KOREAN PHRASING AND PHONOLOGICAL RULES Sun-Ah Jun (The Phonetics and Phonology of Korean Prosody: intonational phonology and prosodic structure, Garland Publishing Inc., 1996) describes intonational patterns in spoken Korean. Korean allows a certain amount of flexibility in the intonational patterns (portions of an utterance that start at a higher pitch and drop to a lower pitch). Jun recognizes two types of phrases: accentual phrase (AP) and intonational phrase (IP). Every utterance begins as an IP, but within an utterance, there may be more than one IP, generally corresponding to a largish syntactic boundary. Within an IP, there may be several AP’s, usually two or three syllables long and usually aligned with small syntactic breaks, including a break between words within a phrase. Here are pitch tracks showing a sentence broken into several AP’s and a sentence showing a IP break, with a sharp pitch drop at the end of the first IP. Accentual Phrases (Jun 1993:96) Intonational Phrase (Jun 1993:145) ‘Have you seen father entering the room?’ As for the Kwangju woman, her personality is really nice. It turns out that, aside from the pitch patterns, AP’s and IP’s have consequences for phonological rules. Among Korean phonological rules are the following: !-sonorant $ #-continuant & LAX STOP VOICING: # &  [+voice] / [+sonorant]___[+syllabic] -tense #"-spr glottis &% for example, /pap/ ‘rice’ + /i/ nominative  [pabi] ‘rice-nominative’; /ʃin/ ‘footwear’ + /pal/ ‘foot, leg’  [ʃinbal] ‘shoes’ STOP NASALIZATION: !-sonorant $ !(+sonorant)$ #"-continuant &%  #"+nasal &% / ___[+nasal] for example, /mɔk/ ‘eat’ + /-ni/ question  [mɔŋni] ‘is eating?’; /pap/ ‘rice’ + /mul/ ‘water’  [pammul] ‘rice water’ IMPORTANT! Depending on speaker intention, speed of speech, and other factors speakers may break their utterances into APs and IPs of different lengths. Besides the intonation patterns seen in the pitch tracings in the diagrams above, it is possible to locate AP and IP boundaries based on whether or not segmental rules have applied.1 1 Examples 1(a-b) and 3(a-b) are from Jun (1996), pages 92-93 and 146 respectively. Many thanks to Jieun Kim for providing the other examples and judgments on phrasing. I. LAX STOP VOICING always applies within a word (a root plus an affix, such as [pabi] ‘rice-nominative’, or the two words of a compound, such as [ʃinbal] ‘shoes’). However, this rule is blocked by an AP boundary. Locate the AP boundaries in the following utterances, which show different phrasing possibilities. ENCLOSE EACH AP IN PARENTHESES. 1(a): kɔmɯn kojaŋi-e palmok 1(b): kɔmɯn gojaŋi-e balmok black cat-’s ‘black cat’s ankle’ ankle 2(a): nanɯn t͡ʃagɯn gɔmiɽɯl poatta 2(b): nanɯn t͡ʃagɯn gɔmiɽɯl boatta 2(c): nanɯn t͡ʃagɯn kɔmiɽɯl poatta me-top small spider saw ‘I saw a small spider’ Consonants that show the blocking effect of AP boundaries are underlined. 1(a): (kɔmɯn) (kojaŋi-e) (palmok) 1(b): (kɔmɯn gojaŋi-e balmok) 2(a): (nanɯn) (t͡ʃagɯn gɔmiɽɯl) (poatta) 2(b): (nanɯn) (t͡ʃagɯn gɔmiɽɯl boatta) 2(c): (nanɯn) (t͡ʃagɯn) (kɔmiɽɯl) (poatta) II. STOP NASALIZATION applies within words (root+affix, such as [mɔŋni] ‘is eating?’, the words of a compound, such as [pammul] ‘rice water’, AND between APs). However, this rule is blocked by an IP boundary. Locate the AP and IP boundaries in the following utterances, which show different phrasing possibilities. ENCLOSE EACH AP IN PARENTHESES AND EACH IP IN {}. 3(a): kɯ kwaŋd͡ʒut͡tek maɯms͡si-ga nɔmu d͡ʒotʰɔɽa 3(b): kɯ kwaŋd͡ʒut͡teŋ maɯms͡si-ga nɔmu d͡ʒotʰɔɽa this Kwanju woman personality-nom. really be-nice ‘this Kwanju woman’s personality is really nice’ 4(a): kɯ mɔgɯmd͡ʒiksɯɽewun bam mewu t͡ʃal dweɔssk͡kuna 4(b): kɯ mɔgɯmd͡ʒiksɯɽewun bap mewu t͡ʃal dweɔssk͡kuna this delicious-looking rice very well accomplish-past-emphatic ‘how very well done this delicious-looking rice is!’ Consonants that show the blocking effect of AP boundaries are underlined, those that show the blocking effect of IP boundaries have double underline. 3(a): {(kɯ) (kwaŋd͡ʒut͡tek)} {(maɯms͡si-ga) (nɔmu d͡ʒotʰɔɽa)} 3(b): {(kɯ) (kwaŋd͡ʒut͡teŋ) (maɯms͡si-ga) (nɔmu d͡ʒotʰɔɽa)} 4(a): {(kɯ mɔgɯmd͡ʒiksɯɽewun bam) (mewu) (t͡ʃal dweɔssk͡kuna)} 4(b): {(kɯ mɔgɯmd͡ʒiksɯɽewun bap)} {(mewu) (t͡ʃal dweɔssk͡kuna)} III. The following examples show the different effect of AP and IP boundaries. Three of the four comprise a single IP, but one has an internal IP boundary. Find the AP boundaries and identify the one that has an internal IP boundary. 5(a): hinssalpam mani mɔgɔs͡sɔ 5(b): hinssalpap mani mɔgɔs͡sɔ 5(c): hinssalpab ɔdi mɔgɔs͡sɔ? 5(d): hinssalpap ɔdi mɔgɔs͡sɔ? cooked-polished-rice a lot (he) ate cooked-polished-rice where did (he) eat 5(a): {(hinssalpam) (mani mɔgɔs͡sɔ)} 5(b): {(hinssalpap)} {(mani mɔgɔs͡sɔ)} 5(c): {(hinssalpab ɔdi mɔgɔs͡sɔ?)} 5(d): {(hinssalpap) (ɔdi mɔgɔs͡sɔ?)} ‘he at a lot of polished rice’ ‘where did he eat the polished rice?’