APPENDIX IV: FISH REMAINS FROM CENTURY RANCH SITE LAn

APPENDIX IV: FISH REMAINS FROM CENTURY RANCH SITE LAn-229,
LOS ANGELES COUNTY, CALIFORNIA
W. I. Follett
Reprinted from Archaeological Survey Annual Report 1968, Department of Anthropology,
University of California, Los Angeles, California, volume 10. Appendix in: The
archaeological investigation of three sites on the Century Ranch, western Los Angeles
County, California, by Chester King, Thomas Blackburn, and Ernest Chandonet.
Date of publication: August 1, 1969.
:
r" •
APPENDIX IV: FISH REMAINS FROM CENTURY RANCH SITE LAn-229,
LOS ANGELES COUNTY, CALIFORNIA
W. I. Follett
INTRODUCTION
This is a report on the fish remains collected by Thomas Blackburn, Ernest Chandonet
and Chester King at LAn-229, one of the three Century Ranch sites (LAn-225, LAn-227 and
LAn-229) in western Los Angeles County, California.
These sites are located in a small, shallow valley on the inland side of the coastal
Santa Monica Mountains. The geography of the region is shown on the Malibu Beach Quadrangle (7.5 minute series (topographic), 1950, United States Geological Survey). The location of the Century Ranch sites with reference to the entire territory of the Chumash was
indicated by Landberg (1965:Fig. 2), and with reference to other sites in the western Santa
Monica Mountains by Glassow (1965:Map 1) and by Leonard (1966:Map 1).
LAn-229 is on the edge of Las Virgines Creek, at a point where a large spring once
flowed into the stream. The site is marked by a dark brown adobe midden approximately
three feet in depth, that contains numerous flecks of shell. It is some 1000 feet north of
LAn-227, which occupies a small rise between Las Virgines and Stokes creeks just above
their juncture; a short distance downstream from LAn-227, Las Virgines and Tritmfo creeks
unite and enter Malibu Canyon.
LAn-229 is tentatively dated between approximately 1550 A. D. and 1800 A. D. (LAn227, between approximately 500 A. D. and 1300 A.D. ).
The specimens are deposited at the Department of Anthropology, University of California,
Los Angeles, under Accession Number 351.
This discussion of the fish remains constitutes an appendix to the detailed report by
Blackburn, Chandonet and King on the Century Ranch sites and their archaeology.
I wish to express my appreciation to Thomas Blackburn, now of California State Polytechnic College in Pomona, for the opportunity to report on this collection; to Lillian J.
Dempster of the California Academy of Sciences, for assistance with the manuscript; and to
Maurice C. Giles, also of the California Academy of Sciences, for enlargements of the
photographs.
132
FISHES REPRESENTED
The collection of fish remains from LAn-229 comprises 574 specimens, of which 541
are vertebrae. Most of the specimens are incomplete or fragmentary; the centrum is the
only element of the elasmobranch vertebra that has persisted. Of these remains, 292 are
identified (287 to species, 5 to genus only); the rest are too fragmentary for satisfactory
identification. At least 19 species, referable to 18 genera and 13 families (Table 1), are
represented as follows:
Family LAMNIDAE -- Mackerel Sharks
Isurus oxyrinchus Rafinesque
The mako (Garrick 1967:Fig. 6 (shark), Fig. 9 and Plate 2 (dentition)), a shark highly
regarded as food, was discussed by Follett (1963a:300, Plate 1, Fig. a (tooth); 1965:82).
Material: 2 teeth (1 nearly complete; 1 incomplete, its cusp black) -- 1 from a depth
of 6-12 in. ; 1 from 12-18 in. These represent one or two sharks about 150 cm in total length.
Family CARCHARHINIDAE -- Requiem Sharks
Triakis semifasciata Girard
The leopard shark was discussed by Follett (1957:68; 1963a:300; 1964:32; 1965:82-83).
Material: 66 centra (12 complete, 44 incomplete, 10 fragments; 4 are partially
charred) -- 1 from a depth of 0-6 in. ; 11 from 6-12 in.; 14 from 12-18 in.; 18 from 18-24
in. ; 7 from 24-30 in.; 13 from 30-36 in. ; 2 from 36-42 in, ; These represent sharks up to
about 135 cm in total length and perhaps 11 kg in weight.
