EXPERIENCE OF A FAMILY AGRICULTURAL BUSINESS AND ITS
IMPACT ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Colombia: Reserva Natural El Hatico, El Cerrito, Valle del Cauca
Familia Molina Durán
COOPERATIVE INSTITUTIONS
Fundación Cipav
Cenicaña
Procaña
Hacienda Lucerna SAS
Ingenio Providencia
Asocriollo
Agri benchmark
Universidad de Nariño
Universidad del Valle
Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira
Universidad de Caldas
Universidad Javeriana de Cali y Bogotá
Universidad Nacional de Bogotá
Ciat
Universidad Nacional de Palmira
Universidad Unisarc
Universidad de Antioquia
IFS de Suecia
Fedegán-FNG
Universidad de los Llanos
Corpoica
Ministerio de Agricultura
Socla: Doctorado en Agroecología
Universidad de Antioquia
El Hatico NATURE RESERVE
(Valle del Cauca, Colombia)





Altitude:1000 m.a.s.l
Temperature: 24 °C
Rainfall: 750 mm
Relative humidity 75%
Tropical Dry Forest
CLIMATE CHANGE (2007-2014)
El Hatico Reserve
Average Temperature 2007-2014
25.5
25
24.5
24
23.5
23
22.5
22
21.5
21
20.5
Precipitation mm./month
300
250
Normal
El Niño
La Niña
El Niño
200
150
100
50
0
2007
Precipitation
/year
2008
2009
909 1016 433
2010
2011
2012
2013 2014
952 823 648 675
443
Average Temperature
Precipitation
El Hatico 1942
El Hatico Reserve 2014
El Hatico Reserve 2014
LAND USE
700
575
Hectars (Ha)
600
500
435
400
1950
285
300
200
135
100
100
110
2013
40
40
0
Total area (ha)
Livestock
Agriculture
Natural resources
forest and bamboo
ANIMAL INVENTORY
1400
Animals (N)
1200
1000
800
1950
600
2013
400
200
0
Total i nventory
Cattle
Sheep
TOTAL TONNES OF SUGAR CANE
16000
13953
14000
Tonnes/year
12000
10000
9360
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
1950
2013
LABOUR
35
Number of workers
30
25
20
1950
15
2013
10
5
0
PERMANENT LABOUR
CONTRACT LABOUR
EXPERIENCE OF AN AGRICULTURAL FAMILY BUSINESS AND ITS
IMPACT ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Colombia: Reserva Natural El Hatico, Cerrito, Valle del Cauca
Familia Molina Durán
COOPERATIVE INSTITUTIONS
Fundación Cipav
Cenicaña
Procaña
Hacienda Lucerna SAS
Ingenio Providencia
Asocriollo
Agri benchmark
Universidad de Nariño
Universidad del Valle
Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira
Universidad de Caldas
Universidad Javeriana de Cali y Bogotá
Universidad Nacional de Bogotá
Ciat
Universidad Nacional de Palmira
Universidad Unisarc
Universidad de Antioquia
IFS de Suecia
Fedegán-FNG
Universidad de los Llanos
Corpoica
Ministerio de Agricultura
Socla: Doctorado en Agroecología
Universidad de Antioquia
Natural Reserve El Hatico
(Valle del Cauca, Colombia)





Height: 1000 m.s.n.m
Temperature: 24 °C
Precipitation: 750 mm
Relative humidity 75%
Dry Tropical Forest
CLIMATE CHANGE (2007-2014)
Natural Reserve El Hatico
Average Temperature 2007-2014
25.5
25
24.5
24
23.5
23
22.5
22
21.5
21
20.5
Precipitation mm./month
300
250
Normal
Niño
Niño
Niña
200
150
100
50
0
2007
Precipitation
/year
2008
2009
909 1016 433
2010
2011
2012
2013 2014
952 823 648 675
443
Average Temperature
Precipitation
Natural Reserve El Hatico 1942
Natural Reserve El Hatico 2014
LAND USE
700
575
Hectars (Ha)
600
500
435
400
1950
285
300
200
