http://utomir.lib.u-toyama.ac.jp/dspace/ Title Quality evaluation of

Title
Quality evaluation of Propolis. 1. A comparative stu
dy on radical scavenging effects of Propolis and Ve
spae Nidus (露蜂房)
Author(s)
Matsushige, Katsumichi, Kusumoto, Ines Tomoco,
Yamamoto, Yuriko, Kadota, Shigetoshi, Namba, Tsu
neo
Citation
和漢医薬学雑誌 = Journal of traditional medicines,
12(1): 45-53
Issue Date
1995-07
Type
Article
Text version
URL
Rights
publisher
http://hdl.handle.net/10110/1983
rights: 本文データは和漢医薬学会の許諾に基づき複製
したものである
http://utomir.lib.u-toyama.ac.jp/dspace/
Joumal of Traditional Medicines12，45−53，1995
Quality evaluation of Propolis．1．
study on radical scavenging
45
A comparative
effects of
Propolis and Vespae Nidus （露蜂房）
Katsumichi MATSuSHIGE，Ines Tomoco KuSuMOTO，Yuriko YAMAMOTO，
Shigetoshi KADoTA＊and Tsuneo NAMBA
R6s6απh lns渉加！6カ7肱hαn−y4h％，7加αアnα〃64i6α1αn‘1Phα7窺α66躍i6αl Un初6欝め
Ol∼666吻601〈砂z／6窺66714，1994．／166￠1）陀ゴノ4nz6α勿y25，1995．ノ
Abstract
Propolis is a resinous material collected by the honey bee that has been used as a valuable folk
medicine due to its medicinal properties such as antiinflammatory，antimicrobial and immuno−
stimulatory properties．On the other hand，Vespae Nidus（露蜂房）is a crude dmg used in Chinese
traditional medicine that has some properties similar to those of propolis．The pharmacological effects
of propolis are thought to be related at least in part，with the free radical scavenging effects．By testing
the propolis collected in different regions of Brazil and Vespae Nidus for DPPH radical and superoxide
anion scavenging effects both were found to possess such effects，and the most potent scavenging action
was shown by the EtOH−insoluble fraction of their water extracts．
：Key words Propolis，Vespae Nidus，radical scavenging．
Abbreviations BSA，bovine semm albumin；DPPH，1，1−dipheny1−2−picrylhydrazyl l IC50，50％
inhibitory concentration l NBT，nitroblue tetrazolium l PMS，phenazyne methosulfate；SOD，superoxide
dismutase l XOD，xanthine oxidase．
The efficacy of propolis as folk medicine reported
Introduction
so far led us to study an old Chinese traditional
medicine derived from the homet nest，the Vespae
Since ancient times the human being has received
Nidus（露蜂房）．A brief historical review of both natu−
many benefits from the honey bees，whose valuable
ral medicines showed that they have some features in
products have been used as nourishment and medi−
common such as the similar source in nature and
cines．Propolis is a resinous material that the bee
medicinal properties．Vespae Nidus is known to pos−
collects from the exudates of plants and attaches to
sess antimicrobia1，antiinfla卑matory，and tumor hea−
the beehive and has been an old folk medicine．It is
reported to have some medicinal properties as antimi−
crobia1，antiinflammatory and immunostimulatory
2）
1ing Properties．
ごうラ
Recently propolis from Poland and Cuba were
reported to present free radical scavenging effects and
propertles． In the last few years propolis has been
these findings were applied to compare the biological
gaining Popularity in Japan although its use is
activity of propolis from Brazil and the Chinese crude
restricted as a dietary natural product．However，it
dmg Vespae Nidus．Moreover，in order to find out
faces a serious problem on the quality evaluation since
parameters for standardization of propolis，Brazilian
propolis is subject to great variations according to the
propolis of different regions were compared in some
species of the honey bee and the variety of the plants
tests for the radical scavengillg effects．
surroundillg the apiaries．
＊〒930−01富山市杉谷2630
富山医科薬科大学和漢薬研究所資源開発部門
2630Sugitani，Toyama930−01，Japan
和漢医薬学雑誌12，45−53，1995
門田重利
46
