YES-DC Biofuels for Transport May 21, 2014 Dan Veen – Senior Business Developer TNO With great help from my colleague Mr Ruud Verbeek 2 May 21, 2014 Dan Veen YES-DC Biofuels for Transport Introduction – TNO in 1 minute • TNO = Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research • Independent contract research organisation • 3700 persons • 3 clusters of expertise • Turnover approx. 600 M€ Activities include: • Consultancy • Contract research • Testing and certification • Licences • Performing statutory assignments 3 May 21, 2014 Dan Veen YES-DC Biofuels for Transport 4 May 21, 2014 Dan Veen YES-DC Biofuels for Transport 5 May 21, 2014 Dan Veen YES-DC Biofuels for Transport TNO: High Tech Maritime & Offshore Structural Dynamics Lab. Corrosion & fouling lab. Shock & Vibrations lab. Free fall Lifeboat lab Hyperbaric chambers Windtunnel facility Acoustic lab & basin HF & Desdemona Offshore teams Blast & Ballistic Research Lab. MORE … .Pyrotechnics Lab. Arctic climate chamber Fire test site Advanced CD&E Environment ACE 6 May 21, 2014 Dan Veen YES-DC Biofuels for Transport Today’s Menu 1. Fuel options 2. Opportunities and uncertainties 3. Environmental Aspects 4. Wrap-up and recommendations 7 May 21, 2014 Dan Veen YES-DC Biofuels for Transport Alternative fuels for road transport Fossil alternatives More sustainable alternatives Natural Gas: CNG or LNG LPG Bio-methane/biogas Bio-ethanol GTL (Gas To Liquid) Bio-diesel HVO (Hydro treatment Vegetable Oil) BTL Electricity H2 Electricity H2 DME Bio-methanol 8 May 21, 2014 Dan Veen YES-DC Biofuels for Transport Same sources can be transferred to different fuels primary energy source energy carrier application fossil petrol / diesel / LPG fossil + CO2-storage methane biomass liquid biofuels conventional and hybrid vehicles sun/wind/water/geo hydrogen fuel cell vehicles nuclear electricity battery-electric vehicles Biofuels most often blended Popular biofuels (blends) “diesel replacement”: Biodiesel: methyl esters: FAME. FAEE HVO: Hydrotreatment Vegetable Oil BTL: Biomass to Liquid “petrol replacement” Bio-Ethanol 9 Dan Veen YES-DC Biofuels for Transport Within fuel specification Maximum 0-7% 0 - 30% 0 - 30% 100% 100% 100% 0 - 5% 5 - 10% 0 – 85% 100% May 21, 2014 10 May 21, 2014 Dan Veen YES-DC Biofuels for Transport Energy storage capacity for (conventional) liquid fuels Lower Energy Content per liter 11 May 21, 2014 Dan Veen YES-DC Biofuels for Transport Energy-content decides practical use Personenauto woon-werk Stadsbus Lange-afstand Binnenvaart Kustvaart Distributietruck truck schip schip Vloeibare brandstof LNG LPG CNG / H2 Accu / elektrisch 10 100 1000 10000 Nuttige aandrijfenergie [MJ/dag] 100000 1000000 12 May 21, 2014 Dan Veen YES-DC Biofuels for Transport Chain-efficiency for maritime propulsion fuels Propulsion efficiency comparable for all fuels, huge differences in production efficiency Source: Alternative fuels for sea shipping, TNO. 2011 13 May 21, 2014 Dan Veen YES-DC Biofuels for Transport Cost and energy content Study: Alternative fuels for sea shipping, 2011, ECN/TNO Fuel Costs [Euro/ton] Costs [Euro/GJ] Maturity production Lower heating value Energy Yield efficien. [ton/ ha] Yield [GJ/ha] Pure Plant Oil(PPO) 900-1000 24-27 Commercial ~37 MJ/kg 63% 1.5 56 Bio diesel 960-1110 25-30 Commercial ~37 MJ/kg 55% BTL 800-1300 19-32 Pilot/ demo. ~43 MJ/kg 56% 2.4 100 Pyrolysis liquid 160-300 10-18 demonstrat. ~16-17 MJ/kg 70% 5-7 81-114 Liquid H2 2200-3300 18-28 Commercial 120 MJ/kg -- LNG 330-440 6.4-8.5 Commercial ~52 MJ/kg HFO 495 - 520 12.2 -12.7 Commercial ~41 MJ/kg MDO 520 - 715 