Mor rphom metric A Analy Surfa ysis of ace of f

Internatioonal Journaal of Sciencce and Reseearch (IJSR
R)
ISSN
N (Online): 2319-7064
Impacct Factor (201
12): 3.358
Morrphom
metric Analy
A ysis off Supeerior A
Articullating
Surfaace off Taluss
Dr. Shishirkuma
S
ar1, Dr. Sath
heesha Nam
mbiar2, Dr. Arunachalam
A
m Kumar3, D
Dr. Girish V.
V Patil4
2
1
Assistantt Professor, Deppartment of Annatomy, DM- Wayanad
W
Institutte of Medical Sciences,
S
Meppaadi, Wayanad. Kerala.
K
India
Professor of Anatomy at KMCT Medicaal College, Assoociate Professor at Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences, Baangalore, India
3
Head, R&D, K.S.Heggde Medical Accademy, Mangaalore, India
4
Asssociate Professsor, Departmennt Of Anatomy, DM-WIMS Meppadi,
M
Kerala,, India
A
Abstract:
Taloocrural joint is major weight bearing joint of
o the body, sin
nce human is th
he only known obligate biped
dals1. Thereforee the
boody weight is trransmitted to the
th ground throough the two loower limbs. So some great feaatures have beeen evolved in humans
h
to keepp the
boody upright. An
nd talus is a sin
ngle bone whicch takes the weiight of the who
ole body. Study is done using 330 Tali (15 righ
ht sides and 155 Left
siides). Measureements were siimilar on both
h sides. The measurements
m
were
w
lower wh
hen compared to one study showing
s
the raacial
diifference.
K
Keywords:
Bippedals, Evolved, Racial, Taalocrural jointt, Tali.
1. Introducttion
The talocrural joint is a maajor weight bearing
T
b
joint of
o the
boody. The weiight of the boody is transmiitted from thee tibia
annd fibula to thhe talus whichh distributes thhe weight anteeriorly
annd posteriorlyy within the foot.
f
One sixthh of the staticc load
2
off the leg is carried
c
by the fibula at thee tibiofibular joint
j
.
T passive staability dependds on the conttour of the artticular
The
suurfaces, the integrity of the collaterral ligamentss, the
inntegrity of thhe distal tibioofibular ligam
ments, the retticular
syystem aroundd the ankle and the crosssing and atttached
teendon tunnels3. The lower end
e of tibia along with its medial
m
m
malleolus
and the
t lateral maalleolus of thee fibula form a deep
reecess to accom
mmodate the body
b
of talus. Ankle is one of the
m
most
frequentlly injured joinnt4 and very limited amouunt of
sttudies is availlable on morphometry of thhe superior artticular
suurface of tallus which will
w
help in the reconstruuction
suurgeries and in the mannufacture of implants in south
Inndians.
Image
I
1: Lenngth measurem
ments of superrior articulatinng
surfacce of talus takeen at differentt levels.
2. Material & Method
ds
This study is done
T
d
in the deppartment of Anatomy
A
K.S.H
Hegde
M
Medical
Acadeemy, Deralakaatte, Mangalore by using 30 Tali
(115 right sidess and 15 Leftt sides). The measurementts that
w
were
taken on the superior articulating surface
s
are, medial
m
siide length, lateral side lengtth, central lenngth, anterior width,
w
ceentral width, posterior widdth, lateral siide: central radius,
r
laateral side: posterior radius,, medial side: anterior heighht.
Image 2: Widdth measurem
ments of superiior articulatingg
surfacce of talus takeen at differentt levels.
Volumee 3 Issue 6, June
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2014
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net
Licenssed Under Creeative Commo
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Internatioonal Journaal of Sciencce and Reseearch (IJSR
R)
ISSN
N (Online): 2319-7064
Impacct Factor (201
12): 3.358
Alll the measurem
ments were taaken using a thread
t
and diggital
caliipers.
3. Observatio
on and Ressults
Mo
orphometryy of Articullar Surface in Talus (D
Dry
Bo
one)
Table 1: Morphometry
M
y of each side in
i dry talus
IImage 3 (left)): Measuremennts of lateral articulating
a
suurface
o talus taken at different leevels.
of
Image 4 (riight): Measurrements of meedial articulatiing
surfaace of talus taken at differennt levels.
