chapter 7 - Shodhganga

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v/;k; & lIre~
Es
fu"d"kZ ,oa lq>ko
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v/;k; & lIre~
fu"d"kZ ,oa lq>ko
izLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u esa tuin uSuhrky ds fodkl[k.M gY}kuh ds 'kgjh
,oa xzkeh.k {ks= ds p;fur O;olk;ksa esa dk;Zjr 300 vlaxfBr Jfedksa dk
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v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA 'kks/kkfFkZuh }kjk fodkl[k.M gY}kuh esa 150 vlaxfBr
Jfed 'kgjh {ks= ls rFkk 150 vlaxfBr Jfed xzkeh.k {ks= ls lfEefyr fd;s
x;s gSaA ftuls vuqlwph] lk{kkRdkj] lewg fo'ys"k.k (Group Discussion) ds
ek/;e ls leadksa dk ,d=hdj.k dj Jfedksa dh vk;&O;; rFkk vkfFkZd ,oa
lkekftd fLFkfr ,oa leL;kvksa dks tkuus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA 'kks/kkfFkZuh
te
dks 'kks/k ds v/;;u ls ;g ns[kus dks feyk fd 'kks/k {ks= esa dk;Zjr vlaxfBr
Jfedksa dh vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd fLFkfr dkQh n;uh; gS] f'k{kk dk Lrj] dk;Z
dk Lrj fuEu gSA vf/kdka'k Jfed vLoLF; jgrs gSaA losZf{kr fu;kstuksa esa
Es
dk;Zjr vlaxfBr Jfedksa dh LokLF; lEcU/kh lqfo/kkvksa dh O;oLFkk ugha gS] ihus
ds fy, LoPN is;ty dh O;oLFkk ugha gSA fu;kstdksa }kjk vlaxfBr Jfedksa ds
fy, dkj[kkuk vf/kfu;e ds rgr iznÙk izko/kkuksa dks ykxw ugha fd;k tk jgk gSA
Jfed _.kh gSa] Jfedksa dk LokLF; [kjkc jgrk gS] losru vodk'k dh O;oLFkk
ugha gSa] bu Jfedksa dh HkrhZ jkstxkj dk;kZy;ksa }kjk ugha dh tk jgh gSA Bsdns kjksa
}kjk budh fu;qfDr dh tk jgh gS] Jfedksa dh fu;fer mifLFkfr dks fu;kstdksa
}kjk iDds jftLVj esa ugha n'kkZ;k tkrk gS rFkk muds gLrk{kj Hkh ugha djk;s
tkrs gSaA fu;kstdksa ds }kjk dsoy vius Lrj ls gh bu Jfedksa dh mifLFkfr ntZ
dh tkrh gSA Jfedksa dks U;wure etnwjh dk Kku ugha gS] Jfedksa }kjk Je la?kksa
dk fuekZ.k ugha fd;k tk jgk gSA Jfedksa dks fu;ksDrkvksa ds ncko esa dke djuk
iM+rk gS D;ksafd mudh fu;qfDr Bsdsnkjksa }kjk dh tkrh gS] blfy;s viuh
leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ds fy;s fdlh izdkj dk laxBu ugha cuk ikrsA ;|fi
izFke Je vk;ksx }kjk vkS|ksfxd la?k"kksZa ds lek/kku ds fy, lkewfgd lkSnsckth
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}kjk lHkh leL;kvksa ds fujkdj.k djus dh ckr dgh x;h Fkh] ysfdu Jfed
bldk egRo ugha le> ikrs gSa vkSj os viuk la?k ugha cuk ikrs gSaA blds lkFk
gh Jfed viuh leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ds fy, fu;ksDrkvksa ds lkeus cgl ugha
dj ikrs gSaA Jfedksa dh bu leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ds fy, ljdkj }kjk d<+s
dne mBkus pkfg, vkSj fu;kstdksa dks dBksj n.M fn;k tkuk pkfg,A bu
Jfedksa dks fu;kstdksa }kjk dk;ZLFky ls vkokl rd vkus&tkus ds fy, ifjogu
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dh O;oLFkk dh tk; vkSj Je la?k cukus ds fy, f}rh; Je vk;ksx ds izko/kkuksa
dk d<+kbZ ls ykxw fd;k tk;A f}rh; Je vk;ksx }kjk vlaxfBr Jfedksa dh
leL;vksa ds lek/kku ds fy, tks lq>ko fn;s x;s gSa] ;|fi mudksa ljdkj }kjk
eku fy;k x;k gS] ijUrq 'kks/kkfFkZuh }kjk ftu fu;kstuksa esa dk;Zjr vlaxfBr
Jfedksa dk v/;;u fd;k x;k muesa f}rh; Je vk;ksx ds izko/kkuksa dks ykxw
te
ugha fd;k x;kA Jfedksa }kjk 'kks/kkfFkZuh dks losZa ds nkSjku ;g voxr djk;k
x;k fd ljdkj }kjk dHkh Hkh fdlh izdkj dk fujh{k.k bu fu;kstdksa esa ugha
fd;k tkrk] lkFk gh bu Jfedksa ls 8&12 ?kaVksa rd dk;Z djk;k tkrk gS]
ftld fy, vfrfjDr etnwjh Hkh ugha nh tkrh gS vkSj lkFk gh fdlh izdkj dk
Es
izksRlkgu Hkh ugha fn;k tkrk gSA ftlds dkj.k bu Jfedksa dk thou&Lrj
dkQh fuEu gSA
vUrjkZT;h; vk/kkj ij losZf{kr vlaxfBr Jfedksa dk v/;;u djus ij
Kkr gksrk gS fd U;kn'kZ 'kgjh {ks= esa losZf{kr vlaxfBr Jfedksa ds 51 izfr'kr
vlaxfBr Jfed mÙkjk[k.M ds ewy fuoklh gSa vkSj 32 izfr'kr mÙkj&izns'k ds
06 izfr'kr fcgkj ds gSa vkSj 11 izfr'kr if'peh caxky ds ewy fuoklh gSa] tcfd
xzkeh.k {ks= esa fd 27 izfr'kr Jfed mÙkjk[k.M ds fuoklh gSa vkSj 61 izfr'kr
mÙkj&izns'k ,oa 11 izfr'kr fcgkj ds ewy fuoklh gSa vkSj 01 izfr'kr Jfed
if'peh caxky ls vk;s gq;s gSA v/;;u ls ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd nksuksa {ks=ksa
esa mÙkjk[k.M ds ewy fuokfl;ksa dh vis{kk vU; jkT;ksa ds Jfed vf/kd dk;Zjr
gSaA
vUrjkZ"Vªh; vk/kkj ij losZf{kr vlaxfBr Jfedksa dk v/;;u djus ij
Kkr gksrk gS fd U;kn'kZ 'kgjh {ks= esa losZf{kr vlaxfBr Jfedksa esa 99 izfr'kr
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Hkkjrh; gSa vkSj 1-00 izfr'kr usikyh Jfed gSa] tcfd xzkeh.k {ks= esa losZf{kr
