Topics for MSc Theses, GIS Unit

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Geographische Informationssysteme
Topics for MSc Theses, GIS Unit
May 2014
General Overview: Research in the GIS Unit
Our group develops and utilizes methods that seek structure in spatio-temporal data, thus turning raw
data into geographic information, ultimately aiming at generating knowledge that leads to a better
understanding of geographic patterns and processes. Our research focuses on the following
application areas:
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digital cartography
spatial analysis in linguistics
movement analysis and simulation
GIS for protected areas.
Our methodological toolset draws from an interdisciplinary range of fields, including spatial analysis
and spatial statistics, algorithms development, and computational techniques such as data mining
and agent-based modeling.
Choosing a Topic
We recommend that you first take a look at the list of ongoing and past MSc projects, with
downloads of MSc theses: http://www.geo.uzh.ch/en/units/giscience-gis/research/msc-theses.
Think about what interests you most, and what you are good at. Do you want to program, are you
good at it, or rather not? Do you like to work empirically, running experiments and analysing the
results, or would you rather develop something new (in which case you would probably have to
program)? Is real world applicability important to you, or are you ready for blue skies research? Do
you have your own topic, or a topic that you wanted to pursue with a third party (e.g. WSL, ETH)?
Finally, come talk to us. In the topic descriptions below, we have listed the contact persons in our
group. Additionally, Robert Weibel can give an overview of the project topics in the GIS Unit.
Don’t forget that the MSc project is primarily a scientific project. Even if you might be more interested
in applied research, the outcome must be more than what would typically be achieved in GIS project
undertaken by an engineering firm. Hence, what are the research questions you want to investigate?
We are there to help you formulate suitable research questions and bring your research to fruition.
Digital Cartography
Contextual Generalization of Built-up Areas Using Operations of Mathematical
Morphology
Short description: This MSc project will focus on the generalization of settlements in small scales
(1:200 000 and smaller), that is, shape analysis, classification and contextual generalization of builtup areas representing large settlements. Operations such as aggregation and simplification are to be
used. Tools of Mathematical Morphology (MM) so far have been widely used for raster data
generalization and vector data generalization at large scales (e.g. in building generalization). The
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objective is to assess the relevance of MM operations (erosion, dilation, opening, closing etc.) for the
purpose of the generalization of settlement outlines at geographic (i.e. small) scales, to verify them
and based on the results propose and develop further improvements. The project will use data from
the Polish General Geographic Objects Database (corresponding to 1:250 000 scale) as well as initial
generalization rules that exist in the documentation, and which may serve as input generalization
parameters to smaller scales. Additionally, Swisstopo data for the transition from 1:200 000 to
1:500 000 will be used.
Methods, requirements: Implementation in Java or MATLAB (some MM functions already
implemented).
Language: Thesis can be written in German or English (preferably).
Supervisor(s): Robert Weibel, Izabela Karsznia.
Additional remarks: In collaboration with the University of Warsaw.
Using Space Deformation Methods in Generalization for Mobile Mapping
Short description: Mobile maps are ‘egocentric’, that is, centered on the mobile user’s current
position. Likewise, mobile users are often particularly interested in the more immediate surroundings
rather than more distant areas. This suggests an alternative approach to cartographic generalization
for mobile maps: Instead of the conventional approach to generalization, where map objects are
eliminated, simplified, aggregated and displaced, this alternative approach uses space deformation to
enlarge the map space around the user (the so-called focus area), thus locally making room for more
map objects, while compressing the map space in more distant areas (the so-called context). These
methods are also called focus+context techniques, and various approaches exist. In the course of the
recent PhD thesis by Pia Bereuter, we have developed a suite of algorithms and a system for realtime generalization of points data in mobile applications, based on the quadtree data structure. This
quadtree data structure may also be used in conjunction with space deformation methods such as
Laplacian smoothing or area cartogram methods. While some initial steps have been taken in Pia
Bereuter’s PhD project, there is still plenty of room for extensions using and assessing different space
deformation methods, as well as integrating generalization operations in the context areas.
Methods, requirements: This project will require substantial programming in Java or Python and
Processing. Extensive source code (in Java and Processing) is available from Pia Bereuter’s project.
Language: Thesis can be written in German or English.