12 - 16 Commercial ~43 MJ/kg MGO 725 17 Commercial ~43 MJ/kg 41-47% 14 May 21, 2014 Dan Veen YES-DC Biofuels for Transport Today’s Menu 1. Fuel options 2. Opportunities and uncertainties 3. Environmental Aspects 4. Wrap-up and recommendations 15 May 21, 2014 Dan Veen YES-DC Biofuels for Transport Opportunities and uncertainties Opportunities (bio) LNG CNG Low emissions Lower Noise levels LPG Lower CO2 than petrol GTL HVO Usage in exisiting fleet Lower air emissions BioUsage in exisiting fleet (as diesel low blend) Uncertainties ∆ price with diesel Future pricing LNG hardware Distribution-infrastructure Methane emission LNG quality HVO: CO2 advantage / ILUC CO2 advantage / ILUC 16 May 21, 2014 Dan Veen YES-DC Biofuels for Transport Opportunities and uncertainties Opportunities Uncertainties High efficiency on cars / dynamic use Zero local emission, low noise Distribution-infrastructure slowly developing Batteries need (lot of) improvement H2 High efficiency on cars / dynamic use Zero local emission, low noise Efficiency Price Distribution-infrastructure Safety Bioethanol Very good octane improvement For use in existing and new fleet as blend Increase blending limit above E10 Electric 17 May 21, 2014 Dan Veen YES-DC Biofuels for Transport Today’s Menu 1. Fuel options 2. Opportunities and uncertainties 3. Environmental Aspects 4. Wrap-up and recommendations 18 May 21, 2014 Dan Veen YES-DC Biofuels for Transport Long distance truck, CO2 Based on EURO VI+ technology Source: “Natural Gas in Transport” 2013 19 May 21, 2014 Dan Veen YES-DC Biofuels for Transport Short Sea Ship, CO2 Up to 20% lower CO2eq using LNG (depending on methane emissions) Source: “Natural Gas in Transport” 2013 20 May 21, 2014 Dan Veen YES-DC Biofuels for Transport Short Sea Ship Based on 2020 technology in ECA Higher NOx with MGO when Tier III is postponed Source: “Natural Gas in Transport” 2013 21 May 21, 2014 Dan Veen YES-DC Biofuels for Transport Deep Sea ship Based on 2020 technology, non- ECA Source: “Natural Gas in Transport” 2013 22 May 21, 2014 Dan Veen YES-DC Biofuels for Transport Today’s Menu 1. Fuel options 2. Opportunities and uncertainties 3. Environmental Aspects 4. Wrap-up and recommendations 23 May 21, 2014 Dan Veen YES-DC Biofuels for Transport Comparison of fossil and alternative fuels for sea shipping Price Future Practical Bunk- Pollutant GHG availability application ering emissions* emission HFO ++ ++ ++ ++ -- o MDO + ++ ++ ++ -- o MGO - + ++ ++ - - LNG ++ ++ o o + + PPO + o ++ o o ++ Biodiesel (FAME) HVO / BTL + o + o o ++ -/o - ++ - o ++ + + o -/o - ++ - - / ++ -- -- -- ++ -/+ Pyrolysis liquid Liquid H2 / fuel cell * upgrade to ++ for all fuels possible with appropriate exhaust after-treatment. 24 May 21, 2014 Dan Veen YES-DC Biofuels for Transport Highest quality fossil/renewable to be used in road transport HFO ++ up to 2015 + Pyrolysis liquid ++ + MGO ++ MDO LNG ++ ++ ++ PPO ++ ++ ++ Biodiesel (FAME) ++ ++ + HVO / BTL ++ ++ ++ Ethanol H2 / fuel cell ++ Electric trucks Passenger cars city bus Port ship canal cruise ECA Inland ship non-ECA Short sea non road Source: Alternative fuels for sea shipping, 2011 Deep sea 25 May 21, 2014 Dan Veen YES-DC Biofuels for Transport Recommendations Use bio fuels in segments, where they perform best in terms of energy efficiency and costs compared to conventional fuels Choose a limited number of options on European Level, due to infrastructure / legislation / vehicle costs / technology development / market acceptance Long term policies of governments essential
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