Rechtskulturen in modernen Wohlfahrtsstaaten. Deutschland und die Republik Korea erlassen ähnliche Gesetze zur Pflegeversicherung: Hintergründe und Wirkungen Professor emeritus Dr. jur. Wolfgang SCHUETTE Hamburg Goethe‐Institut Seoul Wissenschaftlicher Gesprächskreis 18. November 2014 Professor Dr. jur. Wolfgang SCHUETTE Social Law . Social Policy Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences 1 Gliederung • • • • • Einführung. Zur Person Zwei koreanisch‐deutsche Geschichten – Gesetze zur Pflegeversicherung in S. Korea und Deutschland – Der individuelle Umgang mit neuen Sozialgesetzen: Mein Kollege Kim und ich Eine Europäische Perspektive auf Ostasien: Max Webers “Weltbilder” Recht als Orientierungsrahmen sozialen Handelns: Ein Blick auf Deutschland aus Korea Pflegeversicherung in Korea: Bedeutungen ahnen, Unterschiede verstehen Professor Dr. jur. Wolfgang SCHUETTE Social Law . Social Policy Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences 2 . Professor Dr. jur. Wolfgang SCHUETTE Social Law . Social Policy Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences 3 Professor Dr. jur. Wolfgang SCHUETTE Social Law . Social Policy Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences 4 Professor Dr. jur. Wolfgang SCHUETTE Social Law . Social Policy Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences 5 Professor Dr. jur. Wolfgang SCHUETTE Social Law . Social Policy Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences 6 Cross‐national Diffusion of Social Law: „German“ LTCI in East Asia . Professor Dr. jur. Wolfgang SCHUETTE Social Law . Social Policy Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences 7 Cross National Law Diffusion: Germany – (S.) Korea • 1871ff Japan decides to adopt German Law • 1905: until then Korea has diplomatic relations only to China • 1905: Korea: Occupation by Japan • 1910: Korea: Japanese Colony • 1910: Korea: Japan introduces Civil Law, Commercial Law, Criminal Law, adopted from Germany • 1998 ff: Korea introduces Social Security System à la „Bismarck“ • 2000: National Health Care Reform: NHCI • 2007 Korean Long‐term Care Insurance : LTCI, Legislation, Pres. Roh Moo‐Hyun • 2008 Korean Long‐term Care Insurance : LTCI, Implementation, Pres. Lee Myong‐bak Professor Dr. jur. Wolfgang SCHUETTE Social Law . Social Policy Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences 8 Cross National Law Diffusion: Germany – (S.) Korea Social Problem: Demografic Change Political Problem: Overload of Health Care System/Local Social Assistance Instruments, Problem Solving: Path Dependency Professor Dr. jur. Wolfgang SCHUETTE Social Law . Social Policy Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences 9 Present state Korean aged population rate Present state <그림1> 노인인구비율 증가 국제비교 % 30 26.9 25 한국 일본 미국 영국 독일 프랑스 스웨덴 22 20 17.2 15 15.1 12 10.7 10 9.1 7.2 7.1 5 5.7 2.9 5.1 3.1 3.8 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Comparative Korean aged population rate whit other country 년도 Tempo des sozialen Wandels: Alterung der Bevölkerung in verschiedenen Ländern Anteil der Bevölkerung 65 Jahre und älter: Rep. Korea Japan Deutschland Italien USA Schweden Frankreich Dauer in Jahren: 7% 14% 20% 7% ‐ 14% 14% ‐ 20% 2000 1970 1932 1927 1942 1887 1864 2019 1994 1972 1988 2013 1972 1979 2026 2006 2012 2007 2028 2012 2020 19 24 40 64 71 85 115 7 12 40 19 15 40 41 7%: „ageing“; 14%: „aged“; 20%: „ultra‐aged“ society Friedrich‐Ebert‐Stiftung, P. Gey, 2004 PROF. DR. WOLFGANG SCHÜTTE Fakultät Wirtschaft & Soziales 12 Tempo des sozialen Wandels: Alterung der Bevölkerung in verschiedenen Ländern Population 65+ (%) 20%:„ultra-aged soc.“ Deutschland: Pflegeversicherung 1994 14%: „aged soc.“ 7%: „ageing soc.“ Germany: 80 years Rep. Korea: 26 years 1932 1972 Friedrich‐Ebert‐Stiftung, P. Gey, 2004 PROF. DR. WOLFGANG SCHÜTTE Fakultät Wirtschaft & Soziales 13 2000 2012 2019 2026 Social Security System in Germany 1. Prevention: Social Insurances 2. Advancement Programs GUV GRV GKV AloV So Pfleg e V • Early Child Care • Family benefits • Education • Higher Education • Integration: Migrants • Social Protection: Vulnerable Groups ‐‐‐ tax financed ‐‐‐ financial assistance, public infrastructure and public services based on contributions (workers and employers) ‐‐‐‐ • GUV: Accidents at Work, 100% Employer • GRV: Pensions, 50/50% • GKV: Health Insurance, 50/50% • AloV: Unemployment Insurance, 50/50% • SoPflegeV: Long‐term Care Ins., 50/50% 3. Social Assistance Poverty – Disabilities (Social Inclusion) – Homelessness ‐ LTC Organized by local communities, Financed by local and central tax money, means tested, Professor Dr. jur. Wolfgang SCHUETTE Social Law . Social Policy Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences 14 Health Care and Long‐term Care: Types of Regulation Health Care and Long-term Care: Types of Regulation American Way Regulations USA German Way Scandinavian Way Financing Providing Services Financing Providing Services Financing Providing Services Private Insurances, not mandatory, Social Assistance highly important Markets, weak regulations, Profit Org., ReimbursementRates ..