cliff"
kdspu
n»
"white astick"
kopul
n.
ktam
"man"
a.
ktaplk
kapt
a*
kwa
kat
kail
"grasshopper"
"dry lake"
n.
n.
n.
"spotted"
t
*
kapha "three"
"narrow"
a*
kwaiton
n.
"early morning"
"now"
kwaft
a.
t
t.
"whirlwind"
"five"
n.
(fCs)
a»
kwam
”woman”
n.
|
kwEnE "dust” n.
I
*
kwlnke "one Seri"
pa*on
"three"
(fcs)
panal
"honey"
n.
pao fwi
n.
pin
"eight"
a.
(fcs)
a.
"man's carrying stick"
t
me "you" p.
t
mEnya'a "yours"
milk
"wet"
mist
"tame cat"
ml’ISlk
pEtih
p.
pos
n.
seato
"very dirty"
"mule"
mosni
a.
n*
"sea turtle"
t
*
mwasol "yellow"
n.
"heavy white cord"
"wildcat"
n.
sikop
"bone awl"
n.
t
simEt
"bread"
a.
"man*s children"
oku
"sea breeze"
oyak
"wave"
n#
n.
n.
"relative"
n.
"sun"
"cave"
a.
a*
n.
n.
"maiden"
t
Sam'Es
Se
n.
-
Sakam
Sik
n.
"nine"
*
stamapk "rainbow"
I
stamlt "ya m " n.
Sa
oEn
t
opat
n.
*
n.
sip "youth" n»
t
~
slitko "skunk" n.
|
sohanl "nine" (fcs)
soi'anl
n.
"clouds"
(plural)
"blanket"
»
.
"sheep"
t
serape
Sah
okala
n.
«
a.
t
napSof "six" (fcs)
t
-S . neklt "jeans" n.
no
a.
a.
mini "hands" n.
I
mohet "mountain goat" n.
t
mohlma "yesterday" t.
t
mola
"full, round"
n.
"palm tree"
n.
"idiite basketry strips"
"bird walks of the sea"
i
~
SiSi "something"
n.
So’koilun
"eightM
Sohkon
"four"
t
ta*Eoh
"Tiburon Island"
tak
(fcs)
"porpoise"
1
tasik
"name"
yap "neck" n*
|
yasi "child" (male or female)
I
yao ku "ankle" n,
a.
a.
n.
n«
"coals" .n.
1
taSo
"one"
"ahead"
yEn
"face" ,n.
t
yEni
n.
tasl
yEn
2.
"Seri god"
n.
Compound Free Forms
n.
ap/l'mt'a
"point" (harpoon or knife)
n.
i
tohon
t
tokni
a.
a.
f
tsLhes "beach" n.
f
tEpul "cottontail rabbit"
tls
1.
"ahead"
yos
n.
ast/ah
"deer tracks"
"stone point"
n.
n.
ast/kohp
"San Esteban Island"
tono "bear" n.
t
tosni "pelican" n.
t
~
tota "chicken" n.
E'E/asoa
"cross santo"
E'E/Sik
"bird santo"
tSok
Eflmi'a
"one" (fcs) a.
"rounded" a.
"four"
E'Btkvd/l'mi'a
a.
n.
n.
n..
"tortoise tracks"
"jack rabbit
tracks"
n.
t'
tunyai’u
■watahka
"cheap"
"striped"
E'pem/i'mi'a
a.
a.
"deer tracks"
Ene/tis
"iron point"
n.
ES/emam
"prickly pear fruit"
»
y a ’Eme
yak
"sail"
"father's older sister"
yamzh
"honey"
yanop
"hand"
ha/ai
n.
n.
n*
n#
n.
"squall"
hape/kohp
"calm sea"
hISah/pEtih
ho'/opat
n.
n.
"full moon"
"rough sea"
n.
n.
n.
57
iyat/kapt
"narrow point"
t
Inslt/kohp
"VJhite Spot"
m h e t / l ’mi’a
yak/Esil
n.
ak/So
"bows"
n.
a/Ut
"head"
n.
$
aml/si/u
n.
"we drink" TeC.
'|
anl/apha/kwi "thirteen" a.
"mountain goat"
anl/hesnaktaSo/kwi "sixteen" a.
I
anl/taSo/kwi "eleven" a.
"father’s younger sister"anl/toitun/kwi. "fifteen"
-'ll*
" |
t
anl/tok/hesnaptaSo/kwi
3.
Complex Free Forms
anl/tok/kwi
"twelve"
anl/tok/tapha/kwi
ah/aka
"dogs"
"arrow"
"twenty-five" a.
n.
anl/t ok/t ok/kwi
"arrows"
"twenty-two"
anl/t ok/t onko/tIp/kwl
"dog" n.
tah/s/isla "dog’s ear"
n.
anl/tok/tSok/kwi
ah/s
-
-
anl/tok/So’koilun/kwi
n.
|
t
anl/tonkwo/tlp/kwi
a/kak Ison’s child" (fe) n.
|
akat/kaku "bog shark" n.
anl/So ’koilun/kwi
"does not want
to look for" v.c
f t
anl/tSok/kwi
a/nol
ant/kaku
apa/it
a/kaS
"mother’s younger sister’s
son" n.
f
ak/ni
"arm"
"twenty-eight"
a.
"seventeen"
"fourteen"
a.
a.
"eighteen"
a.
n.
"mainland"
"food"
apa/it/ol/ka
"twenty-seven"
a.
"twenty-four" a.
ah/s/kwara "female dog" n.
f
#
aka’/mi/m/Su "wants to look for"
-v.c.
I
$
akat/kwa/m/Su’u
x
a.
n.
"all the water"
,
a.
"twenty-three" a.
anl/tok/toiton/kwi
ah/ke/koh
"twenty-six"
-a.
n.
*
ahaS/a
$
ahaS/k
a.
,*f
n.
n.
"to eat"v.c.
“
"bow"
t
ako/ki/taSo
n.
"one house"
a/pas
-n.
"second cousin’s daughter"
(fe) a.
58
apha/ke/hoto
apis/kano
ast/kaku
"mountain” n.
"|
as/wa/Ska/ma’a "we are not going
"small jack
.rabbit” n.
"many cigarettes” n*
|
-to arriTe" t .c .
•
i
apis/ke/kok
"two cigarettes” n.
a/Sak
"older sister" (fe)
n.
|
ap/ke/hoto
"burro deer” (pi.)
asl/m/ai
"I am not making"
t .c .
-n.
a/pl
f
"tongue”
"we go"
t .c .
asi/l/ka*a
"we go"
t .c *
'
*
"we go to sleep”
asi/Ska/ma’a
t
.c .
"we are going to
.arrive" t .c .
asi/toi/ha*a
"we are going to
go" T.C.
as/it/ol/ka’a
"I am going to
n.
a/tEn
"mouth"
n.
a/tks
"Trine Y Bara" (fe) (relation­
ship ?) n.
t
n
a/si’/homa/m/Su
a/sI'/mi/m/Su
a/to
"eye"
a/to/f "eyes"
f
f
aya/it/ol/ka’a
t .c .
n.
"you do not want
-to drink" t .c . ao k/ke/kato
"many houses"
n.
"I want to drink"
-V •c •
t
ao na/tS
"hats"
n.
"father"
a.
"reed boat"
ekasak/l
n.
"we are not going to
go" T.C.
as/kwa/la’a
"eating"
"strong wind"
e ’eta
as/kwa/l
n.
T.C.
"you are going to drink"
-T.C.
aska/m
n.
aL /kl/hoiha
go"
asl/si
"mother”
n.
asi/l/ha'a
»
asi/m/a,a
a/ta
"we are not going
to go" T.C.
"daughter’s children"
ekat/l
"mother’s mothers"
ekoiVE
"younger sister"
ekom/k
"younger sisters"
n.
n.
n.
n.
|
asoa/lk
t
"crosses”
n.
ema’a/gl
t
aso/hi/m/ka/hi*a "they do not
want to.drink" t .c .
e/pas
epak/la
aso/k/ai
"father’s older brothers" n.
"I am making" t .c .
"second cousin" (fe) n.
"older sisters" (me)
n.
59
etaSk/la
Ene/tSo
"father*s younger
.brother" n.
EpaS/l
etma’/ESil
eyak/la
t
ey/al
"mother’s older
.sisters" n.
"father’s sisters"
(fe) n.
"knives"
"father’s fathers" n.
ESak/la
"older sister" (fe) n#
ESok/la
"brother’s children" (fe) n.
EtkEtaa/sil
"wife"
n.
"sister’s children" (fe) n.
n.
"mother’s fathers" n.
I
E ’E/aska/m "wood boat" n.