Carcharhinus brachyurus (Gunther)
The narrowtooth shark (Bigelow and Schroeder 1948:Fig. 76 (shark and dentition) as
Carcharhinus remotus) is known to attain a total length of 243 cm and a weight of 66 kg
(Radovich 1961:19 and 36 as Carcharhinus improvisus).
Material: 1 tooth (lower, nearly complete, the cusp split vertically; Plate 1, Fig. a)
from a depth of 24-30 in. ; referred to this species on the basis of its narrow, nearly symmetrical cusp and its finely serrulate margins.
Family SQUATINIDAE -- Angel Sharks
Squatina californica Ayres
The Pacific angel shark was discussed by Follett (1963a:301, Plate 1, Fig. b (centrum);
1965:83). Occurrence of the angel shark in shallow water in southern California (San Diego
Bay) was noted by Eigenmann (1892:134 as Squatina squatina).
133
Material: 63 centra (2 complete, 45 incomplete, 16 fragments) -- 3 from a depth of
0-6 in.; 8 from 6-12 in.; 13 from 12-18 in.; 12 from 18-24 in.; 10 from 24-30 in.; 12 from
30-36 in.; 5 from 36-42 in. These represent sharks up to about 103 cm in total length and
perhaps 10 kg in weight.
Family RHINOBATIDAE Guitarfishes
Rhinobatos productus (Ayres)
The shovelnose guitarfish was discussed by Follett (1963a:301; 1965:83; 1966:190).
Material: 67 centra (32 complete, 35 incomplete; 2 are partially charred; 2 pairs each
are fused) -- 3 from a depth of 0-6 in. ; 12 from 6-12 in.; 21 from 12-18 in. ; 17 from 18-24
in. ; 8 from 24-30 in.; 6 from 30-36 in. These represent guitarfish up to about 130 cm in
total length and perhaps 10 kg in weight.
Family MYLIOBATEDIDAE -- Eagle Rays
Myliobatis californica Gill
The bat stingray was discussed by Follett (1957:68; 1964:34; 1965:83; 1966:190; 1968:3).
Material: 15 centra (4 complete, 11 incomplete) -- 2 from a depth of 6-12 in. ; 6 from
12-18 in. ; 2 from 18-24 in.; 1 from 24-30 in.; 4 from 30-36 in. These represent stingrays
up to perhaps 32 kg in weight.
Family CLUPEIDAE -- Herrings
Sardinops sagax (Jenyns)
The Pacific sardine, called sex by the Chumash (Craig 1967:119), was discussed by
Follett (1965:83-84).
Material: 2 vertebrae (incomplete) -- 1 from a depth of 18-24 in. ; 1 from 30-36 in.
These represent two fish, the larger about 25 cm in total length.
Family BOTHIDAE Lefteyed Flounders
Paralichthys californicus (Ayres)
The California halibut, possibly one of the species called Xewes by the Barbareflo
Chumash and qewes by the Ventureno (Craig 1967:119-120), was discussed by Follett (1963a:
302; 1966:191).
Material: 13 vertebrae (8 incomplete, 5 fragments; 1 is partially charred) -- 1 from
a depth of 6-12 in.; 3 from 12-18 in.; 4 from 18-24 in.; 2 from 24-30 in.; 3 from 30-36 in.
These represent fish up to about 90 cm in total length.
134
Family
SPHYRAENIDAE -- Barracudas
Sphyraena argentea Girard
The Pacific barracuda was discussed by Follett
1965:84).
(1963a:303; 1963b:Plate lb (vertebra);
Material: 1 basioccipital (incomplete); 1 quadrate (right, incomplete); 1 premaxillarv
(left, incomplete); 1 articular (right, fragment); 5 vertebrae (4 incomplete, 1 fragment; 2
are partially charred); 1 hypural (incomplete) -- 1 articular and 1 vertebra from a depth of
6-12 in. ; 1 vertebra from 12-18 in. ; 1 basioccipital and 2 vertebrae from 18-24 in.; 1 quadrate from 24-30 in. ; 1 premaxillary and 1 vertebra from 30-36 in. ; 1 hypural from 36-42 in.
These represent fish up to about 86 cm in total length -- and therefore about 2.4 kg in weight
(Walford 1932:Fig. 30, Table 6).
