Journal
GSH
The Epicenter of
Geophysical Excellence
Candidates for 2014 GSH Board
Page 20
SEG DISC - Microseismic Imaging
Page 7
March 2014
GEOPHYSICAL SOCIETY OF HOUSTON
Volume 4 • Number 8
GSH-SEG Spring Symposium
Page 9
Tech Lunch - 2014 SEG Distinguished Lecture In Search of Arabian Giants
Page 8
Kirchhoff: No Q Compensation
Kirchhoff: With Q Compensation
WEM: With Q Compensation
VTI or TTI Anisotropy and Attenuation Compensation During PSDM
Q Model From Tomography
Visco Acoustic Imaging
Using Q tomography and depth migration, as the Q compensation platform, has the
benefit that complex 3D wavefield attenuation can be automatically accounted for:
• Improving resolution, and amplitude balance
• Correcting the phase distortion, and allowing for better positioning of the reservoir
Houston
Tel: +1 281 509 8000
2
Geophysical Society of Houston
March 2014
6|
Technical Breakfasts
7|
Westside: Application of Seismic-Inversion
Methods in Salt-Exit Velocity and
Pore-Pressure Prediction
Speaker: Niranjan Banik
SEG DISC Microseismic Imaging with Shawn Maxwell
7|
Technical Luncheons & Dinner8
|
2014 SEG Spring Distinguished Lecture: A Journey
Through Time in Search of Arabian Giants -- Oil/Gas
Fields, Recording Channels, and Petabytes
Speaker: Peter I. Pecholcs
LOOK
Northside: Joint Multi-Parameter Anisotropic
Full Waveform Inversion With Randomized
Shot Sampling
Speaker: Chao Wang
INSIDE •••
Technical Events
•••
••• MEETINGS •••
TA B L E o f C O N T E N T S
4••••
Organization Contacts
5••••
A Word From the Board
15••••
Corporate Sponsors
15••••
Mystery Item
By Tommie Rape, Editor
Do You Know What This Is?!
26••••
Corporate Members
27••••
Geoscience Center News
28••••
Wavelets
31••••
HPAC
Spouses’ Auxiliary
31•••• Welcome New Members
33••••
GSH Outreach
33•••• Bright Spot Sustaining Donors
Correlation Between Rock Properties and
Spatial Variations in Seismic Attributes for
Unconventional Gas Shales
– A Case Study on the Haynesville Shale
By Meijuan Jiang and Kyle T. Spikes
17|
Meet the Candidates
20|
Doodlebugger Diary
34|
A Return to the Five Transform Pairs:
Their Meaning and Applications
By Mike Graul
Members in the News
5|
GSH-SEG Spring Symposium
& Exhibition
9|
Save the Date! March 11&12, 2014
Golf Tournament
25|
GSH Honors & Awards Banquet
26|
Save the Date! April 28, 2014
Save the Date! May 8, 2014
March 2014
36•••• Calendar of Events
On The
Cover...
Tutorial Nuggets
Shamrock Literary Society
By Lee Lawyer
C H E C K THIS O U T
11|
Backpack
deployment of
cableless seismic
acquisition system
(GSR) in the
challenging terrain
of Upper New York
State.
Photo courtesy
of Geospace
Technologies.
E D I TO R ’ S N OT E
• • • F E AT U R E S • • •
Technical Article
To ensure your information reaches the
GSH members in a timely manner, please
note the following deadlines and plan
accordingly. Please submit your articles
and any questions to Tommie Rape, editor,
at [email protected].
2013 GSH JOURNAL DEADLINES
May 2014 Issue .....................................March 7
Jun 2014 Issue .........................................April 8
July/Aug 2014.............................................. N/A
© The Geophysical Society of Houston retains all rights and privileges to the
content hereof. No reproduction or ge of content is allowed without express
written permission of The Geophysical Society of Houston.
Geophysical Society of Houston
3
GEOPHYSICAL SOCIETY OF HOUSTON
Karen Blakeman, Executive Director • Kathy Sanvido, Webmaster
14811 St. Mary’s Lane, Suite 204, Houston, TX 77079 • Office Hours 8 a.m. - 5 p.m.
Phone: (281) 741-1624 • Email: [email protected] • Website: http://www.gshtx.org
O R G A N I Z AT I O N C O N TAC T S
GSH Board of Directors = GSH Executive Committee + SEG Section Representatives
PRESIDENT______________________________ Tad Smith_________________
Sponsorship_________________________ Haynie Stringer_____________
Editorial Board_______________________ Lee Lawyer________________
Historian____________________________ Art Ross___________________
Office_______________________________ Dave Agarwal______________
Outreach____________________________ Lisa Buckner_______________
Scholarship Liaison___________________ Art Ross___________________
PAST PRESIDENT________________________ Scott Singleton_____________
PRIOR PAST PRESIDENT____________ Jim Schuelke_______________
Phone
Cell
Email
[email protected]
281-491-2045______832-606-3993 [email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
MEMBERSHIP
PRESIDENT ELECT ______________________ Paul Schatz________________ [email protected]
GSH/SEG Membership_______________ Rekha Patel____________________________________713-398-5884______rekhapatelus@yahoo.com
Booth ______________________________ Haynie Stringer_____________ 281-491-2045______832-606-3993 [email protected]
Volunteer Coordinator________________ Sofia Campbell_____________ [email protected]
TECHNICAL EVENTS
FIRST VICE PRESIDENT __________________ Phil Schultz________________
FIRST VICE PRESIDENT ELECT ______ Robert Stewart_____________
Tech Breakfasts Westside______________ Phil Schultz________________
Tech Breakfasts Northside_____________ Glenn Bear________________
Tech Luncheons______________________ Phil Schultz________________
Continuing Education_________________ Mike Graul_________________
Spring Symposium___________________ Phil Schultz________________
DISC_______________________________ Phil Schultz________________
Geoscience Day______________________ Haynie Stringer_____________
OTC Rep.___________________________ Roy Clark__________________
SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS (SIGS)
Data Processing and Acquisition________ Bill Dragoset ______________
____________________________________ Evren Yarman______________
Potential Fields_______________________ Alex Blacque_______________
Rock Physics________________________ Isabel Varela_______________
Microseismic representative____________ Gary Jones________________
SEG Wavelets________________________ Long Huang_______________
832-854-4041 [email protected]
[email protected]
832-854-4041 [email protected]
[email protected]
832-854-4041 [email protected]
[email protected]
832-854-4041 [email protected]
832-854-4041 [email protected]
281-491-2045______832-606-3993 [email protected]
[email protected]
713-271-1103______713-927-8043______ [email protected]
[email protected]
832-858-9327_________________________Alex_Blacque@murphyoilcorp.com
281-687-6692_________________________isabel.varela@exxonmobil.com
[email protected]
[email protected]
SOCIAL EVENTS
SECOND VICE PRESIDENT _______________ Gladys Reyes_______________ 713-914-0300 [email protected]
SECOND VICE PRESIDENT ELECT ___ Liza Yellott_________________ 713-881-2894______713-204-0998 [email protected]
Sporting Clays_______________________ Kenneth Mohn_____________ 713-485-9696_________________________kenneth.mohn@mcgeophysical.no
Icebreakers__________________________ Paul Schatz________________ [email protected]
Salt Water Tournament________________ Bobby Perez_______________ [email protected]
Social at TopGolf_____________________ Anthony Torlucci_______________________________832-439-9923______Anthony.Torlucci@pgs.com
Tennis Tournament___________________ Russell Jones_______________ 832-295-8350 [email protected]
Annual Meeting & Awards Banquet_____ Katherine Pittman__________ [email protected]
Golf Tournament_____________________ Dennis Sump______________ 281-698-8852 [email protected]
Social Media Coordinator______________ Liza Yellott_________________ 713-881-2894______713-204-0998 [email protected]
SECRETARY_____________________________ Farshid Forouhideh_________ 281-781-1178______832-499-6485______Farshid.Forouhideh@iongeo.com