135
100
100
110
2013
40
40
0
Total area (ha)
Livestock
Agriculture
Natural resources
forest and bamboo
ANIMAL INVENTORY
1400
Animals (N)
1200
1000
800
1950
600
2013
400
200
0
Total i nventory
Cattle
Sheep
TOTAL TONNES OF SUGAR CANE
16000
13953
14000
Tonnes/year
12000
10000
9360
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
1950
2013
LABOUR
35
Number of workers
30
25
20
1950
15
2013
10
5
0
PERMANENT LABOUR
CONTRACT LABOUR
NATURAL RESERVE EL HATICO SOCIAL TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC INDICATORS (1950–2013)
YEAR 1950
YEAR 2013
DESCRIPTION
Diference %
# Ha
%
# Ha
%
TOTAL AREA (Has)
575
100
285
100
-50
LIVESTOCK
435
75
135
47
-70
AGRICULTURE
100
18
110
39
10
NATURAL RESOURCES
FOREST & BAMBOO
40
7
40
14
0
TOTAL INVENTORY
895
100
1180
100
32
CATTLE
410
46
650
55
56
SHEEP
120
13
450
38
275
DAIRY PRODUCTION (LITERS)
COW/DAY
2
10
400
17000
780000
4488
6,5
9,69
49
9360
13953
49
PERMANENT LABOUR
13
30
130
CONTRACT LABOUR
2
10
400
TOTAL/YEAR
Tonnes of cane /hectar/month
(TCHM)
Total tonnes/year
LABOUR
ESTACIÓN 1
Natural Reserve El Hatico 2014
N
A
T
U
R
A
L
Impulso Fortuito
Polimorfismo
equilibrado
A
N
D
Holstein
HETEROSIS
Hartón
del Valle
Shorthorn
Lechero
Mutation
Migration
POBLACIÓN NO ADAPTADA DE
LOS GANADOS INTRODUCIDOS
EXOCRIA O CRUZAMIENTOS
1937
A
R
T
I
F
I
C
I
A
L
S
E
L
E
C
T
I
O
N
1957
CO-ADAPTACION
COMPLETA DE GENES
EQUILIBRADOS
Homeostasis
POBLACIÓN ADAPTADA DE LOS
BOVINOS LUCERNA
ENDOCRIA Y SELECCIÓN
2014
PRODUCTIVE PARAMETERS
1999-2013
Parameters
Average
Number of data
Standard
Deviation
Milk Production.
305 days. (Liters)
3030
2440
997
Calving interval.
(Months)
12.8
1784
2.1
% Milk Fat
3.8
% Milk Protein
3.25
MILK PRODUCTION/HECTAR/YEAR
DEDICATED TO DAIRY
Production
Liters/Ha/year
Irrigation is suspended
Reserva Natural El Hatico, 2013
System Resilience (2007-2013)
Natural Reserve El Hatico
Niño
Niña
Niño
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
909
1016
433
952
823
648
675
Precipitation
/year
% Composition of the mineralized salts
Natural Reserve El Hatico
Salt
1984 - 2004
Prepartum
salt
Production
salt
NaCl
32,0
90
54
Calcium
12,5
-----
10
Phosphorus
12,0
-----
4
Copper
0,1
0,25
0,3
Cobalt
0,005
0,01
0,01
Magnesium
0,3
2,0
2,0
Manganeso
0,2
0,05
1,0
Zinc
0,5
0,7
1,0
Sulfur
1,0
4,0
4,0
Iodine
0,01
0,015
0,015
Selenium
0,005
0,004
0,008
0,6
----
----
Iron
ECONOMY IN THE MINERAL SUPPLEMENTS. El Hatico 2012
Livestock inventory
650
Mineralized salt intake on monoculture pasture
60gr/day
Total consumption of mineralized salt on
monoculture of star grass
14.235 kg/year
Cost of salt of 10% phosphorus
US$ 1/kg
Total cost per year
US$ 14235
Mineralized salt intake on SSPi
30 gr/cow/day
Total consumption of mineralized salt on SSPi
7.117 kg/year
Cost of salt of 4% phosphorus
US$ 0.7 /kg
Total cost per year
US$ 4949
Difference (savings)
US$ 9286
Intensive Silvopastoral Systems vs. Monoculture of star grass (C.
plectostachyus)
Variable
Biomass Ton D.M. Ha-1 year-1
Raw Protein Ton D.M. Ha-1
year-1
Metabolizable Energy Mcal
Ha-1 year-1
Calcium Kg. Ha-1 year-1
Phosphorus Kg. Ha-1 year-1
Adaptado de: Molina y Uribe, 2002
Monoculture star
grass + 184 Kg.
