Connecting the dots ev charging

EV
SUPPLY EQUIPMENT
MATERIAL SOLUTIONS
Giacomo Parisi
Marketing manager Electrical
Francisco Papis
Marketing manager Electrical
CONTENTS
1. SABIC
2. SABIC in E&E
3. EVSE Market & Trends
4. LEGISLATION
5. Application’s description and key requirements
6. SABIC solution for coupler
7. SABIC solution for EV cabinets
8. Summary
No. 1
SABIC
SABIC IN NUMBERS
1976, our beginning
36 years of growth
2nd largest global diversified chemical company*
88th largest public company in the world*
89 B$ total assets
50 B$ annual revenue
40,000 employees
40 countries
6 Strategic Business Units
60 world-class plants worldwide
1 Corporate Research & Innovation Center
16 Technology and Application Centers
150 new products each year
8,000 global patents
* Forbes 2012
No. 3
SIX STRATEGIC BUSINESS UNITS
No. 4
THE ONE-STOP
SHOP FOR
PLASTICS
PI
PPSU
EXTEM™ RESIN (PI)
ULTEM™ RESIN (PEI)
LEXAN™ RESIN (PC)
NORYL™ RESIN (PPO)
CYCOLOY™ RESIN
(PC/ABS)
GELOY™ RESIN (ASA)
CYCOLAC™ RESIN (ABS)
POLYSTYRENE
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
AMORPHOUS
CLARITY, COLORABILITY, IMPACT
STRENGTH
PEEK
LCP
HTN
High performance polymers
XENOY™ RESIN (PBT/PC)
VALOX™ RESIN (PBT)
NYLON
STAMAX (PP LGF)
Engineering
polymers
and blends
POLYETHYLENE
POLYPROPYLENE
SABIC PP / PPCompund
Bulk
polymers
CRYSTALLINE
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE, FLOW, ELECTRICAL
PROPERTIES
SABIC IN E&E
NEW ENERGY
ELECTRONICS COMPONENTS
AUTOMATION
Solar PV components; Solar Thermal
Components, Wind-Algae Energy
Energy storage
Capacitors, Switches, PCB, Flexible
Electronics, Connectors,
Encapsulation
E drives
Convertors
Motors
DISTRIBUTION & CONTROLL
WIRE & CABLE
ELECTRIC COMPONENTS
Low voltage switch gears
Enclosure, Meters
Relays, Contactors, Switches
Optical fibers
Low Voltage, MV cables
Transportation connectors
Energy, Telecomm. Connectors,
EVSE
No. 6
EV MARKET
Once again Electric Vehicles (EVs) come to the fore
as an option for more mainstream transportation due
to climate change’s rapid rise up in the political
agenda.
The past 18 months have marked the transition of the plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) into full
commercialization. Over 138,000 PEVs has been sold globally in 2012.
Different governments are putting in place programs to support EV market ( JP, US,..)
Although all the public sponsored projects some barriers are slowing the growth in this
market. Market barriers:
-Lithium-ion batteries price and efficiency
-Lack of charging infrastructure
-Delay of common legislation, topologies and communication technologies
-Low financial incentive due to EU crisis
No. 7
AREA OF FOCUS
Charging
System
PEV (Plug in Electric Vehicle)
 BEV, powered exclusively by the electricity
from its on-board battery
 PHEV, has a battery that can be charged
off board by plugging into the grid
Coupler
No. 8
EV SUPPLY EQUIPMENTS (EVSE) MARKET UPDATE
EVSE sales by regions
Market evolution Europe:
EVSE Sales 2012 and forecast
2012: 200 000
2012: 47 000
globally
Europe
2017: 1 600 000
2020: 2 200 000
globally
globally
EVSE linked to PEV market with a factor 1.4
Plug in Electric Vehicle Sales by regions
Plug in EV Sales 2012 and forecast
2012: 138 000
globally
2020: 1.600 000 globally
By 2020: 8 M EV on road
Market difficulties
Global and European Market growing at lower rate
compared to forecast:
Global economy situation
Governament stimolus
Europe: No clarity on connector standard for AC
Global: No standard for DC standard
Global: Inductive technology not ready yet
No. 9
CHARGING LEVEL
Level 1 (standard power outlets, 110V or 220V in North America, 230 V in Europe)
 For residential and commercial locations
 Fully charging can take up to 16 hours (or more)based on a rate of 1.44 kW of power transfer.