Medial side
length
Lateral side
length
Central
length
Anterior
width
Central
width
Posterior
width
Anterior
radius
Central
radius
Posterior
radius
Anterior
height
SIDE
LEFT
R
RIGHT
LEFT
R
RIGHT
LEFT
R
RIGHT
LEFT
R
RIGHT
LEFT
R
RIGHT
LEFT
R
RIGHT
LEFT
R
RIGHT
LEFT
R
RIGHT
LEFT
R
RIGHT
LEFT
R
RIGHT
Meann Std. Deviatio
on
36.53
3.35
36
3.09
36.4
3.18
36.4
2.41
37.4
2.41
36.8
2.24
28.4
1.72
27.87
1.30
26.67
1.87
26.6
1.92
22.13
1.68
21.47
1.68
22.47
1.30
22.13
0.99
23.6
1.24
23.2
1.08
23.87
1.24
23.87
0.99
13.07
1.03
13.07
0.88
Tablee No.1
Volumee 3 Issue 6, June
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2014
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Licenssed Under Creeative Commo
ons Attributionn CC BY
P Value
0.654
1
0.486
0.347
0.924
0.288
0.437
0.355
1
1
Internatioonal Journaal of Sciencce and Reseearch (IJSR
R)
ISSN
N (Online): 2319-7064
Impacct Factor (201
12): 3.358
40
35
30
Axis Title
25
20
15
10
5
0
LEFT
RIGHT
Medial
Laateral
sside length sidee length
artticular
articular
surface of surfface of
taalus
talus
36.53
3
36.4
36
3
36.4
Centraal
lengthh
articullar
surfacee of
taluss
37.4
4
Anterior
width
articular
surface of
talus
28.4
Central
width
articular
surface of
talus
26.67
Posterior
P
width
a
articular
su
urface of
talus
22.13
Latteral
sid
deAnteerior
rad
dius
Laterall
sideCentrall
radius
Lateral
sidePosterior
radius
Medial
sideAnterior
height
22.47
23.6
23.87
13.07
36.8
27.87
26.6
21.47
22.13
23.2
23.87
13.07
Graph No. 1: Comparison in the morpphometry of different
G
d
sidees in the articculating surfaaces of the dry
d talus. X-aaxis:
C
Components
too be measuredd. Y-axis: meaasurement in mm.
m
Irrrespective off the side to which
w
the bonee belongs, the mean
vaalues of the leength of superior trochlear surface of tallus on
thhe medial, lateral and centrral part are 366.26 mm, 36.4 mm
annd 37.1 mm. The mean values
v
of the width of suuperior
trrochlear surfaace of talus on the antterior, central and
poosterior part are
a 28.13 mm
m, 26.63 mm and 21.8 mm
m. The
m
mean
values off the anterior,, middle and the
t posterior radius
r
onn the lateral articulating
a
surrface are 22.33 mm, 23.4 mm
m and
233.8 mm. Thee mean valuee of the anteerior height on
o the
m
medial
side is 13.06
1
mm.
On the right sidde, the mean length
O
l
measurrements are 366 mm,
36.4 mm and 36.8
3
mm. Thee mean widthh measuremennts are
277.87 mm, 266.6 mm and 21.47 mm. The mean radius
r
are, 22.13 mm
m
measurements
m, 23.2 mm and
a 23.87 mm
m. The
m
mean
height vaalue is 13.07 mm
m
n the left sidee, the mean leength measurements are 36.53
On
mm
m, 36.4 mm annd 37.4 mm. T
The mean wid
dth measurem
ments
are 28.4 mm, 26.67 mm andd 22.13 mm. The mean raadius
measurements arre 22.47 mm,, 23.6 mm and 23.87 mm. The
mean height valuue is 13.07 mm
m.
4. Discussion
n
Irreespective of thhe side to whiich the bone belongs,
b
the mean
m
values of the lenngth of superioor trochlear su
urface of taluus on
the medial, laterral and centraal part are 36.26 mm, 36.4 mm
and
d 37.1 mm. The
T mean vaalues of the width
w
of supeerior
trocchlear surfacce of talus on the anterrior, central and
possterior part arre 28.13 mm, 26.63 mm an
nd 21.8 mm. The
mean values of the
t anterior, m
middle and th
he posterior raadius
on the lateral artticulating surfface are 22.3 mm,
m 23.4 mm
m and
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2014
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International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
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23.8 mm. The mean value of the anterior height on the
medial side is 13.06 mm.
The length is almost similar throughout, though the lateral
side is little more than lengthier than the other side
measurements. From the above measurements it is clear that
the articular surface is wider in front and narrows
posteriorly. The lateral articular surface forms an arc of a
circle because the radius in different regions is almost
similar in length.
On the right side, the mean length measurements are 36 mm,
36.4 mm and 36.8 mm with a standard deviation of 3.094
mm, 2.414 mm and 2.242 mm. The mean width
measurements are 27.87 mm, 26.6 mm and 21.47 mm with a
standard deviation of 1.302 mm, 1.92 mm and 1.685 mm.
The mean radius measurements are, 22.13 mm 23.2 mm, and
23.87 mm with a standard deviation of 0.99 mm, 1.082 mm
and 0.99 mm. The mean height value is 13.07 mm, with a
standard deviation of 1.033 mm.
On the left side, the mean length measurements are 36.53
mm, 36.4 mm and 37.4 mm with a standard deviation of
3.357 mm, 3.18 mm and 2.414 mm. The mean width
measurements are 28.4 mm, 26.67 mm and 22.13 mm with a
standard deviation of 1.724 mm, 1.877 mm and 1.685 mm.