vlaxfBr Jfed 95 izfr'kr Hkkjrh; gSa vkSj ek= 05 izfr'kr usikyh Jfed
dk;Zjr gSaA 'kgjh {ks= dh vis{kk xzkeh.k {ks= esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; Jfedksa dh la[;k
vf/kd gSA
/keZ ds vk/kkj ij U;kn'kZ 'kgjh {ks= esa losZf{kr vlaxfBr Jfedksa esa 63
izfr'kr fgUnw gSa vkSj 33 izfr'kr eqfLye Jfed gSa vkSj 4 izfr'kr flD[k Jfed
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dk;Zjr gSa] tcfd xzkeh.k {ks= esa losZf{kr vlaxfBr Jfedksa esa 96 izfr'kr fgUnw
gSa] 4 izfr'kr eqfLye gSaA blls ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd 'kgjh {ks= esa lHkh
/keksZa ds Jfed xzkeh.k {ks= dh vis{kk vf/kd dk;Zjr gSaA
tkfr ds vk/kkj ij U;kn'kZ 'kgjh {ks= esa losZf{kr vlaxfBr Jfedksa dk
v/;;u djus ij Kkr gksrk gS 28 izfr'kr czkºe.k ¼mPp&tkfr½ gSa vkSj 55
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izfr'kr vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkfr ds Jfed gSa rFkk 17 izfr'kr vYi&la[;d
oxZ ds Jfed dk;Zjr gSa] tcfd xzkeh.k {ks= esa losZf{kr vlaxfBr Jfedksa esa 40
izfr'kr czkºe.k ¼mPp&tkfr½ gSa] 35 izfr'kr vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkfr oxZ ds
gSa vkSj 25 izfr'kr vYi&la[;d oxZ ds Jfed dk;Zjr gSaA blls ;g fu"d"kZ
Es
fudyrk gS fd 'kgjh {ks= esa xzkeh.k {ks= dh vis{kk mPp&tkfr vFkkZr czkºe.kksa
dh rqyuk esa vU; tkfr ds Jfed vf/kd dk;Zjr gSaA
U;kn'kZ 'kgjh {ks= esa vk;q oxZ ds vk/kkj ij losZf{kr vlaxfBr Jfedksa dh
vkSlr vk;q 30 o"kZ gS] tcfd U;kn'kZ xzkeh.k {ks= esa Jfedksa dh vkSlr vk;q 36
o"kZ gSA fu"d"kZ ;g fudyrk gS fd 'kgjh {ks= dh vis{kk xzkeh.k {ks= esa Jfedksa
dh vkSlr vk;q vf/kd gS D;ksafd 'kgjh {ks= esa de vk;q esa gh dke dh ryk'k
djus yxrs gSa vkSj xzkeh.k {ks= ls Hkh Jfed loZizFke dke dh ryk'k esa 'kgj
dh vksj iyk;u djrs gSaA dqN le; dke djus ds i'pkr ;s fQj vius xk¡o
ykSV tkrs gSa vkSj xk¡o esa gh dke djus yxrs gSaA blfy;s xzkeh.k {ks= esa vkSlr
vk;q vf/kd gSA
dk;Z ds ?kaVksa ds vk/kkj ij v/;;u djus ij Kkr gksrk gS fd U;kn'kZ
U;kn'kZ 'kgjh {ks= esa losZf{kr vlaxfBr Jfedksa esa 08 ?kaVs dk;Z djus okys Jfed
dk izfr'kr 68 gSaA 10 ?kaVs dk;Z djus okys Jfed 15 izfr'kr rFkk 12 ?kaVs dk;Z
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djus okys Jfed 17 izfr'kr gSa] tcfd xzkeh.k {ks= esa losZf{kr vlaxfBr Jfedksa
esa 08 ?kaVs dk;Z djus okys Jfed 93 izfr'kr gSA 'kgjh {ks= esa dk;Zjr Jfed
xzkeh.k {ks= dh vis{kk esa vf/kd le; rd dke djrs gSa] fdUrq fu;ksDrkvksa }kjk
Jfedksa dks dk;Z ds vuqlkj etnwjh ugha nh tkrh gSA
oSokfgd fLFkfr ds vk/kkj ij v/;;u djus ls ;g Kkr gqvk gS fd
U;kn'kZ 'kgjh {ks= esa 77 izfr'kr vlaxfBr Jfed fookfgr gS vkSj 23 izfr'kr
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vfookfgr gSa] tcfd U;kn'kZ xzkeh.k {ks= esa losZf{kr vlaxfBr Jfedksa esa 86
izfr'kr Jfed fookfgr gSa vkSj 14 izfr'kr Jfed vfookfgr gSaA v/;;u ls ;g
Li"V gksrk gS fd 'kgjh {ks= dh vis{kk xzkeh.k {ks= esa fookfgr Jfed dh la[;k
vf/kd gS D;ksafd xzkeh.k {ks= esa de vk;q esa gh fookg dj muds Åij ftEesnkjh
dk cks> Mky fn;k tkrk gSA
te
'kS{kf.kd vk/kkj ij v/;;u djus ls Li"V gksrk gS fd U;kn'kZ 'kgjh {ks=
esa losZf{kr vlaxfBr Jfedksa dk voyksdu djus ij Li"V gksrk gS fd 11
izfr'kr Jfed vf'kf{kr gSaA 01 ls 05 rd f'kf{kr Jfed 30 izfr'kr gSa] 25
izfr'kr Jfed twfu;j gkbZLdwy ,oa 28 izfr'kr gkbZLdwy rd f'kf{kr gaS] tcfd
Es
xzkeh.k {ks= esa losZf{kr vlaxfBr Jfedksa esa 51 izfr'kr Jfed vf'kf{kr gSa vkSj
01 ls 05 oha rd f'k{kk izkIr vlaxfBr Jfedksa dh la[;k 37 izfr'kr gSaA 09
izfr'kr twfu;j gkbZLdwy rFkk 03 izfr'kr rd gkbZLdwy rd f'kf{kr gSaA ek= 01
izfr'kr Jfed baVjehfM,V gSaA v/;;u ls Li"V gksrk gS fd Jfedksa dk f'k{kk
dk Lrj dkQh uhpk gS vkSj 'kgjh {ks= dh vis{kk xzkeh.k {ks= esa Jfed f'k{kk dks
de egRo ns jgs gSaA
vkokl dh fLFkfr ds vk/kkj ij v/;;u djus ij Kkr gksrk gS fd U;kn'kZ
'kgjh {ks= esa losZf{kr vlaxfBr Jfed 56 izfr'kr dPps vkoklksa esa jgrs gSa vkSj
44 izfr'kr Jfed iDds vkoklksa esa jgrs gSa tcfd xzkeh.k {ks= esa losZf{kr
vlaxfBr Jfed 85 izfr'kr dPps vkoklksa esa fuokl djrs gSa vkSj 15 izfr'kr
Jfed iDds vkoklksa esa fuokl djrs gSaA 'kgjh {ks= dh vis{kk xzkeh.k {ks= ds
vf/kdka'k Jfed dPps edkuksa ,oa >ksifM+;ksa esa jgrs gSaA 'kgjh {ks= esa Jfed
fdjk;s ds edkuksa esa jgrs gSa tks vf/kdka'kr% iDds gksrs gSaA
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ikfjokfjd Lo:i ds vk/kkj ij losZf{kr vlaxfBr Jfedksa dk v/;;u
djus ij Li"V gksrk gS fd U;kn'kZ 'kgjh {ks= esa 30 izfr'kr Jfed la;qDr
ifjokjksa esa jgrs gSa vkSj 70 izfr'kr Jfed ,dkdh ifjokj esa fuokl djrs gSa]