Family
CARANGIDAE -- Jacks
Seriola dorsalis(Gill)
The yellowtail, possibly the species called qaja by the Venturefio Chumash (Craig 1967:
120), was discussed by Follett (1963a:303, Plate 1, Fig. c (vertebra) ). It occurred in the
Chumash region principally between May and October (Landberg 1965:Fig. 5).
Material: 1 quadrate (left, fragment) and 6 vertebrae (4 incomplete, 2 fragments) -1 vertebra from a depth of 6-12 in. ; 1 from 12-18 in. ; 2 from 18-24 in. ; 1 quadrate and 1
vertebra from 24-30 in. ; 1 vertebra from 30-36 in. These represent fish up to about 1 m
in total length -- and therefore about 8 kg in weight (Craig 1960:32-34).
Trachurus symmetricus (Ayres)
The Pacific jackmackerel (Roedel 1953:Fig.
cm and a weight of 2.2 kg (Hyatt 1961:34).
80) is known to attain a total length of 81
Material: 4 vertebrae (incomplete; 1 is partially charred; Plate 1, Fig. b) -- 2 from
a depth of 18-24 in. ; 2 from 24-30 in. These represent fish up to about 50 cm in total length.
(On the ventral aspect of the antepenultimate vertebra, shown in Plate 1, Fig. b, the V-shaped
grooves are those into which fit corresponding ridges of the dorsal aspect of the autogenous
haemal arch; cf. Gosline 1961:265.)
Family
SCOMBRIDAE -- Mackerels
Scomber japonicus diego (Ayres)
The Pacific mackerel, called 'anamtas by the
was discussed by Follett (1963a:304; 1965:84).
Barbareno Chumash (Craig 1967:119),
Material: 13 vertebrae (10 incomplete, 3 fragments) -- 3 from a depth of 6-12 in. ;
3 from 12-18 in. ; 4 from 18-24 in. ; 2 from 24-30 in. ; 1 from 30-36 in. These represent
fish up to about 45 cm in total length -- and perhaps 0.9 kg in weight (cf. Fitch 1951:Fig. 15).
135
Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus)
The oceanic skipjack (Kishinouye 1923:Plate 30, Fig. 53 (fish); Plate 32, Fig. 57
(skeleton)), which occurred in the Chumash region principally between July and October
(Landberg 1965:Fig. 5), was discussed by Follett (1963a:304).
Material: 4 vertebrae (incomplete; Plate 1, Fig. c) -- 2 from a depth of 18-24 in. ;
2 from 24-30 in. These represent fish up to about 56 cm in total length.
Thunnus alalunga (Bonnaterre)
The albacore (Kishinouye 1923:Plate 26, Fig. 46 (fish); Plate 29, Fig. 52 (skeleton);
as Thunnus germo), possibly one of the species called kulilatw by the Venturefio Chumash
(Craig 1967:119), was discussed by Follett (1963a:304, Plate 1, Fig. d (vertebra)). It
occurred in the Chumash region principally between July and October (Landberg 1965:Fig.5).
Material: 12 vertebrae (10 incomplete, 2 fragments) -- 1 from a depth of 6-12 in. ;
1 from 12-18 in. ; 4 from 18-24 in.; 3 from 24-30 in.; 3 from 30-36 in. These represent
fish about 74 cm in total length -- and therefore perhaps 6.5 kg in weight (cf. Clemens
1961:Fig. 1, Table 19).
Family SCIAENIDAE -- Croakers
Cheilotrema saturnum (Girard)
The black croaker (Skogsberg 1939:Fig. 6, as Sciaena saturna) has been said to attain
a total length of about 38 cm (Roedel 1953:98).
Material: 1 vertebra (incomplete) from a depth of 24-30 in., representing a fish
about 33 cm in total length.
Cynoscion nobilis (Ayres)
The white seabass was discussed by Follett (1957:68; 1963a:305).
Material: 1 premaxillary (right, incomplete; Plate 1, Fig. d); 1 vertebra (incomplete)
-- both from a depth of 12-18 in. These represent fish about 105 cm and 124 cm in total
length and about 9.5 kg and perhaps 15 kg in weight.
Family LABRIDAE Wrasses
Pimelometopon pulchrum (Ayres)
The California sheephead was discussed by Follett (1963a:305).