Supervisor(s): Robert Weibel
Initial readings:
Bereuter, P. & Weibel, R. (2010): Generalisation of point data for mobile devices: A problem-oriented
approach. 11th ICA W’shop on Generalization and Multiple Representation, Zurich, 12-13 Sept 2010.
Bereuter, P. & Weibel, R. (2013): Real-time generalization of point data in mobile and web mapping
using quadtrees. Cartography and Geographic Information Science. 40(4): 271-281
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User Testing of Algorithms for Generalization in Mobile Mapping
Short description: As mentioned in the above topics, a PhD project has recently been completed in
our group by Pia Bereuter, which resulted in a number of novel algorithms for real-time generalization
of point data, such as the point data that are frequently used as foreground in map mashups of
Google Maps and other online map services. In order to achieve real-time performance, some
simplifying assumptions were made in comparison to traditional cartographic generalization, and
alternative approaches, such as space deformation (focus+context methods, see above), or content
zooming (Bereuter et al. 2014), have been introduced.
The questions is now, how effective are these methods in providing information to the mobile user
and supporting his/her information seeking process? How effectively is the user supported in
particular tasks such as wayfinding? How accurately can the user estimate distances, directions and
quantities? In this project, user experiments will be employed to establish evidence about these or
similar questions.
Methods, requirements: This project will focus on user experiments. You should therefore have an
interest in empirical cognitive studies as well as the methods of user testing. Preferably, you have
taken GEO 453 and GEO 454.
Language: Thesis can be written in German or English.
Supervisor(s): Robert Weibel and Sara Fabrikant
Initial readings:
Bereuter, P. & Weibel, R. (2010): Generalisation of point data for mobile devices: A problem-oriented
approach. 11th ICA W’shop on Generalization and Multiple Representation, Zurich, 12-13 Sept 2010.
Bereuter, P., Weibel, R. & Burghardt, D. (2014): Content zooming and information exploration for
mobile maps. International Journal of Geomatics and Spatial Analysis / Revue internationale de
géomatique. 23(3-4).
MSc Projects in Collaboration with swisstopo (swisstopoEDU)
Short description: The Swiss national mapping agency swisstopo has a program for collaboration in
the framework of Masters projects, called swisstopoEDU. In 2013, two MSc students from the GIS
Unit at GIUZ have won a swisstopoEDU award with their respective projects. It would be great to
repeat that experience with new projects.
Methods, requirements: Depending on the topic, different methods will be used and different skills
required. For projects linked to the GIS Unit, the focus will mainly be on topics of digital cartography
(automated generalization and symbolization of TLM data, mobile cartography, geodata in education).
Language: Thesis can be written in German or English.
Supervisor(s): Robert Weibel, with support from the corresponding contact person at swisstopo. Or
other staff member from GIS, GIVA or Gecomputation, depending on the topic chosen.
Additional remarks:
Information about the swisstopoEDU program, as well as a description of currently available topics,
can be found at http://www.swisstopo.admin.ch/internet/swisstopo/de/home/topics/stedu.html
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Spatial Analysis in Linguistics
Interpolation of Swiss German language data between survey sites
Short description: A linguistic survey, such as those conducted for a dialect atlas, can neither be
fully representative of all inhabitants, nor can it be conducted in each and every place. Thus, in
visualization, traditional language atlases use point symbol maps to avoid the problem of interpolating
between the sampled places, which would be necessary when using continuous visualization.
The dataset to be used is the SADS (Syntactic Atlas of German-speaking Switzerland), which is
based on the first ever survey on syntax in Swiss German, conducted in the early 2000s. An
important feature of it is that multiple informants per survey site (median: 5-6) filled in the survey. The
383 survey sites which cover 25% of the German-speaking municipalities of Switzerland. The
objective of this MSc project is to interpolate the probable result for the usage of language in those
75% of places for which no survey data exist.
So far, a Voronoi tessellation is often used to obtain an area class map (similar to a choropleth map),
but this representation introduces abrupt borders, and language doesn’t have borders like that in most
places. Hence, a more suitable interpolation model would use a series of variables that may serve as
proxies of possible language contact, and thus linguistic (dis)similarity between the various places.