tcfd xzkeh.k {ks= esa losZf{kr vlaxfBr Jfedksa esa 58 izfr'kr Jfed la;qDr
ifjokjksa esa fuokl djrs gSa vkSj 42 izfr'kr vlaxfBr Jfed ,dkdh ifjokjksa esa
jgrs gSaA blls ;g fu"d"kZ izkIr gksrk gS fd 'kgjh {ks= dh vis{kk xzkeh.k {ks= esa
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vlaxfBr Jfed vf/kd la[;k esa la;qDr ifjokjksa esa fuokl djrs gSaA
U;kn'kZ 'kgjh {ks= esa losZf{kr vlaxfBr Jfedksa dk vkokl ls dk;ZLFky
rd tkus ds fy, ifjogu ds lk/kuksa dk v/;;u djus ij ;g Kkr gksrk gS
U;kn'kZ 'kgjh {ks= esa losZf{kr vlaxfBr Jfedksa esa ls 13 izfr'kr Jfed iSny
dke ij tkrs gSa vkSj 57 izfr'kr lkbZfdy rFkk 07 izfr'kr LdwVj ds ek/;e ls
te
dk;ZLFky rd tkrs gSa] 23 izfr'kr Jfed vU; lk/kuksa ¼cl] vkWVks] fjD'kk ,oa
rkaxk½ ds ek/;e ls dke ij tkrs gSa] tcfd xzkeh.k {ks= 33 izfr'kr Jfed
vkokl ls dk;ZLFky rd iSny tkrs gSa] 43 izfr'kr Jfed lkbZfdy vkSj 04
izfr'kr LdwVj ds ek/;e ls dk;ZLFky ij tkrs gSa rFkk 19 izfr'kr Jfed vU;
Es
lk/kuksa ¼VªSDVj] cSyxkM+h] vkWVks&fjD'kk] vkfn½ ds ek/;e ls dk;ZLFky rd tkrs
gSaA ifjogu lEcU/kh lk/kuksa dk v/;;u djus ij fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd 'kgjh
{ks= dh vis{kk xzkeh.k {ks= esa ifjogu dh lqfo/kk de gS D;ksafd ;gk¡ ij lM+dksa
dh O;oLFkk Bhd ugha gS] vf/kdka'k lM+das dPph gSa] ftlls vf/kdka'k Jfedksa dks
iSny gh tkuk iM+rk gSA
U;kn'kZ xzkeh.k {ks= esa losZf{kr vlaxfBr Jfedksa dks vkokl ls dk;ZLFky
rd tkus esa vkSlru 08 fdeh0 dh nwjh r; djuh iM+rh gS] tcfd xzkeh.k {ks=
esa vkSlr nwjh 05 fdeh0 dh nwjh r; djuh iM+rh gSA blls ;g Li"V gksrk gS
fd 'kgjh {ks= esa xzkeh.k {ks= dh vis{kk vf/kd nwjh r; djuh iM+rh gS] D;ksafd
xzkeh.k {ks= dh rqyuk esa 'kgjh Jfedksa dks vkokl ls dk;ZLFky dkQh nwj gksrk
gS] D;ksafd 'kgjksa esa iDds edku dkQh nwj&nwj gksrs gSa] tcfd xzkeh.k Jfed
dk;Z ds vkl&ikl gh dPps edkuksa esa jgrs gSaA
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vkokl esa [kkuk cukus ds fy, iz;qDr dh tkus okys bZ/ku dk v/;;u
djus ij Li"V gksrk gS fd U;kn'kZ 'kgjh {ks= esa 21 izfr'kr Jfed ydM+h rFkk
9 izfr'kr xkscj ds miys dk iz;ksx bZ/ku ds :i esa djrs gSA 'kgjh {ks= esa jlksbZ
xSl dk iz;ksx 28 izfr'kr Jfedksa }kjk fd;k tk jgk gS] tcfd xzkeh.k {ks= esa
losZf{kr vlaxfBr Jfedksa esa 17 izfr'kr Jfed feV~Vh ds rsy dks [kkuk cukus
ds fy, bZ/ku ds :i esa iz;ksx djrs gSa vkSj 56 izfr'kr Jfed ydM+h }kjk [kkuk
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cukrs gSA xkscj ds miys ds ek/;e ls 21 izfr'kr Jfed [kkuk cukrs gSa] jlksbZ
xSl dk iz;ksx dsoy 05 izfr'kr Jfedksa }kjk gh fd;k tkrk gSA voyksdu djus
ij Li"V gksrk gS fd 'kgjh {ks= esa xzkeh.k {ks= dh vis{kk jlksbZ xSl dk iz;ksx
vf/kd fd;k tk jgk gSA
U;kn'kZ 'kgjh {ks= esa losZf{kr vlaxfBr Jfedksa dh ekfld vkSlr vk;
te
:0 4800@& gS] xzkeh.k {ks= esa losZf{kr vlaxfBr Jfedksa dh ekfld vkSlr
vk; :0 4493@& gSA v/;;u ls ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd 'kgjh {ks= esa
Jfedksa dh ekfld vkSlr vk; xzkeh.k {ks= dh vis{kk vf/kd gS D;ksafd 'kgjh {ks=
esa xzkeh.k dh vis{kk etnwjh dh nj vf/kd gSA
Es
U;kn'kZ 'kgjh {ks= esa losZf{kr vlaxfBr Jfedksa dk ekfld vkSlr O;;
:0 3887@& gS] tcfd xzkeh.k {ks= esa losZf{kr vlaxfBr Jfedksa dk ekfld
vkSlr O;; :0 3847@& gSA blls ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd 'kgjh {ks= esa
vlaxfBr Jfed izfrekg xzkeh.k {ks= dh vis{kk vf/kd O;; dj jgs gSa D;ksafd
'kgjh {ks= esa thou;kiu djuk xzkeh.k {ks= dh vis{kk vf/kd [kphZyk gSA
U;kn'kZ 'kgjh {ks= esa losZf{kr vlaxfBr Jfedksa dk Hkkstu ij ekfld
vkSlr O;; :0 1943@& gS] tcfd xzkeh.k {ks= esa losZf{kr vlaxfBr Jfedksa dk
Hkkstu ij ekfld vkSlr O;; :0 2013@& gSA fu"d"kZ ;g fudyrk gS fd
'kgjh {ks= dh vis{kk xzkeh.k {ks= esa Jfedksa dk Hkkstu ij izfrekg vkSlr O;;
vf/kd gSa D;ksafd HkksT; inkFkZ lEcU/kh oLrq,a xzkeh.k {ks= esa vf/kd dher esa izkIr
gksrh gSaA
U;kn'kZ 'kgjh {ks= esa losZf{kr vlaxfBr Jfedksa dk oL=ksa ij ekfld
vkSlr O;; :0 397@& gS] tcfd xzkeh.k {ks= esa losZf{kr vlaxfBr Jfedksa dk
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oL=ksa ij ekfld vkSlr O;; :0 330@& gSA 'kks/kkfFkZuh }kjk v/;;u djus ij
;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd 'kgjh {ks= esa dk;Z djus okys vlaxfBr Jfed vius
igukos dks xzkeh.k {ks= dh vis{kk vPNk j[krs gSaA
U;kn'kZ 'kgjh {ks= esa losZf{kr vlaxfBr Jfedksa dks fpfdRlk ,oa nokb;ksa
ij gksus okyk ekfld vkSlr O;; :0 226@& gS] tcfd xzkeh.k {ks= esa losZf{kr
vlaxfBr Jfedksa dk fpfdRlk ,oa nokb;ksa ij gksus okyk izfrekg vkSlr O;;
