Wilkes Universit y- Division of Engineering and Physics

WILKES UNIVERSITY MECHANICAL ENGINEERING- ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT
THERMODYNAMICS - ME 322
A. GENERAL INFORMATION: Required Course for all ME & GSE majors.
INSTRUCTOR:
Dr. Perwez Kalim. Professor of Mechanical Engineering
CONTACT INFO:
SLC-139, Office Hrs: visit my webpage, Phone: 570-408-4827, Fax 570-408-7881
WEB PAGE:
http://staffweb.wilkes.edu/perwez.kalim/, e-mail: Dr. K
th
TEXT BOOK:
Fundamentals of Engr. Thermodynamics, M.J. Moran and H.N. Shapiro, J. Wiley & Sons, 8 Edn.
th
REFERENCE:
Thermodynamics an Engineering Approach, 6 Edn, Y.A. Cengel, M.A. Boles, J. McGraw Hill.
B. CATALOG DESCRIPTION:
ME 322. Thermodynamics three credits, the fundamental concepts and laws of thermodynamics, thermodynamic
properties of perfect and real gases, vapors, solids and liquids. Applications of thermodynamics to power cycles, and
flow processes. Development of thermodynamic relationships and equations of state. Review of the first and second
laws. Availability and irreversibility lecture-discussion, three hours a week. Prerequisite: MTH 112
C. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
Thermodynamics is a foundation course in the ME/EEGR curriculum and is required of all ME/EEGR students. It
prepares the student to solve simple to complex problems in thermodynamics. The course presents many ideas and
principles that are completely new to the student. The student will gain the ability to solve problems in a clear, and
systematic way. See complete list of learning objectives. Thus the objectives of the course are to:
a1. Sketch T– v, p– v, and T-s diagrams, and locate states on these diagrams. Interpolate property data from Tables.
a2. Learn concepts of closed/open system, extensive and intensive properties, state, process and cycle, and apply the
knowledge
a3. Learn and apply ideal and non-ideal (compressible) gas laws
a4. Learn conservation of mass, first and second laws of thermodynamics (energy & entropy equations).
a5. Identify the differences between reversibility or irreversibility of a process and how it relates to entropy
production and isentropic efficiencies
c1. Apply necessary thermodynamic tools and skills such as continuity equation, energy, and entropy equations to
solve real-world thermodynamic problems in engineering practice or to meet desired needs. Determine the
performance of Power, Refrigeration, and Heat Pump cycles using efficiency and COP of these cycles.
c2. Determine operating conditions for thermodynamic cycles in order to optimize power or efficiency
c3. Design thermodynamics systems using concepts of entropy, Carnot, Rankine, and other cycles
c4. Analyze valve, pump, compressor, turbine and heat exchanger boiler, condenser, nozzles, and water heaters etc.
d1. Work as a team on semester long design project (Stirling engine design), make sure each student in the group
participates as project grades are dependent on students’ active participation.
e1. Compute changes in thermodynamic properties due to: mixing, compression, expansion, and heat exchange
e2. Identify and formulate thermodynamic problems using continuity equation, first and second law of
thermodynamics
e3. Solve engineering problems using both ideal and non-ideal (considering compressibility) gas laws
f1. Take ethical & professional responsibility during exam and design project work. Copying work of others is
unethical. Grades for plagiarism, copying, or cheating will be zero irrespective of previous performance.
i1. Occasionally discuss the engineering licensure (FE) issues. The students also take sample FE exam available on my
website and take a quiz.
k1. Use thermodynamics tools to analyze Power Cycles for improved efficiency
k2. Apply both ideal and non-ideal gas laws as engineering tools necessary for engineering practice
k3. Apply principles of Carnot, Rankine, and other cycles in solving engineering problems
k4. Employ efficiency and coefficient of performance tools to assess performance of Power, Refrigeration, and Heat
Pump cycles
k5. Employ principles of thermodynamics as tools to analyze thermodynamic components such as valves, pumps,
compressors, turbines and heat exchangers boiler, condenser, valves, nozzles, and water heaters etc.
