South Darfur State emergency Profile

Saving Lives..
Protecting Health
South Darfur state
Emergency Profile
1st Edition 2014
South Darfur ESP
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South Darfur State Administrative Map
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South Darfur ESP
Table of Contents
1. Executive Summary............................................................................................................... 7
1.a Context................................................................................................................................................................................7
1.b Risk Profile.........................................................................................................................................................................7
1.c Priority Needs..................................................................................................................................................................8
2. Hazard Profile.......................................................................................................................... 9
2.a Major Hazards..................................................................................................................................................................9
2.b Impacts of past disasters:......................................................................................................................................10
2.c Current Situation:.......................................................................................................................................................12
3. Public Health Profile............................................................................................................ 13
3.a Epidemiological Profile: prevalent diseases and their seasonal peak........................................13
3.b Leading causes of morbidity and mortality..............................................................................................13
3.c Health Services and Selected Public Health Indicators......................................................................14
3.d Environmental health.............................................................................................................................................17
3.e Administrative structure of health system & level of care................................................................21
3.f Major Challenges Face Darfur and SD in particular ............................................................................22
4. EPR structure, Policies, and Public Health Guidelines................................................... 23
4.a Operational structure of state disaster management system........................................................23
4.b Policies available........................................................................................................................................................23
4.c Public health guidelines........................................................................................................................................23
4.d Emergency Preparedness and Response plan, program..................................................................23
5. Health Sector Partners Existing in the State................................................................... 24
5.a National Entities..........................................................................................................................................................24
5.b International / UN Agencies...............................................................................................................................24
5.c National and International NGOs.....................................................................................................................24
5.d Private Sector...............................................................................................................................................................24
6. EPR Contacts / Focal Points ................................................................................................ 25
7. References............................................................................................................................. 26
7.a National Links...............................................................................................................................................................26
7.b Other References ......................................................................................................................................................26
Annexes...................................................................................................................................... 27
1.General State Information........................................................................................................................................27
2. Economic Situation.....................................................................................................................................................30
3. Basic Education..............................................................................................................................................................32
4. Demography...................................................................................................................................................................33
South Darfur ESP
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ABBREVIATIONS
AWD
CBS
CFR
ECP
EHA
EPR
ESP
FHC
FHU
FMoH
HIV
IDPs
NGOs
PHC
SD
SHHS
SMoH
WES
YF
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Acute Watery Diarrhea
Central Bureau of Statistics
Case fatality Rate
Emergency Country Profile
Emergency and Humanitarian Action
Emergency Preparedness and Response
Emergency State Profile
Family Health Centre
Family Health Unit
Federal Ministry of Health
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Internally Displaced Persons
Non Governmental Organizations
Primary health Care
South Darfur
Sudan Household Health Survey
State Ministry of Health
Water and Sanitation Project
Yellow Fever
South Darfur ESP
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This version of the South Darfur-Emergency State Profile (ESP) is the output of
participations of several individuals from: the Emergency Department, FMoH Sudan, South
Darfur SMoH Emergency personnel, and other health partners such as WHO and Civil
Defense.
The data has been collected and written by Dr. Mahmoud Ali. The maps have been
generated by Mr. Wael Alsir (GIS specialist, EHA). The first draft is reviewed and updated by
Dr. Mahmoud Ali (Head of Information Unit, EHA). The final draft is reviewed by Mrs. Somia
Okoued (EHA Director, FMoH).
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PROCESS
This document has been prepared through the following processes:
-The Information section at National EHA Department has compiled the information and
data using the original Sudan-ECP template.
-The template has then been tailored to state context and the information was verified
and completed by a visit to the South Darfur State.
-The first draft has been circulated to the SMoH and the FMoH, Sudan to review and
correct the data.
-The final draft has then been submitted to FMoH for final approval and the endorsement
has been done in a workshop attended by Directors General of SMoH and State EHA
Coordinators.
N.B
This document is a living document and the state has to update it regularly (at least
annually) and/or as soon as new source of information becomes available and/or the
situation evolves in the state.