The mean radius measurements are 22.47 mm, 23.6 mm and
23.87 mm with a standard deviation of 1.302 mm, 1.242 mm
and 1.246 mm. The mean height value is 13.07 mm, with a
standard deviation of 0.884 mm.
The measurements on both sides are similar. According to
the study by Rosdi Daud et al.5 on three dimensional
morphometric study of the trapezium shape of the trochlear
tali, the anterior width and the posterior width was measured
in 99 participants (49 females and 50 males).
The mean anterior width was found to be 32.36 mm with a
standard deviation of 2.36 mm and a range of 25.56 mm to
37.74 mm in males. In females, it was 28.38 mm with a
standard deviation of 1.68 mm and a range from 25.11 mm
to 32.39 mm.
The posterior mean width was measured to 26.31 mm with a
standard deviation of 2.07 mm and a range of 20.88 mm to
31.21 mm in males. In females, the mean width was found to
be 22.98 mm with a standard deviation of 1.63mm and the
range from 19.97 mm to 26.53 mm.
On the right side, the mean anterior width was measured to
be 30.47 mm with a standard deviation of 2.8 mm. On the
left side, it was measured to be 30.32 mm with a standard
deviation of 2.93 mm.
mm, in the middle the mean width in the middle measured to
be 27.9 mm with a standard deviation of 3 mm and on the
posterior part it measured 25.2 mm with a standard deviation
of 3.7 mm.The study is in agreement with the study of
Andrea Hayes et al.6
5. Conclusion
Morphometry of articular surface in talus (dry bone): The
lateral length measurement is higher than the other length
measurements. Articular surface is wider in front and
narrows posterior. The measurements on both sides are
similar. This study will help in the reconstruction surgeries
and in the manufacture of implants in south Indians.
Acknowledgment
The present study is based upon the Dissertation work done
by Dr. Shishirkumar under the guidance of Dr. Satheesha
Nambiar. It would be impossible to complete the work
without the help of Dr. Arunachalam Kumar in the Dept. of
Anatomy, K.S.Hegde Medical Academy, Mangalore, Nitte
University.
References
[1] DeSilva. J.M. Functional morphology of the ankle and
the likelihood of climbing in early hominins. 2009;
106(16): 6567-6572. doi/10.73/pnas.0900270106.
[2] Lambert KL. The weight bearing function of the fibula.
A strain gauge study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1976; 53
(3): 507.
[3] McCullough CJ, Burge PD. Rotary stability of the load
bearing ankle. An experimental study. J Bone Joint Surg
Br. 1980; 62(4): 460.
[4] Bruce D. Beynnon, Darlene F, Murphy, Denise M. Alosa
Predictive Factors for Lateral Ankle Sprains. J Athl
Train. 2002; 37(4): 376–380.
[5] Rosdi Daud, Mohammed Rafiq Abdul Kadir, Sudin
Izman, Amir Putra Md Saad, Muhammad Hisyam Lee,
Aminudin Che Ahmad. Three-dimensional morphometric
study of the trapezium shape of the trochlea tali. The
journal of foot & ankle surgery 2013; 1–6.
[6] Andrea Hayes, Yuki Tochigi, Charles L. Saltzman.
Ankle morphometry on 3d-ct images. Iowa Orthop J.
2006; 26: 1–4.
Author Profile
On the right side, the mean posterior width was measured to
be 24.92 mm with a standard deviation of 2.37 mm. On the
left side, it was measured to be 24.39 mm with a standard
deviation of 2.61 mm.
Dr. Shishirkumar has completed his MBBS
from KLE’S JNMC Belgaum and has completed
his M.D in Anatomy from K. S. Hegde Medical
Academy, Deralakatte, Mangalore. He is
presently working as an Assistant Professor in
the Department Of Anatomy, DM-WIMS Meppadi, Kerala.
The measurements are lower when compared. It may be
because of the population difference. In the study of ankle
morphometry on 3D-CT images by Andrea Hayes et al.6 in
21 subjects (10 females and 11males), the mean width on the
anterior part was 29.9 mm with a standard deviation of 2.6
Dr. Satheesha Nambiar is presently a Professor
of Anatomy at NITTE UNIVERSITY. Was a
Professor of Anatomy at KMCT Medical
College, Associate Professor at Vydehi Institute
Volume 3 Issue 6, June 2014
www.ijsr.net
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Impact Factor (2012): 3.358
of Medical Sciences, Bangalore.
Dr. Arunachalam Kumar presently heads the
R&D in K. S. Hegde Medical Academy,
Mangalore. He is also a Professor in Anatomy in
K. S. Hegde Medical Academy Mangalore. He is
India’s most Eccentric Genius and he even has a name in the
Limca book of records.
Dr. Girish V Patil has completed his MBBS
from KIMS Hubli and has completed his M.D in
Anatomy from VIMS Bellary. He has also
finished his DNB Anatomy. He is presently
working as an Associate Professor in the
Department Of Anatomy, DM-WIMS Meppadi, Kerala.
Volume 3 Issue 6, June 2014
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