Quality evaluation of Propolis
Materia Medica of Toyama Medical and Pharmaceu−
Materials and Methods
tical University．Each extract and fraction was dis−
solved in water or EtOH before adding to the reaction
」P70ヵo／is齪4 施s加61Vi4麗s：The so皿ces of
mlxture．
Brazilian propolis and Vespae Nidus are shown in
En∼甥z8s：Superoxide dismutase（SOD，Cu，Zn
Table I．Propolis collected at different areas in Brazil
type）and xanthine oxidase（XOD，from butter milk）
were provided by Nihon Propolis Co．，Ltd．（Tokyo）．
were purchased from Wako Pure Chemicals Co．，Ltd．
Vespae Nidus from the market of Hong Kong was
（Osaka，Japan）．
purchased from Uchida Pharmaceutical Co．，Ltd．
Ch6窺i6召／s：Xanthine，1，1−diphelly1−2−picrylhydr−
（Tokyo）．This cmde dmg was identified to be the nest
azyl（DPPH），nitroblue tetrazolium（NBT）l EDTA2
of施ψ麗／απα∂16のs SMITH（Family Vespidae）by Dr．
Masami Sasaki，Institute of Honeybee Science，Fac−
ulty of Agriculture of Tamagawa University（Japan）．
Na，phenazyne methosulfate（PMS）and allopurinol
were purchased from Wako Pure Chemicals Co．，Ltd．
（Osaka，Japan）・Caffelc acid was purchased from
Pzのo：z認ionのr！h66x！名鷹∠s：The extracts and
Tokyo Chemical Industry Co．，Ltd．（Tokyo），bovine
fractions of propolis were prepared as illustrated in
semm albumin（BSA），from Seikagaku Corporation
Chart l．The same method was applied to Vespae
Nidus．A selection of this cmde drug was made prior
Propo特s
to the extraction by removing the imp皿ities and
（P1，10．Og）
organic residues of homet．Ten grams of each sample
Water（100mi）
were extracted two times with loo ml of hot water
80。C／3hr x2
（800C／3h），filtered，concentrated under reduced pres−
sure and freeze dried．The residue of the water
Water ext、
Residue
（0．69）
extract was extracted two times with100ml of
MeOH（reflux／3h）and the solvellt was evaporated
MeOH（100mi）
80。C／3hr x2
EtOH（50ml〉
under reduced pressure．The water6xtract was mixed
with10volumes of EtOH and centrifuged to separate
illto EtOH
soluble and−insoluble fractions。The water
MeOH ext．
EtOH−soL EtOH−insol．
（0。089）
Residue
（4．59）
（0．449）
Ether（50mi）
extract of Vespae Nidus gave ollly traces of EtOH−
soluble fraction，which was excluded from the assays．
Similarly the MeOH extractwasseparated into ether−
Ether−soL
Ether−insoL
soluble and−insoluble fractions．A voucher specimen
（4」29）
（0．259）
of each sample has been deposited in the Museum of
Chart l Extraction alld fractionatiol／of propolis．
Table I Samples of Propolis and Vespae Nidus and their geographical soし1rce．
Sample
｝）ropolis
Producillg Area
Maill Vegetatioll
（Brazil）
I）1
Lagoa Vermelha，RS
ノ1πzz！α〃〆iごz spP．，prin／eval forest
P2
Atibaia，SP
Ezκ召／i1）！z♂8spP．，forest
P3
Corumbatai，SP
Ci加5spP．，Ez雌li加！8s加．，primeval forest
P4
Carlos Barbosa，RS
Natural Eucaliptus forest，／17・とzzゼαz7i‘z spp．
P5
Carlos Barbosa，RS
Several varieties of Eπαz／i／）々‘s spP．
Vespae Nidus（重馨虫条ルチ）
Rl Market of Hong Kol／g
RS二Rio Grande do Sul State，SP二Sao Paulo State
47
Joumal of Traditional Medicines（Vol．12 No．1 1995）
（Tokyo），and NADH disodium salt from Sigma Chem−
、μg／mL Caffeic acid was used as a positive contro1
ical Co．（St．Louis，MO，USA）．
（IC50二1．2μg／m1）．
ノln観y孟i6召1砂卿z召魏8αn46h70窺認09名砂勿：UV
ii）Nりn−6nzy7n召オio76α6！ion：The method required
spectrometer model UV−2200Shimadzu（Shimadzu
Corporation，Kyoto，Japan）．A two−dimensional thin−
layer chromatography（TLC）was performed in Avicel
NADH and PMS for production of superoxide anion，
の
according to Nishikimi6！砿 In a l．O ml reaction
mixture composed of lOO mM phosphate buffer（pH
SF plates（Funakoshi，Tokyo），developing with
7．4），0．01mM of PMS，0．025mM NBT and the test
BuOH：HOAc：H20（4：1：5）in the first direction and
sample，0．1mM of l．56mM NADH was mixed and the
with HOAc：H20（15：85）in the second direction．The