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South Darfur ESP
1. Executive Summary
1.a Context
Darfur, which means land of the Fur, has faced many years of tensions.The crisis in Darfur
began in February 2003, when two rebel groups emerged to challenge the National
Congress Party (NCP) government in Darfur. The crisis in western Sudan has led to a major
humanitarian disaster with more than 200,000 people is estimated as displaced(1). South
Darfur state is witnessing a recurrent and ongoing conflict whether tribal or between
government and rebel groups. Therefore, security concerns are hindering the development
process. Currently, the state has been divided into South and East Darfur states.
1.b Risk Profile
1- Health risks:
According to data of SHHS 2010 for South Darfur, the infant mortality rate is 74 per 1,000
live births and the under-five mortality rate is 95 per 1,000 live births. These high rates are
partly attributed to poverty, lack of services, inaccessibility, insecurity and bad hygiene
practices such as: open defecation; improper use and maintenance of latrines; lack of
hand washing; and unhygienic water collection, water storage, food storage and food
preparation(2).
2- Water-related risks
There is a concentration of risks relating to lack of access to improved drinking water,
according to the 2008 Census, only 52.1% of South Darfur’s population had access to
improved drinking water whilst 44.1% had access to improved sanitation. Also find many
of these resources are located a way from major population centre, however, or pose
other serious access challenge It is also worth noting that among risks relating to shortfalls
in basic services (water, health and education). In fact, the main constraint in accessing
water often lies in poor technology and lack of awareness of best practices, rather than the
scarcity of water as such. Water related risks are the most often cited in the state, which
mirrors the high priority afforded water and sanitation by the State Government.
3- Education-related risks
In Conflict-affected community, education offer additional promise as a vehicle to instil
peacebuilding and reconciliation in younger generation.Give the extensive challenges
facing Darfur; millions of Darfurians are currently living new, mostly, urban environments
that differ significantly from their areas of origin. And many displaced people are likely to
remain in urban areas, and therefore it is critical to improve them with the skills needed to
thrive, but there is a concentration of risks relating mainly to lack of education infrastructure
(most often no or insufficient school buildings), lack of resources in schools (teachers and
materials) and lack of access to education in many areas in the state.
(1) HAC and UN work plan handbook, 2014.
(2) SHHS, 2010.
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4- Livelihood-related risks
Livelihood – the activities by which people make their living – are undergoing a substantial
shift in Darfur. The consequence of profound change in demographic and the environment,
as well as conflict-related devastation is considerably high. Darfur in broad term is unlikely
to be fully emerged outof crisis implications. Strengthening livelihood poses an acute
challenge; given Darfur’s rapid population growth, urbanization and environmental
degradation, in addition to high unemployment, often as a result of high illiteracy
particularly among youth, lack of skills and work experience, ultimately resulting in internal
or external migration.
1.c Priority Needs
Table (1): State Priorities:
Issues
Priorities
The institutional building
Building and Reconstruction health facilities
Providing basic equipment to health facilities
Capacity building
Trained health cadre in state ( doctor, public health
officer, nurse, midwife)
Promote the use of information
technology
Providing basic equipment statistic office for health
facilities
Development of mechanisms of
scientific research
establishment of the Academy of Health Sciences
Establishment of a center of training and continuing
professional development
Protracted conflicts
Continuous influx of IDPs into Camps and especial
attention should be given to set up integrated
services
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South Darfur ESP
2. Hazard Profile
2.a Major Hazards
Table (2): Hazard Trend and its Potential Scale
Hazard trend
Vulnerability(Risk\impact)
Potential scale
Disease outbreak
Increase in mortality and morbidity
Flood
Loss of assets and property damage
AWD, 2006
Cases 613, Death 183
YF 2012
Cases 81, deaths 27, CFR33.3
Acute jaundice syndrome, NA
4980 HHs*
Agriculture hazard
Crop damage, Food shortage,
malnutrition
NA
Tribal conflict
Loss of assets, displacement
174,571 IDPs in 2013
52,090 IDPs in 20141
Fire
Loss of belongings
50 HHs (2008)
Dispute between farmers
and pastoralists
damage to plantations and over lack
of water and land access ,
NA
Unexploded ordinance
Block access to vital roads, water
resources, farming and pasture.