N2 Ha-1 year-1
SSP Leucaena
10.000 Ha-1 + star
grass 0 Kg. N2
23,2
29,5 (+27,15%)
2,5
4,1 (+64,0%)
56876
70222 (+23,46%)
83,2
142,32 (+71,05%)
74,0
88,81 (+20,01%)
ESTACIÓN 2
INVESTMENT COSTS/HA.
(MONOCULTURE VS. SILVOPASTORAL SYSTEM)
800
U$ 1.643
U$ 2.161
700
600
Soil preparation
Seeds
USD /Ha.
500
Planting
400
300
Irrigation
200
Weed control
100
0
MONOCULTURE
SILVOPASTORAL
SYSTEM
Leucaena, Estrella, Algarrobo
Infraestructure
MAINTENANACE COST /Ha
MONOCULTURE VS. SILVOPASTORAL SYSTEM
Dolars/Ha/Year.
$1.091
U$ 174
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Depreciation
Irrigation
Weed control
Pruning
Fertilization
MONOCULTURE
Estrella Africana
SILVOPASTORAL
SYSTEMS
Estrella+Leucaena
Algarrobo Forrajero
ANALYSIS IN LITERS OF MILK
AÑO 2012
Liters/Ha/year
11314
14288
C apacity
Spent/Liters
10778
12073
Difference
536
2215
ESTACIÓN 3
FUNCTIONAL BIODIVERSITY AND
LIVESTOCK
Silvopastoral systems promote
biodiversity in livestock systems
Natural Reserve El Hatico
Birds diversity
57
43-46
33
Diversity
Index
3.21
3.07-2.98
2.86
33
2.43
29
2.73
19
1.53
Species
Fruit crops
Silvopastoral
Dry forest
Agroecological
sugarcane
Bamboo forest
(Guadua)
Conventional
sugarcanel
Source: Cárdenas G. 1998
Birds of Tyranidae family, known as flytrap,
Regulate flies that lay eggs in the organic matter (Musca
domestica, Stomoxys calcitrans) and feces (Haematobia
irritans)
Pitangus sulphuratus
Fotografías: David Fajardo
Elaenia flavogaster
Todyrostrum cinereum
Generalist predatory birds,
Regulate blood-sucking arthropods affecting
livestock habits
(Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, Haematobia
irritans and Stomoxys calcitrans)
Bubulcus ibis
Crotophaga ani
Vanellus chilensis
Fotografías Carolina Giraldo y David Fajardo, CIPAV
Milvago chimachima
Birds also help to regulate grass plagues:
Collaria oleosa, C. columbiensis., Aeneolamia,
Zulia, Blisius leucopterus, B. insularis .
& defoliating insects that attack shrubs and
cane.
Mocis latipes, Melipotis famelica, Prosarthria
teretrirostris, Spodoptera frugiperda, Agrotis
ípsilon, Atta cephalotes y Acromyrmex sp
.
Bubulcus ibis
Crotophaga ani
Vanellus chilensis
Milvago chimachima
Ptherysticus caudatus
After the nuptial flight takes place, some floor mounds appear, and
there is where the queen is captured and the origin of a new colony
is prevented.
C. Giraldo 2012
ANTS SUBFAMILIES BIOTOPES COMPOSITION
Enriquez M.L., Ramirez M.,R.N.El Hatico 2001
Ectatom m a tuberculatum
• Predation of eggs and larvae
of butterflies and beetles in
cultured Palma.
• Preys Bug on cocoa farms.
Pheidole spp.
• Preys insects in the floor
• They could also have a positive
effect in ticks control.
Solenopsis gem inata
• Eats coleoptera and lepidoptera
eggs.
• Consuming weed seed in
sugarcane crops and other
agroecosystems.