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:0 167@& gSA v/;;u djus ij ;g fu"d"kZ izkIr gksrk gS fd 'kgjh {ks= esa
fuokl djus okys vlaxfBr Jfedksa dk fpfdRlk ij ekfld vkSlr O;; vf/kd
gS D;ksafd ;s Jfed xanh cfLr;ksa esa fuokl djrs gSa vkSj lkQ&lQkbZ ij fo'ks"k
/;ku ugha fn;k tkrk] ftlls ;g dqiks"k.k dk f'kdkj gSa] blfy;s vf/kd chekj
jgrs gSaA
te
U;kn'kZ 'kgjh {ks= esa losZf{kr vlaxfBr Jfedksa ds euksjatu lEcU/kh
lk/kuksa ds voyksdu djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd bu Jfedksa }kjk euksjatu ij
izfrekg vkSlr O;; :0 267@& fd;k tk jgk gS tcfd xzkeh.k {ks= esa izfrekg
viuh vk; dk :0 253@& vkSlr O;; euksjatu ds lk/kuksa ij fd;k tkrk gSA
Es
vr% fu"d"kZ ;g izkIr gksrk gS fd 'kgjh {ks= esa Jfedksa }kjk euksjatu ij xzkeh.k
{ks= dh vis{kk vf/kd O;; fd;k tk jgk gS D;ksafd 'kgjh {ks= esa euksjatu
lEcU/kh lk/kuksa dh vf/kdrk gS] ftldk ;s Jfed iw.kZ vkuUn ysrs gSaA
U;kn'kZ 'kgjh {ks= esa Jfedksa dk vkokl ij izfrekg vkSlr O;; :0
281@& fd;k tk jgk gS] tcfd xzkeh.k {ks= esa losZf{kr vlaxfBr Jfedksa }kjk
vkokl ij izfrekg vkSlr O;; :0 249@& fd;k tkrk gSA v/;;u djus ij
;g fu"d"kZ izkIr gksrk gS fd 'kgjh {ks= esa vkokl ij xzkeh.k {ks= dh vis{kk
izfrekg vf/kd O;; fd;k tk jgk gS D;ksfa d 'kgjh {ks= esa Jfedksa dks vkokl dk
fdjk;k nsuk gksrk gS] tcfd xzkeh.k {ks= esa vf/kdka'k Jfedksa dks fu;ksDrkvksa }kjk
vkokl iznÙk gSa vkSj dqN Lo;a dh cuk;h >ksifM+;ksa esa jgrs gSaA
U;kn'kZ 'kgjh {ks= esa losZf{kr vlaxfBr Jfedksa dk voyksdu djus ij
;g Kkr gksrk gS fd e|iku ¼u'ks½ dh oLrqvksa ij gksus okyk ekfld O;; :0
313@& gS] tcfd xzkeh.k {ks= esa losZf{kr vlaxfBr Jfedksa ds }kjk u'ks dh
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oLrqvksa ij gksus okyk ekfld vkSlr O;; :0 415@& gSA vr% fu"d"kZ izkIr
gksrk gS fd 'kgjh {ks= dh vis{kk xzkeh.k {ks= esa euksjatu ds lk/kuksa dh deh gksus
ds dkj.k xzkeh.k Jfed u'khyh oLrqvksa ds lsou esa vf/kd O;; dj jgs gSa
D;ksafd ;s e|iku dh oLrq,sa 'kgjksa ls xzkeh.k {ks= esa yk;h tkrh gSa rFkk Å¡ps
nkeksa ij csph tkrh gSaA
nSfud vko';drk dh oLrqvksa ds vk/kkj ij v/;;u djus ij ;g Kkr gS
la
r
fd U;kn'kZ 'kgjh {ks= esa losZf{kr vlaxfBr Jfedksa }kjk ekfld vkSlr O;; :0
227@& nSfud vko';drk dh oLrqvksa ij fd;k tk jgk gS] tcfd xzkeh.k {ks=
esa losZf{kr vlaxfBr Jfedksa }kjk nSfud vko';drk dh oLrqvksa ij izfrekg :0
253@& vkSlr O;; fd;k tk jgk gSA blls ;g fu"d"kZ izkIr gksrk gS fd 'kgjh
{ks= ds vis{kk xzkeh.k {ks= esa vf/kd O;; gks jgk gS] ftldk eq[; dkj.k xzkeh.k
te
{ks= esa oLrq,sa vf/kd egaxh feyrh gSa D;ksafd nqdkunkjksa dks xzkeh.k {ks= rd ys
tkus esa fdjk;k&HkkM+k vnk djuk iM+rk gSA
U;kn'kZ 'kgjh {ks= esa losZf{kr vlaxfBr Jfedksa dk f'k{kk ij izfrekg gksus
okyk vkSlr O;; :0 342@& gS] tcfd xzkeh.k {ks= esa losZf{kr vlaxfBr
Es
Jfedksa dk izfrekg f'k{kk ij gksus okyk vkSlr O;; :0 167@& gSA v/;;u
djus ij ;g fu"d"kZ izkIr gksrk gS fd 'kgjh {ks= esa xzkeh.k {ks= dh vis{kk vf/kd
O;; fd;k tk jgk gS D;ksafd 'kgjh {ks= esa Jfed cPpksa dks futh izkbosV Ldwyksa
esa i<+k jgs gSa tks ljdkjh Ldwyksa dh vis{kk vf/kd egaxh gS] D;ksafd ogk¡ ij
vaxzsth f'k{kk nh tkrh gSA
U;kn'kZ 'kgjh {ks= esa losZf{kr vlaxfBr Jfedksa dh vkSlr ekfld cpr
:0 913@& gS] tcfd xzkeh.k {ks= esa losZf{kr vlaxfBr Jfedksa dh vkSlr
ekfld cpr :0 647@& gS] D;ksafd 'kgjh {ks= esa etnwjh dh nj vf/kd gS
ftlls 'kgjh {ks= esa Jfedksa dh etnwjh vf/kd gSA blfy;s ;s lHkh
vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds i'pkr cpr vf/kd cpr dj jgs gSaA
ekfld cpr ds Lo:i ds vk/kkj ij v/;;u djus ij ;g Li"V gksrk gS
fd U;kn'kZ 'kgjh {ks= esa 55 izfr'kr Jfedksa dk dksbZ [kkrk ugha [kqyk gS] ;s ?kj
ij gh viuh tek iw¡th dks j[krs gSa] 39 izfr'kr Jfed cSad esa tek [kkrk [kqyk
286
gqvk gS] ;s ekfld tek iw¡th dks cSad esa tek djrs gSa rFkk 06 izfr'kr vlaxfBr
Jfed Mkd?kj esa ¼cpr [kkrk½ j[krs gSa] tcfd xzkeh.k {ks= esa losZf{kr vlaxfBr
Jfedksa esa 9 izfr'kr Jfed viuh ekfld cpr dks Mkd?kj esa j[krs gSa vkSj 66
izfr'kr Jfed tek iw¡th dks ?kj esa gh j[krs gSa vkSj 25 izfr'kr Jfedksa ds cSad
esa [kkrs [kqys gSa] os Jfed viuh ekfld cpr dks cSadksa esa tek djrs gSaA v/;;u
ls Li"V gksrk gS fd nksuksa {ks=ksa esa vf/kdka'k Jfed vf'kf{kr gSa vkSj _.knkrkvksa
la
r
ds Hk; ls viuh ekfld cpr dks ?kj ij gh j[krs gSaA
U;kn'kZ 'kgjh {ks= esa losZf{kr vlaxfBr Jfedksa dk _.kxzLrrk ds Lrj
dks Kkr djus ij Li"V gksrk gS losZf{kr vlaxfBr Jfedksa esa vkSlr _.kxzLrrk
:0 3960@& gS] tcfd xzkeh.k {ks= esa fd xzkeh.k {ks= esa vkSlr _.kxzLrrk :0