Increase mortality, morbidity as well
as disability
The lack of integrating
infrastructure
NA
Social integration is physically
impossible
All over the state
* Rainy Season Report, EHA, FMoH, 2013
Figure (1): Seasonality of major past events – South Darfur
J
F
M A M
J
J
A
S
O N D
J
F
M A M
J
J
A
S
O N D
J
F
M A M
J
J
A
S
O N D
Meningitis
Cholera
Flood
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2.b Impacts of past disasters:
In addition to the number of incidents of inter/intra tribal conflicts in the state and the side
effect of this phenomena in term of mass displacement and its consequences, the major
disasters the state is facing are floods and disease outbreaks.
Figure (2): Impact of Fire and Drowning for 4 consecutive years
Figure (3): Impact of Flood for 3 consecutive years
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South Darfur ESP
Figure (4): Settlements Threatened by Flood, 2014
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2.c Current Situation:
South Darfur state is bordering new south Sudan country. This situation might lead to
potential conflicts because there are returnees from north to south and has a numerous
IDPs’ camps. Furthermore, it is an areaprone to disasters such as pests and diseases’
outbreaks as well as heavy rains which cause flooding. These hazards collectively lead to
loss of human lives and damage to health infrastructure. The ongoing conflicts between
Government of Sudan and the rebel groups result in mass displacement all over the state in
addition to the destructive impacts on social and economic development. On top of that,
individual events inside and outside Nyala, such as looting and hijacking of cars are still
affecting the security situation.
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South Darfur ESP
3. Public Health Profile
3.a Epidemiological Profile: prevalent diseases and their
seasonal peak
South Darfur State is one of the states have been affected by conflictssince 2003 and
had a numerous IDPs’ camps in it which enhance the spread of communicable diseases.
Additionally, the state is characterized by high temperatures and heavy rainfalls that made
the population face the threats of communicable diseases including food and waterborne
diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, Leishmaniasis, Schistosomiasis, and Acute
jaundice syndrome type (E) with high prevalence of malaria. Also, there is an existence of
AWD and Yellow fever outbreaks.
Figure (5): Major Communicable Diseases’ Frequencies at HFs, 2009-2011
3.b Leading causes of morbidity and mortality
The main causes of morbidity and mortality in the state are parasitic diseases such as
malaria and Schistosomiasis. Also diarrheal diseases, Goitre, , Acute jaundice and other
diseases. Also natural disasters represented challenges facing Darfur population. This
disaster and population displacement further accentuates the high mortality and morbidity
rates.
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3.c Health Services and Selected Public Health Indicators
Table (3): Health Facilities by Locality
locality
FHU
FHC
RH
Mob. Clinic
Al salam
14
7
1
0
Alwehda
4
0
0
0
Belil
16
12
0
1
Buram
15
0
1
0
Demsu
7
2
0
0
Ed el Fursan
12
2
1
0
Girayda
11
6
1
2
Kass
19
2
1
2
Katayla
11
1
1
0
Kubbum
11
1
1
0
Mershieng
11
4
0
0
Natiqa
4
1
0
0
Nyala
2
11
0
1
Radum
28
1
0
0
Rahad el Berdi
16
0
1
0
Sharq Gebel Marra
10
2
0
0
Shattai
7
0
0
0
Suntah
19
2
0
0
Tullus
4
1
1
0
Umm Dafog
4
1
0
0
Total
225
56
9
6
Source: Ministry of Health, SD, 2014
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South Darfur ESP
Figure (6): Health Facility Distribution in SD, 2014