This interpolation model could then be used to estimate linguistic properties in between the survey
sites. Possible proxies include commuter balance, administrative borders, travel time to the closest
survey point, topography, historical permeability between survey sites (e.g. religion), etc. The
research question is to find out where and how these effects of proxies bundle and whether a reliable
model can be built to interpolate language data in between survey sites. The essence of this project
would be to find out what tessellation could be used instead of Voronoi polygons for language data,
providing reliable hints to linguists on what linguistic variants exist in a certain place.
Methods, requirements: Statistical analysis and (limited) programming involved, using GIS software
and the R statistical environment. You should also be interested in language, and willing to read into
the basic literature in linguistics and dialectology.
Language: A good command of English is a prerequisite, Swiss German is desirable. The thesis can
be written in German or English.
Supervisors: Robert Weibel, Péter Jeszenszky, and a representative from the German Department
(Prof. Elvira Glaser or Dr. Philipp Stöckle).
Additional remarks: This MSc project will be embedded in the framework of the project SynMod,
which is funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation and jointly pursued by the GIS Unit and
Prof. Elvira Glaser’s group at the German Department of UZH. An own survey for validation purposes
with selected linguistic questions at selected unsurveyed settlements is optional.
More Projects in GIS-based Dialectology and Dialectometry
Short description: Within the scope of SNF project SynMod, more MSc projects using GIScience
methods are possible for students interested in language, in particular dialects. Same setting as in the
above description. More information at http://www.spur.uzh.ch/research/associated/synmod2.html.
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Stratified Analysis of Worldwide Language Distribution
Short description: The worldwide distribution of languages is traditionally assumed to be dependent
on ecological and meteorological factors, such as soil fertility, allowing small societies to be more selfsufficient and thus conserving more particular language systems. This has often been observed and
discussed in the linguistic literature but only rarely been in the focus of geographic analysis.
Over the last years, several collections with detailed information on languages, sometimes with large
spatial coverage and of great linguistic detail were compiled and made available (e.g. www.wals.info).
Such data, in combination with spatial information, offer a great opportunity for investigating some of
the old linguistic questions and thus shed light on how languages are distributed over the world.
The particular focus of this project would be on the impact of stratifications of the spatial information,
in particular relating to spatial scale and resolution and its effect on the explanatory power of different
ecological and meteorological factors. This approach is novel, since state of the art analysis of
language distribution often only incorporates one given stratification and can thus only predict
relatively small fractions of the overall variation of language distribution.
Methods, requirements: Spatial analysis (using R and ArcGIS). Spatial statistics (with R). Little to
moderate programming (Python or Java). Handling of quite large data (since the analysis is global).
Language: Thesis can be written in German or English.
Supervisor(s): Curdin Derungs, Robert Weibel, and a representative from comparative linguistics
(e.g. Prof. Balthasar Bickel or Steven Moran)
Additional remarks: The framing of the project sounds relatively narrow. However, investigations of
language distribution with a focus on stratification effects require rich imagination and bear the
potential for giving the work an individual character. Related MSc projects by GIUZ students: Martina
Köhli (2013); Christian Wirth (2014)  http://www.geo.uzh.ch/en/units/giscience-gis/research/msc-theses
Localizing the Internet – Linking web Ngrams to Geographic Space.
Short description: Ngrams are combinations of n words and nowadays used as a state of the art
approach for structuring large text data. Only recently, Google and Microsoft both made their
collections of Ngrams available, associated with the frequency or probability of each n-word
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combination in the Internet (e.g. Curdin can fly has a probability of 1:10 whereas Seagull can fly is
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10 times more probable). Such data bears great potential for geographic analysis, since it contains
considerable information on how humans perceive the world. At the same time, however, Ngrams
leak important context information, which is needed for resolving their correct meaning (what does it
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mean that Curdin is 10 times less probable to fly compared to seagulls? Could we find proof for this
number through empirical experiments!?).
This project aims at introducing context information to Ngrams by relating Ngrams with geolocations.
A potential result could consist of a query engine that allows drawing maps from arbitrary words and
word combinations, representing where words are used in the internet. Such a system has the
potential of making the sheer amount of information in the internet available for further spatial analysis.