 PHEVs are more likely than BEVs to be charged using a Level 1 charger because of their much smaller battery size.
 Connection to the a.c. supply network (mains) utilizing standardized socket-outlets not exceeding 16 A and not exceeding
250 V a.c. single-phase or 480 V a.c. three-phase, at the supply side, and utilizing the power and protective earth conductors
Level 2 (domestic power outlets with protections device):
 not exceeding 32 A and not exceeding 250 V a.c. single-phase or 480 V a.c. three-phase, utilizing the power and protective
earth conductors together with a control pilot function and system of personnel protection against electric shock (RCD)
Level 3 (dedicated circuit with protection and control devices)
 BEVs are more frequently charged at Level 2 or higher because the larger battery packs require much more energy.
 Most Level 3 charging units to date deliver electricity at 6.6 kW or 7.2 kW; (however, Level 3 charging may go as high
as 19.2 kW).
 In Europe, since the standard grid voltage is 230V, the charging levels are more varied, with more OEMs and EVSE
offering the ability to charge at rates up to 22 kW
 Specific connectors (2 for EU, 1 rest of the world just for 1 phase)
Mode 1: the charging cable alone
Mode 2: CPLT in the cable to
control charging based on
datacom with the vehicle
Mode 3: CPLT in the stand.
Mode 4: Quick charging
No. 10
CHARGING LEVEL
DC (direct current):
 There has also been more uptake in the past year of DC fast charging, which typically charges at around 50 kW.
 Rapid DC charging equipment requires significantly higher power than AC charging and, therefore, is not offered as a
residential application because of the reduced power delivered to homes, as well as due to safety considerations.
 DC charging equipment is more likely to appear in commercial and industrial locations, such as shopping malls,
parking garages, industrial centers
 The uptake of BEVs directly correlates to the market for faster direct current (DC)
Wireless:
 UL 2750 (under development) collaborate with SAE
 IEC 61980 (under development) under TC69
 Includes a stationary control unit and a receiving system that
is embedded on the underside of the vehicle and connects to the
power electronics and battery systems
Market segments
Residential: Home-based charging, equipment only be accessed by a single driver or family of drivers
Workplace: Charging equipment at the driver’s workplace
Public: Charging equipment accessible to the public and found at retail outlets, hotels, airports, etc.
Private: Charging equipment used by multiple drivers and with exclusive access provided to these drivers, such as a
multi-unit dwelling or a fleet depot
No. 11
EV CHARGING COUPLERS DESCRIPTION
EUROPE
type II
EN 62196-1 & -2
type I
type III
SAE COMBO DC
 EU automotive industry has been divided on the issue of AC connectors. The Type 2
connector developed by one German company can be used for single- or three-phase AC
charging. The EV Plug Alliance, a Consortium of 21 European companies primarily from
France and Italy, has also developed an alternative connector called the Type 3.
 At the same time, U.S. and German automakers began working on a new Combined
Charging System that allows electric vehicles to be charged at three different voltage
rates through one plug and in particular DC.
ASIA
JP JARI A 0101
JP CHAdeMO DC
 The CHAdeMO DC charging connector has been the most widely implemented fast
charging connector to date, the technology was originally developed by Tokyo Electric
Power Company (TEPCO) and has since been adopted throughout Japan.
 China developed its own DC charging connector standard but is unlikely
to be adopted outside China.
CH GB/T 20234.2
CH GB/T 20234.3
AMERICA
 In North America, the large automotive OEMs cooperated to develop standards
for connectors. In 2010, SAE, with input from the PEV manufacturers and electronics
companies, passed SAE J1772, a universal coupler that ensures any PEV can plug in
at any charging station.
