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World Journal of Agricultural Sciences 10 (5): 243-246, 2014
ISSN 1817-3047
© IDOSI Publications, 2014
DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wjas.2014.10.5.1829
Allelopathic Effect of Lantana camara on Germination and
Seedling Growth Behavior of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
1
Ipsita Kar, 2Vishram Ram and 3Pranati Panda
Department of Agronomy, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha- 751003, India
Farming System Management, CPGS, CAU, Umiam, Meghalaya- 793103, India
3
Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, BHU, Varanasi- 221005, India
1
2
Abstract: An experiment was conducted in College of Post Graduate Studies, CAU, Barapani, Meghalaya in
2011 to recognize the inhibitory effect of aqueous extracts of Lantana camara L. (a globally recognized invasive
alien weed) on garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) The test was conducted in sterilized petridishes with a
photoperiod of 24 hours and an average temperature of 30°C. The effect of different concentrations of lantana
leaf and seed extracts (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50%) were recorded and compared with control (i.e., distilled water).
Results showed that different concentrations of aqueous leaf extracts caused significant inhibitory effect on
germination, root and shoot elongation rate and relative biomass ratio of receptor crops. Bioassays also
indicated that the inhibitory effect was proportional to the concentrations of the extracts and higher
concentration had the stronger inhibitory effect whereas the lower concentration of 10% showed stimulatory
effect in some cases. The inhibitory effect was much pronounced in radical and plumule development. Hence,
lantana cannot be used as a mulching material.
Key words: Allelopathy
Germination
Relative elongation
INTRODUCTION
Lantana camara
the crop growth and yield. Hence, with an objective to
study the allelopathic effect of lantana on germination and
seedling growth behavior of garden pea, this experiment
was conducted in Meghalaya.
Lantana, a rapid growing perennial woody shrub is a
serious weed in most parts of the country, especially in
Meghalaya. It ranks among the top ten worst weeds in the
world [1]. It is an aggressive invader of natural ecosystem.
It is one of the most toxic weeds in the World and its leaf,
seed and root extracts release certain allelochemicals.
The different parts of lantana contain allelochemicals
mainly aromatic alkaloids and phenolic compounds [2]
which can interfere with seed germination and early
growth of many plant species [3]. Garden pea (Pisum
sativum L.) is one of the popular vegetable in North east
region and is largely cultivated for fresh and processed
form. In North Eastern hilly region, leaching away of
nutrients due to erosion is a major problem. So, cover
crops are grown and mulches are applied to cover the
soil and limit the erosion losses. In some places where
vegetation is less, weed mulch is used. Lantana is a
vigorously growing weed which is also used as cover and
mulch (Day et al, 2003)[4]. Even though it reduced the
erosion problems but the leaf extracts of lantana affected
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment was conducted in Biochemestry lab
of CPGS, CAU, Barapani, Meghalaya in 2011. It was
carried out in complete randomized design (CRD) with
different concentrations of leaf and seed extract (control,
10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% ) labeled as T0, T1, T2, T3, T4
and T 5, respectively and replicated 4 times.
Preparation of Aqueous Extract: For preparation of
aqueous lantana leaf/seed extracts, 100 g of fresh lantana
leaves and seeds were soaked in 500 ml distilled water and
kept in a room temperature of 30°C, without allowing any
possible chemical changes. After 24 hr, the aqueous
extract was filtered through the sieve and then the extracts
were diluted to make the concentration of 10%, 20%,
30%, 40% and 50% (on volume basis). The experiment was
Corresponding Author: Ipsita Kar, College of Post Graduate Studies, CAU, Barapani, Meghalaya, India.
E-mail: [email protected].
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World J. Agric. Sci., 10 (5): 243-246, 2014
carried out in sterile petridishes of 12 cm in size placing a
Whatman® no.3 filter paper on petridishes. The extract of
each concentration was added to each petridish of
respective treatment daily in such an amount just enough
to wet the seeds. The control was treated only with
distilled water. 10 seeds of pea were placed in the
petridish replicating 4 times and was set in the room
temperature of 30 °C. The experiment was extended over
a period of nine days to allow the germination of last seed
and the measurement of the shoot and root length. Same
steps were repeated thrice and the average data is
presented.