Material: 1 dentary (right, fragment) from a depth of 6-12 in., representing a fish
perhaps 60 cm in total length.
136
Family SCORPAENIDAE -- Rockfishes
Sebastodes paucispinis (Ayres)
The bocaccio (Phillips 1957:Fig. 9) has been said to attain a total length of 91 cm and
a weight of 9.5 kg (Fitch 1958:63).
Material: 1 quadrate (incomplete); 2 vertebrae (incomplete) -- 1 vertebra from a depth
of 6-12 in. ; 1 from 18-24 in. ; 1 quadrate from 24-30 in. These represent fish up to about
54 cm in total length.
Sebastodes melanops (Girard)
The black rockfish (Phillips 1957:Fig. 16) attains a total length of 59 cm (Miller,
Gotshall and Nitsos 1965:20).
Material: 1 preopercle (left, fragment) from a depth of 18-24 in., representing a fish
perhaps 35 cm in total length.
Sebastodes sp.
Several specimens, recognizable as representing rockfishes, have not been determined
as to species.
Material: 1 vomer (incomplete); 1 frontal (left, incomplete); 3 vertebrae (incomplete)
-- 1 vomer and 1 vertebra from a depth of 6-12 in.; 1 vertebra from 18-24 in. ; 1 frontal
and 1 vertebra from 24-30 in.
DISCUSSION
This collection, like that from nearby LAn-227, contains evidence of Chumash fishing
far from land. The evidence is twofold: (1) remains of the albacore and the oceanic skipjack, tunalike pelagic species occurring far from land (in southern California, the albacore
comes within three or four miles of shore, according to Cannon 1964:240), and (2) remains
of the larger rockfishes occurring near the seabottom in relatively deep water. Remains of
the blue shark, Prionace glauca (Linnaeus), a pelagic species that occasionally enters relatively shallow water, were represented at LAn-227 but not at LAn-229. Material of two
pelagic species, the albacore and the bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus (Linnaeus), and of deepwater rockfishes was obtained at Arroyo Sequit Shellmound (LAn-52), a coastal Chumash
site some 15 miles generally westward from the Century Ranch (Follett 1963b:116-117).
Among the fishes that generally occur a short distance from shore, the mako, Pacific
barracuda, yellowtail, Pacific mackerel and white seabass were found at both Century Ranch
sites. The narrowtooth shark and Pacific jackmackerel were found at LAn-229 but not at
LAn-227. The kelp bass, Paralabrax clathratus (Girard), and the California bonito, Sarda
137
lineolata (Girard), called muhun by the Barbarefio Chumash and muhum by the Venturefio
(Craig 1967:119-120), were not found at LAn-229 but were represented at LAn-227 and at
Arroyo Sequit. The kelp beds (Landberg 1965:Fig. 2), and the waters for some distance
seaward and shoreward from them, provide a habitat within which most of these fishes will
at times be found.
For offshore fishing the Chumash used hook and line, basket, net and harpoon from
a frameless plank canoe (Craig 1967:119).
Among the species occurring in estuaries and off sandy shores, the leopard shark,
Pacific angel shark, shovelnose guitarfish and California halibut were represented at both
Century Ranch sites (in this same region the first three were found also at Conejo Rock
shelter (Follett:1965) and at Arroyo Sequit). The bat stingray, Pacific sardine and black
croaker were found at LAn-229 but not at LAn-227. Remains of the soupfin, Galeorhinus
zyopterus Jordan and Gilbert, were found at LAn-227 but were not recognized at LAn-229.
For estuary fishing the Chumash used hook and line, basket and net from a canoe; for surf
fishing, a handline cast from a sandy beach (Craig 1967:119).
Among the fishes that commonly occur off rocky shores, the sheephead was represented at both Century Ranch sites, and the black rockfish was found only at LAn-229.
These two species may have been caught by pole and line, as described by Craig (1967:119).
Perhaps twice as many individual fishes were represented at LAn-229 as at LAn-227.
Many more remains of the leopard shark, Pacific angel shark and shovelnose guitarfish
were found at LAn-229; these species could readily be caught by the simplest of fishing gear:
a handline cast from shore, perhaps at the mouth of an estuary. This suggestion of a greater emphasis on inshore fishing at LAn-229 is supported by the presence of fewer remains of
yellowtail and albacore and by the absence of remains of the California bonito.