%, high oop Social Insurances, mandatory, contributions 50%/50%, Social Assistance important (LTC) Public+NPO +PO, strongly regulated markets, treatments 100% reimbursed, low oop Social Insurances, mandatory, tax-financed, Social Assistance for special needs PO and NPO, governed by regional + local authorities, low oop X X X S. Korea X X X Germany X Sweden Professor Dr. jur. Wolfgang SCHUETTE Social Law . Social Policy Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences 15 X Social Long‐term care insurances (LTCI) Compared I: Regulations 100% Population Korea Social Insurance mandatory 2007/ 2008 100% Population 50% Workers, 50% Employers 100% Ins. Person 100% Ins. Person Co‐financ. by taxes 0% 45% 20% Level of indiv. Contributions 2% of Gross Salary Type of Regulation Legislation/ Implementation Insured . Contributions payed by (according HCI) Germany Social Insurance mandatory 1994 1995/96 100% Population Japan Social Insurance mandatory 2000 7% of HCI‐ Contributions (7%) • Social Long‐term care insurances: Modell „Bismarck“ • Path‐dependency HCI‐LTCI Professor Dr. jur. Wolfgang SCHUETTE Social Law . Social Policy Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences 16 Long‐term care insurance (LTCI) Compared II: Implementation Entitled Recipients, % of pop. 65+ Expenditure % GDP • Expenditure % GDP: Institutional Care . • Expenditure % GDP: Home Germany Disabled aged 1y+ 11% Japan Disabled aged 40ys+ 17,4% Korea Disabled aged 65ys+ 1,7% 1,3% 0,8 1,5% 1,2 0,3% 0,2 0,5 0,0 0,0 537 73 ADL Medical Check, Local Committee 7 ADL Medical Check, Local Committee 3 Care Expenditure LTC in USD PPS 470 Per Capita 2008 Assessment based on ADL Decision Medical Professionals (LTCI) Levels 3 Professor Dr. jur. Wolfgang SCHUETTE Social Law . Social Policy Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences 17 Long‐term Care Insurance Germany Degree of Needs – Benefits for Providing LTC ‐ €/Monthly Degree Home Care: Cash Home Care: Services, In Kind Residential Care I. 235 450 450 II. 440 1.100 1.100 III. 700 1.550 1.550 • Coverage: All Citizens • Contributions: 2% of Incomes (brutto), 50% Employees, 50% Employers • Employment Effects: 300.000 Care Workers more than1995 Professor Dr. jur. Wolfgang SCHUETTE Social Law . Social Policy Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences 18 “We are all in the same boat” HelpWanted, OECD 2011: „The growing need for long‐term care has significant financing and labour market implications: • LTC expenditure (excluding the value of care provided by family), currently 1,5% GDP/OECD, could at least double, perhaps even triple between now and 2050. • The availability of familiy carers is expected to decline. How to stop this trend? • All OECD countries need a system providing fomal LTC services. • LTC workforce challenges……“ Professor Dr. jur. Wolfgang SCHUETTE Social Law . Social Policy Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences 19 Global Development of Welfare States: Steps to universal and sustainable Systems 1. 2. 3. 4. Pre‐modern Phase: Stabilising Political and Military System by Fragmented Social Security Systems; family based and local networks Industrial Age I: Risk of Dependent Workers (Health, Accidents, Retiring/Pensions, Unemployment) Industrial Age II: Universal Systems, „Citizen Insurances“ Industrial and Post‐Industrial Phase: Reallocation, Demographic Changes, Long‐Term Care, Human Rights of Vulnerable Groups ? 5. ‐‐‐‐‐ S. Korea? Germany? Japan? Professor Dr. jur. Wolfgang SCHUETTE Social Law . Social Policy Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences 20 “We are all in the same boat” ?? Professor Dr. jur. Wolfgang SCHUETTE Social Law . Social Policy Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences 21 Professor Dr. jur. Wolfgang SCHUETTE Social Law . Social Policy Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences 22 Max Weber (1864 – 1920) Soziologische Perspektiven: • Strukturierung des Gegenstandes: Gesellschaft als System/Teilsysteme; Eigendynamiken und Kontextbezogenheit • Ziele der Gesellschaftswissenschaften: Hermeneutik sozialen Handelns, Verstehen Professor Dr. jur. Wolfgang SCHUETTE Social Law . Social Policy Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences 23 Verstehen sozialen Handelns ‐ über „Weltbilder“: „Interessen (materielle und immaterielle), nicht Ideen beherrschen unmittelbar das Handeln der Menschen. Aber: die Weltbilder, welche durch Ideen geschaffen wurden, haben sehr oft als Weichensteller die Bahnen bestimmt, in denen die Dynamik der Interessen das Handeln fortbewegte. Nach dem Weltbild richtet es sich ja,: wovon und wozu man erlöst sein wollte und – nicht zu vergessen: ‐ konnte.