absorbance at560nm was measured after2min．The
spray reagents used were5％FeC130r2％ninhydrin．
concentration of SOD required to inhibit the produc−
Pho∠oアn6！7i646！召7n￠in召∠ionρプ〃召6π14i6α／8：The
tion of the superoxide anion by50％in this reaction
aqueous extracts and fractions were dissolved in
was2．6μg／m1．Caffeic acid was used as a positive
water and the MeOH extracts and EtOH
contro1（IC50二36μg／ml）．
or ether−
soluble fractions were dissolved in EtOH．The final
P伽7nzinα！ion6ゾXOO紹i∂i砂：Following the
concentration of EtOH in the reaction mixture was
method of Robak and Gryglewski， the test sample
1％and this solvent had no influence on the absorban−
was added to a reaction mixture of50mM phosphate
ce in the test for DPPH radical or in the test for
buffer（pH7．8），0．l mM xanthine，and O．04units／m1（0．l
superoxide anion in a concentration up to2．5％．In
mg／ml）XOD．The production of uric acid in this
each experiment indicated below the absorbance was
reaction was measured by the absorbance at295nm．
measured against a blank without the test sample and
Allopurinol was used as a positive control（IC50二4．0
the control reaction contained the same solvent used
μ9／m1）．
to dilute the test sample．The absorbance of the test
ノ∼α4i6召l s6α∂6ngingゆ6∠s：The percent scaマeng−
sample was given by the difference between the absor−
ing effect was determined as the ratio of the differ−
bance of the reactions with and without test sample．
ence of absorbance between the test solution and its
1．P費P万観ノi6α1：The scavenging effect corre−
blank to the control solution．The result is the mean of
sponded to the intensity of quenching DPPH，as des一
4measurements．Dunnettラs test was used for the sta−
の
cribed by Hatano6！α1．． A portion of the sample
tistical analysis of the data and the test sample values
solution was mixed with the same volume of6×10−5M
were considered to be significantly different from the
DPPH in EtOH and allowed to stand for30min at
corresponding control values at the statistical signifi−
room temperature．The absorbance was then mea−
cance of1）＜0．05．
sured at520nm．Caffeic acid was used as a positive
control and the IC500btained in this condition was
Results
l．0μ9／m1．
2．Szψ670xi4召αnion：The SOD−like activity of the
P76／i〃zin‘z冗y 6h6nzi6‘z／‘zn‘zか8is
samples were measured by two different methods：
The percent（w／w）yield of the extracts and frac−
i）R6召6∠ion‘ゾx召n〃zin6αn／XO1）：The produc−
tions of propolis（P1−P5）and Veapae Nidus（R1）is
tion of superoxide anions in xanthine−XOD system
shown in Table II．There was a distinct difference on
was calculated foHowing the methods of Imanariα
the yield of the water and the MeOH extracts of
の
α／．A reaction mixture composed of O．l ml of each
propolis．While6．0−7．48％of water extract were
O．05M Na2CO3（pH lO．2），3mM xanthine，3mM EDTA，
obtained，the yield of MeOH extract was35．0−43．7％．
！．5mg／ml BSA，0．75mM NBT，the test sample，and
There was no remarkable differences on the yield
O．l ml of O．14mg／ml XOD was incubated20min at25
between propolis of different sources．On the contrary，
QC．Then the reaction was stoPPed with O．1ml of6mM
the yield of RI extracts was higher in water extrac−
CuCl2and the absorbance was measured at560nm．At
tion（24．16％）than that in MeOH extraction（4．46％）．
this condition SOD inhibited the production of super−
oxide anion by50％at a concentration of8．0×10㎜3
The samples of propolis（P1−P5）and Vespae Nidus
（R1）were studied qualitatively on their chemical
48
Quality evaluation of Propolis ’
Table II Percent yield（w／w）of Propolis and Vespae Nidus extracts．
Sample Water ext．
EtOli−soL
EtOHイnsoL
MeOH ext．
Ether−soL
Ether−insoL
（％）
（％）
（％）
（％）
（％）
（％）
Pl
6．00
0．80
4．40
45．00
41．17
P2
6．88
0．65
4．38