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Table (4): The estimated status of some selected indicators as in 2008 and 2010
Indicator
Estimated Status
Source
Crude Birth Rate
26.45
CBS Analytical Report SD, 2008
Crude death Rate
24.1
CBS Analytical Report SD, 2008
Under-five mortality rate (per 1000live
births)
95
Child mortality rate(per 1000 live)
23
SHHS,2010
Infant mortality rate (per 1000 live births)
74
SHHS.2010
Underweight Prevalence (Severe)
10.6%
SHHS.2010
36.6%
SHHS,2010
14.0%
SHHS,2010
2.55%
SHHS,2010
Children between the age of 12 and 23
months currently vaccinated against
34.1%
childhood diseases (DPT1-3, OPV-1-3, BCG
and measles)
SHHS,2010
Use of improved source of drinking water 69.4%
SHHS,2010
Mean time to source of drinking water
inc. return (minutes)
40
SHHS,2010
Use of Improved Sanitation Facilities
5.0%
SHHS,2010
Percentage of children of primary school
entry age entering grade 1
31.9%
SHHS,2010
Primary School Completion Rate
55.1%
SHHS,2010
Child births registered
33.0%
SHHS,2010
Maternal Mortality (per 100,000)
335
SHHS,2010
Prevalent Diseases
Meningitis
Measles
Diarrheal disease
Goitre
Schistosomiasis
Acute jaundice
Syndrome
Epidemiology Department (SD, SMoH)
AWD 2006
Epidemiology Department (SD, SMoH)
Yellow Fever 2012
Final Report of YF, FMoH, 2012
Stunting Prevalence (Moderate and
Severe)
Wasting Prevalence (Moderate and
Severe)
Prevalence of Severe Acute Malnutrition
Recent Outbreaks
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South Darfur ESP
SHHS, 2010
Health Personnel / Service
Table (5): Health Personnel /Service
Indicator
Rate
Population: Specialists
0.5 per 100 000 population
Population: Hospital Bed
1097 Bed
Number of Registered Medical Doctors
3.0 per 100 000 population
Number of Registered Nurses
10.3 per 100 000 population
Number of Registered mid wives
29.6 per 100 000 population
Source: Annual Health Statistics Report, FMOH-2011
3.d Environmental health
Water and Sanitation
Water and sanitation systems in the country as whole is poor (less than 50% of population
has access to piped water and chlorination remains inconsistent due to resource
constraints), high burden and outbreaks of water borne diseases are expected and
do continue to occur. Water is an essential need both for people’s direct survival and
associated benefits in sanitation, health and other critical area. Humanitarian agencies and
government partners have made considerable strides in ensuring access in recent years –
including WASH sector effort that facilitated access to an improved water supply for over
800,000 people in 2009. Despite these gains, Darfur remains behind many northern states
in the proportion of people who use an improve water supply – a figure that improved
to 69.4 percent in the South Darfur (SHHS, 2010). Durable access is a key component of
the environmental challenge facing Darfur, and expanding access without sacrificing
sustainability is critical. The data from the 2006 SHHS, the 2008 Census and the 2010 SHHS
clearly show the impact of the Darfur emergency and humanitarian response (positive for
SD). Access to improved water has improved to 69.4%, whilst access to improved sanitation
has dramatically declined to be the least state in Sudan (only 5%. SHHS, 2010). When
combining the 2 indicators as drinking water and sanitation ladder, the SD also remains the
second least state in Sudan (only 5.3%. SHHS, 2010)
An old data (before state being divided into South and East) revealed that, there were 2,237
hand pumps and 463 motorized pumps in South Darfur. The available functioning water
sources are producing - after deducting animal consumption and water losses - about
55,831 m3 of water per day (rural 42,781 m3, urban: 13,050 m3), 2010.