But at both Century Ranch sites, as at Arroyo Sequit, the remains of tunalike fishes
point unquestionably to the canoes of the Chumash.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIGELOW, HENRY B. and WILLIAM C. SCHROEDER
1948
Fishes of the Western North Atlantic. Chapter 3. Sharks. Memoir Sears
Foundation for Marine Research, Yale University, No. 1, Part 1, pp 59546. New Haven.
CANNON, RAYMOND
1964
How To Fish the Pacific Coast. A Manual for Salt Water Fishermen.
Second Edition. Lane, Menlo Park.
138
CLEMENS, HAROLD B.
1961
The Migration, Age, and Growth of Pacific Albacore (Thunnus germo),
1951-1958. State of California Department of Fish and Game, Fish Bulletin,
No. 115. Sacramento.
CRAIG, STEVE
1967
The Basketry of the Ventureno Chumash. Archaeological Survey Annual
Report 1967, Vol. 9, pp 78-149. University of California, Los Angeles.
CRAIG, WILLIAM L.
1960
Weight-Length Relationship. In: "A Study of the Yellowtail, Seriola dorsalis
John L. Baxter and a Staff of Associates. State of California Department of Fish and Game, Fish Bulletin, No. 110, pp 32-34. Sacramento.
EIGENMANN, CARL H.
1892
The Fishes of San Diego, California. Proceedings of the United States
National Museum, Vol. 15, pp 123-178. Washington, D. C.
FITCH, JOHN E.
1951
Age Composition of the Southern California Catch of Pacific Mackerel
1939-40 Through 1950-51. State of California Department of Fish and Game,
Fish Bulletin, No. 83. Sacramento.
1958
Offshore Fishes of California. State of California Department of Fish and
Game, Sacramento
FOLLETT, W. I.
1957
Fish Remains from a Shellmound in Morin County, California. American
Antiquity, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp 68-71. Salt lake City.
1963a
Fish Remains from the Century Ranch Site (LAn-227), Los Angeles County,
California. Archaeological Survey Annual Report 1962-1963, pp 295-316.
University of California, Los Angeles.
1963b
Fish Remains from Arroyo Sequit Shellmound (LAn-52), Los Angeles
County, California. In: "Arroyo Sequit--LAn-52. Archeological Investigations in Leo Carrillo Beach State Park, Los Angeles County, California:'
Freddie Curtis. California Division of Beaches and Parks Archeological
Report, No. 9, pp 113-121. Sacramento.
1964
Fish Remains trom a Sixteenth Century Site on Drakes Bay, California.
Archaeological Survey Annual Report 1963-64, pp 27-44. University of
California, Los Angeles.
1965
Appendix: Fish Remains from the Conejo Rock Shelter Site (Ven-69), Ventura County, California. Archaeological Survey Annual Report 1965, Vol. 7,
pp 81-90. University of California, Los Angeles.
139
1966
Fish Remains from Archaeological Sites at Irvine, Orange County, California. Archaeological Survey Annual Report 1966, Vol. 8, pp 185-195.
University of California, Los Angeles.
1968
Fish Remains from Two Submerged Deposits in Tomales Bay, Mann
County, California. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of
Sciences, No. 67. San Francisco.
GARRICK, J. A. F.
1967
Revision of Sharks of Genus Isurus with Description of a New Species
(Galeoidea, Lamnidae). Proceedings of the United States National Museum,
Vol. 118, pp 663-690. Washington, D. C.
GLASSOW, M. A.
1965
The Conejo Rock Shelter: An Inland Chumash Site in Ventura County, California. Archaeological Survey Annual Report 1965, Vol. 7, pp 19-80.
University of California, Los Angeles.
GOSLINE, WILLIAM A.
1961
The Perciform Caudal Skeleton.
Northridge.
Copeia, 1961, No. 3, pp 265-270.
HYATT, HAROLD
1961
Jack Mackerel, Trachurus symmetricus. In: California Ocean Fisheries
Resources to the Year 1960, State of California Department of Fish and
Game, pp 34-35. Sacramento.
KISHINOUYE, KAMAKICHI
1923
Contributions to the Comparative Study of the So-Called Scombroid Fishes.