39．00
36．10
2．80
P3
P4
P5
7．12
0．93
4．77
35．00
30．00
4．70
7．48
0．71
5．16
42．50
38．96
3．48
7．11
0。73
4．95
43．60
39。25
4．16
0．008
2．00
R1
24．16
4．46
1．00
2．47
1．00
100
B）
A）
75
に
O
眉
〇
三
⊂ 50
＝
こ
Φ
o Φ
ユ
25
0
1
100
10
1
10
100
Concentration（μ9／ml）
Fig．1 DI）PH radical scavenging effects of propolis and Vespae Nidus．The DPPH radical scaveng−
ing effect was measured by the absorbance of DPPH radical at520nm in a reaction containing the
test sample and30mM DPPH．（A），Propolis l（B），Vespae Nidus．Water extract（■），EtOH−soluble
fr．（口），EtOH−insoluble fr．（●），MeOH extract（△），ether−soluble fr．（▲），ether−insoluble fr．（○）．
constituents．The2D−TLC on Avicel plates revealed
ρzoプ）ol客sノンoηz、乙㎎o‘z Vセ7抄z61hα6P1ノ）‘zn4 V老母）6z6・ヘヴ4z6s
that propolis differed each other in a few substances，
〃07n飾ngκongOP1／
and Vespae Nidus had a distinct pattem compared to
For the comparative analysis of the radical
them．The characterization of the chemical constitu−
scavenging activities of propolis（P1−P5）and Vespae
ents through some spray reagents indicated several
Nidus（R1）initially PI was randomly selected for
compounds visualized by5％alcoholic FeC13solution，
fractionation procedures and the same procedures
a spray reagent that gives dark green color for
were performed over R1．The values for50％radial
phenolic compounds，while Vespae Nidus presented
scavenging activity（IC50）are shown in Table III．As
the major substances being positive to2％ninhydrin
solution，that detects amino acids and peptides．
ム∼召4ガαzl so召∂6ngin8’‘z6！iz／i！i6s 6ゾ！h6 プンα6！io陀s （ゾ
shown in Fig．1，all extracts and fractions of PI and
R1，except the ether−soluble fraction of R1，quenched
the DPPH radical by80％一90％at the concentrations
49
Joumal of Traditional Medicines（Vo1．12 No．1 1995）
of50−100μg／mL The IC50values of PI for the DPPH
Table III Effects of propolis（P1−P5）and Vespae Nidus
（R1）on scavening DPPH radica1，and superoxide anion
radical in xanthine／XOD and NAD／PMS reactions．
radical show clearly that the water extract and its
fractions，EtOH−soluble and−insoluble were potent
IC50（μ9／ml）
Sanlples
scavengers，as well as the etheレinsoluble fraction of
DPPH Xallthine／XOD NADH／PMS
PI Water ext．
EtOH−soL
EtOH一一insoL
5．8
3．6
8．0
8．0
soluble fraction presented values close to each other
110．0
and were less active than the others．For R1，a similar
14．0
5．2
3．2
MeOH ext．
32．0
60．0
290．0
ether−so1．
28．0
7．O
400．0
4．6
l2．0
72．0
ether−insol．
the MeOH extract．The MeOH extract and its ether−
34．0
pattem was observed but with low potency．
Similarly，the production of superoxide anion in
the reaction of xanthine and XOD was inhibited by
RI Water ext．
18．0
17．O
88．0
EtOH−insoL
19．0
l7、0
100．0
MeOH ext．
21．0
20．0
200．0
fractions of PI and R1，except the ether−soluble
ether−so1．
〉100．0
＞100．0
＞250．0
fraction of R1，at the concentrations of lOOμg／m1
ether
16．0
5．8
18．0
（Fig．2）．The results given by this experiment were
5．4
4．4
12．0
4．2
3．6
56．0
radical also on the IC50values．
5．4
4．0
10．0
In the experiment for production of superoxide
8．0
6．8
65．0
5．6
2．8
14．0
6．0
7．0
50．0
5．6
2．6
17．0
P2
inso1．
EtOH−insoL
ether−insol．
P3
EtOH−insoL
ether−insol．
P4
EtOH−insoL
ether−inso1．
P5
EtOH−insoL
ether−insol．
Caffeic acid
6．0
7．6
65．0
1．0
1．2
36．0
SOD
8．0×10 3
72％一100％ in the presence of the extracts and the
generally in good correlation with those of DPPH
anion by a non−enzymatic reaction，by NADH／PMS，
the water extract，the EtOH−insoluble and ether−in−
soluble fractions of Pl showed83％，82％and62％
inhibition at lOOμg／m1，respectively（Fig．3）．It was
necessary to increase the concentration of the
extracts and fractions of RI to obtain the maximum
2．6
100
B）
A〉
75
c
o
l…i
ρ
く
三 50
芒
Φ
oΦ 氏
25
0
1
10
100
1
10
100
Concentration（μ9／ml）