UL 2251 /SAE J1772
COMBO DC
No. 12
EV CHARGING COUPLERS DESCRIPTION
EUROPE
type II
EN 62196-1 & -2
type I
type III
IEC 62196-1/2
 Thermal
BPT:
125oC (live parts)
80oC (other part)
Thermal resistance after heat
ageing (80oC/168h) ,no crack
 Electrical
PTI: 175V (CTI PLC 3 level)
 Flammability
Glow Wire: 850oC
 Mechanical properties
Ball impact & mechanical
impact test at –30oC, Drive over
 Chemical properties
(OEM requirements)
Part integrity after
immersion
SAE COMBO DC
JP JARI A 0101
JP CHAdeMO DC
CH GB/T 20234.2
CH GB/T 20234.3
AMERICA
UL 2251 /SAE J1772
CHINA GB/T 20234.2 (AC)
Requirement: same requirement
with IEC 62196-1
other than:
JEVS G105 (DC, CHAdeMO)
Pendulum impact test:
V-0 material
-25oC/16hr aging
Diel. Withstand >2200V for >1min
Diel. Resistance >100MW at 500V CHINA GB/T 20234.3 (DC)
JAPAN JARI A 0101 (AC)
Harmonized with IEC 62196-1/2
Electric law (DENAN)
ASIA
COMBO DC
ANSI/UL 2251 /
SAE J1772
CSA C22.2 No 282-13
 Safety testing method and requirements
 Electric performance:
follow w/ UL 2251
HAI/HWI depend on FR
Dielectric withstand >500Vfor1min
 Thermal
RTI: 100oC
 Environment
f1 (UV+ water)
No. 13
EV CHARGING COUPLERS CRITICAL REQUIREMENTS
Mechanical impact test (pendulum test)
Moving angle: 45° ( T=-30± 2°C for >16h)
Fall on to a concrete floor 8-times
 No damage
 No part become detached or loosened
Mechanical load flexing test
Moving angle: 90° (45°C on either side of vertical)
Flexing number: 20,000 with forcing table
Flexing rate: 60 /min
 No damage
 No part become detached or loosened
45°
Mechanical load flexing test
Rated current
Force
/A
N
30 – 32
25
Drive over test, No broken and keep the
performance after testing
@ ambient and -30°C
250
75
400
100
No. 14
EV CHARGING COUPLERS CRITICAL REQUIREMENTS
Flammability & Electrical:
 Glow wire flammability index, (temperature which is 25°C than the
maximum temperature which does not cause ignition of a test specimen
during three subseuqent tests)
850 for EU legislation
 CTI ( used to assess the relative resistance of insulating materials to
tracking, highest voltage at which no to test specimen fail on five samples
and after application of 50 drops in eache case)
minimum 175 V, class 3
 UL 94 for US market
HWI & HAI ratings of insulating materials
HWI*
HAI*
Flammability
classification Mean ignition
(UL 94)
time / sec
PLC mean no of arcs
V-0, VTM-0
7~15
4
15~30
15~30
3
V-1, VTM-1
30~60
V-2, VTM-2
30~60
2
60~120
HB
HWI: Plug or connector thickness<0.071mm
PLC
3
2
1
CTI
Start 175V
Voltage steps 25V
50 drops 0.1% NH4Cl
When current: failure
Reported: failure–25V
HWI (hot wire ignition) UL746A
Simulates ignitability of a plastic sample by
glowing wire. Time to ignite the sample is
evaluated.
HAI (high current arc ignition) UL746A
Simulates ignitability by means of an arc that
is generated by high current.
Number of arcs to generate ignition
No. 15
EV CHARGING COUPLERS CRITICAL REQUIREMENTS
Thermal:
 BPT (ball pressure test): 125 °C
 Thermal resistance
Heat ageing (80oC/168h) no crack observe
20 N
1 hour
Specified temp
Pass if
Ø impression <2mm
Enviromental ( UV performance accord. UL746 C):
Properties retention after ultra violet light and water immersion
conditioning
 1000 hour of Xenon-arc exposure (Cycle:102 min UV;
18 min UV+water)
 Colours: Natural &light
 Water-immersion test 7 days @ 70 ºC
Chemical resistance, OEM requested (gasoline/oil):
 Part integrity after dipping or wiping in different solvents (OEM
requirements)
 Dimensional stability
 Part toughness
No. 16
COUPLERS MATERIAL SOLUTIONS
The VALOX ™ family of thermoplastic polyester resins are semi-crystalline materials based on polybutylene terephthalate
(PBT) and/or polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polymers. VALOX ™ resins combine heat and chemical resistance, as well
as outstanding electrical properties with exceptionally good processability and surface appearance.
