x iv LIST OF TABLE TABLE NO DESCRIPTION Page CHAPTER-1 1.1 Some of the most economically important 8 pharmaceutical derived from plants 1.2 Medicinal Plant Preparations the can be used for 10 Common Ailments 1.3 Commonly used Poisonous Drugs in the Indian 11 System of Medicine Chapter-4 4.1 General Procedure of Qualitative Phytochemical 54-58 Tests Chapter-5 5.1 Data Showing Proximate Analysis of AS, AC and 81 AV 5.2 Microscopic Characteristics of AS, AC and AV 81 5.3 Qualitative Phytochemical analysis of AS, AC and 90 AV 5.4 HPTLC Finger printing of Methanol extracts of Amaranthus 5.4.1 Peak list and Rf value of Chromatogram of Rutin 91 and Quercetin at 350 nm 5.4.2 Peak list and Rf value of Chromatogram of 92 xv A.spinosus at 350 nm 5.4.3 Peak list and Rf value of Chromatogram of 93 A.caudatus at 350 nm 5.4.4 Peak list and Rf value of Chromatogram of 94 A.spinosus at 350 nm 5.5 Total Phenolic Content in MeAs, MeAc and MeAv 101 5.6.1 DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity of MeAs, MeAc 105 and MeAv 5.6.2 Nitric Oxide Radical Scavenging Activity of MeAs, 106 MeAc and MeAv 5.6.3 SOD Radical Scavenging Activity of MeAs, MeAc 107 and MeAv 5.6.4 ABTS Radical Scavenging Activity of MeAs, MeAc 108 and MeAv 5.6.5 Hydroxyl Scavenging Activity of MeAs, MeAc and 109 MeAv 5.6.6 Antioxidant Activities of MeAs, MeAc and MeAv 110 (IC50 vlaue, n=3) 5.7 Α-amylase inhibitory activity of MeAs, MeAc and 111 MeAv (n=3) 5.8 Effect of MeAs, MeAc and MeAv on 113 Effect of MeAs, MeAc and MeAv on acetic acid 114 haemoglycosylation 5.9.1 xvi Induced Writhing test in mice 5.9.2 5.9.3 Analgesic activity of MeAs, MeAc and MeAv by Hot Plate test 118 Analgesic activity of MeAs, MeAc and MeAv by 120 Tail Immersion method 5.10 Antipyretic activity of MeAs, MeAc and MeAv 5.10.1 Effect of MeAs, MeAc and MeAv 123 by 126 gastrointestinal motility of mice 5.10.2.1 Spasmogenic activity of MeAs on rat ileum 128 5.10.2.2 Spasmogenic activity of MeAc on rat ileum 128 5.10.2.3 Spasmogenic activity of MeAv on rat ileum 130 5.10.3 Laxative activity of MeAs, MeAc and MeAv 131 5.11 Anthelmintic activity of methanolic extract of A. 134 spionsus, A. caudatus and A. viridis 5.12 Antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract of MeAs, MeAc and MeAv 136 xvii LIST OF FIGURES FIG. No. DESCRIPTION Page CHAPTER-1 1.1 Types of Medicinal Plants 7 1.2 The Indian System of Medicine and the Divisions 9 of the Herbal Market in India CHAPTER-3 3.1 Amaranthus spinosus 19 3.2 Amaranthus caudatus 28 3.3 Amaranthus viridis 38 CHAPTER-5 5.1 Transverse section of A. spinosus Leaf 82 5.2 Transverse section of A.caudatus 83-84 5.3 Transverse section of A. caudatus 85-86 5.4 HPTLC Fingerprinting of Methanol extracts of 91-94 amaranthus 5.4.1 Typical HPTLC Densitogram of Rutin and 91 Typical HPTLC Densitogram of A. spinosus at 92 Quercetin at 350 nm 5.4.2 350 nm 5.4.3 Typical HPTLC Densitogram of A. caudatus at 93 350 nm 5.4.4 94 xviii Typical HPTLC Densitogram of A. viridis at 350 nm 5.5 Estimation of Rutin and Quercetin HPLC 5.5.1 Chromatogram of Rutin and Quercetin 5.5.2 Chromatogram of 95-100 95 Methanolic extract of 96 Methanolic extract of 97 Methanolic extract of 98 Amaranthus spinosus 5.5.3 Chromatogram of Amaranthus caudatus 5.5.4 Chromatogram of Amaranthus viridis 5.5.5 PDA Chromatogram of Rutin and Quercetin 99 5.5.6 Overlaid UV Spectrum of Rutin and Quercetin 100 5.6 5.6.1 Antioxidant Activity of MeAs, MeAc and MeAv DPPH radical scavenging activity of MeAs, MeAc 105-110 105 and MeAv 5.6.2 Nitric oxide radical scavenging activity of MeAs, 106 MeAc and MeAv 5.6.3 SOD radical scavenging activity of MeAs, MeAc 107 and MeAv 5.6.4 ABTS radical scavenging activity of MeAs, MeAc 108 and MeAv 5.6.5 Hydroxyl scavenging activity of MeAs, MeAc and MeAv 109 xix 5.6.6 Antioxidant activities of MeAs, MeAc and MeAv 110 (IC50 vlaue, n=3) 5.7 α-amylase inhibitory activity of MeAs, MeAc and MeAv (n=3) 5.8 Effect of 112 MeAs, MeAc and MeAv on 113 Effect of MeAs, MeAc and MeAv on acetic acid 116 haemoglycosylation 5.9.1 Induced Writhing test (No. Writhes) 5.9.1.1 Effect of MeAs, MeAc and MeAv on acetic acid 117 induced Writhing Test (Percentage of inhibition) 5.9.2 Analgesic activity of MeAs, MeAc and MeAv by 119 hot plate test 5.9.3 Analgesic activity of MeAs, MeAc and MeAv by 121 Tail Immersion Method 5.9 5.10.1 Antipyretic activity of MeAs, MeAc and MeAv Effect of MeAs, MeAc and MeAv 124 by 127 Spasmogenic activity of methanolic extract of 128 gastrointestinal motility of mice 5.10.2 Amaranthus spinosus 5.10.3 Spasmogenic activity of methanolic extract of 128 Amaranthus caudatus 5.10.4 Spasmogenic activity of methanolic extract of Amaranthus viridis 130 xx 5.10.5 5.11 Laxative activity of MeAs, MeAc and MeAv 132 Anthelmintic activity of methanolic extract of Amaranthus spionsus, Amaranthus caudatus and 5.12.1 Amaranthus viridis 135 Antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract of 137 Amaranthus spionsus, 5.12.2 Antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract of 138 Amaranthus caudatus 5.12.3 Antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract of Amaranthus viridis 139
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