Nemaslug® Advanced Biocontrol for Horticulture Entomopathogenic nematodes(EPN) Nematodes • Classified as “un-segmented, round worms” • One of the most diverse groups of animals on Earth • Over 28,000 described species • Estimated 1,000,000 species Mollusc killing nematodes • One known species – Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita • Unlike EPN’s not an obligate parasite but also has a saprobic and necromenic life cycles • Infective juveniles infect through breathing pore into the mantle • Infection causes mantle to swell as numbers increase • Slugs stop feeding and die between 4 to 21 days as nematodes spread throughout the body Production Production: Entomopathogenic nematodes After fermentation: • Nematodes are harvested and infective juveniles separated from other life stages • Infective juveniles are the formulated into final product – Unique formulations stabilises nematodes – Allows for storage before use – Allows nematodes to easily disperse in water on application Application of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) Application: General Storage • Use immediately or store in a refrigerator at 5°C • DO NOT FREEZE • Freezing kills the nematodes as the forming ice crystals causing them to rupture Application: General Equipment • Majority of application equipment suitable for nematode application • Key points: – Remove all fine filters from the application equipment – Do not exceed 300 psi/20 bar/2000 kPa pump pressure – Nozzle aperture should be greater than 0.5 mm • Beneficial nematodes = 558 – 1130 µm – Suitable nozzles should produce a medium or courser spray at the intended application pressure Application: General Mixing procedure • Premix nematodes with water in separate bucket – Minimum of 10L • Ensure nematode formulation fully dispersed before adding to tank – Thoroughly stir • Ensure solution remains agitated throughout application • Use entire contents of pack at one time • Do not split or subdivide individual packs – Each contains a measured dose of nematodes • Apply immediately, do not store in suspension! Application: Soil Soil drenches – Most common nematode application method • If applying through foliage consider post application irrigation to wash nematodes onto the soil • Ensure soil temperature is within working temperature of the nematode species – Generally between 10-30°C suitable Application: Soil Drip irrigation recommendations: – Determine time taken for water to reach crop • Use dye to measure time – Nematodes injected in the first half of the irrigation cycle – Second half of irrigation cycle with no nematodes injected – Apply nematodes in first irrigation of the day Application: Field application • Majority of tractor mounted sprayers suitable for EPN application • Often have to apply in rainfall for soil applications • Use higher volume nozzles to increase application speed Application: Field application • Use of field injectors to apply nematodes increase water volumes • Example is use of Nemaslug to control slugs in brassicas and potatoes • Allows nematodes to be applied through rain guns and overhead booms General Benefits of Nematodes • Relatively uncomplicated biological • Application strategies similar to chemical • Persistent in the soil for long term control • Suitable for IPM practices • Safe to crops, users and the environment • Suitable for organics Nemaslug®: Product overview • Biopesticide containing Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita • Used to control slugs in a wide range of different growing systems including protected horticulture, soft fruit, hardy ornamental stock nurseries, salad production (indoor and outdoor) and potatoes • Unique water dispersible gel formulation • Available in 30, 250 million pack sizes Nemaslug®: Slugs Recommendations Application method Outdoor crops with repeat applications Short duration crops / high pest pressure Single application Application volume 1 l/ m2 100 l/da Application Curative Dose CA PRIS /DA/ BEHANDLING Pack size 250 million Application frequency Interval 50,000/m2 150,- NOK 5000m2 3x 2 to 4 weeks 150,000/ m2 450,- 1667m2 2 x or 3 x 2 to 6 weeks 300,000/ m2 940,- 833m2 1x 6 weeks Nemaslug®: Slugs APPLICATION CONDITIONS • Apply during rainfall to reduce the volume of irrigation • The soil or media should be moist • Treatment should be applied when slugs are present • Soil or media temperatures should be between 5°C and 30°C for at least two weeks after application • Avoid applications in direct sunlight, evening applications are best • If product is applied over foliage, irrigate immediately with water • Nemaslug® persists in the soil for approximately six weeks • Reapplications will be required depending upon pest pressure and crop growing system Nemaslug®: Slugs Zwaan Nickerson, North Holland, 2004 • Brussels sprouts • Nemaslug applied at 50,000 nematodes per m2 two times, week 27 and week 33 – Nemaslug • First Application : 02nd of july (week 27) • Second application : 11th of august (week 33) – Pellets (Metaldehyde) • First Application : week 28 • Second application : week 34 • Assessments – 30 plants are randomly chosen per plot. The damage and the slug presence on the plant and on the soil were assessed Nemaslug®: Slugs Zwaan Nickerson, North Holland, 2004 • Results, 28th September Nemaslug®: Slugs Zwaan Nickerson, North Holland, 2004 • Results, 28th September Nemaslug®: Slugs Product conclusions • Nemaslug is based on the mollusc killing nematode P. hermaphrodita • It is an effective curative and preventative control measure for a number of pest slug species • No harvest or re-entry intervals after application • Can be used on its own or incorporated into IPM programmes with other control measures • Most effective in periods of wet weather when slugs are most active Nemaslug ® Advanced biological control for slugs
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