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Indian Journal of Advances in Plant Research (IJAPR),
www.ijapronline.com
Vol.
): -
; ISSN: 2347-
Integrated nutrient management for sustainable rice production
Jayakumar , B.V., Jayanthi , T. and Naveen , D.V.
Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, UAS, GKVK,
Bangalore Karnataka state, India
Dept. of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Sericulture,
Chintamani –
, Chikkaballapura (D), Karnataka state, India
*
Corresponding Author:
T. Jayanthi
Email: [email protected]
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
ABSTRACT
The experiment conducted at College of Agriculture, V.C. Farm, Mandya involving organic sources of nutrients revealed that
application of 100N + 50P + 50K kg through fertilizers + 10t FYM ha-1 and 50N + 50K kg ha-1 through fertilizers + 50kg P
through P enriched compost recorded a higher grain yield of 8.14 and 7.96t ha-1 and a straw yield of 10.5 and 10.36ton ha-1
respectively. The higher grain yield is due to increased tillers (10.3 and 8.2), productive tillers (7.9 and 7.4), panicle weight (3.9
and 3.4g), gain number panicle -1 (135 and 12-1) and lest weight (29.3 and 29.8g). No significant reduction in the yield and mean
values of yield characters were noticed when 50% recommended dose of nitrogen was supplied through Pongamia green leaf,
press mud, vermicompost, Azolla, gobargas slurry, city waste compost and FYM. The higher values of NPK up take, nitrogen use
Email:
efficiency and B:C ratio were also observed with the above treatments.
Key words: Rice, NUE, Vermicompost Fertilizers, Organic manures
INTRODUCTION
Paddy is one of the most important food crops of the world.
It is grown in an area of 175 million hectares with the production
of 680 million tons of grain and it is next to wheat. The highest
paddy growing area is in Asia. The average Indian productivity
of paddy is 2929kg ha- (Singh et. al.,
. Karnataka occupies
eighth place with the average productivity of 4046kg grain yield/
ha- . Although, the improved agricultural practices have
increased the yield, the increased use of chemicals has lead to
various types of pollutions which are of grave concern. In this
direction sustainable agriculture plays a vital role. The use of
organic sources of nutrients plays a major role in achieving
sustainable agriculture.
Nitrogen is the key nutrient for increased production. The
present price escalation and scarcity of fertilizers has lead to
more dependence on organic manures produced on farms. These
are not only cheaper but also eco-friendly and prevent pollutions.
The use of organic manures results in improved physical,
chemical and biological properties of soil (Thimme Gowda,
Rokima and Prasad, 1991). Increased use of chemicals
and reduced use of organics results in reduction of humus content
and deteriorating soil structure and fertility. Hence, there is a
need to study the effect of integrated nutrient management
involving organic sources on the growth and yield of paddy.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
An experiment was conducted at College of Agriculture,
V.C. Garm, Mandya, Karnataka during 1996 Kharif to study the
effect of integrated nutrient management on hybrid rice under
irrigation. The soil of the experimental site has a pH of 6.5, bulk
density of 1.54g/cc, organic carbon of 0.65 and available NPK
of 211.0kg, 49.5kg and 145 kg ha- , respectively. Total rainfall
of 443mm was received from July to November months. The
monthly maximum temperature of 28.9 C to 29.89 C and a
minimum temperature of 17.42 C to 19.95 C respectively were
recorded. A relative humidity of 88.77% and a bright sun
sunshine hours of 9.48 (July) and a minimum of 6.70 (August)
hours recorded.
The experiment included twelve treatments laid out in
randomized block design with four replications. The gross and
net plot sizes were 4.0m x 3.0m and 3.0m x 2.5m. The treatment
combinations were, Control (without fertilizers), 50+25+25kg
NPK ha- through fertilizers, 100+50+50kg NPK ha- through
fertilizers, 50+50+50kg NPK.ha- through fertilizers + 50 kg N
through Pongamia green leaf, 50+5-0+50kg NPK ha- through
fertilizers + 50kg N through press mud. 50+50+50kg NPK.hathrough fertilizers + 50kg ‘N’ through Azolla, 50+50+50kg NPK
ha- through fertilizers + 50kg N through vermin compost,
+50+50kg NPK ha- through fertilizers
kg ‘N’ through bio
fertilizers, 50+50+50kg NKP ha- through fertilizers + kg ‘N’
through city waste compost, 50+50+50kg NPK ha- through
fertilizers + 50kg ‘N’ through FYM 100N + 50K kg ha- through
fertilizer + 50kg P through P enriched compost and
+50+50kg NPK ha- through fertilizer + 10t FYM.