Methods, requirements: Ngrams come as very large data, which requires the development of
sophisticated strategies for data handling. Important building blocks are: Spatial indexing of Ngrams
(using Java or Python), quantitative analysis of big data and spatial statistics (with R).
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Language: Thesis can be written in German or English.
Supervisor(s): Curdin Derungs, Robert Weibel or Ross Purves, potentially an additional supervisor
from computer linguistics (e.g. Prof. Martin Volk)
Additional remarks: The use of Ngrams for geographic analysis has only started very recently. The
list of potential topics for a GIS master thesis, using Ngrams, is thus considerably long. The above
sketched idea is most relevant to us, but it could also be stretched in one or another direction!
Historic Geographic Information from Text Documents - or, Law and Order in
Switzerland over the last 1000 years
Short description: Modelling future scenarios, for instance of climate or society, requires deep
understanding of the past, which is dependent on the availability of historic spatial information. Short
time spans, such as decades, are well covered by sensory information, for instance compiled using
remote sensing techniques. For longer time spans, however, only relatively few data sources are
available, examples are dendrochronology, ice core samples or soil measures. These methods
usually only cover small numbers of variables.
The probably largest and richest source of historic information that has a direct link to humans and
how they describe nature, society or culture is text. Text documents can date back several hundred
and sometimes even some 1000 years. Only recently, many large collections of text documents were
digitized and thus made available. Two such examples are Google Ngrams for Books, which comes
as word combinations and their frequency in some 20 million books, aggregated per year and
covering the last 500 years. This is immense data with almost no associated context information.
Another example are accounts of legal decisions in Switzerland. These texts reach back to
approximately 800 AD and contain detailed information on society, culture and potentially nature.
The umbrella question for this master thesis is, if historic text could serve as a means for retrieving
and structuring spatial information, such that it could be further use in the context of modelling future
scenarios. The extraction and structuring of information will be automatic and thus requires
sophisticated methods for dealing with unstructured information. The major challenge is the historic
context of the data that is often not known, we thus collaborate with linguists that have more
experiences and better knowledge of data and techniques.
Methods, requirements: Text parsing and application of further methodologies developed in
geographic information retrieval and computer linguistics require the implementation of programs,
ideally developed in Java, Python or R. Structuring unstructured data is challenging and not only
affords good programming skills but also a vivid imagination.
Language: Thesis can be written in German or English.
Supervisor(s): Curdin Derungs, Robert Weibel or Ross Purves, Michail Piotrovski (the linguist who
compiled to corpus of historic legal accounts for Switzerland and currently heads the digital
humanities group in Mainz)
Additional remarks: The framing of the project sounds relatively narrow. However, investigations of
language distribution with focus on stratification effects require rich imagination and bear a great
potential for individual orientation.
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Movement Analysis and Simulation
Movement Analysis for Leopard Ecology and Conservation
Short description: In the Khutse Game Reserve in Botswana, the Leopard Ecology & Conservation
project (www.leopard.ch) is studying the ecology of leopards and lions, with the aim of developing a
better understanding of the ecology and behavior of these large cats, as well as developing strategies
for their conservation. Since 2001, the project has collected GPS tracking data about leopards in the
study area. As leopards share their habitat with lions and the two species are potential competitors
and predators, GPS telemetry data has also been collected about lions since 2007. The time interval
between the lion location records is substantially shorter than that of the leopards because lions are
able to carry a larger battery pack. Typically lion locations are recorded at half hourly or hourly
intervals, with additional activity (i.e. accelerometer) data at 5 minute intervals. Leopard GPS data are
typically at 3 to 5 hour intervals.
These data are available but so far haven’t been analysed in detail. Possible research questions that
may be addressed include: Is there a difference in movement metrics (e.g. rate of movement and
turning angle) of animals inside Protected Areas (Game Reserves) and in conflict areas (outside
Protected Areas)? If so, is there a difference in the energetic costs and risks associated with the two
areas? Is it possible to look at distribution patterns and movements of leopards relative to lions?
Predator kill sites are defined by clusters of location data points since predators spend quite a long
time at those locations. Is it possible to detect differences in movement patterns before (hunting) and
after (non-hunting) kills to better define these kill sites?