Combustion Engines Syllabus/Dr. kalim/Pg. 1
D. MAPPING OF THE COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES TO ABET (Criterion 3) OUTCOMES:
The Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) Criteria 2000 define a number of program outcomes
that all graduates of ABET accredited programs must have. The course relations to these outcomes are listed below:
Outcomes a, c, and e are central to the course. Knowledge of thermodynamics principles and application of mass,
energy, and entropy balance, plays a very crucial role in the design of thermodynamic components and various
power cycles.
Outcomes d and k are addressed in the design-project component of the course. The outcome d is partially
addressed by virtue that project teams are construed of students who belong to different majors. When students
work on design of a thermodynamic system, processes, and power cycle, the knowledge of modern engineering
tools and techniques are necessary.
Outcomes f and i: They are occasionally considered in the class discussions.
E. TOPICS COVERED:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
F.
Temperature scales, Equations of State, First law of thermodynamics
Energy analysis in closed/open systems
Entropy & Second law of thermodynamics
Thermodynamic processes and applications
Power cycles and their applications
Availability, Gibbs and Helmholtz functions
(6 classes)
(8 classes)
(6classes)
(3 classes)
(9 classes)
(3 classes)
PREREQUISITES BY TOPIC:
Knowledge of differential and integral calculus, and ability to use Word, PowerPoint & Excel is necessary.
G. HOMEWORK & EXAM:
Homework and pop quizzes: Class attendance is critically important as no make up quiz will be given. More than 3
unexcused absences will force the final grade to be lowered down by 0.5 grade from the maximum achievable.
Unethical behavior like cheating in exam or homework, plagiarism will cost a grade of "zero" irrespective of the
last performance. Each student must bring the book in the class. Bring your calculator in exams and in class. See
HW schedule on website. The homework assignments will be collected only when they are announced. They may
or may not be graded. If they are graded only a few problems may be selected for grading. It is student’s
responsibility to do the homework after the relevant material has been discussed in class. The solutions of all
assigned homework will be available on the course website. Design project: Groups must be made before
February 1st. All groups will work on the Stirling Engine Project (project details may be found on internet or my
website). Groups Final project reports are not required, but interim reports are required anytime by February 28th.
The interim reports will not be graded. Each group work will present their work on April 23rd in the class. Three
Exams will be held on February 12th, March 19th and April 23rd. Arrange your schedule now to make sure you are
available on these dates as early or make-up test will not be given, unless a valid reason is presented to the
instructor. All tests will be closed book unless otherwise mentioned. The grade for a missed test will be zero (0).
Final Exam schedule will be announced by the Registrar.
H. GRADING: Points distribution:
Three Hour Exams@ 15 Pts. each = 45 Pts. Final Exam =25 Pts., Quizzes & HW =15 Pts., Project =15 Pts.
Grading Scheme:4.0 (90 and ), 3.5 (85 and ), 3.0 (80 and ), 2.5 (75 and ), 2.0 (70 and ), 1.5 (65 and ), 1.0
(60 and ) and 0.0 (59 and ). The grade scale is based on the aggregate score calculated using the above
distribution. Individual exams or project’s grade is not the representative of the final grade.
I.
METHODS OF ASSESSMENT:
Graded Quiz and special HW
Course Evaluations by students
Prepared by:
Graded Exams
Design Projects
Program skills surveys (performance criteria)
Instructor Judgment
Dr. S. Perwez Kalim
Thermodynamics Syllabus/Dr. P. Kalim/Pg. 2
Good Luck and have a great semester
Good Luck and let’s have a great semester
Thermodynamics Syllabus/Dr. P. Kalim/Pg. 3
Thermodynamics Syllabus/Dr. P. Kalim/Pg. 4
Thermodynamics Syllabus/Dr. P. Kalim/Pg. 5
SOME BASIC CONCEPTS
Thermodynamics?
Capacity of hot substances to do work (therm = heat, dynamis = force, dynamics=motion)
SYSTEM – OPEN (control Volume) or CLOSED, Boundary or Control Surface
Thermodynamics Syllabus/Dr. P. Kalim/Pg. 6
Units
Pressure, Psi and kPa, Pa = N/m2
1 bar = 105 = 100,000 Pa, 1 atm = 101.325 kPa
abs.
20 psig = 20 + 14.7 Psi = 34.7 Psia
50 kPa gage = 50 + 101.325 = 151.325 kPa abs.