Salient features of hybrid rice
Hybrid paddy Karnataka Rice Hybrid (KRH-1) developed at
V.C. Farm Mandya was used for the experiment. It is a medium
duration hybrid growing to a height of 85 to 90cm maturing in
125 to 130 days grown in both Kharif and Summer seasons,
yielding about 7.5 to 8t grains ha- . It is a cross between IR58025A X IR-9761-19R. The grain type is slender long with
Indian J. Adv. Plant Res.,
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): - ; ISSN:
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more number of grains per panicle. The average 1000 grain (Resulted in a grain yield of 6.72t ha-1). This was on par with
weight is 27.3g and the weight of bran will be about 20%. This the grain yield obtained with application of organic sources. It
hybrid is resistant to blast disease and stem borer. The quantity of was also observed that substitution of 50 per cent inorganic N
organic sources required to provide known quantity of nutrients through the different organic sources like programia green leaf,
were incorporated into the wet lands 15 days prior and allowed to press mud, Azolla, vermicompost, biofertilizers, city waste
decompose. 25 days old healthy seedlings were chosen and compost, FYM and P enriched compost. Application of
planted with the spacing of 20cm x 10cm at the rate of one 100:50:50kg NPK ha-1 + 10t FYM has registered the highest
seedling per hill. Weedicide machete was applied at the rate of gross and incremental returns Rs. 38,665 and 17.299 ha-1 with a
1.5kg ha- 5 days after planting and gap filling was done 8 th day. B:C ratio of 2.87. The B:C ratio due to supplementation of 50kg
50% of recommended dose of nitrogen and full dose of N ha-1 through organic sources ranged from 1.9 to 3.87
phosphorous and potassium were applied before transplantation. depending upon the mean grain yield and cost nutrients.
The remaining 50% of nitrogen was applied in two splits at 25
and 55 days respectively in the form of prilled urea. Water level CONCLUSION
The results clearly indicate that 50% inorganic N could be
of one inch was maintained during early stages and a water
advantageously
substituted with organic sources and encash the
height of 2.5 inch was maintained up to 10 days prior to
other
benefits
of
organic matter so that sustainability of soil will
harvesting.
be
achieved
over
long run with pollution free environment
As a preventive measure, Furadon granules were applied on
th
day. A spraying of 0.05% Bavistin solution was done without any reduction in the grain and straw yield.
against blast disease and Monocrotophos was sprayed against REFERENCES
insects. The growth and the yield characters like tiller number, Singh, C., Singh, P. and Singh, R. (2005). Modern Techniques of
leaf area, length of the panicle, weight of the panicle, grain
raising field crops. OXFORD and IBH Publishing Company.
number and finally the grain and straw yield were recorded. The
PVT. Ltd. New Delhisoil and the plant samples were collected and analyzed to study Cock, J.H. and Yoshida, S. (
). Accumulation of labelled
for nutrient status. All the data collected were subjected to
carbohydrates before flowering and its subsequent
analysis through fisher method and the results were discussed.
redistribution and respiration in the rice plant. Proceedings
RESULTS
The study on the growth and yield characters at different
stages and the yield has shown encouraging results with use of
organic sources of nutrients. A highest grain and straw yield of
8.14t and 10.59t ha-1 respectively was recorded with the
application of 100:50:50kg NPK ha-1 through fertilizers + 10
tone FYM ha- Table No. 1). The similar results have been
reported by Cock and Yoshida (1972) and Hale Pyati and
Shelavanthar (1990). This is due to higher growth parameters
like maximum plant height (76.8cm), leaf area (5.7), dry matter
accumulation (27.50g hill-1) (Table No. 1) and yield parameters
like maximum productive tillers hill-1 (7.9), panicle length
(23.42cm) panicle weight (3.4g) and grains panicle-1 (135)
(Table No. 2). The results are in conformity with the findings of
Rabindra et al. (1989), Prabhakaran et al. (1996) and Pushpa
Valli et al. (1994). This treatment has also resulted in higher
NPK uptake of 120.6kg N, 16.2kg P2O5 and 128kg K2O ha-1
with a highest N use efficiency of 81.0.
This was closely followed by application of 100N: 50K kg
ha-1 through fertilizers + 50kg P though P enriched compost
with a grain and straw yield of 7.96t and 10.36t ha-1 respectively
with better growth parameters like plant height (76.8cm), leaf
area index (5.1), dry matter accumulation (24.57g) hill-1) and
yield parameters like productive tillers (7.4), panicle length
(23.0cm), panicle weight (3.1g) and grains panicalwith
NPK uptake of 116.2kg N. 15.6kg P2O5 and 132.6kg K2O ha-1
and N use efficiency of 79.0. Similar trades were observed by
Dosani et al. (199 ).
These results are statistically superior to the values observed
with application of 100:50:50kg NPK through fertilizers.
of Crop. Soc., Japan. 41:225Dosani, A.A.K., Jalashilkar, S. and Mehta, V.B. (
). Effect of
poultry manure applied in combination with fertilizers on the
yield and quality and nutrient up take of groundnut. J. Indian
Soc. Soil Sci.
Hale Pyati, A.S. and Shelavanthar, M.N. (
). Sesbania
rostrata-a new green manure for rice. Indian. J. Agron.,
Prabhakaran, J., Ravi, K.B. and Selviraj, S. (
). Influence of
press mud and bio-digested slurry on the growth and yield of
Rice-Ragi. Abstract of XIII National Symposium on
Integrated Input Management for efficient crop production
held on rd- th of February at TNAU, Coimbatore, Pp Pushpa Valli, R., Palaniappan, S.P., Natarajan, K. and
Govindaswamy, M.