Methods, requirements: Depending on the focus of the project, a mix of statistical analysis and
machine learning in R and/or Matlab, and possibly programming of additional movement analysis
algorithms in Java or Python. Thus, you are not afraid of statistics and some (limited) programming.
And you are willing to read into the literature about the ecology of large cats.
Language: a good command of English is a prerequisite.
Supervisor(s): Robert Weibel, Christian Gschwend; Monika Schiess-Meier (Institute of Evolutionary
Biology and Environmental Studies UZH; Leopard Ecology & Conservation project)
Additional remarks: A field visit to the Khutse Game Reserve in Botswana is an option.
Behavioral classification of movement data
Short description: Tracking data recording the trajectories of animal movement are becoming
increasingly available nowadays, together with data collected from other sensors (accelerometer, etc).
In different domains of movement ecology, the interest is on extraction of behaviors from such
trajectories and possibly linking them to the environmental factors or to the patterns extracted from
other sensors. Although the data might refer to different species, the aims of behavioral classification
remain the same: developing methods that are capable of detecting relevant behaviors in trajectories
of animal movement. This can be accomplished through segmentation of trajectories into different
sections, analysis of movement parameters (speed, acceleration, turning angle, etc.), and the use of
machine learning algorithms for the classification.
Potential working datasets: We are currently collaborating with three groups of ecologists, who
have collected the data but have not analysed their data in detail yet, particularly not with respect to
spatio-temporal analysis. The potential research topics for working with these groups can be:
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Behavioral segmentation of lynx movement trajectories: in collaboration with KORA (Carnivore
Ecology and Wildlife Management), www.kora.ch/. In this project, you will work with GPS data of
lynx movement in the Swiss Alpin and the aim will be to distinguish biologically relevant
movement patterns in the data (e.g. stationary vs. non-stationary movements). For some subset
of the data, the corresponding snow-tracking data of lynx is available to validate the results.
Analysis of predation risk in roe deer movement (In collaboration with the Institute of Evolutionary
Biology and Environmental Studies, UZH). The data relates to GPS tracking data of roe deer,
where the main interest will be to link behaviors extracted from accelerometer (vigilance behavior,
defined as the state where the animal is watching for potential predators while it is foraging) to the
environment. This will be considered as a way to analyse the trade-off between food resources
and predation risk.
Integration of activity and GPS data for multi-scale temporal pattern mining of roe deer movement
(in collaboration with the Research and Innovation Centre - Fondazione Edmund Mach, Italy,
www.eurodeer.org/). The data will be collected in Cartouche - Toulouse, where a Wireless Sensor
Network (WSN) is set up to monitor animal activities, while being tracked through GPS as well.
The goal will be to detect and study movement patterns occurring at multiple scales and find the
relationship between them and the activity data.
Within the scope of COST Action IC0903 “Knowledge Discovery from Moving Objects”, a large
research network on movement data analysis consisting of 40+ groups all over Europe, which was
initiated by the GIS Unit, more concrete MSc projects could be launched on other types of moving
objects (incl. pedestrians, vehicles, vessels etc.), depending on the interest of the student(s). See
www.move-cost.info.
Methods, requirements: Quantitative movement analysis; machine learning (using RapidMiner);
statistical analysis (using R); programming in R and/or Matlab (or Python or Java)
Language: A good command of English is a prerequisite, as you will be collaborating with
international groups.
Supervisor(s): Robert Weibel, Ali Soleymani and the corresponding ecology expert
Additional remarks: A visit to the field site(s) of the species under study is an option.
Navigation Behavior and Obstacle Avoidance in Animal Movement
Short description: Simulation of animal movement in complex scenes requires avoiding obstacles in
a realistic manner. The task is to identify the factors affecting the route selection (species characteristics, speed, internal state, etc.), use statistics and path finding techniques (multidimensional scaling,
shortest path algorithms, cross-entropy, conditional distributions, etc.) and develop an algorithm to
model how the animal can avoid given obstacles.
Methods, requirements: Depending on the focus, a combination of spatial statistics and empirical
analysis in R and/or Python, and extending an algorithm for animal movement simulation already
developed in Python inhouse. You are not afraid of statistics and getting your hands “dirty” with some
programming. Some basic reading in the field of movement ecology will be necessary.
Language: A good command of English is a prerequisite.
