Applying Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) to New N Mexico M i Climate Cli Change Ch Research R h Jevon Harding Hydrology Program Earth & Environmental Science Dept. New Mexico Institute of Mining & Technology Distributed Temperature Sensing Using one of these To give us this Distributed Temperature Sensing Capability - High spatial resolution 1-2 1 2 meters t - High temporal resolution every 1 min i - High temperature resolution 0.01 - 0.5oC ((NMT: 0.3oC) - Long distance coverage up to 30 km (NMT: 4 km) - Doesn’t require coordination/calibration/upkeep of many field sensors Capability - High spatial resolution 1-2 1 2 meters t - High temporal resolution every 1 min i - High temperature resolution 0.01 - 0.5oC ((NMT: 0.3oC) - Long distance coverage up to 30 km (NMT: 4 km) - Doesn’t require coordination/calibration/upkeep of many field sensors Capability - High spatial resolution 1-2 1 2 meters t - High temporal resolution every 1 min i - High temperature resolution 0.01 - 0.5oC ((NMT: 0.3oC) - Long distance coverage up to 30 km (NMT: 4 km) - Doesn’t require coordination/calibration/upkeep of many field sensors Capability - High spatial resolution 1-2 1 2 meters t - High temporal resolution every 1 min i - High temperature resolution 0.01 - 0.5oC ((NMT: 0.3oC) - Long distance coverage up to 30 km (NMT: 4 km) - Doesn’t require coordination/calibration/upkeep of many field sensors Capability - High spatial resolution 1-2 1 2 meters t - High temporal resolution every 1 min i - High temperature resolution 0.01 - 0.5oC ((NMT: 0.3oC) - Long distance coverage up to 30 km (NMT: 4 km) - Doesn’t require coordination/calibration/upkeep of many field sensors Distributed Temperature Sensing Not to scale Actual diameter ~ 50m Distance up to 30 km Smolen & van der Spek, 2003 Distributed Temperature Sensing Intensitty Rayleigh Component Equals Incident Wavelength “Anti-Stokes” Component Strongly Temperature Dependent “Stokes” Component Weakly Temperature Dependent Brillouin Bands Wavelength Raman Bands Smolen & van der Spek, 2003 Distributed Temperature Sensing Intennsity Tyler et al, 2008 Wavelength (nm) SensorTran, 2008 Distributed Temperature Sensing z = T z distance along cable = Temperature at z K Tref = Reference temperature K Δ = Differential attenuation between Stokes and anti‐ Stokes backscatter m‐1 I = Intensity of Stokes band I‐ = Intensity of anti‐Stokes band C ,C‐ = Constants relating to sensitivity of I /I‐ to temp. Instruments Sentinel, Sensornet Gemini, SensorTran Halo, Sensornet Cons - Expensive Instrument - Costly specialty cables - Power-hungry field setup - Operators need to be trained ‐ Still not immune to usual field problems Field Concerns - Fiber optic cables TANGLE easily Field Concerns - Fiber optic cables TANGLE easily Geothermal Geothermal Geothermal Temperature (oC) Time Deptth (ft) * Pumping No Pumping Valles Caldera East Fork Jemez River, VCNP Aquatic ecology in meandering streams and associated hyporheic zones Our Field Site Our Field Site Photo: Google Earth 11 11 11 17 12 23 13 30 13 36 14 42 14 48 15 54 16 60 16 66 17 72 17 78 18 84 19 90 19 96 20 02 20 08 21 15 22 21 22 27 23 33 23 39 24 45 25 51 25 57 26 63 26 69 27 75 28 81 28 87 29 93 30 00 30 06 31 12 31 18 32 24 33 30 33 36 Relative Temperaturre Temperature Data 16:46 16:37 16:28 16 28 16:19 16:10 16:01 15:52 15:43 15:34 15:26 15:17 15:08 14:59 14:50 14:41 14:32 14:23 14:14 14:05 Distance (m) 13:56 13:47 Temperature Data Warm Spot Cool Spot Cool Spot Rio Hondo Acequias in Northwestern New Mexico Rio Hondo Downstream Upstream Time DTS Innovative I i Working W ki Group G and Training g Workshop p Oct 1 1-- 3 , 2010 Valles Caldera Science & Education Center Jemez Springs, NM Funded by NM EPSCoR Photo: www.vallescaldera.com Adjusting Spatial Resolution - Can’t adjust spatial resolution directly - Longer spacing can create smoothing Smolen & van der Spek, 2003 Adjusting Spatial Resolution - Can adjust spatial resolution physically Ex. Can get sub- cm resolution by wrapping Vogt et al, 2010 Adjusting Spatial Resolution Adjusting Spatial Resolution 5oC Mud? Opportunities http://ctemps.org/ Acknowledgements • New Mexico EPSCoR & NSF • John Wilson, Mark Person, & Jesus Gomez (NMT) • Scott Tyler (UNR) • Bob Parmenter & Valles Caldera National Preserve • Sam Fernald, Carlos Ochoa, & Dustin Rapp (NMSU) • Laurie Crossey (UNM) • SensorTran Questions? Questions?
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