Et/ol
"mothers" n.
haS/l
"mountain lions"
haS/o
"mountain lion"
EaS/l
E ’Ekohmola/hEn/ke/kok "santo
with two faces" n.
I
If
E ’n/ahaS/a "30-30 bullet" n.
t t
E ’n/ahaS/k
E ’n/ak/ni
t
E ’n/ak/So
"30-30
bullets" n.
"rifle" n.
- ' "rifles" n.
E ’pen/ke/hoto
"whitetail deer"
(pi.) n.
Ehak/la "mother’s brothers" n.
t
Ehe’/a "first cousin, male"
(me) n.
EhE’/ltla
"son’s children" (fe)
n.
Eka8/lk
"younger brothers"
(fe) n.
E/ke/hoto
Em/ta
a.
h e ’/anl/anl "one hundred" a.
»
t
i
h e ’/anl/e/anl/an "one thousand" a.
i
i
t
h e ’/anl/e/anl/kapha "three hundred"
a.
h e ’/anl/e/anl/kok
"two hundred" a.
h e ’/anl/esnapkaSo
"sixty"
a.
h e ’/anl/kapha "thirty" a.
i
h e ’/anl/koitun "fifty" a.
t
h e ’/anl/kok
"twenty"
t
I
he ’/anl/sol’anl
a.
"ninty"
a.
"older brothers" n.
Ekak/la
EmaS/kl
n.
"jack rabbits"
n.
"father’s mothers" n.
"fathers" (fe)
n.
h e ’anl/So’koilun "eighty" a.
t
h e ’/anl/Sok "forty" a.
,
h e ’anl/tok/soi’anl/kwl "twenty-nine"
a.
h e ’/anl/tok/taSo/kwi
h e ’anl/tonkok/kwi
he/moS
"heart"
""twenty-one" a.
"seventy"
n.
a.
6o
hikaspo/sla
hi/yas
i
hl/nol
’’many pencils* n.
Ikepa/lk
’’liver’’ n.
Ikepa/S
’’arm’’ n.
IketaS/l
hl/nol/Bku
"thumb"
n.
"toenails"
n.
Ik/Et
hlnos/k
"son’s children" (me) n.
"son’s child" (me)
"older brother’s children"
.(me) n.
"woman’s child"
IknnS’/a
hl/pka
"rain"
"heavy rain" n.
t
w
hISa/ke/taSo "one moon" n.
t
' •
hl/St/ah "pelvic wings" n.
I
M/St/i
IkmwE’/Sil
Ik/to
"woman’s children"
I/lIt
"hair"
I/moS
"my heart"
I/nsIt
hl/toa
"leg"
t
homa/pka
"big toe"
I/pl
"many flies"
n.
*
"coyotes"
n»
it/oho/ki/m/ka/hi’a
to eat"
1
1/kaS
"mother’s younger sisters" n.
"their faces"
"we want
v.c.
"my tongue"
n.
"stomach"
n.
I
l/shen
#
I/sla "ear" n.
t
I/Sak "older sister"
t
l/ta "my mother" n.
ItkEma’/a
I/tks
Ikasi/1
n.
"my blood"
n.
n.
"it is not raining"
v.c.
i
t
homo/ke/hoto
n.
n.
In/yEn
hl/toi/ku
I/kak
n.
n.
"shoulder blade"
Intak/la
I ’/sit
"younger brother’s children*
.(me) n.
"one pelvic wing" n.
hl/tast "teeth" n.
t
hl/tEn "mouth" n.
t
hot/ol
n.
"younger brother’s child"
.(me) n.
n.
hl/pka/ke/hoiha
n.
n.
"son’s child" (fe) n.
(fe)
"sister’s child"
"Lydia Y Bara" (fe)
ship ?) a. .
n.
(fe)
(relation­
Itma’/a "mother’s older sister"
I
ly/ako "my house" n.
n.
"daught er’s children"
(me) n.
kafe/ke/koahtu
"younger brother" (fe)
-He
t
kai/ta
"horses"
"sweet coffee"
n.
n.
n.
6l
kanoa/ke/taSo
n
•’one boat”
n.
”plank canoes"
n.
i
kanoa/tak
ki/m/aya "(you) are asleep" v.c.
1
ki/m/ia "you are asleep" v.c.
kl/si/a
"I am drinking" v.c*
tkl/si/ohi’a "we are drinking"
oEn/ki/kok "two children" n.
I
M
okala/ke/hoto "lots of clouds"
f
opat/ala "waves" a.
oyak/al
"relatives"
oyak/ki/kai
n.
n.
"older brother"
n.
Te Cs
seato/k
ktam/uk
"men"
"sheep" (singular) n.
n.
sEnasksEt/ke/hoto "bats" n.
|
'
sip/il "youths" n.
ma/it/ohi’a
"we are not eating"
ma/si/a
"he is not drinking"
'»V • C o
ma/pka
|
si/pka
-V #G*
"does not rain"
v.c.
"going to rain"
v.c.
ska/l
"we go" v.c.
t
slitko/ke/hoto "skunks" n.
f t
so/Vit/ohi’a "we ate" v.c.
mi/pka "raining" v.c.
t
-1
mlnl/ke/ml’ISlk "dirty hands"
Sakam/al
-He
ml/pl
"your tongue"
n.
ml/slo "your ear" n.
I
~
ml/Ska/m "we arrive" v.c.
f
mohet/ke/hoto "mountain goats"
"maidens"
I
/If
SEhkanv ke/hot o
i
t
S i ’/aL/ki/m/Su
n.
"many fish"
n.
"I want to make" v.c.
Si’/si / k m / i V S u ^
"I not want to
make" v.c.
-Ho
mosni/ke/pakal
"tortoise shell
turtle" n.
n
t
tam/kaiha
"strong man" n.
1'
tlpul/ke/hoto "cottontail rabbits" n.
msni/ke/pakal/ ke/hot o "tor­
toise shell turtles" _n.
f
mwak/o
'
"old man"
i ■
mwa/hik "women"
mwaok/l
"old men"
n.
n.
n.
yE’k/i
"Yaqui"
n.
y E ’k/tS "Yaquis" n.
i
»
yEni/ki/asi/toi/ha’a "we are going to
go ahead" v.c. and 1.
62
yEn/ko
"faces’1 n.
Bound Forms
1.
haS-
"mountain lion"
-it-
"to eat"
y.c.
Roots
Ik-
ah-
"dog"
ahaSak-
"bow"
etna-
n«
/
"daughter’s child"
(fe) n.
"son’s child"
(me)
"mother’s brother"
Ehe’-
"first cousin, male"
-(me) n.
EhE’-
"older brother"
Ekak-
"son’s child"
"older brother’s child"
(me) n.
IkmwE’-
"younger brother’s child"
.(me) n.
Itma’-
"mother’s older sister"
-kak
"son’s child"
(fe)
-kaS
"younger brother"
n.
(fe)
"to go"
-lit
"head"
r*c.
n.
-ifc-
"to sleep"
v.c.
-m-
"to want to"
EmaS-
"father’s mother"
ESak-
"older sister"
.c .
-moS
"heart"
n.
zmwa-
"woman"
n.
(fe)
mwak-' "old man"
n.
(fe)
n.
mwaok-
"old men"
n.
"sister’s child"
.n.
y
n.
-He
"mother"
-1-
n.
"younger brother"
EtkEma-
n.
IketaS-
"mother’s older sister"
n#
Ehak-
EkaS-
n.
n.
"to do, make, paint" v.c.
ekasak-
"woman’s child"
Ikepa-
n.
"arrow"
-ai-
Et-
n.
(fe)
-nol
"arm"
n.
n.
n.
n*
n.
(fe)
n.
63
-nslt
"shoulder blade"
yl*k-
n.
"Yaqui"
n.
-pas
"second cousin’s daughter"
(fe) n.
2.
Prefixes
-pka
"to rain"
a-
"general class indicator"
-Pi
-shen
"tongue"
v.c. and n.
n.
"stomach"
ami-
"present tense indicator;
positive aspect indicator" v.c.
apa-
"nominalizer"
as"to drink"
v.c.
-sl-
"to drink"
v.c.
-sla
"ear"
"future tense indicator"
"futuretense indicator"
v.c*
asl-
"futuretense indicator"
v.c.
n.
"past tense indicator"
aSi"older sister”
(fe)
—Ska—
"to arrive"
v.c.
—St—
"pelvic wing"
n.
"teeth"
-tks
"Trine Y Bara"
.ship ?) n. .
-toa
"leg"
n.
n.
"iron"
he-
n.
"indicative of multiplication"
a.