TREASURER_____________________________ Dennis Yanchak____________ 713-296-6109_________________________Dennis.Yanchak@apachecorp.com
Finance Committee___________________ David Hammer_____________ 832-321-5110 [email protected]
COMMUNICATIONS
EDITOR_________________________________ Tommie Rape__________________________________713-829-5480______tommiedr@aol.com
Assistant Editor______________________ Keith Katahara_____________ [email protected]
Assistant Editor______________________ Dhananjay Kumar__________ [email protected]
Assistant Editor______________________ Marianne Rauch-Davies__________________________832-641-2377______mrauchdavies@gmail.com
Advertising Committee________________ Karen Blakeman____________ [email protected]
Website Coordinator__________________ Liza Yellott_________________ 713-881-2894______713-204-0998 [email protected]
SEG SECTION REPRESENTATIVES________ Tad Smith_________________ [email protected]
____________________________________ Scott Singleton_____________ [email protected]
____________________________________ Jim Schuelke_______________ [email protected]
____________________________________ Paul Schatz________________ [email protected]
____________________________________ Lee Lawyer________________ [email protected]
SEG ALTERNATE REPS______________ Bob Wegner_______________ [email protected]
____________________________________ Haynie Stringer_____________ 281-491-2045______832-606-3993 [email protected]
____________________________________ Bill Gafford________________ [email protected]
____________________________________ Art Ross___________________ [email protected]
Geoscience Center / Museum__________ Bill Gafford________________ [email protected]
SPG-NA Rep.________________________ Dave Agarwal______________ [email protected]
HPAC______________________________ Donna Parrish, HPAC_______ [email protected]
NeoGeos____________________________ TBD_____________________________________________________________
4
Back to Index
Geophysical Society of Houston
March 2014
A Word From the Board
Tommie Rape - Editor
During my 36 years as a geophysicist in the petroleum
industry (not counting the unpaid work I am doing now)
I was not known for having the cleanest desk. I am not
saying I was messy, for that material on my desk was
important and was somewhat organized. One big pile
on the desk was technical journals and magazines. I,
like most of you I am sure, struggled in finding time to
read all the material that I wanted to read and felt like
I needed to read. I got in the habit of having my lunch
in my office most of the time so that I could lower that
reading pile while eating my lunch. But wherever I read,
my first choice of reading material was not the oldest or
newest selections from the pile. I based my selection
on what was informative, educational, and what was fun
to read. Now you know where I am going, right? For
those criteria of being informative, educational, and fun
to read are exactly the criteria guiding the content of the
GSH Journal.
If you are reading this you are probably familiar with the
content of the Journal. But every issue has a couple
of technical articles - a referenced article related to a
variety of geophysical topics and Mike Graul's "Tutorial
Nuggets" that explains some of the technical basics of
geophysics (a good review for all) in a very enjoyable
fashion. We also have a "Conversation With" some well
known geophysicists discussing interesting highlights
of their careers and a Doodlebugger Diary article
relating some of the very interesting field experiences
of other geophysicists. We also have articles about
outreach opportunities/activities at the GSH-sponsored
Geoscience Center and with Houston area youth and
non-geophysical types. Each issue provides valuable
and timely information about upcoming GSH-sponsored
technical events. And, of course, there are notices
about upcoming technical and social events and articles
about past events with "incriminating" pictures. In short,
there are informative, educational, and fun-to-read
materials in the Journal.
In addition to the tried-and-true content described above,
we are adding some new selections to the Journal.
Starting this past fall, each Journal has had a short
article entitled "Wavelets" which describe some of the
activities of the University of Houston geophysical
community; this regular article is sponsored by the
SEG Wavelets student organization at the University of
Houston. This spring we will be starting a new section
of member news. If you have recently changed jobs or
have had a big promotion, send two or three descriptive
sentences to Kathy Sanvido at [email protected]. This
new news section will start initially
on the GSH website, and then be
followed in the Journal. By the
way, do not forget that members
can find past issues of the Journal
on the GSH website at http://
www.gshtx.org/. What would you
like to see in the Journal? If you
have ideas or suggestions, feel
free to send them to me at
[email protected].
Tommie Rape
Editor
Of course, the Journal would not
be available to you without the help
of many volunteers, and I want to take this opportunity
to mention them. Lee Lawyer and Haynie Stringer join
me on the Editorial Committee, and each contributes
mightily to each issue. Three assistant editors (Keith
Katahara, Dhananjay Kumar, and Marianne RauchDavies) are extremely valuable in helping prepare the
submissions for each issue. Numerous people, too many
to mention, submit regular contributions. And unknown
to most readers, Kendra Williams from Prime Source
Office Solutions, is our publisher; Kendra and her firm
are responsible for the layout and much of the design of
each issue. Kendra's patience is legendary for having
to put up with our frequent changes and late submittals.
And none of this would be possible without the very
generous support of our many advertisers and corporate
members and corporate sponsors. Please help me extend
a very heartfelt thanks to all of those who contribute to,
help with, and advertise in the Journal.
A WORD F ROM T H E BOARD
Top of the Pile
And speaking of volunteers, the life blood of the GSH
is volunteers. And like all the other volunteers that I
have gotten to know, I have benefited from and have
thoroughly enjoyed meeting many new people. If
you would like to volunteer for the Journal or any
other GSH activity, please contact myself or any of
the other GSH officers/staff. All professional people
benefit from increasing their contacts, so whether by
volunteering or just participating in technical and social
events, get involved.
So if you want to keep up with what is going on in the
Houston geophysical community; if you want to read
interesting technical articles and Tutorials; and if you
want to be entertained by the interesting experiences
of renowned world-traveling geophysicists, then keep
the GSH Journal at the top of the pile on your desk and
read it regularly.
Notification of New Members In the News
Have you changed jobs lately or received a special award? Have you been elected or appointed to a leadership position
in a national organization? Are you retiring or moving to another city? As another benefit to our members, the GSH
is starting a Members In The News page on the GSH website. So send a short one or two sentence blurb on your business
achievement/award/job change to Kathy Sanvido ([email protected]) at the GSH office, who will then put your news
item on the GSH website. Then check out yours and other news items at http://www.gshtx.org/members-in-the-news/.
And pass the news of this new GSH feature to your colleagues.