Fig．2 Superoxide anion radical scavenging effects of propolis and Vespae Nidus．The superoxide
allion radical scavengillg effect was measured by the absorbance of NBT at560nm in a reaction
contailling O．1mM xanthine，0．01U／ml XOD，0．1mM EDTA，0．05mg／ml BSA，0．025mM NBT and
50mM Na2CO3buffer（pH10．2）．（A），Propolis；（B），Vespae Nidus．Waterextract（■），EtOH−soluble
fr．（□），EtOH・一insoluble fr．（●），MeOH extract（△），ether−soluble fr．（▲），ether−insoluble fr．（○）。
50
Quality evaluation of Propolis’
100
A）
B）
75
仁
O
眉
ρ
￡
⊆
一 50
芒
Φ
o Φ
氏
25
0
10
1000
100
100
10
1000
Concentration（μ9／ml）
Fig．3 Superoxide anion scavenging effects of propolis and Vespae Nidus．The superoxide allion
radical scavengillg effect was measured by the absorbance of reduced NBT at560nm ill the
presence of O．156mM NADH and O，01mM phenazylle methosulfate．（A），Propolis；（B），Vespae Nidus．
Water extract（■），EtOH soluble fr．（□），EtOHinsoluble fr．（●），MeOH extract（△），ether soluble
fr．（▲），ether il／soluble fr．（○）．
inhibition of the superoxide anion production in this
P2，P3，P4and P5）were compared by the experi−
experiment．The IC50also showed some correlation
mental methods described above．Their IC50were
with the above tests however the values were higher，
similar to each other ill all3experiments．For DPPH
especially for the MeOH extract and its ether−soluble
radical scavengillg activity the IC500f P2−P3were
fraction．
5．4
From the above experiments it was found that the
5．6μg／ml for the EtOH−illsoluble fractions and
4．2−8．0μg／ml for the ether−insoluble fractions．For
scavel／ging effects of DPPH and superoxide anioll
the xantine／XOD reaction the IC50were2．6−4．4μg／ml
radicals were present in both，PI and R1，at different
for the EtOH−insoluble fractions and6．8−7．0μg／ml
potencies．The water extracts and its EtOH
insoluble
fraction，and the ether−illsoluble fraction of MeOH
for the ether
insoluble fractions．In the reaction of
NADH／PMS，the inhibitoryeffectsshownwereslight．
extract showed the most potent effects．The order of
ly lower，the IC、o being10．0−17．0μg／ml for the EtOH
the potency was EtOH−insoluble fraction二ether−in−
insoluble fractions and50．0−65．0μg／ml for the ether−
soluble fraction＞water extract＞EtOH−soluble frac−
insoluble fractions．Fig．4shows the DPPH and super−
tion＞MeOH extract＞ether−soluble fraction．Gener−
oxide allion radical scavenging effects by the EtOH−
ally the effects of PI were stronger than those of R1．
Co〃z1）‘〃’召！i∂6 ！6s孟sノわ7 ∠h6箔召6／ioα／86αz／6nging召6！iz／i乏y in
insoluble fractions of P1，P2，P3，P4and P5．No
significant differences on the radical scavenging activ−
カ70カO／iS加nZ吻％76n∠76giOnSi刀Bノ’傭／0P1，P2，1黛3，
ities were observed in different samples of Brazilian
P4πn凶P5／
propolis．
From the previous study on the fractions of Pl
雌6！6ゾ！h6E∠0∫ノーinso／z4ゐ16∫死とz6！ion86ゾ1）ノ・01）oli86P1
for radical scavenging activity the EtOH−insoluble
P5フαn4ノ∼10n XOO
and ether il／soluble fractions were found to possess
An additional experimellt on XOD was carried
the strongest activities．Therefore the same fractions
out．The EtOH−insoluble fraction of each propolis and
of propolis collected in different regions in Brazil（P1，
RI were tested for the illhibitory effects of XOD．As
Joumal of Traditional Medicines（Vol．12 No．11995）
51
100
B）
A）
C）
75
⊂
O
還
ρ
￡
⊂
一 50
芒
Φ
o
し
Φ
0−
25
0
1
10
100
1
10
100
Concentration
1
10
100
（μ9／ml）
Fig．4 Comparative superoxide anion and DPPH radicals scavenging’effects of pmpolis from
various sources．（A），DPPH；（B），superoxide allion（xanthine−XOD system）1（C），superoxide anion
（PMS−NADH system）．The samples tested were the EtOH−insoluble fractions of the water extracts
of Pl（○），P2（□），P3（△），P4（▲）alld P5（■）．
a result，the inhibitory effect was not observed in any