South Darfur ESP
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Figure (7): Water Coverage by Litre per Person per Day, 2010 and 2011(1)
Table (6): Safe Water Supply Situation in SD, 2010
Total
Area
Population
Functioning
Daily Production (m3/d)
Functioning
Daily Production (m3/d)
Losses rural %
Water available for
human consumption
(m3/d)
Total Produ. HPs & Wys (m3/d)
Average per capital
consumption (l/cld)
Rural
3,496,256
2,772
2,137
10,074
423
48,665
7
32,707
42,781
12.2
Urban
812,972
323
100
664
40
19,055
35
12,386
13,050
16
Total
4,309,228
3,095
2,237
10,738
463
67,720
45,092
55,831
12,9
HPs
WYs/MWYs
Remark:
For Wys in rural 26% (average for the state) is the animal consumption
(1) The table shows data before state is divided into South and East Darfur
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South Darfur ESP
Figure (8): Water Sources Distribution and Sanitation in SD, 2014
South Darfur ESP
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Table (7): Sanitation Situation in SD, 2010
Area
No. of HH
No. of
latrines
HH Latrines
coverage %
No. of
Schools
No. of Sch
with Latrines.
Sch. Late.
Coverage%
Rural
582,709
137,437
24
1,204
254
21
Urban
135,497
93,050
69
342
108
32
Total
718,206
230,487
32
1,546
362
23
Sources: Ministry of Water Resources & Environment, 2010
Table (8): Percentage of Households Classified by Type of Toilet Facility
Mode of
living
Pit latrine
private
Pit latrine
shared
Flush toilet Flush toilet
privet
shared
Bucket
toilet
No toilet
facility
Not
reported
Tatal
25.8
13.7
1.1
0.6
0.2
58.3
0.5
Urban
51.3
31.6
4.1
2.7
0.0
9.9
0.4
Rural
27.6
12.8
0.3
0.0
0.1
58.9
0.2
Nomade
1.3
1.0
0.1
0.0
0.4
96.0
1.1
Source: CBS Analytical Report of South Darfur, 2008
Figure (9): Households’ without Latrines in IDPs’ Camps, SD, 2014
Source: State Water Corporation, Water Environmental Sanitation Project WES – and UNICEF- Nyala, 2014
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South Darfur ESP
Figure (10): Water and Sanitation Coverage in IDPs’ Camps, SD, 2014
Source: State Water Corporation Water Environmental Sanitation Project WES – and UNICEF- Nyala, 2014
3.e Administrative structure of health system & level of
care
The two-layer health system is comprised of State Ministry of Health (SMoH) and Locality
Health Management Authorities. However, this system is not fully functional. SMoH is
responsible for adopting and implementing policy, strategic and detailed health planning,
and programming and project formulation. This level also has direct responsibility to
organize and supervise the health services in the state and support local health authorities.
A local health authority is based on locality/county health system approach, which
emphasizes the primary health care. However, there is a dichotomy in the administration
of health services at locality level. The lower level health facilities, i.e. Family Health
Units (dressing stations, dispensaries) and Family Health Centers are the management
responsibility of the locality, while technically being under SMoH. The rural hospitals, on the
other hand, are the responsibility of the SMoH(1).
Table (11): Levels of care vs. Population Standard
Level of Care
Administrative Unit
Health Facility
Tertiary Level
State
Secondary Level
State / Locality
State Hospital /
Specialized Hospital
State/Rural hospital
Primary / First Level
Locality
First Contact
Administrative unit
Urban FHC and rural
FHC
FHU
Population Coverage in
1000
State’s Population
250 for SH
100 for RH
- 50 for UFHC
- 20 for RFHC
5 kilometres radius
(1) ECP Sudan Document, 2010.
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3.f Major Challenges Face Darfur and SD in particular
•
•
•
•
•
22
Insecurity situation (lack of access, staff kidnapping & car hijacking).
Insufficient progress in sanitation services compared with water supply services.
Ground Water depletion & high fluoride concentration.
Advocacy for grass root peace building & gender consideration.
Sanitation (IDPs: lack of space and management/ Rural: awareness, community
participation)
South Darfur ESP
4. Emergency Preparedness & Response (EPR)
Structure, Policies, and Public Health Guidelines
4.a Operational Structure of Disaster Management
system
At state level, the higher emergency committee, which is chaired by the governor (Wali)
and membered by the Civil Defense (as secretariat) and state line ministries including
SMoH, is responsible for coordinating disaster management efforts and mobilizing
resources for response activities. On the other hand, the health emergency technical
committee, which is chaired by the Director General of SMoH and membered by EHA
department (Secretariat) and other SMoH’s departments, is responsible for coordinating
health activities during emergencies. Similarly, the health emergency coordination
committee is chaired by the Director General of SMoH, EHA as secretariat, and membership
of health sector partners. This committee is effectively coordinating the fund raising
and intersectorial activities among different health partners to guarantee efficiency and
avoidance of duplication.