March 2014
Geophysical Society of Houston
Back to Index
5
Joint Multi-Parameter Anisotropic Full Waveform
Inversion With Randomized Shot Sampling
Sponsored by Anadarko and Lumina
Tuesday 4-Mar-2014 7:30 AM to 8:30 AM
Location: A
nadarko Petroleum
1201 Lake Robbins Drive
The Woodlands TX 77380
Speaker: Chao Wang, ION Geophysical
Westside
Application of Seismic-Inversion Methods in
Salt-Exit Velocity and Pore-Pressure Prediction
Sponsored by CGG
Wednesday 5-Mar-2014 7:30 AM to 8:30 AM
Location: C
GG
10300 Town Park Drive
Houston TX 77072
Speaker: N
iranjan Banik, Scientific Advisor,
Schlumberger
TECH BREAKFASTS
Northside
Sponsored by Anadarko and Lumina
Tuesday 1-Apr-2014 7:30 AM to 8:30 AM
Location: A
nadarko Petroleum
1201 Lake Robbins Drive
The Woodlands TX 77380
Westside
Sponsored by CGG
Wednesday 9-Apr-2014 7:30 AM to 8:30 AM
••• pf SIG •••
Location: C
GG
10300 Town Park Drive
Houston TX 77072
POTENTIAL FIELDS SIG
Thursday 6-Mar-2014 5:30 PM to 8:30 PM
Location: H
ESS Club
5430 Westheimer Rd
Houston Texas 77056
Back to Index
• • • t e ch L U N C H E S & D I N N E R • • •
P-Wave Variations in the Seabed and Their
Impact on Acoustic Reflection Data
MICROSEISMIC SIG
Thursday 6-Mar-2014 11:30 AM to 1:00 PM
Location: A
pache Corporation
2000 Post Oak Blvd, #100
Houston Texas 77056
SAVE THE DATE - APRIL
Thursday 3-Apr-2014 11:30 AM to 1:00 PM
DATA PROCESSING &
ACQUISITION SIG
Sponsored by WesternGeco
Monday 11-Mar-2014 4:30 PM to 6:00 PM
Location: W
esternGeco
10001 Richmond Avenue
Houston TX 77042
SAVE THE DATE - APRIL
Tuesday 8-Apr-2014 4:30 PM to 6:00 PM
TECH LUNCHES & DINNER
SAVE THE DATES - APRIL
Speaker: Alan J. Foley, Svitzer Surveys
6
••• micro SIG •••
Northside
••• dp&acq SIG •••
TECH BREAKFASTS
• • • t e ch B R E A K FA S T S • • •
T E CH N I CAL E VE N T S
Technical Events
2014 SEG Spring Distinguished Lecture:
A Journey Through Time in Search of Arabian
Giants -- Oil/Gas Fields, Recording Channels,
and Petabytes
Speaker: P
eter I. Pecholcs, CGG, Massy France
2014 SEG Spring Distinguished Lecturer
Westside Lunch
Tuesday 18-Mar-2014 11:00 AM to 1:00 PM
Location: N
orris Conference Centers / Pecan
Ballroom Houston City Center
816 Town and Country Blvd
Houston Texas 77024
Northside Dinner
Tuesday 18-Mar-2014 5:30 PM to 8:00 PM
Location: T
he Woodlands Resort
& Conference Center
2301 North Millbend Dr.
The Woodlands, Texas 77380
Downtown Lunch
Wednesday 19-Mar-2014 11:00 AM to 1:00 PM
Location: T
he Petroleum Club of Houston
800 Bell Street, 43rd Fl
Houston TX 77002
Geophysical Society of Houston
March 2014
Northside: Joint Multi-Parameter Anisotropic
Full Waveform Inversion With Randomized
Shot Sampling
Speaker: Chao Wang, ION Geophysical
Sponsored by Anadarko and Lumina
Tuesday, March 4, 2014
Breakfast at 7:00 a.m.
Presentation 7:30 – 8:30 a.m.
Location: A
nadarko Petroleum
1201 Lake Robbins Drive
The Woodlands, TX 77380
Abstract:
The goal of full waveform inversion (FWI) is to derive
high-fidelity earth models for seismic imaging from
the full waveforms of the acquired seismic data. In
this presentation, forward modeling and its adjoint
computation are based on acoustic wave equations in
vertical transversely isotropic (VTI) media using highorder finite difference schemes. We introduce a multi-
Chao Wang
ION Geophysical
T E CH BRE AKFAS T S
Technical Breakfasts
parameter inversion for jointly updating P-wave velocity
and anisotropy parameters. We present a detailed
sensitivity analysis of different VTI FWI parameters on a
2D Marmousi dataset. Then we describe the inversion
parameterization and processes using well logs and a
3D ocean-bottom-cable (OBC) dataset from the Green
Canyon area of Gulf of Mexico.
Westside: Application of Seismic-Inversion
Methods in Salt-Exit Velocity and
Pore-Pressure Prediction
Speaker: Niranjan Banik, Scientific Advisor, Schlumberger
Wednesday, March 5, 2014
Breakfast at 7:00 a.m.
Presentation 7:30 – 8:30 a.m.
Location: CGG
10300 Town Park Drive
Houston, Texas 77072
Abstract:
Recent advances in data acquisition and processing
techniques have significantly improved the amplitude
fidelity of subsalt data to such a degree that accurate,
seismic inversion below salt is now possible. Focusing
on the salt-exit velocity, we apply three simple seismicinversion methods to estimate the salt-exit acoustic
impedance in a deepwater subsalt basin and compare
March 2014
Sponsored by CGG
Niranjan Banik
Schlumberger
the results with those of the available well-log data.
The impedance is then converted into velocity using a
transform function obtained from an impedance and
velocity relation from a different location of the basin.
The salt-exit velocity and impedance then becomes
the basis for building a final velocity model for subsalt
imaging and pore-pressure prediction.
Geophysical Society of Houston
Back to Index
7
T E CH L U N CH E ON S
Technical Luncheons & Dinner
2014 SEG Spring Distinguished Lecture: A Journey
Through Time in Search of Arabian Giants -- Oil/Gas
Fields, Recording Channels, and Petabytes
Speaker: P
eter I. Pecholcs, CGG, Massy France
2014 SEG Spring Distinguished Lecturer
Session 1 (Westside)
Tuesday, March 18, 2014
11:00 a.m. – 1:00 p.m.
Session 2 (Downtown)
Wednesday, March 19, 2014
11:00 a.m. – 1:00 p.m.
Norris Conference Centers / Pecan Ballroom
Houston City Center
816 Town and Country Blvd.
Houston, Texas 77024
Phone: (713) 590-0950
Petroleum Club of Houston
800 Bell St., 43rd Floor
Houston, Texas 77002
(713) 659-1431
Session 3 - Tech Dinner (Northside)
Tuesday, March 18, 2014
5:30 p.m. – 8:00 p.m.
The Woodlands Resort & Conference Center
2301 North Millbend Dr.
The Woodlands, Texas 77380
Phone: (866) 681-5904
Dinn
Evener
t
Abstract:
This journey began 22 years ago when I first arrived
in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, the land of giant oil and gas
fields. It was at a time when the search began for new
giants outside the Eastern Province, which is home to the
world’s largest oil field – Ghawar. Low-relief structures
were overlain by a complex near surface formed by the
dissolution of carbonate and anhydrite (karsts) formations,
which formed a complex network of open and collapsed
caverns that act as secondary scatterers that mask the
primary reflections during seismic acquisition. Under these
conditions, when only 240-channel recording systems
were available, it was routine to use a 72-geophone array
(6 x 12-geophone/string) laid out over an area 108 m
by 50 m along with five vibrators per fleet, sweeping
simultaneously with a 10-m move-up. Yes,it was a sea of
geophones. But this would all change with advances in
acquisition technology.