(relationhe-
"general class indicator"
n.
hi-
"presenttense indicator; posi­
tive aspect indicator" v.c.
n.
hi-
-toi-■ "to go"
"nominalizer"
"liver"
a.
v.c.
homa-
-yas
n.
"alternate of connective he.indicating multiplication" a.
E ’n-
n.
"mouth"
"eye"
"nominalizer"
n.
-tEn
-to
v.c.
n.
e-
"mother"
v.c.
"futuretense indicator"
aya-
-tast
v.c.
asi-
aso-
—ta
n.
a.
—si—
-Sak
n.
"negative indicator"
n.
I-
"possessive - my"
n.
v.c.
64
In-
"possessive - his, their"
.n,
Iny-
"possessive - his, their"
-n.
ly-
"possessive - my"
3.
Suffixes
-a
"singular indicator"
-a*a
"narrative indicator"
-aka
"pluralizer"
"present tense indicator;
positive aspect indicator"
v.c.
kl-
n.
"pluralizer"
n.
-ala
"pluralizer"
n.
-aya
"pluralizer"
v.c.
"present tense indicator;
-positive aspect indicator"
v.c.
-E
kwa-
"negative indicator"
"singular indicator"
"big"
-Esil
"negative indicator"
n.
"pluralizer"
n.
v.c.
ma-
"negative indicator"
mi-
"present tense indicator;
-positive aspect indicator"
v.c.
v.c.
ml-
"possessive - your"
-f
"pluralizer"
n.
-ha*a
"narrative indicator"
-hi’a
"pluralizer"
v.c.
n.
-hik
si-
n.
v.c.
-Eku
m-
v.c.
n.
-al
k-
v.c. and n.
"pluralizer"
v.c.
n.
"future tense indicator"
-V # C o
"present tense indicator";
"positive aspect indicator"
-i
-IT • C o
-ia
"singular indicator"
so-
"past tense indicator" v.c.
-11
"pluralizer"
Si-
"future tense indicator"
-k
ska-
-IF o C o
"singular indicator"
"pluralizer"
n.
v.c.
n.
n.
*■>
-ka
-ka'a
"pluralizer"
v.c.
"narrative indicator"
v.c.
-kaiha
-kae
Mstrong"
"older"
-kaku
"large"
-kano
"many"
-s
n.
"singular indicator"
-sla
n.
"many" ;n.
n.
-S
n.
"pluralizer"
n.
-ke
"connective"
n.
-Sil
-ki
"connective”
n.
-SI
"pluralizer"
n.
-kl
"pluralizer"
n.
-So
"pluralizer"
n.
-ku
"big"
-Su
"singular indicator"
-kwi
n.
"connective indicating
addition" a.
-Su’u
-ta
—1
"pluralizer"
"pluralizer"
-la’a
-Ik
-m
-ni
-o
"pluralizer"
"pluralizer"
(?)
n.
"pluralizer"
a.
"pluralizer"
n.
v.c0
"singular indicator"
"singular indicator"
"pluralizer"
"pluralizer"
n.
-tS
"pluralizer"
n.
a.
n,
v.c.
-ol
"pluralizer"
n.
-ol
"function not clear"
v.c.
-uk
v.c.
"singular indicator"
-to
-tSo
n.
"singular indicator"
-ohi'a
n.
n.
"narrative indicator"
-V •Co
-mta
"pluralizer"
n.
-tak
-la
n.
"pluralizer"
"pluralizer"
n.
a.
v.
66
71
TTCTP
The following text was transcribed by Dr. E. H. Spicer from a
Seri man, Jose Manuel Romero, at Desemboque, Sonora in 1952.
a personal narrative told by one of four Seri men
It is
who made a journey
with W. N. Smith from Desemboque to San Esteban Island and return.
The text has been written in phonemic symbols as listed in Chapter
II.
Beneath
translations.
l)
A free translation in English follows.
kosteohl
San Esteban
San Esteban Island
t
t
SihapEtikik
Americano
the American
t
2)
each line of Seri are word-by-word Spanish and English
I
hikapa’it
comida
food
t
i
apoSit
de llegar
to arrive
t
akat
tiburon
shark
t *
Insitkohp
White Spot (W. N. Smith)
i
t
ano’hison
mucho
much
i
ateyl
dice
says
t
Ikotip
quiere ir
wants to go
t
asoalk
cruz
cross
kanoa
pango
boat
t
S o ,koilun
ocho
eight
askailama’a
para harpoon (verb)
in order (for) to
harpoon
i
kateyEn
dice
says (said)
t
t
Ikotipa’a
vamos a llevar
we are going to bring
i
asilha’a
vamanos
we go
t
kaopl
grande
big
aho
orilla de^playa
edge of the beach
t
«
iti masik molka’a
pone (eh la pahga)
put (on the boat)
kwa
ahora
now
t
masik molka’a
sacar (tree nos)
to carry (we carry)
5)
3)
wohpopaktata
ahora
now
4)
ant
t
mayEnko
las caras
the faces
67
»
t
»
t
»
SiaaLkaki
que va if
that we are going to go
t
masailSi’a ’a
pintan
they paint
astkohp
San Esteban
San Esteban Island
t
t
ta*akwipai,a
asi lo hacen
thus they do it
t
ant ESismwapa’a
que no pegan mucho viento
so that much wind would not hit (blow)
masa’ositka’aniEkioi
f
haga la cancion pertenecen a San Esteban (listed en lo quedo)
sang the song pertaining to San Esteban,(Title: You Remain in It)
7)
kanoa
pango
boat
t
kanantaiEk
subidan (jump in)
jump in
»
mwa
•
skal
vamanos
we go
8)
|
kEle
aholkan
paddle canaleta
paddled
*
mwapEhah
ogarda ti
waiting for (watching for)
masasho (ho) ha*a
que andan
that might come (walk)
»
i
paSoSita'a
vamos "encuentran enbrisan
we were going to encounter the blowing
10)
aho *amiSkam
estamo llegando la orilla
we are arriving at the edge
t
t
aha’asotyaka’a
la remolke en la pango
(pull it with cord)
tows it in the boat
ano
(into)
9)
ya *Erne
la vela
the sail
t
t
pak erne toknik
punta Tepdpa
point Tepopa
asitka’a
vamos subir la pango
we are going to climb into'.the boat
wasa’imeltkoha’a
echamos la vela
we raised the sail
13)
Insit kohp
White Spot
kafe
cafe
coffee
ei ’Enkinik
wind from west (no
may fuerto)
not very strong
t
«
t
wasa ’Emeltkoha1a
echamo la vela (sail)
threw (raised) the sail
t
antmasi’a
tomba
lowered
i
kwamiSkam
llegamos
we arrive
11)
i
aptkomos
otra vez
again
InsiStoha,a
haga
made
t
wohpopaktata
ahora
now
6)
kanoa
pango
boat
12)
68
t
t
anamakipEt11m
gas estnifa
gas stove
14)
InyaSi
todd traen
(brings) carries all
t
kafe
cafe
coffee
t
amlsiu
tomamos
we drink
15)
a s m itaha* a
macho rate no vamos llegar a la
orilla
much time we do not arrive at the
beach
aho
orilla
beach edge
kok
mucho
much
t
t
ast tatipa
isla de Patos
island of Patos
kwa mISkam
llegamos
we arrive
anopait
a la tarde.
(later) in the afternoon
l6)
1
1
1
asitolka'a
para comer
for to eat
19)
asoiti’a ’a
de llegar
to arrive
1
kwa
ahora
now
wasikto
buscar
to seek
1
»
18)
kwa
ya
already
mosni
caguama
sea turtle
»
»
wasa’Emelkoha *a
echamds la vela
we raise the sail
20)
t
«
ayai^olka'a
acabo de comer
finished eating
SihapEtikik
Americano
the American
t a ,Eoh
de la isla
from the
island
t
lamok iti
en la noche
at night
1
1
t
mosni kih
esto caguama
this sea turtle
amlh
(finish)
1
•
Inslt-kohp-ke-ha
White Spot
mosni
caguama
sea turtle
»
So’amiokt
matorlo
to kill it
I ’akapi
gordo
fat
t
1 «
ano aho asoitia
a llegar vamos de llegar
to arrive we are going to arrive
nasitpak
(uno campo viejo)
place name
asitolka*a
para comer
for to eat
aho
la orilla
the beach
asilka’a
17)
vamos a ir dice
we are going to go it is said
apait
cam!names
we travel
hiStintika
la orilla de la playa
the edge of the beach
Sapokt
matar
to kill
kwa
ahora ya
now already
asilka*a
ya andos vamos
already we are
going
kosteohl
San Esteban
San Esteban
Island
69
. .
