Contextualizing Scientific Knowledge and Radioactivity 科学的知識と放射線に文脈を与える Osamu Sakura (University of Tokyo) 佐倉統（東京大学大学院情報学環） Scientific Knowledge and… … Local Knowledge Knowledge is power (Francis Bacon, 1620) Situated Knowledge (Donna Haraway, 1988) Double interpreter system Local people Local ・school teacher interpreters・public health nurse Experts δ Experts β Experts γ Specialist interpreter Experts α (1) Workshop for School Teachers at Iitate Village (Jul 30, 2013) ・ • Elementary & secondary schools are running education programs of radioactivity • Difficulty in hearing “real” opinion from public persons. • Introducing peergroup discussion. • Anonymity to outside. Workshop for School Teachers! at Iitate Secondary School (Jul 30, 2013) Split of Identification: teacher = to protect pupils evacuee=to be protected (2) Comparison with Fukushima & Other Areas ~ Far away from Home ~ Interviews with citizens who began activities related with anti contamination of radioactive. ! Areas: Tokyo, Kyoto, Kochi Period: Jul & Aug 2012 Method: Snowball sampling Fig.%Map%of%the%Fukushima%Daiichi%Nuclear%Plant% and%subjected%districts%in%Japan. Interviews in Kochi (900km from Fukushima) 1 高知県でのインタビュー 1 •“Radioactivity contamination is regarded something comes from outside; inside Kochi is safe and clean. Bonito fish from north is inhibited from suppling to children.” Interviews in Kochi (900km from Fukushima) 2 高知県でのインタビュー 2 •“Evacuates from Fukushima initiated the concern of local people about the contamination of food. Requested the monitoring of school lunch to local education committee and it has been monitored since Dec 2012.” Interviews in Kyoto (500km from Fukushima) 1 京都市でのインタビュー •“Radioactivity contamination was not regarded big issue just after the earthquake. It is regarded something comes from outside; they should be prevented from bringing into Kyoto.” Interviews in Kyoto (500km from Fukushima) 2 京都市でのインタビュー 2 •“Aug 2011, local people prevented using woods from Tohoku area in the Daimonji burning festival. Since Oct 2011 there occurred the movements against the transportation of earthquake debris into Kyoto. These movements are regarded to be initiated by evacuates from Fukushima.” Interviews in Kyoto (500km from Fukushima) 3 京都市でのインタビュー 3 •“Some argued how and where evacuates from Fukushima drop off the radioactive substance, in the process of preparation to accept them.” Summary of interviews インタビューのまとめ “Yes, in my back yard, too!” -- but really? “YIMBY” • Radioactive substances come from outside • local people lack some reality with radioactivity contamination • Local media does not provide much information in Kochi & Kyoto • Separation and branch off of epistemology (3) Synchronic 2: Image to Radioactivity Method: Internet research From 2013 March 18 to 20 Subjects: 3,200 TV Newspaper Internet Site Friends, family Radio Books Brochures Medicals Symposium, lecture Miyagi Fukushima Administrators Tokyo Others Kyoto Got no information Q. What media did the information come from? (during recent 1 month) Eats food from the area without 放射能汚染のない地域の radiation contamination ⾷食品・⾷食材を選ぶ 0.2163 0.2763 0.245 0.2388 0.0538 Drinks bottled water ペットボトルの⽔水を使う 0.025 ! 調理理法を変える Changes cooking method （ゆでこぼしや⽪皮をむくなど） 0.0363 0.0463 0.045 0.0213 ! 0.03 0.0388 0.05 0.0338 Reduces dining out 外⾷食をひかえる ! ⽶米のとぎ汁を乳酸菌発酵 Uses folk remedies させたものを使う ! Miyagi 宮城県福島県 Fukushima 東京都 Tokyo 京都府 Kyoto 0.0263 0.0363 0.0413 0.0263 Chooses mail-order dealer をしている通信販売業者から⾷食材を購⼊入する ! 0.1513 0.1113 0.0013 0.0013 0.0013 0.0013 0.7313 0.6225 0.675 0.7213 どれも⾏行行っていない None 0% 25% 50% Q. What are the reaction to inner exposure you are doing at present? 75% 100% Wearing a mask during 外出時にはマスクを使う going out 0.105 0.1363 0.18 0.09 ! Keeping children away できるだけ外に出ない／ form going/playing out ⼦子どもを外で遊ばせない 0.0163 0.0488 0.0313 0.016 ! Measuring the level of 居住地の放射線量量を radioactivity in計測する living place ! Removing & cleaning 線量量の⾼高い⼟土や落落ち葉葉の contaminated soils, fallen 除去、⾬雨樋い等の掃除 leaves, etc. 放射能汚染が少ない ! Moving 地域に避難する to other places ! 0.015 0.015 0.01 0.1338 0.0138 0.0625 0.005 0.005 宮城県 Miyagi 福島県 Fukushima 東京都 Tokyo Kyoto 京都府 0.0088 0.025 0.0113 0.01 Nothing 0.7 どれも⾏行行っていない 0% 23% 45% Q. What are the reaction to outer exposure you are doing at present? 68% 0.8675 0.7975 0.886 90% Total! (N=3,200)! ! Miyagi! (N=800)! ! Fukushima! (N=800)! ! Tokyo! (N=800)! ! Kyoto! (N=800) very much not so much unknown rather no Q. Do you worry about the health risk caused by radioactivity materials? Miyagi! (N=800)! ! Fukushima! (N=800)! ! Tokyo! (N=800)! ! Kyoto! (N=800) very much rather not so much negligible no Q. How has been,or is, your life affected by radioactive contamination after the decease. Miyagi! 宮城県 14% （n=800) (N=800)! 86% ! 福島県 Fukushima! （n=800) 17% 83% 18% 82% (N=800)! ! 東京都 Tokyo! （n=800) (N=800)! ! 京都府 Kyoto! 15% （n=800) 85% (N=800) 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% ある Yes Q. Have you heard the term “risk communication”? ない No How to reduce information divide 地域格差への対処 •More information should be provided outside Fukushima •The term “risk communication” should not be used •Concern risk homeostasis (Wilde, 1994, 2001) Universal Knowledge and Local Conditions communication of contexts, between situations