Time and progress yielded crews with higher channel
count; individual geophone strings and single sweeps
replaced in-field receiver and source giant arrays; and the
group interval was reduced from 25 m to 5 m. Channel
count increased to 480 channels and then to 2880
channels, and then in 2010 a seismic revolution yielded
25,000 channels for two production crews and 100,000
channels for one pilot crew. Simultaneously there were
changes from narrow to wide to full azimuths. We still
have not resolved all the seismic challenges. In theory,
the near surface is still undersampled, and it is rare to see
frequencies greater than 60 Hz at the oil and gas targets.
8
Back to Index
Peter I. Pecholcs
CGG, Massy
France
2014 SEG
Spring
Distinguished
Lecturer
But I am confident the density of spatial sampling grids
will increase, technology will improve, and an integrated
approach will lead to improved workflows and new
discoveries. One thing is certain: these are exciting times
in seismic exploration and development on land. This
lecture will focus on the main challenges facing onshore
seismic in the past and today. We will look at how our
understanding of noise and signal has changed with time
and provide a peek into the future.
Biography:
Peter I. Pecholcs received his Master of Science degree
in applied geophysics from Columbia University in 1982
and did graduate work at both Columbia University
in 1983 and University of Hawaii in 1988-1991.
Peter worked as a research geophysicist for SOHIO
Petroleum (1983-1988) and as chief hydrologist
for the USGS on the island of Tinian before joining
Saudi Aramco as a research geophysicist in 1992. In
2001, Peter joined the Geophysical Data Acquisition
Division where he pushed acquisition technology to
new limits. In 2013, Peter joined CGG as the director
of Land Broadband Solutions. His expertise includes
near-surface model construction, statics, depthing, signal
processing, noise attenuation, and seismic acquisition.
Peter has presented and published on these subjects
at geophysical conferences and workshops and has
been an invited speaker on land seismic. His current
interests include high-productivity broadband full-azimuth
integrated studies from acquisition to processing to
inversion to rock mechanics.
Geophysical Society of Houston
March 2014
2014 G S H - S E G
SPRING SYMPOSIUM
& EXHIBITION
11-12 March 2014
Westchase Hilton, Houston, Texas
Technical Program Chairman: Richard Verm
General Chairman: Phil Schultz, 1st VP
Symposium Topics
Fred Hilterman
Honoree
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Rock physics and seismic amplitudes
Seismic response of fluid and solid interfaces
Incident angles, amplitude, and phase
Shale properties from amplitudes
Inversion of seismic data
Migration and anisotropic analysis for AVAZ
Case histories and tutorials
Social gathering event
A banquet toasting and
roasting Fred will be Invited speakers and extended discussion
held during lunch
12 invited expert speakers, including Gary Mavko,
Wednesday, 12 March
Brian Russell, Colin Sayers, Lev Vernik, Gillaume
A Challenge Bowl
competition will be held
during lunch
Tuesday, 11 March
Cambois, Ronny Hofmann, and others will present
topics over the two-day symposium that will expand
your understanding and challenge your thinking.
Time is scheduled after each presentation for an
extended open-floor discussion.
A great opportunity for knowledge sharing !
Expanded exhibit space this year. Find information on the website.
For sponsorship information, call the GSH office
281-741-1624 or visit http://www.gshtx.org
March 2014
Geophysical Society of Houston
Early registration is open !
Back to Index
9
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10
Geophysical Society of Houston
March 2014
By Meijuan Jiang and Kyle T. Spikes
Jackson School of Geosciences
The University of Texas at Austin
Summary
Spatial variations in seismic attributes, such as P-wave
amplitude and inverted P-impedance, are correlated
with rock properties that are important for exploration
and production of unconventional gas shales. It is
important to know which rock properties or combination
of properties cause the spatial variations. In this study,
we have estimated three important rock properties
(porosity, composition and pore shape) at the seismic
scale by combining seismic inversion with a rock
physics modeling workflow. We found that different
P-impedances correspond to different distributions
of porosity, composition and pore shape. Thus, the
spatial variations in seismic attributes depend on all
these rock properties. In general, large porosity, softer
composition, and small pore aspect ratios correspond
to lower P-impedance. However, lower P-impedance
does not necessarily always correspond to large porosity,
softer composition and small pore aspect ratio because
these rock properties jointly affect the seismic attributes.
One or two of them possibly dominate the effect on
P-impedance. Therefore, these rock properties need to
be investigated simultaneously. Continuous distributions
of porosity, composition and pore aspect ratio will
be estimated in the 3D seismic volume by the same
procedure, and we will be able to understand how the
rock properties contribute to the seismic-attribute spatial
variations in a more comprehensive way, including an
assessment of the uncertainty.
Introduction
Seismic data provides images of structures in the
subsurface for reservoirs of interest. The seismic
responses depend on impedance contrasts, which are a
function of multiple rock properties, such as minerals,
fluids, porosity, and pore shape. Løseth et al. (2011)
found that the acoustic impedance and associated
seismic responses of organic-rich claystones decrease
nonlinearly with increasing total organic carbon percent.
Li and Zhang (2011) showed that frequency-dependent
variations in seismic attributes are related to fluid type
and distributions. Jiang and Spikes (2011) investigated
the pore shape and composition effects on the P-wave
velocity for the Haynesville Shale at the well log scale
and showed that shales with stiffer composition and
more rounded pores have higher velocities than shales
that have softer composition and flattened pores. In this
study, we jointly inverted for rock properties (porosity,
composition, and pore shape) in the Haynesville Shale
using a combination of isotropic and anisotropic rock
physics models with grid searching at the seismic scale.
We investigated the correlations of these rock properties
with the spatial variations in the seismic attributes (P-wave
amplitude and P-impedance). All three rock properties
affect the seismic attributes simultaneously.
T E CH N I CAL ART I CLE
Correlation Between Rock Properties and
Spatial Variations in Seismic Attributes for
Unconventional Gas Shales –
A Case Study on the Haynesville Shale
Seismic Data Observation
The Haynesville Shale, formed about 150 Myr ago in
the late Jurassic, is in the Sabine Uplift west of the North
Louisiana Salt Basin. It was deposited in a deep and partly
euxinic and anoxic restricted basin that was surrounded
by carbonate platforms and siliciclastic shelves (Hammes
et al., 2011). Stratigraphically, it lies below the Bossier
Shale and above the Smackover Limestone formation.
The gas capacity of the Haynesville Shale is estimated to
be over 100 tcf (Hammes et al., 2011).
Figure 1: P-wave seismic data (a) and the inverted
P-impedance (b). The profile spans 2300 ft. Red
represents a negative reflection (a) and relatively low
P-impedance (b). Blue represents a positive reflection
(a) and relatively high P-impedance (b). Well A is in the
middle of the seismic profile, with the top and bottom
of the Haynesville Shale marked by green arrows. The
black arrows along with numbers at the top of the
figure mark the seismic traces that were investigated
in detail in addition to the well itself.
Technical Article continued on page 12.
For Information Regarding Technical Article Submissions, Contact GSHJ Coordinator Scott Singleton ([email protected])
March 2014
Geophysical Society of Houston
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11
Technical Article continued from page 11.