4.b Policies Available
• Public Health Act, 2008
• IHR, 2005
• National Emergency Policy
• National Health Sector Strategic Plan (2012-2016)
• EHA Policy, 2014
• Health Emergency and Disaster Risk Management Strategy for Sudan (2013- 2016)
4.c Public Health Guidelines
• National Guidelines for Rainy Season Emergency Preparedness & Response Planning
• Emergency Information Management Guidelines and SOPs
• Environmental Health Guidelines During Emergency
• Nutrition Guidelines During Emergency
• Others:
- WHO Emergency Guidelines
- Sphere Standards
4.d Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan, Program
• Federal & States’ Annual EHA Plan
• Federal & States’ Rainy Season Preparedness Plan
• National Health Emergency Response Plan, 2014
• Hospital Disaster Plans
• Health Partners Related-EPR Plans, WHO, UNICEF…
• Community Preparedness Program, SRCS
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5. Health Sector Partners Existing in the State
5.a National Entities
Civil defence, HAC, Ministry of Infrastructure, Public Water Corporation, WES, Local authority
(commission), CBS, Meteorological Authority, Ministry of Agri. and Irrigation.
5.b International / UN Agencies
UNICEF, WHO, UNFPA, UNDP, WFP
5.c National and International NGOs
SCRC, GOAL, Mubadiroon, World Vision, HEAR
5.d Private Sector
Private sector has a limited role at state level.
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South Darfur ESP
6. EPR Contacts / Focal Points
Name
Function
Institution
Phone (mobile)
Email
Khalid
Mohammed
EHA
Coordinator
SMOH
Southern
Darfur
WHO, Nyala
(+249) 123390460
[email protected]
(+249) 9 121 74692
[email protected]
Mohammed Salim Health Cluster
Khan
Coordinator
Badereldeen
Elsharif
Officer
WHO, Nyala
(+249) 91 2179635
[email protected]
Osman
Mohammed
Health
Coordinator
(+249) 912471641
osmanmohammed133@
gmail.com
Elsadig
Health
Coordinator
(+249) 9 11618592
-
Mohammed
abdelnbi
Emergency
Coordinator
(+249) 9 12894800
msfocb-khartoum-med@
brussels.msf.org
Fuad Yusuf
-
ARC
Southern
Darfur
WVI
Southern
Darfur
MSF-B
Southern
Darfur
CIS Southern
Darfur
(+249) 9 12270169
-
EzzanSaeed Kuna
Health
Coordinator
(+249) 9 12177941
[email protected]
Ali Margani
Epidemiology
Department
UNICEF
Southern
Darfur
SMoH
Southern
Darfur
SMoH
Southern
Darfur
Southern
Darfur
(+249) 123390021
[email protected]
(+249) 9 12958639
-
(+249) 12855703
-
Mohammed Omer PHC
Department
Mustafa
Mohammed
WES
Ashraf Ahmed
Medical
coordinator
Southern
Darfur
(+249) 9 18239701
[email protected]
Mohamed Elnoor
Doctor
UNFPA
Southern
Darfur
(249)918292000
[email protected]
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7. References
7.a National Links
FMoH, SMoH, HAC, MoAgri, Civil defence, Meteorology Authority, CBS
7.b Other References
• State Water Corporation, Water Environmental Sanitation Project WES – Nyala
• FAO south Darfur
• Beyond emergency relief (longer – term trend and proprietary for UN agencies in Darfur)
hand book.