2520@& gSA v/;;u ls Li"V gksrk gS fd 'kgjh {ks= ds vlaxfBr Jfedksa esa
te
xzkeh.k {ks= ds Jfedksa dh vis{kk vf/kd _.kxzLrrk gSA _.kxzLrrk mudh fuEu
vk; dk dkj.k gS tks Jfed dh dk;Z{kerk ij izHkko Mkyrh gSA
U;kn'kZ 'kgjh {ks= esa vlaxfBr Jfedksa dks o"kZ Hkj jkstxkj feyrk gS
D;ksafd p;fur U;kn'kZ 'kgjh {ks= esa dksbZ Hkh O;olk; cjlkr ds fnuksa esa cUn
Es
ugha gksrk gS] tcfd U;kn'kZ xzkeh.k {ks= esa Jfedksa dks o"kZ esa vkSlru 313 fnu
jkstxkj izkIr gksrk gS] D;ksafd jsrk&[kUu O;olk; ,oa [kfM+;k QS¶Vªh esa cjlkr ds
ekSle esa 04 eghus jkstxkj izkIr ugha gksrk gS] tcfd U;kn'kZ 'kgjh {ks= esa
losZf{kr O;olk; esa o"kZ Hkj jkstxkj izkIr gksrk gSA
287
lq>ko &
fdlh Hkh m|ksx dk izeq[k vk/kkj mlesa dk;Z djus okys Jfed gksrs gSa]
;fn Jfedksa dks vius dk;ZLFky ij izkIr lqfo/kk,sa ,oa etnwjh muds lkekftd
,oa vkfFkZd Lrj dks lqn`<+ cuk;s j[kus esa leFkZ gksrh gSa rks Jfedksa esa izoklh
izo`fÙk] vlarks"k] gM+rky] vkS|ksfxd la?k"kZ vkfn dh izo`fÙk tUe ugha ysus ikrh gS]
ftldk lh/kk lEcU/k Jfedksa ds dk;Zjr O;olkf;d bdkbZ ls gksrk gS] os viuh
la
r
larq"Vrk dk izfrQy vius dk;Z dks iwjs euks;ksx ls djds ,oa mRiknu dks c<+kok
nsrs gSaA blds vfrfjDr ;fn lsok;kstdksa }kjk Jfedksa dks i;kZIr lkekftd ,oa
vkfFkZd lqfo/kk,sa nh tkrh gS rks Jfedksa ds vkfFkZd Lrj dks Å¡pk mBkus esa
lgk;d gksrh gSA Jfedksa esa Je dY;k.k dk;ZØeksa ds ek/;e ls tgk¡ ,d vksj
muds vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd Lrj dh mUufr esa lg;ksx feyrk gS] ogha nwljh
te
lkekftd lqj{kk lEcU/kh dk;ksZa }kjk Hkfo"; dh vfuf'prrk ls Hkh mUgsa fuf'prrk
izkIr gksrh gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa Jfedksa esa vlqj{kk ,oa vlarks"k dh Hkkouk iSnk ugha
gksrh gS] Jfedksa esa larqf"V dh Hkkouk dk lapkj gksrk gS vkSj os vius O;olk; ls
lEcfU/kr dk;Z dks ru&eu ls djrs gSa rFkk mÙkjnkf;Ro dh Hkkouk izdV gksrh
Es
gSA lsok;kstdksa }kjk Jfedksa dks os lHkh lqfo/kk,s miyC/k djkuh pkfg, tks Hkh
dkj[kkuk vf/kfu;e] 1948 ds }kjk ykxw dh x;h gSaA dkj[kkuk vf/kfu;e] 1948
}kjk fuEu lqfo/kk,sa iznku dh x;h gSa &
1-
dkj[kkuk vf/kfu;e] 1948 esa Jfedksa ds fy, U;wure etnwjh
fu/kkZfjr dh x;h gS] blds rgr Jfedksa dks dksbZ Hkh ykHk izkIr
ugha gS] Jfedksa dks U;wure etnwjh vf/kfu;e ds rgr U;wure
etnwjh dh jkf'k nh tkuh pkfg,A
2-
lsok;kstdksa }kjk fuEu vk; okys Jfedksa ds vkfFkZd mUufr gsrq
mUgsa lLrs njksa ij vkoklh; lqfo/kk nh tkuh pkfg,A
3-
fu;ksDrkvksa }kjk Jfedksa dks fpfdRlk lqfo/kk ,oa muds cPpksa gsrq
mfpr f'k{kk lqfo/kk rFkk vU; lqfo/kk,s tks muds vf/kdkj {ks= esa
288
vkrh gSa] mUgsa nh tkuh pkfg, rkfd Jfedksa ds vkfFkZd Lrj esa
visf{kr lq/kkj gks ldsA
4-
ljdkj }kjk vlaxfBr Jfedksa ds LokLF; ,oa ifjokj dY;k.k gsrq
le;≤ ij f'kfojksa dk vk;kstu fd;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj lkFk
gh Jfedksa ds vkfJr ifjtuksa dks Hkh leqfpr LokLF; lqfo/kk,s bu
f'kfojksa ls izkIr gks ldsA
dkj[kkuk vf/kfu;e] 1948 ds rgr Jfedksa ds dk;Z ds ?kaVs 8
la
r
5-
fuf'pr fd;s x;s gSa] ysfdu vlaxfBr {ks= ds Jfedksa ds dk;Z
djus dk le; fuf'pr ugha gSA fu;ksDrk buls 12 ?kaVs dk dke
ysrs gSa vkSj fu;ksDrkvksa }kjk dk;Zjr Jfedksa dks dk;Z dh vis{kk
de etnwjh nh tkrh gS] lkFk gh egaxkbZ HkÙkk] osru&o`f)] cksul
te
vkfn dksbZ Hkh lqfo/kk,s bu Jfedksa dks izkIr ugha gksrh gSa tks ,d
izdkj ls Jfedksa dk 'kks"k.k gSA
6-
vlaxfBr {ks= ds Jfedksa dh etnwjh njksa esa vR;f/kd vUrj gksus
ds dkj.k bldk lh/kk izHkko muds fuokZg O;; ij iM+rk gS] ftl
Es
dkj.k os dqiks"k.k ,oa ekufld volkn ls f?kjs jgrs gSaA blls
mudh dk;Z dq'kyrk izHkkfor gksrh gS vkSj Jfedksa esa vlarks"k dh
Hkkouk mtkxj gksrh gS] ftlds fy, fu;ksDrkvksa }kjk izHkkoh dne
mBkus pkfg,A
7-
vlaxfBr Jfedksa ds vkfFkZd mRFkku gsrq jkT; ljdkj dks
izHkko'kkyh dne mBk;s tkus pkfg, rFkk m|ksxksa esa vlaxfBr
Jfedksa ds fgr ds fy, fofHkUu ;kstukvksa dk fØ;kUo;u tSls
Jfedksa dks vkfFkZd vk/kkj ij igpku&i= tkjh dj mUgsa muds
lqfo/kkuqlkj fofHkUu lqfo/kk,s nsuk] lLrs xYys dh nqdkuksa dk
lapkyu djkuk vkfnA
8-
vlaxfBr {ks= esa dk;Zjr Jfedksa esa ijLij O;fDrxr ykHkksa dks
fookn dk dkj.k ugha cukuk pkfg,A lkoZtfud fgr dk mn~ns';
gh lcds lEeq[k j[kuk pkfg,A
289
9-
vlaxfBr {ks= esa Jfedksa dks muds dk;Z ls lEcfU/kr izf'k{k.k dh
O;oLFkk dh tkuh pkfg, D;ksafd ;s Jfed mu e'khuksa ,oa iz;qDr
;a=ksa ls vufHkK gksrs gS] lh/ks dk;Z ij yxkus ls nq?kZVuk dh
laHkkouk vf/kd cuh jgrh gSA
10-
Jfed izcU/ku ,oa iz'kklu dh la;qDr desVh cukus ls Jfed o
izcU/ku ds Vdjko dh fLFkfr de jgsxh D;ksafd Jfed viuh
la
r
leL;kvksa dks vklkuh ls mBk ldsaxs rFkk lsok;kstd Jfedksa dh