The bottom of the Haynesville Shale can be clearly seen
in the P-wave seismic data (Figure 1a) and the inverted
P-impedance (Figure 1b). There is a strong positive
reflection event and an increase in P-impedance at about
740 ms, due to the transition from the Haynesville Shale
to the Smackover Limestone that produces this event. The
top of the Haynesville Shale (~700 ms) is not as clearly seen
as the bottom. For the deeper part of the Haynesville Shale
between 720 ms and 740 ms, there is a strong negative
reflection (Figure 1a) and a relatively low P-impedance
zone (Figure 1b). The color intensity changes from trace
to trace, indicating the amplitude of this negative reflection
and low P-impedance zone vary spatially. Understanding
which rock properties cause the spatial variations in the
seismic data is quite important for the exploration and
production of these unconventional gas shales.
Rock Property Observation
The well log data (Figure 2a) shows porosity, P-wave
velocity (VP), S-wave velocity (VS) and density within the
Haynesville Shale. Porosity is calculated from the density
log assuming rock properties that are consistent with
the XRD analysis (Figure 2b). At about 2418 m, there
is a decrease in VP, VS and density logs. On average, VP
decreases from 3.33 km/s to 3.16 km/s, VS decreases
from 2 km/s to 1.86 km/s, and density decreases from
2.5 g/cc to 2.47 g/cc. These variations correspond to the
negative reflection at the base of the Haynesville Shale in
the seismic data. Accordingly, there is an increase in the
porosity, which makes porosity a potential rock property
that causes the spatial variations in the seismic attributes.
The composition within the Haynesville Shale based on
XRD analysis on core (Figure 2b) shows that the dominant
composition includes quartz, calcite and clay. There is an
increase of clay percentage and decrease of quartz and
calcite percentages at about 2418 m. This composition
variation is consistent with the velocity and density drops at
the same depth, as clay has lower density, bulk and shear
moduli than quartz and calcite. Therefore, composition
is another potential rock property that causes the spatial
variations in the seismic attributes.
One more important rock property, the pore shape, was
considered in this study. Our previous studies (Jiang and
Spikes, 2011, 2012) showed that pore shape has a strong
effect on the velocity for the Haynesville Shale. Generally,
shales that contain more rounded pores have higher
velocities than the ones that have more flattened pores
(Jiang and Spikes, 2011).
Methods
To understand the rock properties that cause the
spatial variation of the seismic attributes, we used the
workflow (Figure 3) developed by Jiang and Spikes
(2013) to estimate these properties based on the P- and
S-impedances inverted from seismic data. We jointly
inverted IP and IS for distributions of porosity, pore aspect
ratio and composition. At the well log scale, the porosity
and composition estimations from this workflow matched
the observations very well, with errors within just a few
percent (Jiang and Spikes, 2013).
In the workflow, we combined two rock physics models,
an isotropic and an anisotropic one, with a grid search
method. The isotropic model, the self-consistent model
(O’Connell and Budiansky, 1974; Berryman, 1980),
initiates the numerical simulation by including grains
and pores of different shapes and sizes; the anisotropic
model, Chapman’s (2003) model, then treats the shale
as a vertical transversely isotropic medium by introducing
aligned fractures. After the relationships between the rock
properties and elastic properties (P- and S-impedances)
were built through the rock physics models, a grid search
method was used to estimate the rock properties and
the associated uncertainties. In the grid searching, P-
Figure 2: a) Well log data within the Haynesville Shale. From left to right, density porosity, VP, VS, and density logs
are plotted. At artificial depth of about 2418 m, there is a decrease in the velocity and density, and an increase in the
porosity, b) Composition percentages at different depths within the Haynesville Shale. There is an increase of clay
percentage and decrease of quartz and calcite percentages at the base of the Haynesville Shale.
Technical Article continued on page 13.
12 Back to Index
Geophysical Society of Houston
March 2014
Technical Article continued from page 12.
Figure 3: Workflow to characterize the rock properties.
An isotropic rock physics model, the self-consistent
model and an anisotropic one, Chapman’s model, were
combined with grid searching to provide rock properties
of the Haynesville Shale.
and S-impedances from the rock physics models were
compared with the ones inverted from the seismic data.
The modeled impedances that satisfied specific acceptance
criteria provided the estimated rock properties.
When we applied the workflow, we assumed correlated
prior distributions of porosity, composition and pore shape
and input them into the rock physics models. The prior
composition includes quartz, calcite, pyrite, kerogen and
clay. The prior porosity is from 0 to slightly more than
0.4, and the prior aspect ratio is from almost zero to 0.12.
The ranges of these prior properties are large enough to
contain most combinations expected in this interval.
Results
The results from rock physics modeling are shown
in Figure 4. The crossplots of S-impedance versus
P-impedance show that most of the P- and S-impedances
inverted from different seismic traces (colored dots) are
covered by the modeled results. In addition, the modeled
P- and S-impedance variation trend is very similar to the
trend from inverted P- and S-impedance. This suggests
that we were able to model both P- and S-impedances and,
therefore, to obtain the porosity, composition and pore
aspect ratio estimations at the seismic scale. The modeled
P- and S-impedances varied due to the combined effects of
porosity, composition and aspect ratio. Although it appears
that S-impedance increases with porosity in Figure 4a,
the increase of rock stiffness due to composition change
(Figure 4b) causes the increase of S-impedance. Therefore,
it is important to investigate the combined rock property
effects when interpreting the seismic attribute variations.
The inverted P- and S-impedances from different seismic
traces cover areas with different modeled colors, indicating
that they correspond to different porosities, compositions
and aspect ratios.
The estimated porosities within the Haynesville Shale for
Figure 4: a) Crossplot of S-impedance versus
P-impedance, with results from rock physics modeling
colored by prior porosity. The colored dots are inverted
P- and S-impedances from different seismic traces.
b) Similar to a), with modeled results colored by prior
composition. Prior aspect ratio is correlated with prior
porosity and composition.
different seismic traces (Figure 5a) show that the porosity
generally increases with time, and the increase is especially
large at about 730 ms. The histograms of the best estimated
porosities (Figure 5b) show bimodal behavior, indicating
that the porosity varies from the upper Haynesville Shale to
the lower Haynesville Shale. Different traces have different
porosity variations. At trace 1189, the porosity increased
from 0.0285 to 0.0952 on average from above to below
730 ms. The porosity contrast at trace 1189 is one of the
largest among the seven seismic traces and is consistent
with the data observation that the negative reflection is one
of the strongest.
Figure 5: a) Estimated porosities for different seismic
traces from Figure 1. The background represents
probability. The magenta curve marks the best-estimated
porosity. b) Histograms of the best-estimated porosities.
Magenta numbers are the average porosities for different
traces.
The composition estimations within the Haynesville Shale
for different seismic traces are shown in Figure 6a. For
each seismic trace, the estimated composition percentages
show that the dominant compositions in the Haynesville
Shale are quartz, calcite and clay, and the average
percentage of these three minerals are similar to the ones
observed from XRD analysis (Figure 2b). The percentages
Technical Article continued on page 14.
March 2014
Geophysical Society of Houston
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13
Technical Article continued from page 13.
of different compositions vary among the seismic traces,
indicating that the composition contributes to the spatial
variation of the seismic attributes. Figure 6b shows the
estimated pore aspect ratios. Overall, the aspect ratio is
between about 0.04 and 0.05 on average, implying that
the pores in the Haynesville Shale are flattened. This is
consistent with what is seen from the microstructure
images (Curtis et al., 2010).
Uncertainties of these estimated rock properties from
non-uniqueness in seismic inversion and rock physics
modeling, as well as the upscaling issue from log to seismic
scale were assessed. At each given time sample, there
are multiple porosity estimates (Figure 5a, background),
along with multiple composition and aspect ratio
estimates (Figure 6b, background), contributing to the
uncertainty assessment.