Supervisor(s): Robert Weibel, Georgios Technitis
Additional remarks: Various animal movement datasets are available. Collaboration with the Max
Planck Institute for Ornithology, Radolfszell (D).
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GIS for Protected Areas
Mapping Spatial Memories
Short description: In previous work, involving participatory mapping of land-use change in the Val
Muestair we calculated that the farmers remembered the fields used for arable farming 20 years ago
with an average precision of 50 to 55%. But how high would the value be for more recent changes? In
order to better understand the strengths and weaknesses of map-based questionnaires, we propose
a multi-timepoint mapping exercise. Participatory Mapping (PM) could be used to assess past
situations in areas where there is only little or no data about historical states available. So far, we
made good experiences mapping land-use change in alpine regions. However, PM can also be used
in resources management, city planning and land ownership conflicts.
Methods, requirements: First, one needs to choose a suitable topic. It must have affected the
targeted participants in some way, and should be of interest to the researcher. Example themes could
be land-use change, flooding, city growth, or transportation networks. The theme must have had
changes, which occurred in a suitable timeframe (1 to 50 years), on a manageable scale (roughly
between 5 and 70 km²). It must allow reconstructing a likely situation at a minimum of 3 timepoints in
the past, using data from e.g. the literature, historical records, and old photographs. Then, a number
of Participants (≥ 15) are asked to map the situation at these timepoints according to their memories.
They are further asked to state how certain they are. The aggregated information of the participants is
then compared to data-driven scenarios.
Language: Thesis can be written in German or English.
Supervisor(s): Beni Rohrbach, Robert Weibel
Additional remarks: You could alaso include a scenario projected into the future, for which you have
an independent data source (e.g. expert statements, models or some other kind of reliable forecast).
Or you might offer different mapping scales to the participants, to see whether events further in the
past are more likely mapped at coarser scales.
Land use change: Perceptions and Values
Short description: Land use changes over time, but is that bad? How do different groups of people
perceive change? The Swiss mountains are a good opportunity to study such questions due to a
considerable land-use change in recent decades. Since 1990, the area used for arable farming
declined by about 50%. Now, the new federal Agricultural Policy 2014 (AP14) includes so-called
regional landscape quality payments. In the project proposal, landscape quality must be defined and
measurements to increase the quality must be proposed. But how do you do that? Our research in
human environment systems investigates combinations of methods from GIScience and Human
Geography: We let farmers mark landscape changes on maps (using a participatory GIS, or PGIS)
and talk about influences and reasons of the changes occurred.
One possible way of looking at landscape quality is by the landscape service concept. Services are
benefits to humans, such as recreation, water purification, food – analogously to ecosystem services.
Sometimes, the benefits are consumed distant from their provision, as is for example the case with
carbon sequestration. However, we don‘t know very well how to handle effects at different spatial and
temporal scales. Here, PGIS could work as an interface.
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Defining landscape quality is a process concerning many aspects and involving different actors. Such
processes are prone to fail: Misunderstandings, conflicting goals, interests and beliefs are likely to
occur. At the same time, collaborating with various actors fosters capacity building, produces more
legitimate results and strengthens democracy. To foster transdisciplinary collaboration, we investigate
spatially explicit methods, such as PGIS.
Methods, requirements: A field trip lasts 2-3 weeks, with eventually 1 to 2 shorter visits before and
after. So far, we used paper and pencil methods, but are open to other solutions, especially for
technically versatile students. We made good experience combining mapping with expert interviews,
focus groups, stakeholder workshops, and questionnaires. The sample depends on the student’s
interest: General public, farmers, tourists, certified experts…
We will define the study area with the student. It must be a region of suitable size and where a land
use change occurred recently, or occurs soon. Preferably in the Italian or French speaking part of
Switzerland, as our 2 previous studies were in the German and Romansh speaking part.
Language: Students with good command of the Italian or French language are thus preferred.
However, we do expect the thesis to be written in English or German.
Supervisor(s): Beni Rohrbach, Robert Weibel, Norman Backhaus
Additional remarks: This is a joint MSc thesis between human geography (N. Backhaus) and
GIScience (R. Weibel). B. Rohrbach (PhD candidate, GIScience) presently works on a related topic.
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