The seed was considered as germinated, when
radical emerged. The germination was recorded daily and
the results were determined by counting the number of
germinated seeds and measuring the length of primary
root and main shoot at an interval of three days till nine
days. The biomass was calculated by taking the dry
weight of pea seeds in oven.
the relative elongation of shoot (plumule), Ms the mean
plumule length of tested plant, MC the mean length of
control. Rr =M/ Mc× 100 where, Rr is the relative
elongation of root (radical) and M is the mean radical
length of tested plant. RBR=MBt/MBc x 100 where RBR is
the relative biomass ratio, MBt is mean biomass of tested
plant and MBc is the mean biomass of control.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The highest germination percent (100%) was
observed in seeds treated with pure water whereas the
lowest was found at T5 (50%) concentration of lantana
leaf and seed extract i.e. 35% and 60%, respectively
(Fig. 1). With increase in concentration, the inhibitory
effect progressively increased indicating the inhibitory
effect of Lantana [5]; Sisodia and Siddiqui, [6]). The
length of radical and plumule increased at an increasing
rate over a period of 9 days till concentration of 20% but
further with increase in concentration it increased at a
decreasing rate till 40%. But at 50%, the length of radical
and plumule declined at 9th day as compared to 6th day
[6-11]. The maximum inhibitory effect was found at
50% concentration (Fig. 2 and Fig. 3). Leaf and seed
extract significantly influenced the relative germination
ratio, relative elongation ratio of root and shoot.
Relative Germination and Elongation Ratio: The relative
germination and elongation were calculated by the
following equations as suggested by Rho and Kil, 1986.
R=G/Gr× 100 where, R is the relative germination ratio, G is
the germination ratio of tested plant and Gr is the
germination ratio of control. Rs= Ms/ MC× 100 where, Rs is
Error bar with standard error
Fig. 1: Allelopathic effect of leaf and seed extract on germination percent (%) of pea at 9 th day
Fig. 2: Allelopathic effect of leaf extract on (a) Length of radical (b) Length of plumule of pea
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World J. Agric. Sci., 10 (5): 243-246, 2014
Error bar with standard error
Fig. 4: Allelopathic effect of leaf and seed extract on biomass (g) of pea at 9 th day
(T0- control, T1- 10%, T2- 20%, T3- 30%, T4- 40%, T5- 50%)
Table 1: Effect of leaf and seed extract on relative germination ratio, relative elongation ratio of root and shoot
Treatment
Relative germination ratio (%)
-------------------------------------Leaf extract
Seed extract
Relative elongation of root (%)
--------------------------------------Leaf extract
Seed extract
Relative elongation of shoot (%)
----------------------------------------Leaf extract
Seed extract
Relative biomass ratio (%)
------------------------------------Leaf extract
Seed extract
T0 (control)
T1 (10%)
T2 (20%)
T3 (30%)
T4 (40%)
T5 (50%)
CD
100.00
87.50
75.00
70.00
57.50
35.00
8.21
100.00
71.78
58.40
51.41
25.26
23.19
4.89
100.00
55.18
42.75
41.14
39.52
31.13
3.06
100.00
91.51
81.63
70.29
64.52
61.99
6.45
100.00
90.00
87.50
80.00
70.00
60.00
9.10
100.00
90.77
81.01
74.24
63.94
57.89
2.86
100.00
80.07
57.39
53.13
48.93
41.95
4.47
100.00
96.54
92.56
90.00
85.67
77.18
3.81
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Kong et al, 2007 reported that the reduction was due to
the chemicals Lantadene A and Lantadene B. The decline
at 50% concentration of leaf and seed as compared to
control was 65% and 40% (Table 1). Relative
germination ratio, relative elongation ratio of root
and shoot declined with increase in concentration
which clearly shows the allelopathic effect of lantana
(Ghisalberti, [7]). All the parameters were much
affected by leaf extract as compared to seed extract.
The phytotoxicity of lantana leaf extract was maximum
due to complex interactions between phenolic acids
[8]. The dry weight of biomass with pure water was 12.95
g which was 1.62 and 1.30 times greater than 50% of leaf
and seed extract, respectively (Fig. 4). Reduction in
biomass as well as relative biomass ratio was also
observed with increase in concentration. The reduction in
biomass may be due to stunted and reduced growth of
seedling [9].
The authors are grateful to the authorities of College
of Post Graduate Studies, CAU, Meghalaya for providing
financial and administrative support for conducting this
experiment.
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CONCLUSION
4.
Our study reveals that aqueous extract of leaf is a
potent source of toxic metabolite as compared to seed.
Among the different concentrations of leaf and seed
extract, 50% reduced the growth properties to the
maximum. Hence, Lantana should not be used as a source
of mulch.
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