Conclusions
We investigated several rock properties that likely cause
spatial variations in seismic attributes by applying rock
physics models and grid searching at the seismic scale.
We estimated porosity, composition and pore shape
for different seismic traces that have different P-wave
amplitudes and P-impedances and found that these rock
properties are different from trace to trace. All these rock
properties contribute to the spatial variation in the seismic
attributes, and they have combined effects on the seismic
attributes and need to be investigated simultaneously. The
same procedure can be applied to the whole seismic volume
to provide continuously distributed porosity, composition
and pore aspect ratio. Then the correlation between the
spatial variation of the seismic attributes and the above
References
Berryman, J., 1980, Long-wavelength propagation in composite elastic media
I. Spherical inclusions: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 68, 1809–
1819, doi: 10.1121/1.385172.
Chapman, M., 2003, Frequency-dependent anisotropy due to meso-scale
fractures in the presence of equant porosity: Geophysical Prospecting, 51,
369–379, doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2478.2003.00384.x.
Curtis, M. E., R. J. Ambrose, C. H. Sondergeld, and C. S Rai, 2010, Structural
characterization of gas shales on the micro- and nano-scales: CSUG /SPE, doi:
10.2118/137693–MS.
Figure 6: a) Estimated composition assemblages
for different seismic traces from Figure 1. The colors
represent different minerals. b) Estimated pore aspect
ratios for different seismic traces from Figure 1. The
background represents probability. The magenta curve
marks the best-estimated pore aspect ratio.
rock properties can be understood more explicitly at the
same time that the ambiguity and uncertainty is assessed.
Acknowledgements
Acknowledgment is made to the donors of the American
Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund for support (or
partial support) of this research. We thank the Exploration
and Development Geophysics Education and Research
(EDGER) Forum at The University of Texas at Austin for
supporting the research. We thank BP for providing the
data, and thank Ursula Hammes at the Bureau of Economic
Geology (BEG) for providing XRD results. We also thank
Michael Fry and Hesam Kazemeini for helpful discussions.
Løseth, H., L. Wensaas, M. Gading, K. Duffaut, and M. Springer, 2011, Can
hydrocarbon source rocks be identified on seismic data?: Geology, 39, 1167–
1170, doi: 10.1130/G32328.1.
O’Connell, R. and B. Budiansky, 1974, Seismic velocities in dry and saturated
crack solids: Journal of Geophysical Research, 79, 5412–5426, doi: 10.1029/
JB079i035p05412.
Modified from SEG abstract DOI 10.1190/segam2013-0187.1
Hammes, U., H. S. Hamlin, and E. E. Thomas, 2011, Geologic analysis of
the Upper Jurassic Haynesville Shale in east Texas and west Louisiana: AAPG
Bulletin, 95, 1643–1666, doi: 10.1306/02141110128.
Jiang, M. and K. T. Spikes, 2011, Pore-shape and composition effect on rockphysics modeling in the Haynesville Shale, SEG Expanded Abstracts 30, 2079,
doi:10.1190/1.3627618.
Jiang, M. and K. T. Spikes, 2012, Estimation of the porosity and pore aspect
ratio of the Haynesville Shale using the self-consistent model and a grid search
method: 82th Annual International Meetings, SEG, Expanded Abstracts 2012,
1-5, doi: 10.1190/segam2012-0134.1.
Jiang, M. and K. T. Spikes, 2013, Estimation of rock properties of the
Haynesville Shale by using rock physics modeling and grid searching:
Geophysical Journal International, 195, 315­­–329, doi: 10.1093/gji/ggt250.
Li, X.-Y. and Y.-G. Zhang, 2011, Seismic reservoir characterization: how can
multicomponent data help?: Journal of Geophysics and Engineering, 8, 123–
141, doi:10.1088/1742-2132/8/2/001.
14 Back to Index
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Find the right map projection
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+1-832-539-1472
Geophysical Society of Houston
March 2014
Mystery Item
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Platinum Corporate Sponsors
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Bronze Corporate Sponsor
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For more information about becoming a Corporate or
Individual Sponsor, please contact the GSH office at
281-741-1624, or [email protected].
Do you know
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This month's answer on page 32.
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A c q u i S i t i o n
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P r o c e S S i n g
Geophysical Society of Houston
i m A g i n g
March 2014
Tutorial Nuggets
By Mike Graul
T U TO R I A L N U G G E T S
Tutorial Nuggets continued on page 18.
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Tutorial Nuggets
T U TO R I A L N U G G E T S
Tutorial Nuggets continued from page 17.
Tutorial Nuggets continued on page 19.
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Geophysical Society of Houston
March 2014
Tutorial Nuggets
Tutorial Nuggets continued from page 18.
T U TO R I A L N U G G E T S
March 2014
Geophysical Society of Houston
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19
A Note From the President
Dear Fellow GSH Members,
One of the more important activities
directed by the GSH President is
the selection and introduction of
officer candidates for the Board
of Directors. This is a process that
involves several of the past presidents
and the president-elect, and usually
begins in early December and is
finalized in mid to late January. We
take this responsibility very seriously,
and always seek to nominate top-tier
candidates for each position. It is my pleasure and honor to
introduce to you the candidates for
the 2014-2015 term. This is perhaps
one of the strongest ballots I’ve seen
during my time with the GSH, with
each candidate having the ability,
interest, and enthusiasm to be an
excellent officer. Voting is for Active,
Emeritus, Honorary and Lifetime
Members only. If you’re currently an
associate member and would like to
vote, please consider upgrading your
Glenn Bear
Barry J. Rava
GSH Candidate
for
President-Elect
2014-2015
GSH Candidate
for
President-Elect
2014-2015
Glenn Bear has a BS in Geology
(Bowling Green State University,
1989), an MS in Geophysics (Indiana
University, 1992) and a PhD in
Geophysics
(Indiana
University,
1997). While in graduate school,
he worked for BP, Chevron, and
Mobil before settling in at Exxon
Production Research in 1997. From
1997 to 2002, he worked on imaging
and illumination issues around salt
bodies. In 1992, he transferred to
ExxonMobil Exploration Company
to develop subsalt prospects.
In
2003, he transferred to the Upstream
Research Company and focused
Barry J. Rava has over 32 years oil
and gas industry experience. He
graduated with a BS, cum laude with
high honors in Geology from Hofstra
University, Hempstead, New York,
and a MS in Planetary Geology and
Geophysics from the University of
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He has
been Vice President of Exploration
for two independent companies and
consulting Exploration Manager for
Linc Energy, Inc. Presently he is an
exploration consultant to international
companies and the independent
community, a licensed geologist and
geophysicist in the state of Texas and
Glenn Bear Biography continued on page 22.
Barry J. Rava Biography continued on page 22.
A Note From the President continued on page 23.
Bin Wang
Sofia
Campbell
GSH Candidate
for
1st VP-Elect
2014-2015
GSH Candidate
for
1st VP-Elect
2014-2015
Sofia Campbell holds a dual degree in
Petroleum Geophysics and Geology
from the University of Melbourne,
Australia and Curtin University of
Technology Perth, Australia. In 1991
she started her career in Australia as
an Interpretation Geophysicist for
SANTOS (conventional plays) and
Origin Energy (CBM – before we
labeled it as unconventional). She
then moved to Houston in 1998,
where she held a number of Senior
Geoscientist
positions
within
Schlumberger. In 2007 Sofia started
Energy Professional Search, a
recruiting business that specializes
Bin earned a B.S. (1984) and M.S.