Journal of the College of Agriculture, Imperial University of Tokyo, Vol.
8, No. 3. Tokyo.
LANDBERG, LEIF C. W.
1965
The Chumash Indians of Southern California. Southwest Museum Papers,
No. 19. Los Angeles.
LEONARD, N. NELSON III
1966
Ven-70 and Its Place in the Late Period of the Western Santa Monica
Mountains. Archaeological Survey Annual Report 1966, Vol. 8, pp 215241. University of California, Los Angeles.
140
MILLER, DANIEL J., DAN GOTSHALL and RICHARD NITSOS
1965
A Field Guide to Some Common Ocean Sport Fishes of California. State of
California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento.
PHILLIPS, JULIUS B.
1957
A Review of the Rockfishes of California (Family Scorpaenidae). State of
California Department of Fish and Game, Fish Bulletin, No. 104.
Sacramento.
RADOVICH, JOHN
1961
Relationships of Some Marine Organisms of the Northeast Pacific to Water
Temperatures Particularly During 1957 Through 1959. State of California
Department of Fish and Game, Fish Bulletin, No. 112. Sacramento.
ROEDEL, PHIL M.
1953
Common Ocean Fishes of the California Coast. State of California Department of Fish and Game, Fish Bulletin, No. 91. Sacramento.
SKOGSBERG, TAGE
1939
The Fishes of the Family Sciaenidae (Croakers) of California. Division of
Fish and Game of California, Fish Bulletin, No. 54. Sacramento.
WALFORD, LIONEL A .
1932
The California Barracuda (Sphyraena argentea). Division of Fish and Game
of California, Fish Bulletin, No. 37. Sacramento.
141
TABLE 1: DISTRIBUTION, BY LEVEL, OF FISH REMAINS FROM CENTURY RANCH SITES LAn-227 AND LAn-229
0-6 in.
227 229
6-12 in.
227 229
Black rockfish
Rockfishes, unidentified
Unidentified species
1
-
1
3
3
8
1
1 11
1
1
8
- 12
2
1
1
1
2
3
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
6 45
Total
1
15
Species
Mako
Leopard shark
Narrowtooth shark
Blue shark
Soupfin
Pacific angel shark
Shovelnose guitarfish
Bat stingray
Pacific sardine
California halibut
Kelp bass
Pacific barracuda
Yellowtail
Pacific jackmackerel
Pacific mackerel
California bonito
Oceanic skipjack
Albacore
Black croaker
White seabass
California sheephead
Bocaccio
18
91
12-18 in. 18-24 in. 24-30 in. 30-36 in. 36-42 in. 42-48 in. 48-51 in.
Total
227 229 227 229 227 229 227 229 227 229 227 229 227 229 227 229
1
- 14
3 13
- 21
6
2
3
1
1 1
2
1
1
3
3
9
1
2
1
5
24 56
1
2
1
5
1
1
4
6
1
15
3
10
23
18
12
17
2
1
4
3
2
2
4
2
4
1
1
1
75
2
4
7
1
1
2
- 10
4
8
1
3
2
1
1 1
3
2
2
1
2
4
2
9
3
1
1
1
1
10
2
19 58
2
5
2
1
5
3
1
8
15
13
12
6
4
1
3
2
1
1
3
37
1
1
2
1
2
2
3
2
5
1
3
1
1
1
52 122
73 149
66 103
42
83
12
11
3
-
1
-
1
-
4
2
6 66
1
1
7
5 63
15 67
- 15
2
11 13
5
2
19
2
18
2
44
1
5
29
92
-
10
7
4
13
4
12
1
2
1
3
1
5
282
268 574
•
1,
a. Narrowtooth shark, Carcharhinus
brachyurus: lower tooth, extreme
length 11 mm; from a depth of 2430 in.
b. Pacific jackmackerel, Trachurus
symmetricus: antepenultimate
vertebra (ventral aspect), length
13 mm; from a depth of 24-30 in.
c
d. White seabass, Cynoscion nobilis.
right prema.xillary, length 33 mm;
from a depth of 12-18 in.
PLATE 1
143
Oceanic skipjack, Katsuwonus
pelamis: precaudal vertebra,
length 10.8 mm; from a depth
of 24-30 in.

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