10 psig vacum=10+14.7 Psi=4.7 Psia
100 kPa vac = -100 + 101.325 = 1.325 kPa
abs.
Temperature
Mass -m = kg or lb
100 oF = 100 + 460 = 560 oR
Force = m*a =
100 oC = 100 + 373 = 373 oK
Kg-m
sec2
= Newton
Thermodynamics Syllabus/Dr. P. Kalim/Pg. 7

Mass Flow rate = m = kg/sec or lb/sec = AV = density * area of inlet* inlet velocity
Ideal gas Law
P v = n R T, PV= mRT, n =Molar mass=
 Property
Extensive
Intensive
 State
 Process
Mass
Molecular Weight
=density=
Mass
m 1
= =
Volume V
v
P (Pa, bar) T (oC, K, oF, R), V (m3), S, H, U,  (kg/m3) = 1/v
U (kJ), H (kJ),
S (kJ/K), KE (kJ),
PE (kJ)
u (kJ/kg), h (kJ/kg), s (kJ/kg-K) ke (kJ/kg), pe (kJ/kg)
Two Properties define a state
Path between two states make a process,
P= C, T= C, V= C, Pvn= C, Pvk= C, Pv= RT, PV= mRT
 Cycle
Two or more processes make a cycle
 Steady State Process
P=C
V=C
H=C
T=C
Ideal gas
PV = mRT
Pv = RT
Pv = RT
P vn = C
.
.
No storage, process not function of time, min  mout
Process
Constant Pressure Process
Constant Volume Process
Constant Enthalpy or Throttling Process
Constant Temperature Process
Equation of state
Irrev. Adiabatic Process
or, Polytropic Process
P vk = C
Reversible Adiabatic or
Isentropic Process
Adiabatic Process, heat transfer Q =0
Application
Condenser, Evaporator
Rigid Container
Valve
Compression, expansion,
Joule Thompson Effect
Isobaric
Isometic
Isenthalpic
Isothermal
R = R /Mol Wt.
R = 8.314 KJ/Kmol-K
n must be determined
k is known= Cp/Cv
k =1.4 for air
Energy Terms - Joules (N-m), Btu ( = 778 ft-lbf), Power - Watts (=Joules/sec)
Kinetic
KE
½ mV2
Joules
Potential
PE
mgz
Joules
Heat
Work
Internal
Enthalpy
Q
W
U
H
KJ
KJ
KJ
KJ
ke
pe
q
w
u
h
½ V2
J
gz
J
J
J
J
J
Extensive
Intensive =
Extensive/mass
Thermodynamics Syllabus/Dr. P. Kalim/Pg. 8
System and Control Volume
Control Volume
Air Conditioning Systems, Turbine/Pump/Compressor Design And Many others
Single Interpolation- Volume m3/kg
Temperature oC
Volume m3/kg
130
1.0697*10-3
140
1.0797*10-3
What is the Volume at 134 oC?
10 oC diff = 0.0100 * 10-3 m3/kg
o
-3 3
1 C diff = 0.00100 * 10 m /kg
o
for 4 C diff = 0.00400 * 10-3
@ 134 oC volume is = 0.00400 * 10-3 +
1.0697 * 10-3 = 1.0737 * 10-3 m3/kg
PURE SUBSTANCE.
LATENT HEAT,
PHASES
Double Interpolation - Volume m3/kg
Temperature oC
Pressure, 4 bars Pressure, 5 bars
120
0.06546
0.05193
140
0.06913
0.05492
First interpolate Volume at Then interpolate Volume
4 bars and 130 oC
at 5 bars and 130 oC
= 0.067295
= 0.053425
Determine
volume at 130
o
C and 4.5 bars
Then
interpolate
between 4 and
5 bars =
0.06036 m3/kg
Critical Point
Pc, Tc
P = C line
Subcooled or
compressed
Region
560 oC
4s
4
1
T=C, P = C
T
560 oC, 200
bars
Superheated
Vapor Region
Liquid-Vapor
Region, X
X = 45 %
S=C
Sat. Liquid Line
Uf, vf, hf, sf
V=C
S C
2s
2
Sat. Vapor Line
ug, vg, hg, sg
T=C, P = C
3
0.2 bars, 60 oC
S
Or V
Thermodynamics Syllabus/Dr. P. Kalim/Pg. 9

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