21)
'
kwikaf
para llegar
to arrive
himimSa
muy apurado
very much in a hurry
t
t
asoitia
de llegar
to arrive
»
asilka*a
se ir
to leave
apo
listo
ready
t
»
anoyait
'
place name
23)
f
tiano aho
kwa
ahora
now
»
»
»
hino'ano aho
ensenada
cove
•
kwa
ahora1
now
t
f
25)
kosteohl ifa
una punta
the point of San Esteban
aSoSita’a
vamos
we are going
»
kosteohl ifa
de punta de San Esteban
the point of San Esteban
mwa mISkam
llegamos
we arrive
soitia’a
vamos a llegar
we are going to arrive
t
i
i
kanoa
pango
boat
i
t
1
ahipatka
harpoon
31)
.
t
.
27)
t
i
t
wohpopaktata
ahora
now
aponlkta
ya vamos
now we go
29)
t
»
anto apai
vamos a pie
we are going on foot
1
t
iSinsaspoha’a
retrata mi
photographs me
t
hapo
labo del mar
sea lion
t
askata’a
buscar
to look for
t
ft
t
t
»
aya askoantasihmolka *&
carga la vamos sacar
van dijar
unloads it we are
going to take they
leave it
t
30)
aSoSita'a
de ir
to go
d. pohita
de calma de viento
in a clam of wind
akat
tiburon
shark
1
1
akat
tiburon
shark
t
kohla'asihmolka'a
subir en la playa vamos a
to climb on the beach we are going
.
hiyat
la punta
the point
» »
apaitolka
acaba de comer
finish eating
I
koi
un cerro
a hill
28)
aho
orilla
beach
’
1
»
aho asoitia’a
vamos a.llegar
we are going to
arrive
kosteohl iti
San Esteban
San Esteban Island
24)
26)
,
22)
asoitiaia
a llegar
to arrive
»
tok
lejos
distant
1
apokto
matar
to kill
t t
Insltkohp
White Spot
70
t
i
wasaitoha’a
carnada para
bait for
k o h m s i a ’a
para
for
»
32)
33)
Insltkohp
White Spot
E ’nakni
arma
rifle
1 « t
InomEpasot
ya lb presta
now lends it
onEk
lleva
carries
1
pakoptuh
mat an
they kill
i
36)
hape
mar
sea
1
t
t
komkwasita
de huele (olor)
of the smell
hapo
lobo del mar
sea lion
kwaitoh
para carnada
for bait
1
t
mwasimtolka’a
tira lo
throws it
1
37)
35)
t
hape
de mar
of the sea
t
hape
mar
sea
.
mm
ahora
now
t
tomosa’a
de viene
for the coming of
ohapoma
un ratito
a little while
antkwasiyasa ’a
cuida la
to watch it
34)
t
pakao ktuh
mat an
they kill
akataklp
ksiSkaraa’a
tiburbh:v:;para llegar
shark
in order to arrive
1
kwalmtim
tirar
to throw
hapo
lbbo del mar
sea lion
1
1
mapatokalEm
corta
cuts
t
E ’nakni
arm
rifle
1
1
,
1
hapo-ke-tSok-koitun
lobo del mar cuatro1, cinco
sea lion
four,
five
hapo
lobo del mar
sea lion
«
Inokonsasota fa
presta mi
lends me
akatki
tiburon
shark
1
38)
kwa
ahora
now
akat
tiburon
shark
timuma
hay viene
there comes
t
aho
brilla
beach
hita
frente
in front
kipanikuh
corte lo
cuts it
hi*kalian
tira la
shoots (at) it
tafmah
11 ego
arrived
ftonaihmam
de vuelta
coming again
39)
t
likalkam
(nombre de papa de Chamca)
Likal
pltioptinloh
losdos
both
iyokailan
lo tiran
they shoot it
40)
kwa
ahora
now
akat
tiburon
shark
t
1
Sotonpa’o ’o
no la vemos
we do not see it
/
kwlnke
fErnantoki
Fernando
Seri
.
4D
.
1 t
anomuit
a la tarde
later
t
i
wiyomalolka
no le dio
did not hit
him
asani
(there)
71
*
pata’a
vamanos
we go
*
hape
mar
sea
t 1
taha'napaita
vamos estar
we are going to be
wasitoiha'a
vamos ir
we are going to go
t
t
t »
astiShanokoi*Ito
iguana
iguana
43)
.Insltkhop
White Spot
44)
i
si -ke-miha
viento muy fuerto
wind
very strong
t
komoan
renrueltura
returning
i
1
Ikotinsipa’a
vamos con nosotros
we are going with us
Eme
maguey
maguey
apaiSita
hacer
to make (do)
.
45)
Insltkohp
White Spot
aketi
f
onde esta
where he is
va pegar a muchas(Seris)
White Spot goes many Senis
hape
mar
sea
White Spot
t
ayaiSEjamih
ya esta listo
now is ready
toikin
t
se "fue mas alia dice
went farther he says
48) Insltkohp-ke-amat soheka’a
hipaihi'i
cortar la maguey
cut the maguey
Insltkbhp
t
46)
hepe
muy buena
very good
t
t
yatamlnkoyam
(nombre de un puerto muy arriba)
name of very high pass -
t
1
iSIntaspoha *a
da fotografia
takes pictures
m a ’Sisaspo’a ’i
esta bueno para hacer fotografia
it is good for taking photographs
hika
cosas
things
1
1
kpaitma
de comer
to eat
tano Eme
alii donde (maguey)
there where (maguey)
takontasata
vamos entrar
we are going to enter
koi hlno’ok
(una ensenada se
llama)
place name of bay
t
>
asaiSE’a ’a
hacer
to get
Eme
maguey
maguey
t
pak ast naiSilka’a
para agarrar lo
in order to catch it
42)
kihmi
I
M
asani
vamos
we go
pata’a
para alia
over
there
.
t
t
47) ah-ke-koh-amlsiu
ya tormams todo
el agua
now we drink all
the water
49) kwlnke
Seri
vakero
Vaquero
72
t
kwlnke
Luis Moreno
Seri
Luis Moreno
takekotap,
esto con el
this one with him
t
i
t
pak maponikta
lleva
he carries
f t
t a ’tumpa’o ’o
eso no lo vemos
we do not see that one (both)
ahiahi'i'a
anda
walks
51)
»
t
anopait
a la tarde
later
$0) Insltkohp
„
White Spot
t
asiSkama’a
viene
he comes
.
53)
52) ikpmasoSita’a
alia vaya buscar
there goes to look for
i
asoSita'a
vamos a ir
we are going to go
hnitom
name of place
i
asoSita
vamos a ir a llegar
we are going to go to arrive
asoslta'a
vamos a ir
we are going to go
55)
f
54)
mwa
ah ora
now
|
t
i
*
hika-ast-anokui
name of people
of San Esteban
t
t
antpofita
manana '
the next day
*
tahalnapaita
vamos estar
we are going to be
hlpka
lluvia
rain
ipohita
acaban
ends
pahi
» t
asilka*a
de ir
to go
i
t
i
anttitiyai’ak
en carapo de
in the camp of
name of
hill
pahi
name of
a hill
Insltkohp
White Spot
1
.
isi’oa'a
de ver
to see
56)
kwa
ahora
now
wa-miSkam
Hegamos
we arrive
hika-ast-ano-kui
la gente
the people
a'a
esto
this one
1
Itiyai’k a ’a
en campo
in the camp
hlpka-ke-miha
lluviamuy fuerto
rain very strong
1
t
ah-ke-mElk
agua‘‘cb’rriendo
water running
1
ah
agua
water
ItikwISkim
mucho
much
1
antpofita
manana"
morning
58)
1
kEyaho
(uno campo viejo)
place name
1
1
masoiya'a
meten
they get
1 1
t
hlpka-imihi
. lluvia acaba
rain ends
1
potaplkta
temp'rano
early
hakano
dentro
inside of
57) Sah
cueva
cave
1
59) asani pata'a
vamon
we go
t
*
asoSita
de ir
to go
t
1
tahatnapaita
. vamos estar
we are going to
’ be
. ,
60)
73
t
«
apatota
quemar
to b u m
•
i
I*
Eme-ke-asatoha *a
maguey para quemar
maguey for to 'burn (bake)
*
t
asalSl’a ’a
de hacef
to get
"
White Spot
.