• In silvopastoral system, they
were observed preying
lepidoptera larvae and eating
grass seeds.
SPIDERS DIVERSITY
NATURAL RESERVE EL HATICO
Specific richness per habitat
SSPi
CA
Habitat abundance
SSPi
156 Morfo-species
BO= Forest; SSPi= Intensive Silvopastoral Sistem; CA=
Agroecological sugarcane; CC= Conventional sugarcane
Delgado J. 2012
CA
4 ZOOLOGICAL GROUPS BIODIVERSITY IN NATURAL RESERVE EL HATICO
Researcher
Forest
Silvopastoral
Intensive
System
Agroecological
Sugarcane
Conventional
Sugarcane
Birds
Ants
Butterflies
Spiders
Migratory
Birds
Cárdenas
G.
1998
Ramirez M.
Enriquez
M.L. 2001
Ramos A.F.
García T.
2002
Delgado J.
2012
Hurtado A.
2013
33
38
90
71
43
45
23
45
74
43
33
49
41
46
57
19
28
35
54
40
MACROINVERTEBRATES BIOMASS SOIL IN 0.75 CUBIC METERS
W
E
T
D
R
Y
Ecologic
cane
16,93
0,06
7,579
0,861
0,093
0,918
26,45
Conventio
nal cane
0,10
0,01
0,267
0,626
0,090
0,633
1.73
SSPi
12,40
0
0
0,892
0,422
8,616
23,34
Forest
40,91
0,06
0,933
0,001
0,0001
0,068
41,98
Subtotal
70,36
0,15
8,78
2,38
0,60
10,23
93,52
Ecologic
cane
4,974
0,0002
0,097
0,397
0,626
0,4667
6,56
Conventio
nal cane
1,845
0,017
0,506
0,290
1,100
0,356
4,11
SSPi
1,745
0,016
0,466
0,175
1,351
3,615
7,37
Forest
30,403
0,0009
0,005
0,031
0,053
0,854
31.34
Subtotal
38,96
0,03
1,07
0,89
3,13
5,29
49,40
109,33
0,18
9,85
3,27
3,73
15,52
141,9
TOTAL
Pardo, L.C., R.N. El Hatico, 2009
PHOSPHORUS CONTENT
MG / KG
IGAC; Universidad Javeriana Bogotá; R.N. El Hatico 10-2012
Analysis of Forest soil,
Silvopastoral system vs. Monoculture without trees
Analysis
Forest
Monoculture
Grass
Silvopatoral
System
pH
7.37 ± 0.04
6.20 ± 0.06
6.74 ± 0.03
% Humidity
21.37 ± 2.74
14.90 ± 3.04
18.50± 1.70
Total cell counts
(cel/gps)
2,28E+08
1,14E+08
* For counting total cell size averaging to 0.5 g sample.
Vallejo V. R.N. El Hatico 2011
2.19E+08
ENZYME ACTIVITY IN SOIL
β-glucosidase
• Essential in cellulose degradation.
• Fundamental in the release of glucose (energy for soil
microorganisms).
• Acts on the decomposition of organic matter.
Ureases
• Involved in the hydrolysis of urea to ammonia and CO2.
• Participates in the release of inorganic N.
The acid and alkaline phosphatases
• Involved in the hydrolysis and release of free phosphate.