(1987) in Electrical Engineering from
Beijing University, China and a Ph.D.
(1993) in Geophysics from Purdue
University. Later he also obtained an
MBA (2001) from Southern Methodist
University (SMU), while working for
Mobil Oil in Dallas. Bin started his
career with Mobil Oil in 1993, later
worked for CGGV before joining TGS
as a Research Manager in 2007, and
now he is Director of Research and
Development at TGS.
Sofia Campbell Biography continued on page 22.
Bin Wang Biography continued on page 22.
20 Back to Index
He currently serves on the research
committee of SEG and was a member
of technical committees for the
Geophysical Society of Houston
Ramesh
Neelamani
GSH Candidate
for
Secretary
2014-2015
Ramesh 'Neelsh' Neelamani received
the B.Tech. degree in1997 from
the Indian Institute of TechnologyMumbai, and the M.S. and Ph.D.
degrees in 1999 and 2003 from
Rice University, all in electrical
engineering. He joined ExxonMobil
in 2003 and has enjoyed a variety of
assignments in ExxonMobil's research
company, exploration company and
production company. He currently
manages the seismic velocity model
building and imaging research team
at ExxonMobil Upstream Research
Company in Houston.
Dr. Neelamani has authored more
Ramesh Neelamani Biography continued on page 23.
March 2014
Carmen
Comis
Gareth
Taylor
Tommie
Rape
GSH Candidate
for
2nd VP-Elect
2014-2015
GSH Candidate
for
2nd VP-Elect
2014-2015
GSH Candidate
for
Editor
2014-2015
Carmen Comis began her career
in the oil industry in 1976 as a
sales desk associate in the Well Log
Division for Petroleum Information
(now I.H.S. Energy). Since joining
Paradigm Geophysical in 1989, (then
Graphic Science, Inc.) Carmen has
expanded her experience to include
major account sales management,
marketing communications and global
field marketing. As Director, Global
Field Marketing, Carmen manages
a diverse team who are responsible
for executing major industry events
and regional campaigns in seven
regions. This position requires
Gareth recently celebrated thirty-five
years of experience in the oilfield
services industry. He initially joined
Digital Exploration (Digicon) in East
Grinstead, UK in November 1998 as
a seismic data processing geophysicist
and over the ensuing ten years held
a variety of positions in dedicated
seismic processing centers in the UK,
Nigeria, Holland, and Pakistan. In
1989, Gareth was appointed VP AsiaPacific for CogniSeis Development in
Singapore and in 1998 he returned
to Houston where he co-founded
Rock Solid Images. Gareth is currently
President of Rock Solid Images and
Tommie Rape, recently retired after
spending 33 years with ExxonMobil
where he worked in a variety of
international and domestic positions.
He specialized in rock property
predictions in both exploration and
production settings using a variety of
quantitative geophysical techniques
including seismic inversion, seismic
modeling, seismic attributes, DHI/
AVO, seismic borehole applications,
and velocity applications. He also has
experience in seismic interpretation
and seismic data processing. For
the last 11 years Tommie worked
in research where he focused on
Carmen Comis Biography continued on page 23.
Gareth Taylor Biography continued on page 23.
Tommie Rape Biography continued on page 23.
Andrew
Peloso
Katherine
Pittman
GSH Candidate
for
Secretary
2014-2015
GSH Candidate
for
Treasurer
2014-2015
Andrew Peloso is currently a Senior
Account Executive for IHS providing
solutions to the energy industry.
He has over 30 years’ experience
as a geoscientist for oil companies
and service providers. His expertise
is in business development and
product marketing of integrated
software solutions for the oil and
gas industry. Andrew has a Bachelor
in Meteorology and Oceanography
from the State University of New York
Maritime College.
'Kat' is passionate about interacting
with people and has enjoyed working
on the services side of the geophysical
industry for the past six years. Before
joining Resolve GeoSciences in 2008,
Kat attended Trinity University in San
Antonio, graduating with honors with a
Bachelors of Science in Marketing.
Beginning her career as a Marketing
Representative at Resolve GeoSciences,
Kat quickly grew with the company and
has served as Vice President of Sales
and Marketing since 2011. Although
her role has changed over the years,
helping
exploration
geophysicists
implement seismic attribute volumes
Amy Rhodes
GSH Candidate
for
Treasurer
2014-2015
Amy Rhodes is a senior geophysicist for
Deepwater Gulf of Mexico Exploration
at ConocoPhillips. Amy started her
career as a rock physicist but has spent
her career working in a variety of
roles including technology, operations,
development, and exploration. Amy
received her B.S. and M.S. in
geophysical engineering from the
Colorado School of Mines where she
worked under Dr. Mike Batzle. When
she’s not working she is traveling or in
the mountains.
Katherine Pittman Biography continued on page 23.
March 2014
Geophysical Society of Houston
Back to Index
21
Meet the GSH 2014 - 2015 Candidates continued from pages 20 & 21.
Glen Bear Biography continued from page 20.
Barry J. Rava Biography continued from page 20.
on commercializing internally-developed products. In
2007, he became the Team Leader responsible for
applying ExxonMobil’s controlled-source electromagnetic
technologies around the world, and transferred back to
ExxonMobil Exploration Company to continue this work
in 2010. In 2011, he became the Geophysical Advisor
responsible for ExxonMobil’s seismic data acquisition and
processing technologies, both internal and external. In
2014, he became the Skill Area Coordinator for seismic
data processors deployed around the world.
President and founder, in 1996, of Icarus Oil and Gas, Inc.
that currently has license to over 2,800 square miles of
3D seismic data and active prospects and drilling programs
along the Gulf Coast.
Glenn has been a long-time volunteer for the Geophysical
Society of Houston. He served two years as assistant editor,
and then two years as the editor of the GSH Newsletter.
He held the positions of First Vice President Elect and First
Vice President from 2011 to 2013. He is currently the
coordinator for the GSH Northside Technical Breakfasts.
In addition to his membership in the GSH, Glenn is also a
member of SEG, EAGE and HGS.
When not working for ExxonMobil or volunteering for the
GSH, Glenn spends his time volunteering as a Scoutmaster
for the Boys Scouts of America and singing with his church
choir. He and his wife Lorie (also a geophysicist), have two
sons (who are starting to look like geophycists!).
Sofia Campbell Biography continued from page 20.
in upstream oil and gas industry placements in the and
abroad. Since 2009, Sofia has progressively increased her
commitment to the success of the GSH as the Volunteer
Coordinator Chair. She coordinates volunteers for the
monthly technical lunch meetings at The Norris Conference
Center, Petroleum Club of Houston and The Woodlands
Convention Center venues. Sofia has been the Student
Volunteer Chair for the GSH-SEG Spring Symposium
and GSH-SEG Distinguished Instructor Short Course
events since 2010. She has also been the Arrangements
Chair for the 2012, 2013 and upcoming 2014 GSHSEG Spring Symposium. Sofia was awarded the 20112012 President’s Award for Exemplary Management and
Organization of GSH Volunteers. Most recently, she was
the Volunteer Coordinator Chairman for the 2013 SEG
Annual Meeting in Houston.