t
amak
lumbre
fire
t
t
So,asltoha,a
para comer
for to eat
1
6?) apkomos
otra vez
another time
vroht'pa’ma
haciendo asi
doing thus
66) yamah
ml el
honey
panal
mlel
honey
64)
panal-kl
de mlel
honey
1
masitlama’a
a tiza lumbre
sets fire
imehinal Ikami *1 ‘a
pura, pengo (comb)
just comb
vT
t
t
i
IkotInsipa,a
vamos con nosotros
goes with us
'
62) Insltkohp
1 *
1
So'aphapoita
de saCar
to get
t
t
antpofita
manana
morning
6l) apo
- listo
ready
asaiSi
hacer
to do
t
t t
yomiktamok
no esta grabo
is not stung
•
panal
miel
honey
ti yamah ke
miel
honey
White Spot
t
Soapami
sacamos
we gather
70) ISkami
. que Uegamos primero
that we arrive first
wapoSkanta
de U e g a r
to arrive
t
panal
mlel
honey
65)
t
Sotpa’o
encoritraba
found
t
Insltkohp
«
Sisanotmi'i'u
no tiene (mlel))
does not have ,
asanipata’a
vamos para campo
we are going for camp
1
68) SihapEtikik
Americano
American
«
63) ISinsaspoha’a
da fotografla de
nosotros
takes pictures of
us
T
ISahanoyi
aqui esta
here Is
1 t
Sanotml’i’u
no tiene
does not have
i
panal
mlel de
abeja
honey
•
mSkiu
dice
says
1
1
iSinsaspoha'a
hacer fotografla
make pictures
panal
mi el
honey
1
69)
imlpa
ven
come
Sons ifit a* a
de comer
to eat
Insltkohp
White Spot
Itkomlsiu
71) ano-ire.nomi
no le parece
tiene mucho
it does not appear
has much
yamah
miel
honey
74
Sihanisi’a
cosa (no hay lata par esbar)
thing (there is no can to carry it in)
72)
1
an'tak
cueva de abeja
the bee cave (hole)
t
ohtpa’m
asi lo hace
thus he does it
papointan
cierdan (cerrado)
closed (locked)
t
heyumaho
que no se iban
that they do not go away
t
metasik
tu riombre
your name
ho'pltkap
73) Insitkohp
torote
elephant tree
White Spot
asani pata’a
vamos a ir
we are going to go
74) Im'pohheta
listo
ready
1 t
E ’E ’asoa
eruz
cross
75) antpofita
mariana
tomorrow
76)
Sotom’pa'u
no hay
there is none
akatkako
tiburon grande
big shark
1
Sotimuma
hay viene
there comes
79) kwa
ahora
now
1
t
hlsoltakwi
de abejo (todo junto mucho)
the cave (all together much)
Itinsikima’a
pon la
put it
t
kEyaho
(un campo viejo)
(an old camp)
t
I
and*ipak
donde esta la cruz
where the cross is
t
1
S o ’a ’pot
encontraban
we found
wasitoiha’a
vamos a ir
we are going to
go
t
«
t
tahi asitoiha’a
vamos ir palla
we are going to go there
t
t
asiukta'a
vamos matar
we are going to kill
•
t
77) akatkako
tiburon gratia
big shark
1
wasitoloka’a
vamos a firgar
we are going to harpoon
t
wimitni
ya firgo
already I harpoon
80) kotatnima
. filgamos
we harpoon
aseahoha’a
vamos ir
we are going to go
78) sa'kaita'a
tira lo
shoots it
a n ’tahlintima
muy cercita
very close
1
akatkako
tiburon grande
big shark
8l) kotkwaSkima
no los entro
it did not enter them
tohintitama
muy lejo
very far
82) imipo t
se salio (se le fue)
it went away (it went
away itself)
75
83) yEni-ke-asitoiha *a
- v a m s a ir en el adelante
we are going to go on ahead
84) ahwip
(un campo)
(a camp)
ah
agua
water
I M
t
pakasiptoha’a
vamos m t a r
we are going to kill
t
i
t
ano aho asoitia'a
vamos atracar
we are going to approach the land
*
i
*
pakas inrtlaka *a
kwlnke
hose maniffil
Seri
Jose Manuel
85) asiSilta'a
v a m s ir a traer
we are going to
carry
i »
So’antiya
alia
there
86) ap
venado
burro deer
i
it
t
asiukta’a
va'matarlo
going to kill it
i
8?) mEnskayita'a
todos va tiran las balayas
all is going to shoot the bullets
I
88) okosi*a,a
. vamos a tirar
we are going to shoot
i
i
Enin-kE-haSkom
30-30
bullets of 30-30 rifle
t
imlsalta’a
todo vamos con migo, dice
all we go with me, says
89)
*
mosni
caguama
sea turtle
hipo’opftam
voy a matar
I am going to kill
alberto mentis
Albert Mentis
asitolka’a
para comer
for to eat
1
kwa
ahora
now
Iskaita’i
voy a tirar
I am going to shoot
kwotnl
ya:le:ldibc;balayaSbullcts
already he gave it bullets
1
tokontoa
corriendo
running
92)
90) kwa
- ahora
now
antatyit
callo
it fell
91) hikao aho-ke-kpanikop
gente quedo en la playa corriendo
people remained on the beach Tun­
ing
1
tamnia
viehe
comes
SihapEtikLk
Insltkohp
American
White Spot
93) Insltkohp
White Spot
1
t
iSinsaspoho’a
da fotografia
gives photography
1
ani’kaspo hitaSitimoma
se trae camera para fotografia
carries camera for photography
94) ap kom
burro este
this burro deer
76
1
t
ap-imtakta
quitando cuero
getting out of skin
t
»
Soapoito
list6 de comer
ready to eat
apoSkamta
de llegar
to arrive
t
asilha'a
de'comer
to eat
101) sanak
(uno campo)
(a camp)
. t t i
102) p o ’amokta
eh la noche
in the night
t
,*•
105) antpofita
mahana
tomorrow
t
asilka’a
para ir, dice
fort o go,
says
100) antmasi1asashoha1a
a rialo la vela para hacer
canaleta
hauled it down the sail for to
make (small paddle)
»
t
hano aho asoitia’a
vamos atracar (hacer comida)
we are going to approach land (to make a meal)
t
t
t t
yEnl asitpiha'a
vamos ir al adelante, todo largo
we are going to go on ahead all far
»
piho'okp
ensenada
bay - cove
hahohk
(uno campo)
camp
wapa’Emeho
echana la vela
we raise the sail
T
ff
Ikhetytik^pa fi *a
haga te mas chiquito, dice
make yourself smaller, says
98) ya'Eme
. vela
sail
hitkwa’u
no pueden echar
they could not raise
99) wika’Eme
la vela
the sail
ap-ihipasi
c a m e de burro
meat of burro deer
t
t
apo
listo
ready
97) aL -ke-miha
viento fuerte
wind ' strong
soSnikwipla
(un lugar)
(a place)
95) hape
mar
sea
t
mos
otra vez
again
i
i
t
ano kui kano
que viven
who live
.
104)
t »
103) asilka’a
vamos ir
we are going
to go.
«
ano asktopta,a
vamos a dormir, dice
we are going to sleep, says
i *
asilka’a
vamos a ir
we are going to go
106)
konkak
una gente
a people
asiSkama’a
107) konkak
vamos de-llegar
we are going to arrive
77
ano aswaSkama’a
no vamos a llegar
we are not going to arrive
109)
108) anso as ilka1a
- siempre vamos ir adslante
always we are going to go ahead
t
apo
listo
ready
212) apaiSi
hacer
to make
t
mos asilha’a
vamos ir
we are going to go
t
113) Insltkohp
White Spot
t
saspohafa
trato
discussed with
Impohaita
listo
ready
114) iSimpaspo
retrato
picture
iSinsaspoha’a
hizo fotogfafia
made photography
216) ah
agua
water
t
»
yapasEha-ke-mamipala
del timon
quebraste
of the rudder broke
asaiSi*a,a
vamos de.hacer (el timon)
we go to make (the rudder)
aho hapaiti
llegar a la orilla
to arrive at the edge
t
t
210) kanoa
. pango
boat
wa'pa’Emeltko asilta'a
echamos la vela de ir
we raise the sail to go
Insltkohp
White Spot
kwa
ah ora
now
I'a'i
estabuena
"all right"
t
So ’a keml
se acabo"
it was finished
.