of propolis（P1−P5）and RI were mainly due to the
of the samples tested．
scavenging of oxygen radicals formed in the reaction
and not due to the inhibition of XOD activity．
Discussion
SOD is an enzyme that catalyzes the dismutation
of univalently reduced oxygen formed in many biolog．
The free radical scavenging activities of propolis
ごのり ical oxidations and is assumed to play an important
were reported earlier by Scheller ln an expenment
role in aerobic organisms for defense against the
4）
をめ
on Cuban propolis．In the present study a qualitative
fore SOD−1ike activity is expected to be effective
usillg propolis from Poland，and recently by Pascual
deleterious actions of the superoxide radicaL There−
chemical analysis was performed on propolis and
against affections involving active oxygen free radi−
Vespae Nidus that showed no notorius differences
cals，such as inflammation，tumor，atherosclerosis，
between propolis of different regions but distinct
melanin pigmentation，6渉6．In the present study caffeic
differences between propolis and Vespae Nidus on the
acid was used as a positive control since it is a sub−
yield of the extraction and on the main chemical
stallce commonly present in plants and is known to
constituents．On the test for their biological activities
have radical scavenging activity．In addition，SOD
firstly the DPPH and superoxide anion radical scaven−
was tested in the reactions of xanthine／XOD and
ging activities were monitored in the presence of the
NADH／PMS and the strong inhibition shown by this
extracts of a Brazilian propolis（P1）and Vespae
ensured the involvement of superoxide in both reac−
Nidus（R1）．Although in general PI showed to be
tions．The free radical scavenging effects of the
stronger than RI in the present radical scavenging
propolis and RI extracts were not as strong as those
tests there was no significant difference between
of caffeic acid or SOD，however，the mild effects
propolis of different sources（P1−P5）．Neither propolis
should not be unconsidered before a more detailed
nor RI influenced the activity of XOD and this sug−
study in z厚z／o．
gests that the effects of the extracts and the fractions
A number of experimental pharmacologica1
52
Quality evaluation of Propolis ’
effects of propolis have been reported． On the other
kindly providing the samples of propolis．The authors
hand，there is a report on lOO cases of clinical apPlica−
are also grateful to Professor Masao Hattori of this
tion of a Chinese medicine prescription containing
University for his criticism and advice．
Vespae Nidus（複方露蜂房滴鼻液）for the treatment of
ロ和文抄録
rhinitis．While there are only a few studies on the
chemical constituents of Vespae Nidus，several con−
stituents of propoliswere identifiedso far，most ofthem
プロポリスはミツバチが樹木の蕾や樹皮から採集した
flavonoids and caffeic acid derivatives．Flavonoids
物質と自らの分泌物を混合したものであり，古くから民
ごの
have been identified in propolis of Brazi1， Bulgaria
間薬として用いられている。一方，露蜂房はスズメバチ
and Spain， 6！6．，and other propolis of different ori−
科の蜂の巣を乾燥した漢薬である。これらは共にハチの
gins have been studied quantitatively and qualitative
採集生産物である他，薬理作用や適応領域にも共通点が
1y．Some reports suggest the quantitative determina−
い見いだされている。プロポリスはフリーラジカル消去作
tion of flavonoid compounds for the standardization
用を有することが報告されており，この作川がプロポリ
ロっスの薬効に関与していることが考えられる。今回，活性
of propolis． However，additional tests are required
for the evaluation of the products，since propolis is a
酸素消去作用に関するプロポリスと露蜂房の比較検討を
complex of many substances coming from the
行い，両者にその作用が存在することを見いだした。ま
exudates of plants and the bee itself，in which the
たその作用は水溶性の画分に最も強く認められた。
content of chemical constituents（including flavonoids）
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