ENZYME ACTIVITY UNDER THE CANOPY OF Prosopis
juliflora AND OUTSIDE OF IT
Canopy: “Fertility Islands”
85% 42% 40% 59%
Vallejo V. R.N. El Hatico, 2011
Increases under de canopy
COMPONENTES
COMPONENTS
Pollinators
Predators
and
parasitoid
Herbivores
Surrounding
vegetation
Macro, meso
and micro
soil diversity
FUNCTIONAL
BIODIVERSITY
Pollinations
Plagues
regulation
Biomass
Acumulation
Nutrients
Recycle
Descomposition
Predation
Sickness
supression
Minimun tillage
Composting
FUNCTIONS
Polyculture
Agroforestry
Rotations
Cover
crops
TECHNICAL
Altieri M., Nicholls C. 2013
BUFFALOS PRODUCTIVE PARAMETERS
PARAMETERS
AVERAGE # DATA
STANDARD
DEVIATION
MALES:
Weaning weight (kg)
Weaning age (Days)
Weaning DWG – (gr)
275
270
910
19
45
50
150
FEMALES:
Weaning weight (kg)
Weaning age (Days)
Weaning DWG – (gr)
Weight at service (kg)
Age at service (month)
DWG at service
250
270
820
373
20
586
17
38
45
90
36
5
132
Open days
Calving interval
110
13
27
55
1.5
Sheep Parameters – Natural Reserve El Hatico
Impact of Genetic Improvement in SSPI
Maternal
skill
Average
13,4
Days
DWG (gr)
Data
Weaning
Before
After
14,5
22,4
Service / Sacrifice
Before
After
31,3
46,4
120
220
600
100
120
35
50
595
758
439
606
ESTACIÓN 4
Green manure in sugarcane
T1
T3
30
T6
T4
29
28
T5
27
T2
26
T2
25
Teak
(Tectona
Grandis)
T6
24
T5
12
23
T2
13
14
T3
15
T4
11
10
T1
22
16
T1
17
21
T3
9
T1
8
T6
T4
19
18
T3
20
RI
R II
T4
T5
R III
T2
T5
T1= Check
T2= No-Cowpea 100% N
T3= Cowpea + 100% N
T4= Cowpea + 66% N
T5= Cowpea + 33% N
T6= Cowpea
R IV
RV
T6
7
T5
6
T6
5
T3
4
T4
3
T1
2
T2
1
Productivity of sugarcane
180
160
140
TCH
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
5
6
Treatment
20.0
18.0
16.0
14.0
TSH
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
1
2
3
4
Treatment
Production TCHM (Tonnes of cane per hectar per month),
with the use of green fertilizers
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
12.35
11.49
11.19
10.84
10.45
9.68
Without CWithout P
100% P
100% P+C
66% P+C
33% P+C
C- Cowpea
P- Poultry manure
Harvest # 12 (16-02-11)
Harvest # 14 (19-06-13)
Harvest # 13 (27-03-12)
Harvest # 15 (20-07-14)
Solo C
Macro & Micro elements Composition
Cowpea
Bledo
Nitrogen (%)
2.41
6.25
Phosphorus (%)
0.36
0.37
Potasium
(%)
2.53
3.53
Calcium
(%)
0.66
0.83
Magnesium (%)
0.54
0.64
Iron
1145
111
Manganesium
(ppm)
212
36
Copper (ppm)
16
13
(ppm)
Nutrient inputs from the cowpea and crop
residues vs. Nutrient removal
Cowpea
Fresh Biomass
(Ton/Ha)
Dry Matter
(Ton/Ha.)
5,5
Crop harvest Soil nutrients
residues
removal
52
1,8
22
Nitrogen (Kg)
43
179
116
Phosporus (Kg)
6
22
74
Potassium (Kg)
45
162
237
Calcium (Kg)
12
139
58
Magnesium (Kg)
10
90
40
Bacterial Population on Natural Reserve EL
Hatico Soil
UFC/g average (x104)
Fungi Population on Natural Reserve El Hatico soil
Organic Matter (%) on Mollisol soil with green harvest
(Natural Reserve El Hatico)
Crop 755 Variety V-7151 (21 Harvest)
Management alternatives
For crop residues
Phosphorus Concentration (ppm) in the soil,
green harvesting of sugarcane
Crop 755 Variety V-7151 (21 harvest)
Management alternatives
For crop residues
Climate Change (2007-2013)
Natural Reserve El Hatico
Niño
Niña
Niño
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
909
1016
433
952
823
648
675
Precipitation
/year
ORGANIC MATTER % IN THE SOIL
NATURAL RESERVE EL HATICO
1994
2012
5
4,21
4,10
2,89
2,93
4,00
4
3
2,23
1,93
1,95
2
1
0
Arias J., 1994
Reserva Natural El Hatico 2012
Biological fixation of N
Isolation sites of
N fixing
bacteria
Initial results
 Genus identification through biochemical tests
Azospirillum spp.
Azotobacter spp.
Gluconacetobacter
spp.
Biochemical selection
20 isolates
35 isolates
6 isolates

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