t
E
yo
I
ma
te
you
asilha'a
vamos ir
we are going to go
t
117) amatamohiat
muchas sed, tiene sed
much thirst, is thirsty
t
218) ohktpaktamahe
. asi la veo
thus I see it
ah
agua
water
antoitmahe
yo vida
I see
121) anoyu'uka
tiene (hay) agua
has (there is) water
1 t
asoSitafa
vamos ’ *
we go
enSkilkt
lata para agua
can for water
kok
do 8
two
120) ah
p a ’kayokata
alia hay
there there is
agua '
water
Insltkohp
White Spot
t
t
asoneka’a
que llevar
to carry
m a ’Ipalta
todo con migo
along with me
122) o ’h o ’paktata
asi lo veo
thus I see it
78
123) yEn
. adelante
ahead
t
t
SoStni kaohsar
(un canpo)
a camp
124) kanoa ,
la panga
the boat
i'kim asitoiha’a
se van
they go
maSoSita’a
de ir
to go
t t
maponlk
lleva
carries
125) ti hi ti'iSimasakElkama'a
- alii espera^me esperan" .
there waits for me they m i t
126) ah-ke-Saha’anoyu’uka
aqui esta el agua
here is the water
sohihyo'pa’a
(un tinaja) pozito cintio hay U u e v e
(a rock tank) a little well when it rains
ah-ah taitasi’i
agua (nombre)
water (name of the water)
127)
ohotipanomipl
muy poco
very little
. i
t
oho tipahanomipl
muy poquito de agua
very little water
White Spot
pakEnsIsia'a
tome ti "agua
drinks water
apo
listo
ready
hl'amok
en la noche
in the night
128) Insitkohp
130) apait tolka
de comer
to eat
apoSkan
dellegar
to arrive
t
131) wamlSkam
. de llegamos
we arrive
ast'Iskl
Cerro Sargento
(place name)
t
hapekom
de mar (esta mar)
of sea (this sea)
t
«
tihlti
esta ’
this
Itikahap
costar, dormir
to lie down to sleep
t
«
Itisomat
costar
to lie down
apait asilka’a
vamos ir
we are going to go
«
asima’a
vamos a dormir (no es costar)
we go to sleep (it is not
to lie down)
t
t
. ■i
Eme
134) aho
dice
la orilla
says
the edge
Insltkohp
132) SihapEtikik
Iti astopka'a
dormir
to sleep
White Spot
American
t
hapEkom
mar
sea
t
129) hape
mar
sea
t
it-kwa-mSo,o
no quiere
does not want to
133) ahokom
la orilla este
this edge of
beach
i
i
aSosita’a
vamos para tierra
we go to the land
79
135) heka kokosiolka
.. muchas jijenes
many gnats
I
komkatoa
muchd
much
I
136) SiSihonyaim
. que le hacen
that they do (to you)
137) hepe
stabueno
all right
i \
antpofita
matfana
tomorrow
i t
i
hika masisiolka’a
te va pi car (cosa qua va picar)
is going to bite you (thing that is
going to stick or bite)
i
t
hika-kokosi
jljene
gnat
i
i *
pak Ityon
trae
carries
i
Ikwi *ipe
medecina
medicine
i
i
asoSita'a
de ir
to go
t
so fliom
asilka*a
de'ir
to go
Desemboque
l
Vihite Spot
i
i
ant infi
^
ya reclaren manana
(vdien the sun comes)
mipe
muy bueno
very good
. « i
139) wapaEmelko
echamos la vela
we raise the sail
Insltkohp
Erne
campo
canp
142)
i
i.
asiSkama’a
de H e g a r
to arrive
1
1
ahatipe
que bueno
how good
138) hnaikap
viente del
sol este
the sun wind
140) ha
pronto
immediately
kaitof
de pescar
to fish
1
1
Erne
el campo
the camp
1
kafe
asiSyohi
cafe
tomar (todo)
coffee to drink (all)
1
asilka’a
de ir
to go
141) kanoatah
embarcacion la panga
embarcation the boat
l i t
ohoptinomum
voy eh seguida en lapanga
I go quickly in the boat
1
tomorrow
asilka’a
de ir
to go
1
1
143) Erne
en campo
in the campo
amiSkan
Hegamos.
we arrive
1
antmatkwaL
areglearlo (se tomben)
to arrange it (to let fall)
ya ’Eme-ke-pafai n
emrolver vela
sail
to roll
N
apoSkanta
de* H e g a r
to arrive
popahit
listo
ready
y a ’Eme
vela
sail
144)
aho
orilla
edge of
beach
80
t
*
«
asoSita’a
de ir
to go
»
»
*
aphasikmolka *a
sacar (d escargaran)
to take (they unload)
aL ya’asho
de cargo
of the cargo
145) t a ’kwi’a'a
. listo
ready
I
t
Erne
campo
camp
amiSkam
de llegamos
they arrive
Free Translation
1)
The American White Spot said he wanted to go with us to San
Esteban to harpoon big sharks.
with us.
2) He said he would bring much food
3) Then we took the boat to the edge of the beach.
painted eight crosses on the boat.
5) Then we painted our faces so
that we would arrive safely at San Esteban without bad wind.
we sang the San Esteban song.
4) We
6)
Then
7) We jumped into the boat and left.
8) We paddled watching for the wind from the west which we wanted.
9) We raised the sail.
10) We arrived at the beach, lowered the sdil,
towed the boat, and arrived at Tepopa.
12) We raised the sail.
which he brought.
13) White Spot made coffee with the gas stove
14) Then we drank coffee.
we arrived at the beach of Patos.
noon.
11) We got into the boat again.
15) Only after much time
16) We reached the beach in the after­
17) We went out from the beach of the island by night to hunt
sea turtles, to kill them for food.
18) Then we killed a fat sea turtle
and arrived at Nasitpag (an old camp) to eat this turtle.
finishing eating, we left raising the sail.
20) The American White Spot
was very much in a hurry to reach San Esteban.
far to arrive at Anoyait.
19) After
21) Then we were going
22) After eating we got ready to leave.
23) We were going now to g o t o San Esteban.
24) We arrived at Hidden
81
Hill in a calm.
25) Off a point of San Esteban we hunted sharks.
26) Yfe
arrived at the point of San Esteban.
27) We unloaded and left the boat.
28) We pulled the boat up the beach.
29) We went on foot, going to the
point.
30) Then White Spot took a picture of me with a shark spear.
3l) Now we went to kill seal lions for bait,
rifle for sea lions.
33) With this lent me I took the rifle.
killed four or five sea lions for bait.
36)
32) White Spot lent me a
34) We
35) We cut a sea lion up.
We threw it in making the sea smell to bring sharks.
throwing it in we left a while for the sharks to come.
37) After
38) Now they
came before us and we shot sharks when we returned to the beach.
39) The Seri Fernando, father of Likal, shot two but they went away.
40) Now we saw no more sharks.
blew up the sea.
42)
41) Later we went back and a strong wind
We were going to Koihino *ok to get maguey and to
catch iguanas - very good for eating.
yatamlnkoyam (name of a high pass).
cut maguey.
43) White Spot went with us to
44) We went there where we could
45) White Spot took pictures where it was good for photo­
graphing the sea.
went on farther.
46)
When he was ready, we went there where YJhite Spot
47) Nov/ we drank all the water.
48) White Spot ....
49) We could not see the Seri Vaguero and the Seri Luis Moreno.
White Spot walked with them.
50)
51) Later they Came bringing water.
52) There they were going looking for it.
53) Then next day we were going to go to Xnitom.
going to go to Pahi.
54) We were
55) When the rain was over we were going to Pahi
for White Spot to see a camp of the Hika-astanokui (former inhabitants
of San Esteban).
56)
When we reached this Hika-astanokui camp, heavy
82
rain came.
stopped.
57) We got in a cave where much water ran.
59) We went in the early morning to Giyaho.
too bake maguey for food.
58) The rain
60) We were there
6l) We made ready in the morning to get honey.
62) White Spot came with us. 263) He made pictures of us getting honey
to eat.
64) Here
not sting.
65)
are honey fires, torches (?), doing thus the bees do
But there was no honey, just comb.
66) Having no honey
we went back to camp.
67)
Again going after honey, (we) found (some) honey.
68) The
American White Spot arrived to take pictures as we gathered honey.
69)
"White Spot, come to eat."
succeed at first.
70)
It did not look as if we would
71) There was much honey but nothing to carry it in.
72) We were going to close up the bee hole, doing thus so that the bees
would not leave.
73) White Spot carved his name on an elephant tree.
74) When ready we were going to Giyaho (an old camp site).
next day we were going to the Place of the Cross.
going to find and kill big sharks.
going to harpoon it.
78)
was harpooned very far.
them (it?).
There we were
77) When a big shark came we were
It dove very close.
79) How the big shark
80) We threw harpoons.
82) It went away.
76)
81) It did not hit
83) We were going ahead to kill turtles.
84) We were going to reach Ahwip.
85)
We were going to carry water.
86) The Seri Jose Manuel was going to kill a burro deer there.
were going to shoot their 30-30 bullets.
shoot, to give it the bullet running.