tk;t ekaxksa ,oa mudks muds dk;ZLFky ij gksus okyh vlqfo/kkvksa
dks vklkuh ls Kkr fd;k tk ldsA
11-
vlaxfBr {ks= esa dk;Zjr Jfedksa dk nq?kZVuk esa pksV vkfn dh n'kk
esa lsok;kstdksa dks Jfedksa dks leqfpr vkfFkZd lgk;rk ekuoh;
te
vk/kkj ij vfoyEc iznku dh tkuh pkfg, rkfd Jfedksa esa
lsok;kstdksa ds izfr fo'okl cuk jgs rFkk Jfed vius dks muds
i`Fkd u le>saA
12-
vlaxfBr {ks= esa ljdkj }kjk vkoklh; leL;k esa ihus ds ikuh
Es
dh lqfo/kk dh tkuh pkfg,A
13-
vlaxfBr {ks= esa ljdkj }kjk Jfedksa ds fy, 'kkSpky; dh lqfo/kk
nh tkuh pkfg,A
14-
vlaxfBr {ks= ds etnwjksa dks U;wure etnwjh iznku dh tk,A
15-
dkj[kkuk vf/kfu;e ds lHkh izko/kkuksa ¼dk;Z ds ?kaVs] vksoj Vkbe]
losru vodk'k] bR;kfn½ dk d<+kbZ ls ikyu fd;k tk,A
16-
vlaxfBr Jfed ds {ks= ds etnwjksa ds jkstxkj dks LFkk;h fd;k
tk,A
17-
jkstxkj dk;kZy; }kjk HkrhZ vfuok;Z dh tk, rFkk HkrhZ dh
Bsdns kjh izFkk lekIr dh tk,A
18-
jk"Vªh; f}rh; Je vk;ksx ds izko/kkuksa dks ykxw fd;k tk,A
19-
nq?kZVuk ykHk dh O;oLFkk izkjEHk dh tk,A
20-
LokLF; chek dh ;kstuk vfuok;Z dh tk,A
290
21-
ykHk va'k vkfJr rFkk cksul dks vfuok;Z fd;k tk,A
22-
laxfBr {ks= ds Jfedksa dks nh tkus okyh lHkh lqfo/kkvksa dks
vlaxfBr {ks= ds Jfedksa dks iznku fd;k tk,A
losru dh O;oLFkk ykxw dh tk,A
24-
vkokl dh O;oLFkk miyC/k djok;h tk,A
25-
lkekftd lqj{kk dh ;kstuk ykxw dh tk,A
26-
efgyk Jfedksa ds lkFk HksnHkko u fd;k tk;A leku dk;Z ds fy,
la
r
23-
leku etnwjh ykxw dh tk;A
27-
cky Jfedksa ds dk;Z ij izfrcU/k yxk;k tk;A
28-
efgyk Jfedksa dk jkf= dh ikyh ij dk;Z djus ij jksd yxk;h
tk,A
efgyk Jfedksa ds fy, f'k'kq xzgksa dh LFkkiuk dh tk,A
te
2930-
dkj[kkuksa esa Hkkstu] ikuh o 'kkSpky;ksa dh O;oLFkk dh tk, rFkk
le;≤ ij budk fujh{k.k fd;k tk,A
31-
euksjatu ds lk/ku miyC/k djok, tk; rFkk vkokxeu ds lk/ku
Es
eq¶r ;k cgqr de nkeksa ij miyC/k djok;h tk,A
32-
Jfedksa dks f'kf{kr fd;k tk,A
33-
Je lgHkkfxrk ykxw dh tk,A
34-
tksf[ke Hkjs dk;ksZa esa dk;Zjr Jfedksa dks vko';d lqj{kk midj.k
miyC/k djok, tk,A
35-
lkewfgd lkSnsckth dh ;kstuk ykxw dh tk,A
36-
Jfedksa dh _.kxzLrrk dks lekIr djokus ds fy, dkuwuh
dk;Zokgh dh tk;A
37-
vlaxfBr Jfedksa ds fy, vyx ls ,d jk"Vªh; Je vk;ksx dk
xBu fd;k tk;] ftldh lkjh flQkfj'kksa dk ljdkj }kjk rqjUr
d<+kbZ ls ikyu djok;k tk;A
38-
izR;sd ik¡p o"kZ ds ckn iqu% jk"Vªh; Je vk;ksx xfBr fd;k tk;A
291
39-
LokLF; chek dh ;kstuk dks vfuok;Z :i esa bu Jfedksa ij Hkh
ykxw fd;k tk;A
Bsdns kjh izFkk dks rqjUr lekIr fd;k tk;A
41-
Je la?k cukuk vfuok;Z djok;k tk;A
Es
te
la
r
40-
292
la
r
Es
te
lanHkZ xzUFk lwph
293
lanHkZ xzaFk lwph
1-
MsfoM] vkj0lh0( Þb.MLVªh;y vkWxZukbts'ku ,.M eSustesaVÞ( o"kZ&1957
2-
ok".ksZ;] ts0lh0( Þifjogu dk bfrgklÞ( ljLorh lnu] fnYyh( o"kZ&1969
3-
vfuy] tEcj( ÞgSYFk ds;j cMZu vkSj gkÅl gksYMl bu fn buQkWjey
lSDVjÞ( fn bf.M;u tuZy vkWQ yscj bdksuksfeDl( vizSy&twu] o"kZ&2000
jk/kk d`".kk] vkj0 vkSj 'kekZ] ,u0 vy[k( Þ,eikWofjax :jy yscj bu
la
r
4-
bf.M;kÞ( baLV~Vh;wV QkWj º;weu MsOyiesUV ,.M gkÅflax( 08 vizSy]
1972( ubZ fnYyhA
5-
fg[ks] bafnjk ( Þxzkeh.k xjhcksa dh vkokl leL;kÞ( vFkZ'kkL=h( tuojh]
1989
ddok.kh] ,0( Þ:jy ikWoVhZ ,.M bV~l ,yhfo;s'ku bu bf.M;kÞ(
te
6-
bdkWukeh ,.M ikWyhVhdy ohdyh( o"kZ&1990
7-
lsB] ,0( ÞizksMD'ku izkbfll ,.M ikWoVhZ bu :jy bf.M;kÞ( tuZy vkWQ
MsOyiesUV LV~Mht( o"kZ&1981
vkuUn] ,p0,l0( ÞbuQkWeZy lSDVj ,.M vcZu bEiyk;esaVÞ( eSu ikoj
Es
8-
tuZy( vizSy&twu] o"kZ&1998
9-
gSfjl] ,fuysV( Þgkm Vw llVsu , fyfoax\Þ vcZu gkÅl gksYMl ,.M
iksoVhZ bu n lkfgysu Vkmu vkWQ eksiVhÞ vÝhdk( oksY;we&67( ua0&01(
o"kZ&1997
10-
vkgywokfy;k] ,e0,l0( Þ:jy iksoVhZ ,.M ,xzhdYpjy ijQkWesZUl bu
bf.M;kÞ( tuZy vkWQ MsOyiesUV LVMht( oksY;we&14( o"kZ&1978
11-
jkekuqte] ,e0,l0 vkSj izlkn] lqjsUnz( ÞvukSipkfjd {ks= ,d
lekykspukRed mi;ksfxrk dh /kkj.kk rFkk ifj.kkeÞ( eSu ikoj tuZy(
oksY;we&XXIV( ua0&3( vDVwcj&fnlEcj( o"kZ&1993
294
12-
vkpk;kZ] ,l0( Þ,xzhdYpjy ostt
s bu bf.M;k % , fMl,xzhxsVsM
,ukfy;fllÞ bf.M;u tuZy vkWQ ,xzhdYpj bdksuksfeDl( oksY;we&44(
o"kZ&1989
13-
FkksjsV]
,l0ds0
vkSj
ns'kik.Ms]
vkj0,l0(
ÞdkLV
,.M
ekdsZV
fMfLØes'kUyÞ( fn bf.M;u tuZy vkWQ yscj bdksuksfeDl( o"kZ&1999
14-
lsrqjeku] ,l0ch0( ÞvcZu MsOyiesUV ,.M ,Eiyk;esUV baVjus'kuy yscj
15-
la
r
vkWfQlÞ( tsusok bdksuksfeDl ,.M ikWfyfVdy ohdyh( o"kZ&1976
usd] ,l0,l0( Þfn izkCyEl vkWQ jsxwysfVax bu Vkmul ,.M flfVtÞ(
cEcbZ( yksdy lSYQ xoZesUV bULVhV~;wV ¼1956½( izFke izdk'ku( o"kZ&1952
16-
o)Zu] ds0( ÞQSDVjl bQSfDVax ostsl jsVl QkWj ,xzhdYpj yscjÞ(
bdksukseh ,.M ikWfyfVdy ohdyh( 30 twu] 1973