. Effect of green manure on the
chemical properties of rice soils. Abstract of XIII National
Symposium on Integrated Input Management for efficient
rd
crop production held on
- th of February at TNAU,
Coimbatore. Pp Rabindra, B., Naidu, B.S., Devi, T.G. and Andgowda, S.N.S.
(
). Sesbania rostrata a lower cost source of N for rice.
Int. Rice. Res. Newsl.,
Rokima, J. and Prasad, B. (
). Integrated Nutrient
Management II. Transformation of applied P into inorganic
P fractions in relation to its availability and uptake in
Caleareous soil. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci.,
Thimme Gowda, S. (
). Studies on the soil fertility
management and moisture utilization in rice based cropping
systems under tank irrigation Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. Agric.
Sci., Bangalore.
Indian J. Adv. Plant Res.,
Vol.
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; ISSN:
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Table No. 1: Yield and growth parameters of rice as influenced by different sources of nutrients
Sl.
No.
Treatments
Grain
yield
(t ha-
Straw
yield
(t ha)
Plant height
(cm)
Dry matter
weight
(g hill- )
Leaf area
index
Total tillers at
harvest
*
*
*
*
*
NS
Control (no nutrients)
50 N: 25P : 25K kg ha- through fertilizers
100N : 50P : 50K Kg ha- through fertilizers
50N : 50P : 50K Kg ha- through fertilizers+50kg N
through pongamia
50N : 50P : 50K Kg ha- through fertilizers+50kg N
through press mud
50N : 50P : 50K Kg ha- through fertilizers+50kg N
through Azolla
50N : 50P : 50K Kg ha- through fertilizers+50kg N
through vermicompost
50N : 50P : 50K Kg ha- through fertilizers+50kg N
through biofertilizers
50N : 50P : 50K Kg ha- through fertilizers+50kg N
through city waste compost
50N : 50P : 50K Kg ha- through fertilizers+50kg N
through FYM
100N : 50K Kg ha- through fertilizers+50kg P through P
enriched compost
100N : 50P : 50K Kg ha- through fertilizers+10t FYM
haF. Test
Sem ±
CD@5%
-
Indian J. Adv. Plant Res.,
Vol.
): www.ijapronline.com
; ISSN:
-
Table No.2: Yield parameters, nutrient uptake and N use efficiency as influenced by different sources of nutrients
Sl.
No.
Treatments
Productive
tillers
(hill- )
Panicle
length
(cm)
*
NS
Panicle
weight
(g)
Grains
Pancile-
N
PO
KO
‘N’
use
efficie
ncy
-
*
NS
*
*
*
*
Nutrient uptake (kg ha- )
Control (no nutrients)
50 N: 25P : 25K kg ha- through fertilizers
100N : 50P : 50K Kg ha- through fertilizers
50N : 50P : 50K Kg ha- through fertilizers+50kg N
through pongamia green leaf
50N : 50P : 50K Kg ha- through fertilizers+50kg N
through press mud
50N : 50P : 50K Kg ha- through fertilizers+50kg N
through Azolla
50N : 50P : 50K Kg ha- through fertilizers+50kg N
through vermi compost
50N : 50P : 50K Kg ha- through fertilizers+50kg N
through bio-fertilizers
50N : 50P : 50K Kg ha- through fertilizers+50kg N
through city waste compost
50N : 50P : 50K Kg ha- through fertilizers+50kg N
through FYM
100N : 50K Kg ha- through fertilizers+50kg P through P
enriched compost
100N : 50P : 50K Kg ha- through fertilizers+10t FYM haF. Test
Sem ±
CD@5%
-
Indian J. Adv. Plant Res.,
Vol.
): www.ijapronline.com
; ISSN:
-
Table No.3: Economic analysis and B:C ratio as influenced by different sources of nutrients
Sl.
No.
Treatments
Control (no nutrients)
50 N: 25P : 25K kg ha- through fertilizers
100N : 50P : 50K Kg ha- through fertilizers
50N : 50P : 50K Kg ha- through fertilizers+50kg N through
pongamia green leaf
50N : 50P : 50K Kg ha- through fertilizers+50kg N through
press mud
50N : 50P : 50K Kg ha- through fertilizers+50kg N through
Azolla
50N : 50P : 50K Kg ha- through fertilizers+50kg N through
vermicompost
50N : 50P : 50K Kg ha- through fertilizers+50kg N through
biofertilizers
50N : 50P : 50K Kg ha- through fertilizers+50kg N through
city waste compost
50N : 50P : 50K Kg ha- through fertilizers+50kg N through
FYM
100N : 50K Kg ha- through fertilizers+50kg P through P
enriched compost
100N : 50P : 50K Kg ha- through fertilizers+10t FYM ha-
Cost of nutrients
(Rs ha-
IJAPR
Grain
yield
(t ha- )
Total returns (Rs
ha- )
Incremental
returns
(Rs ha- )
-
B:C
ratio
-

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