92)
87) All
88) Alberto Mentis said all
were going with me, going to kill for food.
the beach were running.
75) The
90)
89)
Now I was going to
The people who stayed on
The American White Spot comes carrying his
83
camera for taking pictures.
skinned this burro.
93) White Spot took pictures.
94) We
95) Arriving at the sea we made ready the burro
meat for eating.
96) "Raise the sail to go," was said.
wind.
97) (There was) a strong
98) HMake;-<the sail smaller," was said.
raise the sail.
100) (We) hauled it down to make the .....
were going to make a.meal at Sanak.
night.
99) (We) could not
101) We
102) We were going on far in the
10U) "Let’s go to sleep," was
103) We were going to Nazohk.
said.
105) Next day we were going on again.
106) We were going to
reach some people who lived at Soshnikwipla.
the people.
108) We kept on going.
107) We did hot reach
109) We raised the sail to go.
110) The rear platform of the boat broke.
the beach to fix the rear platform.
going to go.
Ill) We arrived at
112) Having readied (it) we were
113) White Spot took pictures.
114) The pictures ready,
now I said to.White Spot, "All right."
115) We were going (on).
very thirsty.
the water.
116) The water ran out. 11?) We were
118) Thus I saw it.
119) There was water.
120) I saw
121) Having water, White Spot along with me went to carry
cans for water. 122)
Thus I saw it.
boat reached Shoshtni Gauxsor.
125)
123) (They) went ahead.
124) The
There they waited for me.
126) Here (was) this water, (a tank) when it rained T a ’itasi’i.
127) There was very little water, very little.
some water.
128) White Spot drank
129) We arrived at the sea.
130) Having eaten, we were going in the night to Cape Sargento.
84
131) Reaching there, we were going to sleep afloat sitting up.
American White Spot did not want to sleep (afloat)
oil
said (let us) lie down on the beach on the land.
135) Many gnats were
there and were going to bite.
gnats did.
133) He
136) He carried medicine for what the
137) All right to go in the morning to go to Desemboque
(said?) White Spot when the sun comes up.
good.
the sea.
132) The
139) We raised the sail to go.
141) We went in the boat to fish.
138) The sun-wind was very
140) We arrived quickly at the caip.
142) How good to go quickly in the
boat, arriving in camp to drink coffee.
143) We arrived in camp,
lowered the sail and rolled the sail and made ready.
beach, we unloaded the boat.
144) Going to the
145) We arrived safely at camp.
85
VII
PROBLEMS FOR RESEARCH
The analysis presented in Chapters I through VI has left certain
problems unsolved.
These are outlined here as suggestions for future
study.
Vowel System
Certain examples used in the analysis of the vowels indicated
that some of the allophones within each group were separate phonemes,
resulting in the use of seven vowel phonemes in this paper.
However,
since these phonemes can be divided into three rather definite groups,
further data may result in the use of only three vowel phonemes, each
with one or more allophones.
(See page 12).
Phonetic Features
The available date was insufficient to remove all doubt from the
writer’s mind regarding the significance or lack of significance of
the following phonetic features:
1.
Nasalization.
Material transcribed by Spicer indicates the
presence of nasalized vowels, e.g., kw|
"not,"
kwa
"now."
No
nasalization was recorded by the writer.
2.
Length.
Length of vowels was found to be significant in
only one case, e.g., E "I, we, he";
E*
"jack rabbit" and was there-
86
fore left out of all transcriptions in this paper.
Lengthened sounds
appear quite frequently in the raw data; however, lengthened vowels
appear much more frequently than lengthened consonants.
In many cases
lengthening occurred in the accented syllable.
3»
Articulation of /f/.
The position of articulation in forming
the phoneme /f/ varies from labiodental to bilabial.
4*
Whispered Syllables.
(
.
This feature occurred in final position
in a few forms on the tapes, but Spicer reports it as of frequent
occurrence in ordinaryiiapeech.
5*
Special Fortis.
A few forms, e.g., no
"wildcat" and -maSim
"beautiful" seemed to have special fortis.
6.
Juncture.
Study of the juncture which occurs between free
forms and the juncture between sentences is needed in order to distin­
guish between compound forms and free forms following other free forms.
Additional Field Work
Additional field work should be directed toward gathering data on:
1.
Verb Paradigms
2.
Initial morphemes in body-part and kinship terms.
This is
needed to verify the functions suggested on pages 38 and 39 for these
forms.
3.
Different categories of plurals.
lated as "many" in apkehoto
In the data hoto is trans­
"many mule deer."
It may indicate a
plural of a category entirely different from sip
"youth"
Further data may reveal the existence of forms as sipkehoto
sipil "youths?
87
"many youths."
The complexity of plural formation as analyzed for the
present data suggests that the principles underlying it are by no means
understood as yet.
4.
A word list supplementing the text.
This would facilitate
its analysis.
5.
data.
Forms which follow nouns but do not occur alone in the present
These should be checked to see if they may occur alone and may
be classified with free attributives which are syntactically defined.
6.
Personal Pronouns.
The concepts distinguished by the Seri
as expressed in pronouns have not been fully defined.
fall into three groups:
and plural);.and ,3) Ehte
7.
Slah and hike.
l) E
"I, we, he";
2) mE
They seem to
"you" (singular
"they."
Certain forms which always occur as initial
members of free forms seem to be variants of Siah "thing" and hika
"things."
Their significance in complex forms is obscure.
Unanalyzed Forms
The following forms are unanalyzed or partially analyzed.
The
underlined portions of these forms have been analyzed and are Included
in the lexicon.
The translation given refers to the entire form.
ahkoah*u
i
ahhehaps
"sweet water"
"ice"
ahSo’akeml
"it was finished the wataf
t
*
ahlme
"river"
t
ako’Enokih
"we are in the house"
t ~
ahkakai
"salt water"
ahkEme
"running water"
amakanoka. ha
"bright light"
88
amakanokokwipat
"motor spark"
t
n
apiskwd. skan
"box of cigarettes"
9
amakenoh
"flame"
f
amakk-wd. s
amokIS
apkaohla
"elk"
i
"smoke signal"
"Milky Way"
t
i
anamaklpEtllm
as
"mesquite"
"split tirote"
t
asEtkitiyaip
t
anolakei
"ring"
t
'
antEkp "under"
t
*
antES "clay"
|
asokaku
antESahip "plate"
t
tantESankanoit "olla for water"
t
antESkoSLi "mud"
"net".
asok'El
t
astanku
"many big mountains"
astEken
"pointed mountain"
" M o Colorado"
astlah
t
"last year"
t
ant Ik
-
"tank in rocks"
*
"down"
n
-
asttekataSo "mesa"
tt
.
aSohano "star"
t
it •
aSohanopok
"well"
i
aSokhapat
"shooting star"
"comet"
antIp "salt"
t
antIps "arroyo"
t
aSokimakta
» ■
antpofi "tomorrow"
at
apah
"slat from cradle board"
i
t ~
asttatipa "island of Patos"
"island"
antinokofinkap
* i
antlkkwo1ah
*
"another time; again"
asamElk
"gas stove"
anthapemakti
*
apkomos
"north star"
"shrub for baskets"
"squid"
"magazine"
i- t
t
apaspo tE fESamnemwasol
carboard box"
i
i
aikahnlnoitokwiho
apaspo
"small wind"
t
"yellow
api’akd.