jk;] xksfoUn( ÞMsOyiesUV iksoVhZ ,.M fQLdy ikWfylhÞ( ubZ fnYyh
te
17-
vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izslA
18-
xkSjonÙk( ÞgSt iksoVhZ fMDykbV flUl bdksukseh fjQkElZÞ( bdksukseh ,.M
ikWyhfVdy ohdyh( oksY;we & XXXIV(50)( o"kZ&1999
QhYMl] th0,l0( Þ:jy vcZu ekbxzs'ku vcZu vaMj bEIyk;esUV ,.M
Es
19-
tkWc lpZ ,fDVohVh bu ,y0Mh0lh0,l0Þ( tuZy vkWQ MsOyiesUV
bdksuksfeDl( oksY;we&2( ua0&2( o"kZ&1975
20-
xzho] tkWu( Þfn gkmflax izkCyeÞ( yUnu Qsfou lkslk;Vh( o"kZ&1961
21-
Hkxksyhoky] Vh0,u0( ÞJeÞ( izdk'ku lkfgR; Hkou] vkxjk( o"kZ&1990(
i`0la0&519&534
22-
iiksyk] Vh0,l0( ÞvlaxfBr {ks=Þ bdksukseh ,.M ikWyhfVdy ohdyh]
y[kuÅ( 03 ebZ] 1980( i`0la0&817&818
23-
of'k"B] ih0Mh0( Þxjhch mUewyu ds fy, vlaxfBr {ks= dk ;ksxnkuÞ(
;kstuk( 16&31 ebZ] 1990
24-
ljkoVZ] pkSeolZ( Þ:jy MsoYiesUV & fn ykLV QLVZÞ( o"kZ&1986
25-
Bkdqj] nsosUnz( Þ:jy MsoYiesUV ,.M Iykfuax bu bf.M;kÞ( nhi izdk'ku(
ubZ fnYyh( o"kZ&1986
295
26-
fMlwtk] ,YÝsM( Þfn bf.M;u flVhÞ( ¼,M0½ euksgj( ubZ fnYyh( 1978
27-
f=ikBh] vkj0,u0] Fkify;ky] oh0ds0 ,oa iz/kku] ,Q0,e0( ÞIykfuax Qkj
bUVhxzsVsM :jy MsoYiesUV&viykiqje CykWd ¼bZLV xksnkojh fMLVªhDV]
,e0ih0½Þ( funZ( gSnjkckn( o"kZ&1981
28-
nqHkk"kh] ih0vkj0( ÞikWfylh ,.M ijQkjesal&,xzhdYpjy ,.M MsoYiesUV
¼:jy½ bu iksLV bafMisUMsUl bf.M;kAÞ
iquhr] ,0ds0( ÞizksQkbYl vkWQ ikoVhZ bu bf.M;kÞ( ch0vkj0 ifCyf'kax
la
r
29-
dkWjiksjs'ku] ubZ fnYyh( o"kZ&1982
30-
izlkn] ds0,u0( ÞizkCyEl vkWQ bf.M;u bdksuksfed MsoYiesUV % us'kuy
,.M jhtuy MkbxzslUl] LVfyaxÞ( ubZ fnYyh( o"kZ&1983
31-
cjkj] ts0,l0( Þfn ikWfyfVdy bdksukseh vkWQ :jy MsoYiesUV %
32-
te
LVªsVtht vkWQ ikoVhZ ,fyos'ku vykbMÞ( ubZ fnYyh( o"kZ&1983
c/kkZu] ih0ds0 ySM( Þyscj ,.M :jy ikoVhZÞ( vkDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izsl]
ubZ fnYyhA
33-
HkkfV;k] ch0,e0( ÞikoVhZ ,xzhdYpj ,.M bdksuksfed xzksFkÞ( fodkl( ubZ
Es
fnYyhA
34-
e.My] th0,l0( ÞLVMht bu fn izkCye vkWQ xzksFk vkWQ , :jy
bdksuksehÞ( fn oMZ izsl] dydÙkk( o"kZ&1961
35-
enku] th0vkj0( Þbf.M;kt MsoYiesUV foystt
s Þ( fizaV gkml ¼bf.M;k½(
y[kuÅ( o"kZ&1983
36-
feJk] vkj0( ÞbdksuksfeDl vkWQ ikoVhZÞ( isafXou izsl( ,yu ysu( o"kZ&1988
37-
feJk] ,l0,u0 ,.M 'kekZ] dkS'ky( ÞizkCyEl ,.M izkLiSDV~l vkWQ :yj
MsoyiesUV bu bf.M;kÞ( mRiy] ubZ fnYyh( o"kZ&1983
38-
cksjk] ds0lh0( Þbude] ,DlisfUMpj ,.M lsfoax bu :jy bf.M;kÞ(
feÙky ifCyds'ku] ubZ fnYyh( o"kZ & 1985
39-
es;j] vYcVZ( Þik;yV izkstsDV & bf.M;k fn LVksj vkWQ :jy MsoyiesUV
,V bVkokÞ( mÙkj&izns'k( o"kZ & 1959
296
40-
eSF;w] Vh0( Þ:jy MsoyiesUV bu bf.M;kÞ( ,xzhdksy ifCyf'kax ,dsMes h]
ubZ fnYyh( o"kZ & 1981
41-
jkt] ds0,u0( ÞbEiyk;esUV vklisDV~l vkWQ Iykfuax bu vaMj MsoyIM
dUVªhtÞ( bftIV dk;jks( o"kZ & 1967
42-
jko] oh0ds0vkj0oh0( Þ,xzhdYpj yscj bu bf.M;k] ,f'k;k] cEcbZÞA
43-
jksfcUl] MCY;w( ÞVkbEl vkWQ fMLxkbLM :jy bubEiyk;esUV ,.M le
44-
jksLVkso] MCY;w0MCY;w0( Þfn LVstst vkWQ bdksukWfed MsOyiesUVÞ( dSfEczt(
o"kZ & 1962
45-
la
r
ikWfylh bEiyhds'kUlÞ( vkDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh isilZ( o"kZ & 1969
okbuj] ts0( ÞbUVjus'kuy VªsM ,.M bdksukWfed MsOyiesUVÞ( fn dsysUMj
izsl] vkDlQksMZ( o"kZ & 1953
'kkg] ,l0,y0( ÞIykfuax ,.M eSustesUV vkWQ uspqjy ,.M º;weu
te
46-
fjlkslsZt bu ekmUVsUlÞ( ;ru ifCyds'kUl] ubZ fnYyh( o"kZ & 1986
47-
flag] ,0ds0( Þ,xzhdYpjy MsOyesUV ,.M :jy ikoVhZÞ vk'kh"k ifCyds'ku(
ubZ fnYyh( o"kZ & 1987
flag] ,0ds0( iiksyk] Vh0,l0 ,.M ekFkqj] vkj0,l0( ÞbdksukWfed ikfylh
Es
48-
,.M Iykfuax bu LVfyZaxÞ( ubZ fnYyh( o"kZ & 1984
49-
JhokLro] ,0ds0( Þvkj0vkj0Mh0ih0 & ikWfylh ,.M ,MfefuLVªs'kuÞ( nhi
,.M nhi ifCyds'ku( ubZ fnYyh( o"kZ & 1985
50-
osLVj] ekdZ( Þnh fgLVªh vkWQ º;weu eSfjtÞ( [k.M & 01
51-
ekFkqj] Mh0( Þoweu QSfeyh ,.M odZÞ( jkor ifCyds'ku] t;iqj&4(
o"kZ&1999
52-
eqdthZ] jk/kkdey( ÞfpUru ijEijkÞ( lkekftd foKku dh 'kks/k if=dk(
lekt foKku fodkl laLFkku( pkaniqj&fctukSj ¼mÙkj&izns'k½( o"kZ & 1999
53-
vxzoky] fxjtk'kj.k o vxzoky] ehuk( Þukjh % dy vkSj vktÞ( fgUnh
lkfgR; fudsru] fctukSj( o"kZ & 2003
54-
jk;j] jkekLokeh( ÞokWVj % , fØfVd vkWQ Fkzh dkWUlsIVÞ( bdksukWeh ,.M
ikWfyfVdy ohdyh( 05 tuojh] 2008
297
55-
lsfUFk;k ch0 ,.M tsck] ,0( Þfn bQsDV vkWQ ts.Mj fMQjsfUll bu
izkbejh Ldwy] loZUll] Vkbi ,.M DokfyVh vkWu fn fMfl'ku lwV
,ujkWy bu :jy ikfdLrkuÞ( bdksukWfed MsOyiesUV ,.M dypyZ psat(
vizSy] 2005
56-
eSFkjkbZ] fØ'kjkt( ÞQwM flD;ksfjVh ,xfjfj;su Økblsl ,.M :jy
fyfofygqMl
~ % bEifyds'kul QkWj oweuÞ( bdksukWfed ,.M ikWfyfVdy
57-
la
r
ohdyh( 30 fnlEcj] 2007