• www.unicef.org/infobycountry/sudan_darfuroverview.html
• glpinc.org/Web.../An%20Overview%20of%20the%20Darfur%20Crisis.pdf
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South Darfur ESP
Annexes
1.General State Information
1.1 Geography: location, borders, capital, area
South Darfur State is located in the far southwest of Sudan, Nyala is the capital of the state
. It lies between 9.30 – 13 latitude North and 27,15 and 28,0 longitude East. It is one of the
three Greater Darfur states. South Darfur State is delimited by North Darfur State in the
north, Western Bahr Al-Gazal State in the south, South Kordofan State and West Kordofan
State in the east, in the west West Darfur State in North-west the Central Darfur State and
the Republic of Chad and the Republic of Central Africa in the southwest. Area: 27,300
kilometers square. Most important towns: Reheid Al-Berdi, Al-Daein, Ed Al-Fursan, Tulus and
Nyala which is the capital of the State. The total area is 139.842 km2.
1.2 Administration: administrative divisions, governance
Table (1): Localities and No. of Administrative units, 2012
Locality
No. of Administrative Units
Shiairyya
5
Niyala
4
Jabal-Marra East
1
Kass
2
Id-Alfursaan
6
Alssalam
3
Adeela
3
Tolus
3
Rihaid-Albirdi
4
Booram
8
Bahr-Alarab
3
Total
42
South Darfur ESP
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1.3 Hydrology
Water recourses in Darfur derive from rainfall or other surface resources and include two
underground reserves: aquifers mostly in sandstones and the central “basement complex”
which contain water trapped in rock formation. Resources from latter are more difficult
to access. Water consumption was estimate at 500 million cubic meters per year in 2007well within projected availability. Many of these resources are located a way from major
population center, however, or pose other serious access challenge. In fact, the main
constraint in accessing water often lies in poor technology and lack of awareness of best
practices, rather than the scarcity of water as such. In just one-two month period, for
example, UNICEF estimate that several billion litres of water wear lost across Darfur due the
absence of adequate harvesting technology.
1.4 Climate
The environment in Darfur is facing a double assault from climate change and human
impact. Climate change is the most visible in erratic rain level and associated increase in
drought. Deforestation also constitutes as substantial threat, as darfuris have cleared forests
as an alternative or supplementary livelihood strategy. state Located in the tropical region
where there is semi-desert climate in the north, poor savannah in the middle, and rich
savannah in the south and the Mediterranean climate in the highlands of the Jebel Marra
28
South Darfur ESP
Figure (1): Average Rainfall by Locality in SD
South Darfur ESP
29
2. Economic Situation
Participation in economic activity helps an individual to improve his/her well-being.
The economically active person comprise of all person who either wear working or
actively looking for employment. The proportion looking for work would provide the
unemployment rate but the census does not provide enough details that are required for
the computation of unemployment rate. It requires probing question to establish whether
those people who were looking for work during the census period had neither a job nor an
enterprise.
The state is characterized` by large numbers of livestock, primarily cattle, sheep, goats,
camels and horses. The total number of livestock is estimated at 15 million and expected
to reach 17.28 million by 2015. Armed conflict caused significant population displacement
and hence more than 200,000 (HAC) internally displaced persons (IDPs) are living in camps
and/or with other rural/urban hosting communities. This situation has resulted in serious
deterioration of basic services
Figure (2): Household Classification by Main Source of Livelihoods
Source: CBS, Analytical Report SD, 2008
30
South Darfur ESP
Figure (3): SD Infrastructure Map
South Darfur ESP
31
3. Basic Education
Education represents a profound investment in the future of any society, enabling student
to realize their ambitions and confront adversity. In conflict-affective community, education
offer additional promise as a vehicle to instil peacebuliding and reconciliation in younger
generation. Give the extensive challenges facing Darfur, education is a key strategy
for bolstering the human capital required to move the region out of crisis and toward
longer term sustainability. In addition to support learning, school play a critical role in
safeguarding child protection by offering safe, friendly space that promote young people
holistic development with proper resources and management, school can also provided
a minimum package of critical services – in water, sanitation, health and nutrition also
arise awareness of environmental degradation and how to address it. Finally, education
represents a major priority for state government.