VALOX ™ PBT/PC (blend of polybutylene terephthalate and polycarbonate), offers good chemical resistance, excellent
impact resistance even at low temperatures, heat resistance, and outstanding aesthetics and flow characteristics.
Different FR impact modified VALOX ™ grades over perform other engineering thermoplastic materials in
this application, these grades are:
impact modified
flame retardant ( V-0 & V-1, > 960 °C glow wire )
able to pass the critical drive over test while
maintaining thermal ( PBT>125°C) and flammability properties prescribed in the legislation.
VALOX™ 357(X)
VALOX ™ 3607U
VALOX ™ 3900VW
V-0 at 0.7 mm, F1, High impact
V-1 at 3.00 mm, F1, Ultra high impact
V-0 at 1.5 mm, F1, High impact
No. 17
COUPLERS MATERIAL SOLUTIONS- WHY VALOX RESIN?
Added performance:
- Nice aesthetics
- Low distortion, warpage
- Very low water absorption
vs PC:
-better chemical resistance
-better impact properties at – 30°C
vs PA:
-better impact properties
( in particular at -30°C)
-higher rigidity and strength
-better dimensional stability
No. 18
COUPLERS MATERIAL SOLUTIONS
No. 19
EV CHARGING CABINETS
EUROPE
IEC 61851-1 & 22: 2010 (AC):
Degree of Protection: IP degree
Environment test (for charging station):
Ambient air temperature test
Dry test
Ambient humidity test
Cold test
Impact Test: station body not
damaged
Dielectric withstand voltage (for
type I and II charger)
Insulation Resistance: for class I
station: R > 1MΩ. for class II
station: R> 7 MΩ.
Max permissible surface temp
(for non-metallic part): 60oC
(grasped) or 85oC (touched)
Chemical properties ( OEM req.)
ASIA
AMERICA
GB/T 18487.1 general
equal to IEC 61851-1 2001
GB/T 18487.3
equal to IEC 61851-22:1999 AC
& IEC 61851-23:1999
DC
UL 2594 (AC)
Flammability: 5VA dep. parts
CTI: 3 or better
HWI and HAI: depend on FR
Mechanical strength:
Impact: after aging at -30C / 24hr
Japan adopting
IEC 61851-1 & 22: 2010
Drop test (portable equipment)
Environmental Tests (UL 50E):
- UV exposure: F1, UL746C
- Solvents test
RTI: Higher than the temp observed
on Temperature Rise Test max.
surface temp 60°C
UL 2202 (DC)
No. 20
EV CHARGING CABINET CRITICAL REQUIREMENTS
Environmental tests
 Ambient air temp ( acc. IEC 60068-2-14)
Designed to operation temp: -30 ~ +50oC
Testing condn: specified temp for 3h each and
conduct 2-cycle
 Dry test IEC 60068-2-2
 Ambient humidity
Damp heat test: 40 ± 2oC / 93%RH / 4days
(China 40 ± 2oC / 85%RH / 2 days)
Damp heat cycle test: at 40oC for 6-cycles
 Cold test IEC60068-2-1,
-30 ± 3oC / 16h
max
50oC
3h
3h
Min
-30oC
1 cycle
Mechanical tests
 Mechanical impact for charging station body
Impact energy: 20J (5kg at 0.4m)
Requirement: No damage after the test
 Solar radiation (optional) IEC 60068-2-5,
Under consideration
 Saline mist (optional) IEC 60068-2-52,
1cycle: misting 5wt% NaCl soln.15~35oC/ 2h
40 ± 2oC / 93%RH / 7days, 4-cycle
 Stability
500N for 5min apply to horizontal direction to top
of charging station body
Requirement
-No deterioration
-Deformation at summit
< 50mm during the load application
< 10mm after the load application
No. 21
EV CHARGING CABINET CRITICAL REQUIREMENTS