“ Wirtschaftsethik der Weltreligionen I, 1915‐1920, Einleitung zur Gesamtausgabe 1920, „Weltbilder“ hier bezogen auf die „Sublimierung des religiösen Heilsbesitzes zum Erlösungs‐Glauben“ in westlichen Gesellschaften Professor Dr. jur. Wolfgang SCHUETTE Social Law . Social Policy Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences 24 „Weltbilder“: Immanuel Kant (1724 – 1804): vier Fragen 1. Was kann ich wissen? 2. Was soll ich tun? 3. Was darf ich hoffen? 4. Was ist der Mensch? Professor Dr. jur. Wolfgang SCHUETTE Social Law . Social Policy Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences 25 Max Weber (1864 – 1920) ?Understanding? Long‐term Care Insurance Politics ‐ Economics ‐ Legislation – Social Structure ‐ Religion Professor Dr. jur. Wolfgang SCHUETTE Social Law . Social Policy Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences 26 Legislation and Social Conventions Legislation (lawmaking) Centralized, Parliament Cross‐national Diffusion Social Conventions: Family Roles, Gender Relationship, Education Models, Religion, Language Conventions Law Implementation Administrations, Organizations „Weltbilder“ (Max Weber) Traditional Social Conventions Philosophy of a Meaningful Life Professor Dr. jur. Wolfgang SCHUETTE Social Law . Social Policy Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences 27 Law Implementation and Social Conventions Legislation Centralized, Parliament Social Conventions: Family Roles, Gender Relationship, Education Models, Religion, Language Conventions Law Implementation Decentralized, Administrations, Organizations, Clients „Weltbilder“ (Max Weber) Traditional Social Conventions Philosophy of a Meaningful Life Professor Dr. jur. Wolfgang SCHUETTE Social Law . Social Policy Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences 28 Religiöse Prinzipien im Christentum . Verhältnis zu den Mitmenschen (Ich‐Du): Gottes‐ ebenbildlichkeit Verhältnis zu Gott: Gnade und Freiheit Maßstab des weltlichen Handelens: Caritas Professor Dr. jur. Wolfgang SCHUETTE Social Law . Social Policy Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences 29 Prinzipien der französischen Revolution . Liberté Égalité Fraternité Professor Dr. jur. Wolfgang SCHUETTE Social Law . Social Policy Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences 30 Staatsziele im deutschen Grundgesetz . Rechtsstaat / Menschenwürde Demokratie Sozialstaat Professor Dr. jur. Wolfgang SCHUETTE Social Law . Social Policy Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences 31 Codierung/Dekodierung familiärer Beziehungen: Primäre Referenzsysteme . Ich Gesell schaft Gott Du Professor Dr. jur. Wolfgang SCHUETTE Social Law . Social Policy Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences 32 Codierung/Dekodierung rechtlicher Beziehungen im „Welfare State“ . Administration Human Rights, Entitlements Legislation Legal Control Professor Dr. jur. Wolfgang SCHUETTE Social Law . Social Policy Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences 33 Approaches 1. Globalization: On the Way to Universal Systems of Social Security? 2. National Social Welfare Policy: Conditions and Impacts i. Political agenda ii. Context Social Security System: Financing, path‐dependency and cross‐ national diffusion iii. Providing Money: Financial Impact iv. Family structure and gender relations v. Acceptance among benefit receivers 3. Understanding Social Reforms in a Globalized World: Cluster, „Weltbilder“ 4. Rechtsvergleich i. Legal System (the role of law) ii. Implementation: Organizing Social Services iii. Legal Control iv. Legal Transfer Professor Dr. jur. Wolfgang SCHUETTE Social Law . Social Policy Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences 34 http://www.blick.ch/people-tv/tv/gntm/lovelyn-ist-heidis-neues-topmodel-id2321630.html Cross‐national diffusion of Culture 2013: Lovelyn from Hamburg meets Psy . Thank you for your attention! „Weltbilder“ ‐ und die Beziehung jüngerer Menschen zu den Alten Immanuel Kant (1724 – 1804): vier Fragen 1. Was kann ich wissen? 2. Was soll ich tun? 3. Was darf ich hoffen? 4. Was ist der Mensch? Professor Dr. jur. Wolfgang SCHUETTE Social Law . Social Policy Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences 36 Danke für Ihre Aufmerksamkeit! Prof. Dr. Jur. Wolfgang SCHUETTE Hamburg, Germany wolfgang.schuette@haw‐hamburg.de Professor Dr. jur. Wolfgang SCHUETTE Social Law . Social Policy Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences 37
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