eksll] Mh0( Þfn :y vkWQ okWVj LVsVDQksVZ bdksykWth ,.M dySfDVo
,D'kubu lkmFk bf.M;kÞ( vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izsl( fnYyh( o"kZ & 2003
58-
'kekZ] jkedqekj( ÞHkkjr esa xjhch ,oa xjhch mUewyu dk;ZØeÞ( ;kstuk( 16
Qjojh&13 ekpZ( 1988
fFkvksMksj] jktho( ÞHkkjr xzkeh.k fodklÞ( ;kstuk( tuojh] 2005
60-
fyaxe] y{eh( ÞtsUMj gkÅl gksYMl ,.M ikoVhZÞ( bdksukWfed ,.M
te
59-
ikWfyfVdy ohdyh( 20 ebZ] 2006
egkjk"Vª gkmflax ,.M MsOyiesUV vkWFkksfjVhA
62-
jksNk] tkWutSyl Mh0yk0,e0( Þfn vcZu QSfeyh ,.M iksoVhZ bu ySfVu
Es
61-
vesfjdkÞ( ySfVu vesfjdu ijliSfDVol( oksY;we&22( ua0&02( o"kZ & 1995
63-
flUgk] oh0lh0( Þfodkl] fu;kstu ,.M uhfr;k¡Þ( lkfgR; Hkou] vkxjk( o"kZ
& 2003
64-
eqdthZ] johUnz ukFk ,.M vxzoky] Hkjr( Þlkekftd leL;k,sÞ( foosd
izdk'ku] tokgj uxj] fnYyh&7( o"kZ & 2003
65-
f=ikBh] cnzhfo'kky( ÞHkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk % fu;kstu ,oa fodklÞ( fdrkc
egy] bykgkckn( o"kZ & 2004
66-
ÞHkkjrh; vkfFkZd leh{kkÞ( Hkkjr ljdkj( vdyad ifCyds'ku] ubZ fnYyh(
o"kZ & 2005
67-
Mehrotra, S.N.; "Labour Problem in India"; S. Chand and Co. Ltd.;
New Delhi; 1982
298
68-
Sudhu, A.N. and Singh, Amarjeet; "Indian Rural Economy; Life
and Life Publishers, New Delhi; 1982
69-
Rao, R.V.; "Rural Industrilisation in India"; Concept Publishing
Company, Delhi; 1978
70-
xkMfxy] Mh0vkj0( ÞbaMfLVª;y boksY;w'ku bu bafM;kÞA
71-
ik.Ms] ih0lh0 ,oa vU;( ÞbdksukWeh vkWQ mÙkjkapyÞ( vukfedk ifCy'klZ
72-
la
r
,.M fMfLVªC;wVlZA
xqIrk] ih0ds0( ÞJe vFkZ'kkL=Þ( o`ank ifCyds'kUl izk0fy0] fnYyh(
o"kZ&2012
73-
dSyeSu( Þyscj bu bf.M;kÞA
74-
eSeksfj;k ,.M eSeksfj;k( ÞbaMfLVª;y yscj] lksf'k;y flD;ksfjVh ,.M
Es
te
baMfLVª;y ihl bu bafM;kÞ( fdrkc egy( bykgkckn( o"kZ & 2012
299
la
r
Es
te
ifjf'k"V
300
iz'ukokyh
tuin uSuhrky esa fodkl[k.M gY}kuh ds 'kgjh ,oa xzkeh.k
vlaxfBr Jfedksa dh vk;&O;;] cpr ,oa jkstxkj dh izo`fÙk;ksa
la
r
dk fo'ys"k.k
Jfedksa dk lkekU; ifjp; &
uke
&
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2-
vk;q ¼o"kksZa esa½
&
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3-
ewy fuokl
&
mÙkjk[k.M@mÙkjk[k.M ls ckgj
4-
tkfr
&
lkekU;@vuq0tkfr@vuq0t0tkfr
5-
oSokfgd Lrj
&
fookfgr@vfookfgr
6-
'kS{kf.kd Lrj
&
vf'kf{kr@izkbejh@tw0gkbLdwy@gkbLdwy
Es
te
1-
@baVjehfM,V@Lukrd
7-
rduhdh f'k{kk
&
gk¡@ugha
8-
ifjokj d Lo:i
&
,dkadh@la;qDr
9-
vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij
oxhZdj.k
&
Hkkjr@usiky@vU;
10-
/keZ
&
fgUnw@eqfLye@flD[k@bZlkbZ
11-
O;olk;
&
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
301
12-
vkidk dqy ekfld
osru fdruk gS
&
2]000@4]000@6]000@8]000@10]000
@15]000 ls vf/kd
13-
D;k ukSdjh ds vfrfjDr
vk; dk dksbZ vU;
14-
orZeku vkthfodk
ij fuHkZjrk
&
gk¡@ugha
&
iw.kZ@vkaf'kd@fcYdqy ugha
la
r
lzksr gS
o"kZ esa jkstxkj ds fnu
&
------------------------------------------------------------
16-
vkidk dqy ekfld [kpZ fdruk gS &
------------------------------------------------------------
17-
izfrekg Hkkstu ij [kpZ
&
------------------------------------------------------------
18-
izfrekg oL=ksa ij [kpZ
&
------------------------------------------------------------
Es
te
15-
19-
izfrekg euksjatu ij [kpZ
&
------------------------------------------------------------
20-
izfrekg f'k{kk ij [kpZ
&
------------------------------------------------------------
21-
izfrekg vkokl ij [kpZ
&
------------------------------------------------------------
22-
izfrekg nSfud vko';d
&
------------------------------------------------------------
ij [kpZ
&
------------------------------------------------------------
izfrekg fpfdRlk ij [kpZ
&
------------------------------------------------------------
oLrqvksa ij [kpZ
23-
24-
izfrekg u'ks dh oLrqvksa
302
25-
D;k vki cpr djrs gSa
&
gk¡@ugha
&
cSad@Mkd?kj@?kj esaA
&
ydM+h @feV~Vh dk rsy ¼LVkso½
;fn gk¡ rks /ku lap; gsrq
fdl ek/;e dk iz;ksx djrs gSa
26-
jlksbZ ?kj esa iz;qDr gksus okyk
bZ/ku
@miys@xSl ¼,y0ih0th0½@
la
r
dks;yk
27-
vkokl dk Lo:i
&
28-
vkokl ls dk;ZLFky rd dh nwjh &
iDdk@dPpk
0&2 fdeh0@2&5 fdeh0
29-
te
@5&10 fdeh0@10 fdeh0
dk;ZLFky rd tkus ds fy,
ifjogu dk ek/;e
&
iSny@lkbfdy@LdwVj@vU;
&
gk¡@;fn
&
fookg@chekjh@nq?kZVuk
D;k vki _.k ysrs gSa
Es
30-
ls vf/kd
;k _.kxzLr gSa
¼v½
;fn gk¡ rks _.kxzLrrk
dk dkj.k
@f'k{kk@vU;
¼vk½ ;fn gk¡ rks _.k dgk¡
ls fy;k gS
&
cSad ls@fj'rsnkjksa ;k fe=ksa ls
@egktu ls@vU;
31-
etnwjh dk Lo:i
&
nSfud@lkIrkfgd@ekfld
32-
fu;ksDrk }kjk nh x;h lqfo/kk
&
gk¡@ugha
303

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