 Moving angle (for portable): (-30± 2)°C for >16h,
Fall on to a concrete floor 8-times
No damage, detached or loosened
 Ball dropping test to check
No damage after the test
Steel ball: diameter 50mm, 500±25g
Drop height: 1.3m
Freely (vertical) fall
Flammability & Electrical:
 Glow wire flammability index 650 for EU legislation
 US: Shall comply following flammability rating below:
Product type
Movable equipment
Permanent equipment
Flammability rating
5V
Portable equipment
Stationary equipment
Not direct support of live parts of
enclosure
V-2
Not use complete the enclosure
HB
Small part/gasket
HWI & HAI rating for Insulating materials
Flammability
class
HWI / PLC
HAI / PLC
V-0 / VTM-1
4
3
V-1/VTM-1
3
2
V-1
Printed wiring board
Cable
 PLC
VW-1
No required
No. 22
EV CHARGING CABINET CRITICAL REQUIREMENTS
 Radiant panel test
an exposed surface area greater than 0.93m 2 (10 ft2) or
a single dimension larger than 1.83m (6 ft), the polymeric
material shall have a flame spread index ≤200 as
determined by ASTM E162
Fume hood
Ignition flame
Is = Fs x Q
Is: Flame spread index
Fs:flame spread factor
Q: heat evolution factor
Chemical resistance:
 UV exposure: F1, UL746C
 ASTM IRM903 oil (representing diesel fuel, heating oil,
kerosene etc) for 40h
 ASTM reference Fuel C (Toluene / isooctane =50/50%
representing gasoline) for 40h.
Not show any signs of cracking, deterioration or other signs of
deformation after exposure
specimen
Radiant panel
Fs: measuring spread speed
Q: detect the value by sensor
No. 23
MATERIAL SOLUTIONS FOR CABINETS
US/Global design
(meeting most demanding UL
2594/ UL 2202 (DC))
High chemical Resistance
Uncoated
US/Global design
(meeting most demanding UL
2594/ UL 2202 (DC))
Coated**
EU-Asia design
(IEC 61851-1 & 22)
Indoor
Outdoor
VALOX ™ V3900WX (USA-Asia)
F1, 5VA at 3 mm
VALOX ™ V3900WX
F1, 5VA at 3 mm
VALOX ™ 357XU (EU)
F1, 5VA at 2.5 mm
VALOX ™ 357XU
F1, 5VA at 2.5 mm
LEXAN ™ EXL9112
Ductile at -20°C, high flow, F1
5VA at 3.0mm, PLC 3
LEXAN ™ EXL 9330
Ductile at -60°C, medium
flow F1, 5VA at 3.0mm, PLC 3
LEXAN ™ EXL9112
Ductile at -20°C, high flow, F1
5VA at 3.0mm, PLC 3
LEXAN ™ EXL 9330
Halogenated
( COATED safest solution)
Ductile at -60°C, medium
flow F1, 5VA at 3.0mm, PLC 3
Halogen free
Lexan EXL ™ Resin is a polycarbonate PC copolymer formulation that offers superior impact and low temperature ductility
compared to standard PC grades. Lexan EXL™ Resin also offers enhanced processability compared to standard
polycarbonate and retains outdoor impact ductility after outdoor exposure.
VALOX ™ PBT/PC (blend of polybutylene terephthalate and polycarbonate), offers good chemical resistance, excellent
impact resistance even at low temperatures, heat resistance, and outstanding aesthetics and flow characteristics.
** Two specific coatings offers good performance with Lexan EXL resins (1. PU based- thermal curing, 2. Solvent free-UV curing)
No. 24
SOLUTION FOR GLOBAL DESIGN-UNCOATED: WHY VALOX?
VALOX ™ V3900WX and VALOX ™ 357XU grades are unfilled PBT/PC blends meeting all the material requirements
according legislation and severe manufactures requirements.