Under current condition, Sudan will not achieve the millennium development goal of
universal primary education before 2015. In Darfur, the situation is even more concerning,
as the region demonstrate serious deficits in education access and quality, despite some
gain in primary enrolment in tow Darfur state, the primary gross enrolment ratio remain
significantly below the northern Sudan of 72 percent: 67 percent in north Darfur today
and, according to an earlier survey, 59.4 percent in southern Darfur west Darfur currently
estimate 88 percent GER however which may be more result of counting irregularities
than genuine enrolment increase. These figures can be taken as barometers of the current
education situation in Darfur and clearly indicate that availability of primary education is
insufficient. As a result an unacceptable number of children are left out of primary school
on primary school. to be most effective education must respond to the needs of an
evolving society – one where people livelihood opportunities are undergoing considerable
change. Secondary schooling and vocational training are important strategy for managing
such change; in addition, education efforts should also promote easier access to alternative
learning – especially in basic literacy and numeracy – for people of any age who are unable
to attend school(1).
Table (2): Percentage of Population by Educational Attainment
Education Attainment
Without education attainment
Below primary
Primary
Intermediate
Secondary
Post secondary diploma
University first degree
Post graduate diploma
Master degree
PHD
Khalwa
Not stated
Source: CBS, Analytical Report SD, 2008
(1) Ministry of Education, South Darfur.
32
South Darfur ESP
Both Sex
5.05
51.72
11.02
3.54
7.57
0.48
2.05
0.16
0.11
0.07
12.07
6.15
Males
2.94
29.28
6.64
2.30
4.51
0.28
1.30
0.09
0.08
0.06
8.82
3.51
Females
2.11
22.44
4.38
1.24
3.06
0.20
0.75
0.07
0.02
0.02
3.25
2.64
Table (3): Number of Primary Students:
Mode of School
Governmental School
Special School
Boys
243647
45250
Girls
180957
42650
Total
424604
87.900
Source: CBS, Analytical Report SD, 2008
Table (4): Number of Secondary Students by Sex:
Mode of School
Governmental School
Special School
Boys
35221
6700
Girls
21240
3446
Total
56461
10146
Source: CBS, Analytical Report SD, 2008
4. Demography
Without great attention to population issue the challenges facing Darfur are likely to
become even more serious as growing number of people complete for dwindling
resources in the context of failing environment and ineffective governance in many ways
the recent conflict represent the outcome of such scenario and Darfur must act quickly to
adapt to demographic change if it ever hopes to emerge the current crisis without such
adaptation Darfur runs substantial risk of facing chronic challenge that will jeopardize its
sustainability will planning for the longer term all actors should fully consider the impact
demographic shifts in the area and seek to identify activities that will encourage positive
adaptation to recent change these change are principally visible in three area population
growth the youth bulge and urbanization(1). The total population is 4.31 million (in 2010
before division) that is expected to reach 4.90 million by 2015 (using 2.6% official growth
rate). Of the total state population, 56% of people are rural, 22% are urban and 22% are
nomadic. Most of the population is agro-pastoralists
Table (5): Population by Locality (2008)(2)
Localities
All Ages
Shiairyya
Niyala
Jabal-Marra East
Kass
Id-Alfursaan
Alssalam
Aldiain
Adeela
Tolus
Rihaid-Albirdi
Booram
Bahr-Alarab
Total
266826
629971
11953
252563
522649
181192
400264
344080
412979
266023
497383
307711
4093594
Sex
Female
126467
310441
5502
120631
253273
89094
181078
158784
171107
129099
240267
144316
1936059
Male
140359
319530
6451
131932
269376
92098
219186
185296
235872
136924
257116
163395
2157535
(1) Beyond emergency relief (longer – term trend and proprietary for UN agencies in Darfur).
(2) Includes East Darfur Population
South Darfur ESP
33
Figure (4): Population Distribution by Age Group, SD
34
South Darfur ESP
Figure (5): SD Land Use Map, 2014
South Darfur ESP
35