"kilt"
apipahke
"ribbon"
apiskano
"many cigarettes"
djcemiha
"strong wind"
*
ai kityahoine
"dust storm"
ai kohapl
"cold wind"
d. pohita
"in a calm of wind"
f
apiskopl
"pipe tobacco"
t
aohliom
"Desemboque"
89
t
i
E ’ekom
hapihikemo
"three stick dice”
"wooden headdress”
t
hapihkanle
"four hollowtubes”
E ’Eamasi
E*Ehai
»
"a worm that eats wood”
"root which gives red
-dye”
haSim
"beautiful”
h e ’apl
i
E'Ekopmola
t
E tESamihum
"winter"
”santo”
|
hekaEkEsotakai la
"wood chest”
t
E 1ESamtkokwipat
E*Etai tal
"toy harpoon”
"match”
t
t
E'naknlkel
"many Americans"
t
hekakanao tah
Em "cactus”
i
*
Emamke 1etim "cactus fruit"
^nmanikasno
t
»
Enmanikihln
M
«I
heka’akapo "pigs"
1
M
heka’E ’Etkwokal "desert tortoises"
i
hekahapEtikoi
"revolver"
"camera"
. "mirror"
"cats"
1
M
hekakatoi
"cattle"
hekakehai
"dynamite"
hekakEnla
"cocoon rattles"
t
it
hekakEsilmwahik
»
ESyaopul
"prickly pear flower"
t
"earthen jar"
hema
hapakof
hepenatlkol "javalinas"
«
i
hikaapait "food"
"beach"
i t
hapeka. ha
"high tide"
t
t
"tide going out"
i
hep ekoso
"infiernillo"
*
hapekwatomi
hapih
f
hapihas
* -
hika* astanokui
hapeklfi
t
"no"
"spider crab"
hapeatel
-
"many little boys"
hekaLkekEnlu "rancheria"
»
hekEnakol "foxes"
"inside of"
hamaSa
"many girls"
* t it
hekakEsiltam
t
hakano
"many burros"
"low tide"
t
hika’EmE
"place where people lived"
*
hikakohp
"white shell bead"
hikakohpni
"reed-grass"
"wooden pipe bowl"
haoihaniklpl
i
"carrizo (reedgrass) whistle"
"name of people of
San Esteban Island"
"vdiite olivella shell"
hikakoil "blue paint"
f t *
~
hikakokosi "gnat"
UnW.ql'Arizqna
/•
90
h. ikakosot^
»
i
"rice"
*
hikakot’ta "face powder"
i
•
hikaspo "pencil"
hlposyao ku "Adam* s apple"
i i
hlpoSi "summer"
i
hlsnapkaSo
"six"
i
hikatomEkannka
"Saturday which
.comes"
hISa’o
i
hTSwh
hita
"in front"
"upper arm"
"moon"
i
ii
hISahkoke
hitakops
"eclipse of moon"
"upper lip"
hISah'kwamu
hitamol
"lower lip"
hitamolk
i
hi*amok
"lips"
"night"
i
hl’peSitak "chest"
t
'
hi*pot "lower leg"
hIkakoah*u "sugar"
I
hlkapEneh "harpoon foreshaft"
hlkaltak
hllkeka
"eclipse of sun"
i
t
hlSahmwamoku "new moon"
I
M
hlSah*ofuamok "eclipse of sun"
hlSahpetih";
"full moon"
i
hitaken
"upper leg"
i
hltamokni "chin"
i i.
hltEniai oh "lipstick"
i t
hltkemutka
"under your testicles"
"skeleton"
hltkoSli
"sticky testicles"
hltoahat
"foot"
"knee"
hllkSimaSi
i
hlma’kopul
"elbow"
hltoatipa
"game tube with
..slashes; half black"
»
hlna "hair on forearm"
i
hlnok "bay"
f
* It ~
hlnolemaka "third finger"
hinolimutka
f
hnitom "place name"
i
hnols "eel grass"
i
t i
hnolseathiSah "month of March; time
when the eel grass appears"
hoiskan
"hard"
homaiha
"not strong"
"under my hand"
hlnolSalk
"fifth finger"
i
hlnoltipa
"fourth finger"
hlnolyao kt
"fourth toe"
homaiskan
"not hard"
i'asinipe
"good smell"
"lower arm" (my)
91
ihlp
"shoulder blade"
i
ikoitkiya
"pascola dancer"
f
iyatkso ksha
koksEn
"Mexican woman"
"Mexican"
t
"large point"
Ikemipka "here raining"
t
it
IlltiakwaS "braided hair"
»
it
Illtkaopt "without braids" (?)
1 u
IsElklpk
t
Itakomsah
koksEkwam
ii
koksEtkihoto
konkae
t
konkak
t
konkeh
"many Mexicans"
"old woman"
"Seris"
"old women"
t
kontitimakta "candle"
"shoulder"
kop
"eyebrows"
t
kosteohl
"twigs of tirote for curing"
"San Esteban"
t
Itamokni "chin"
*
Itatankdm "back"
t
Itohips
kotpankEsil "small fish"
t
kwatok "now distant"
"eyelashes"i
maSakEsil
i
kaitik
"small pottery bowl"
"soft"
»
rnEme
"fire drill"
mESontpai
"fire board"
mi’pe "soft"
t
miskan "hard"
"all gone"
t n
kaktam
t
"tell me its name"
ii
kakwam
kakwatkospu
"candy"
f
kanoa’E ’ke
kap
"toy boat"
"last year"
t
*
mohlmakwa1mohlma
"to fly"
kainEkuh
mohamt
"blanket"
mosni/tl*imoS
k m hsa
"large, long"
t
koh
koit
"brown"
muhEpEpIsh
"all"
"dance"
kokaSni
"rattlesnake"
kokaSniyESket
"rattlesnake
rattles"
"plate of sea turtle"
ii
mosnikepakal
k ikopul
"yesterday in the
morning"
"sea turtle with hard
shell"
"mangrove bean"
t
mwasamoka "dusk"
i w
mwaspEthlSah "first half" (of the
moon)
92
It t
nopait
t
pahi
«
"afternoon'’
"name of hill"
S a *hanohoSom "suns et"
Sa'Ipka "today"
i t
Sa*Itkwi "noon"
t
pakapis "small sea bird"
t
t
pakemetoknik "point Tepopa"
t
pasitik "ground squirrel"
Sa*ohenoft "lightning"
«
i
Seakteha’ta "auto"
t
Seapko "black whale"
paSah
SeE'Etkwi
"name of a .spring on
Tiburon Island"
t
potaplkta
"desert tortoise"
Sehanikaspo
"early"
seamemakoEnoki "god" (thing
which is in the sky)
se’akapo "pig"
»
se'akenla "can rattle"
i
sehEklsokd. la "burro"
»
tt
sehlnakol
"typewriter"
i
Sehkap
"airplane"
SEhk&m
"fish"
SKhkanm
"cat"
SEhko'a
"cow"
i
SEnikoSam
SEp
"leather shoe"
"eagle"
i
"fox"
t
sehlnatiuks
"javalina"
Sia *et
Siah
"harmonica"
"thing"
i
sEhkEsilkwam
»
»
sekopEkepEn
t
sEnasksEt
"girl"
"grooved coral bone
awl sharpener"
Siahhapetikik
"American"
SiahhapEtikom
"boat"
SiakEnla
"rattle"
S i ’anpat
"fish"
"bat"
i it
sESkEsiltam
"boy"
t
giEskoil "watermelon"
i
sinikEtuh "eye glasses"
Siapait
t
"food"
i
Si'apapalim
Sihltak
t
"bone"
i
SoStnikao hsar
Sa’apkap "sunrise"
i
Sa’etah "hour"
"lollypop (red)"
"a camp" (kaohsar "foreigner")
tamli
"sidewinder”
t
taslslktasi "spark"
tEnki1ISlk
"dirty face"
tiki’ "lives in the sea - one
large boat which comes out of sea "
tikom
"this seated on the water"
tls*a'teml "fish-spear head"
t
tohltak "owl"
t
tonkokwi "seven" •
t
totarip "chicken egg"
t
t
wapaJEmaltokoha *a
t
ti
watahkakap kla
I
t M
yanokanokuemlt
i
"wrist"
"last half of the moon"
"cheekbones"
t
yo’a
"tube with full slashes*
ii
yai’akak
yEnklp
"raise the sail"
"yes"
94
APPENDIX
TABLE OF PHONETIC SYMBOLS
(with approximate English equivalents)
Towels
Consonants
a
father
b
bin
v
mum
d
dJLn
e
gate
f
feed
E
met
•
glottal stop - an_icehouse
K
mat
g
fip
i
meet
;'.h
hat
I
hit
k
kin
o
home
1
no equivalent (see p. 21)
good
1
all
hoot
m
me
n
SP
9
sing
P
pin
r
cherry
8
sit
sr
no equivalent (see p. 19)
S
shoot
t
tin
X
no English equivalent; ach (German)
uo
Diphthongs
si
buy
eo
how
Semivowels
y
zes
w
win
95
BIBLIOGRAPHY"
Bloch, Bernard; Trager, George L.
1942. Outline of Linguistic Analysis.
Bloomfield, L.
1933• Language.
Kroeber, A. L.
1931* The Seri.
Baltimore.
New York*
Los Angeles.
Mason, J. Alden.
1940. ?Ihe Native Languages of Middle America,w The Maya and
their Neighbors. New York.
McGee, W. J. .
1898. The Seri Indians. Bureau of American Ethnology, 17th
Annual Report, Washington.
Nida, Eugene A.
1949* Morphology. The Descriptive Analysis of Words.,
Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Pike, Kenneth L.
1947* Phonemics. A Technique for Reducing Languages to Writing.
Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Spicer, E. H.
1952. Uto-Aztecan Relationships of the Seri Language.
Unpublished Manuscript, Tucson.
Whiting, A.
1951. Notes on the Classification of Seri.
Tucson.
Unpublished Manuscript,

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