VALOX ™ PBT/PC and competitors
vs PC & PC/ABS:
 better chemical resistance vs gasoline
vs PA:
 better impact properties
(in particular at -30°C)
 higher rigidity and strength
 better dimensional stability
Most critical test: Chemical resistance
According UL 2594
PC
 ASTM IRM903 oil (representing diesel fuel,
heating oil, kerosene etc) for 40h
 ASTM reference Fuel C (Toluene / isooctane
=50/50% representing gasoline) for 40h.
 Not show any signs of cracking, deterioration
or other signs of deformation after exposure
VALOX V3900WX
1, Initial
2, Fuel C
3, IRM903
1
2
3
1
2
3
No. 25
SOLUTION FOR OUTDOOR/ COATED : WHY LEXAN EXL RESIN?
Lexan ™ EXL 9330 is halogen free materials with:
High Impact at low temp (higher than Lexan ™ EXL 9112)
Rigidity
Mechanical properties retention under UV radiation
Flammability ( 5VA and Glow wire 960 °C)
vs PC & PC/ABS (coated):
 Mechanical properties retention
 Better impact properties
(in particular at -30°C)
Weathering of LEXAN ™ EXL9330 copolymer and FR PC resin in grey color
12 months accelerated weathering is approximately equivalent to 5 years actual weathering
vs PA & PBT
 better dimensional stability
 better impact properties
(in particular at -30°C)
Color Retention
Retention of Impact @ -20°C
LEXAN ™ EXL 9330
No. 26
SOLUTION FOR INDOOR COATED / EU INDOOR UNCOATED
WHY LEXAN EXL?
Lexan ™ EXL9112 is halogen free materials with:
High Impact at low temp
Rigidity
Weatherability / UV stability
Flammability ( 5VA and Glow wire 960 °C)
Higher flow than Lexan EXL 9330
Hydrolytic stability (test conditions 85°C/93 r.h.)
LEXAN ™ EXL 9112
Indoor
5VA
Exceptional hydrolytic stability
-
PC/ABS 1
PC/ABS 2
PC/ABS 3
PC/ABS 4
EXL9112
Charpy Unnochted Impact acc. ISO 179/1eU (7.2 J hammer)
No. 27
EXAMPLES
Complying with IEC 61851-1,22 and UL SU 2594
Case:
VALOX™
Mechanical- Impact test
Flammability- 5VA
Weathering- F1
Chemical resistance
Complying with ANSI/UL 2251
Plug:
VALOX™
Mechanical- Driver over
Flammability- V-0
Weathering F1
Chemical resistance
.
No. 28
SUMMARY
 1) SABIC offer in EV COUPLERS and EV CABINETS:
•
VALOX ™ PBT/PC resin
•
LEXAN ™ EXL resin
VALOX ™ PBT/PC (blend of polybutylene terephthalate and polycarbonate), offers good chemical resistance, excellent impact
resistance even at low temperatures, heat resistance and outstanding aesthetics and flow characteristics.
Two specific grades meet global legislations and OEM requirements: VALOX™357XU, VALOX™ V3900WX
These two grades offer best combination of impact, chemical, flammability resistance and cost
Lower thin wall is achievable vs PA with VALOX ™ 357XU and VALOX ™ V3900WX due to
high impact level at low temperature enabling excellent performance in the driver over test
LEXAN ™ EXL (polycarbonate PC copolymer), offers good chemical resistance, excellent impact resistance even at low
temperatures, heat resistance and outstanding aesthetics and flow characteristics.
For coated outdoor cabinets, SABIC solutions is Lexan EXL™ 9330
For uncoated cabinets (EU indoor product), SABIC solutions is Lexan EXL ™ 9112
For uncoated cabinets (Global product), SABIC solutions are VALOX ™ 357 XU, VALOX ™ V3900WX having the best
performance in chemical test reported from legislation
2) SABIC is also present in the battery and high voltage connectors mounted on cars
(please contact Technical Answer Centre)
3) SABIC provides technical service and application development support for material
selection and industrial-mechanical design
No. 29
CONTACT INFORMATION
THANK YOU !
For more info contact us
We are eager to help you!
Xavier Mir
Sr. Engineer, Technical Development Automotive
Innovative Plastics
SABIC
C/ Frederic Mompou, 5 – 4º4ª
08960 – Sant Just Desvern (Barcelona) - Spain
M: +34 639 335 250
T: +34 93 2521620
[email protected]
www.sabic-ip.com
No. 30
GLOSSARY
BEV
BRT
CAFE
CNG
CNGV
CTC
EIA
EV
EVSE
FAO
FCV
FDI
FFV
FSU
GDP
GHG
GRT
GTL
HEV
HFCV
HFCV
HSR
IANGV
ICEV
IFC
IMF
LDV
mToe
NEDC
NGO
NOC
O&M
OCED
PEV
PRT
R&D
toe
UNIDO
UNPD
USGS
WB
WEF
WTO
Battery electric vehicle
Bus rapid transit
Corporate average fuel economy
Compressed natural gas
Compressed natural-gas vehicle
Coal to liquid
US Energy Information Administration
Electric vehicle
Electrical Vehicle Supply Equipment
Food and Agriculture Organization
Fuel cell vehicle
Foreign direct investment
Flexible fuel vehicle
Former Soviet Union
Gross domestic product
Greenhouse gas
Ground rapid transit
Gas to liquid
Hybrid electric vehicle
Hydrogen fuel-cell vehicle
Hybridized fuel-cell vehicle
High-speed rail
International Association for Natural Gas Vehicles
Internal combustion engine vehicle
International Finance Corporation
International Monetary Fund
Light duty vehicle
Millions tonne oil equivalent
New European Driving Cycle
Non-governmental organisation
National Oil Company, fully or in the majority owned by a national government
Operations and maintenance
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
Plug-in Electrical Vehicle
Personal rapid transit
Research and development
Tonne oil equivalent
United Nations Industrial Development Organization
United Nations Population Division
United States Geological Survey
World Bank
World Economic Forum
World Trade Organisation
No. 31
DISCLAIMER
DISCLAIMER: THE MATERIALS, PRODUCTS AND SERVICES OF SAUDI BASIC INDUSTRIES CORPORATION
(SABIC) OR ITS SUBSIDIARIES OR AFFILIATES (“SELLER”) ARE SOLD SUBJECT TO SELLER’S STANDARD
CONDITIONS OF SALE, WHICH ARE AVAILABLE UPON REQUEST. INFORMATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
CONTAINED IN THIS DOCUMENT ARE GIVEN IN GOOD FAITH. HOWEVER, SELLER MAKES NO EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED REPRESENTATION, WARRANTY OR GUARANTEE (i) THAT ANY RESULTS DESCRIBED IN THIS
DOCUMENT WILL BE OBTAINED UNDER END-USE CONDITIONS, OR (ii) AS TO THE EFFECTIVENESS OR
SAFETY OF ANY DESIGN OR APPLICATION INCORPORATING SELLER’S MATERIALS, PRODUCTS, SERVICES
OR RECOMMENDATIONS. UNLESS OTHERWISE PROVIDED IN SELLER’S STANDARD CONDITIONS OF SALE,
SELLER SHALL NOT BE RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY LOSS RESULTING FROM ANY USE OF ITS MATERIALS,
PRODUCTS, SERVICES OR RECOMMENDATIONS DESCRIBED IN THIS DOCUMENT. Each user is responsible for
making its own determination as to the suitability of Seller’s materials, products, services or recommendations for the
user’s particular use through appropriate end-use and other testing and analysis. Nothing in any document or oral
statement shall be deemed to alter or waive any provision of Seller’s Standard Conditions of Sale or this Disclaimer,
unless it is specifically agreed to in a writing signed by Seller. Statements by Seller concerning a possible use of any
material, product, service or design do not, are not intended to, and should not be construed to grant any license under
any patent or other intellectual property right of Seller or as a recommendation for the use of any material, product,
service or design in a manner that infringes any patent or other intellectual property right.
SABIC and brands marked with ™ are trademarks of SABIC or its subsidiaries or affiliates.
© 2013 Saudi Basic Industries Corporation (SABIC). All Rights Reserved.
† Any
brands, products or services of other companies referenced in this document are the trademarks, service marks
and/or trade names of their respective holders.
No. 32

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