Sofia is honored to be nominated for the position of
First Vice President-Elect for the 2014-2015 term. She
looks forward to continuing to: contribute to the technical
quality of the GSH organization’s events, support the SEG
and promote our very exciting and challenging industry
amongst the newest recruits. Sofia’s other professional
memberships include the SEG, AAPG, HGS, AWG and
WEN.
22 Back to Index
His job functions are project and technical management
and geological and geophysical interpretation. He has
explored for and developed drilling projects for Icarus and
his consultancy in the Gulf Coast and Gulf of Mexico from
the cretaceous to the present shelf to the deep water and
sub salt province, and has also worked west Texas and as a
consultant in various basins in Colombia, Brazil, the South
China Sea, and Coastal Africa.
He began his career with Conoco and has held various
technical, supervisory and executive positions with both
major international oil and gas companies and smaller
independents. He is past Finance Chair and past Treasurer
of the Geophysical Society of Houston. He is past board
member, Vice-President and President of the Coastal Bend
Geophysical Society and past board member and President
of the Gulf Coast Geological Library, Inc. and past
board member and Treasurer of the Corpus Christi
Geological Library, Inc. He was a partner in CLK, a
geological and geophysical consulting firm. He has
co-authored two articles in the field of planetary physics
and given guest lectures on the oil and gas industry at two
universities (Hofstra and Pitt) and a museum during Earth
Science week.
He has served as Chairman of the Continuing Education
committee of the GCAGS and for community outreach
has given geology lectures at various elementary schools
and for Boy Scout troops. He has also acted as a science
fair judge and a judge of technical presentations at various
conventions.
He is a current member of the following societies: SIPES,
SEG, AAPG, IPAA, CCGS, CBGS, HGS and GSH.
Bin Wang Biography continued from page 20.
SEG Annual Conventions in 1997, 2008, 2009, 2010,
2012, and 2013. In addition, Bin has served as a lead
organizer for various post-convention workshops, and as
session chairman for numerous technical sessions. He also
organized a few well-attended SEG summer workshops.
Furthermore, Bin also served as an Associated Editor for
Geophysics since 2007.
He has published over 70 technical papers several of which
have been awarded special recognitions. Bin was named
an EAGE Distinguished Lecturer in 2010 and an EAGE
e-Lecturer in 2013.
Geophysical Society of Houston
March 2014
Meet the GSH 2014 - 2015 Candidates continued from pages 20 & 21.
Gareth Taylor Biography continued from page 21.
Tommie Rape Biography continued from page 21.
responsible for strategic business development. Gareth is
a graduate from the University of Keele in UK with a joint
honours degree in Geology and Geography.
Carmen Comis Biography continued from page 21.
skills to communicate with executive leadership, middle
management and the geosciences community as well as
proficiency in project management, budget management
and results reporting.
An associate member of the SEG since 1996, Carmen has
served as Exhibits Chairman of the Society of Exploration
Geophysicists Annual Meeting, 2003-2004, and 20042005. As an active member of GSH, Carmen has served
as Treasurer during the 2009-2010 term and continued as
Finance chair until 2011. She began her volunteer work
for the Geophysical Society of Houston as Annual Awards
Banquet Chair from 1999-2002.
Carmen makes her home in Houston, with her husband
of 27 years, Dennis, and their two sons, Jason and
Nicholas. An avid runner, Carmen enjoys donating her
miles for the LUPUS Foundation, The American Cancer
Society, The San Jose Clinic, and The Leukemia Society
through the Houston Marathon and Half Marathon fund
raising organization, "Run for A Reason". Ramesh Neelamani Biography continued from page 20.
than 40 refereed publications and 10 patent applications
in the areas of seismic signal enhancement, compressed
sensing, pattern recognition, and seismic imaging. He is
a member of the SEG, EAGE, and IEEE and was honored
by the SEG with the J. Clarence Karcher award in 2011.
developing multicomponent seismic applications and the
integration of geophysics with regional basin analysis. He
also has many years of experience in the development and
delivery of geophysical training.
Tommie completed a BSc in physics-mathematicscomputer science in 1973 and a MSc in geophysics in
1975, both from Texas A&M - Commerce. Tommie is an
active member of the SEG, GSH, AAPG, and EAGE. He
served as Assistant Editor of the GSH Journal for 2012-13
and as Editor for 2013-14.
Katherine Pittman Biography continued from page 21.
into their workflow remains the most significant and interesting
part of her position. When Kat is not providing software
trainings or reviewing seismic attribute volumes with clients,
she is responsible for mentoring the sales team, overseeing the
implementation and presentation of new services, directing all
advertising and marketing efforts, and creating a strong brand
image through trade show and industry events.
Kat has been a member of the GSH since 2008 and has
taken on new opportunities to volunteer and contribute within
the community each year. She has planned and chaired the
Annual Honors and Awards Banquet for the past three years,
served on the Sponsorship Committee, and consistently
volunteered at technical luncheons and society events. Kat
has fully embraced the industry and is committed to continue
to learn and contribute. She has developed her knowledge
of the industry through her role at Resolve GeoSciences,
conversations with clients and friends, and a great deal of
reading and studying, all of which she thankfully enjoys.
ON-LINE BALLOTING at www.gshtx.org
Begins April 1, 2014 - Completes April 22, 2014
For those without internet access, please call the GSH office at 281-741-1624.
ELECTION RESULTS will be announced at the Annual Meeting and Honors & Awards Banquet on
May 8th, 2014.
A Note From the President continued from page 20.
membership to active. Please refer to the GSH website for requirements for active membership. Election results will be announced
at the Honors and Awards Banquet on May 8th. It is also my obligation to inform you that the bylaws allow GSH active members to submit write-in candidates for office. Write-in
nominations for any office must be signed by ten percent or more of the voting members of the Society at any time within four
weeks following the announcement of the slate proposed by the Nominations Committee. Write-in nominations must be submitted
directly to the GSH President. I hope you will join me in welcoming the 2014-2015 candidates to the ballot, and as you see them at various functions throughout
Houston, thank them for their willingness to serve the GSH. I appreciate each candidate's interest and willingness to run for office. Tad Smith, President, GSH
March 2014
Geophysical Society of Houston
Back to Index
23
PASSION FOR
TEXAS
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• De-risking with additional multi-client library products including gravity,
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• Storing and transforming your data into knowledge with Data
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24
Geophysical Society of Houston
March 2014
2014 GSH Golf Tournament
Y
ou are cordially invited to the 2014 Geophysical Society
of Houston Golf Tournament on April 28, 2014 at the
Kingwood Country Club. This year’s tournament promises
to be a great event with more (quicker) door prizes and
several enhancements to the tournament. We will be utilizing
all three courses at Kingwood Country Club. Breakfast will
be served prior to play and is included in the entry fee!
Entries are limited and will be accepted on a first come/
first served basis. Entry Fee includes: Golf with cart,
Breakfast, Range balls, On–course beverages and
fabulous door prizes. A cash bar will be available during
dinner and awards presentation.
The entry fees are:
$150.00 per person/
$600.00 per team before April 15
$175.00 per person/
$700.00 per team after April 15
8:30 – 10:30 a.m.
8:30 – 10:30 a.m.
10:30 a.m.
3:30 p.m.
4:00 p.m.
Schedule of Events:
Registration and Driving Range
Breakfast
Shotgun start
Cash Bar and Dinner Buffet
Dinner and Awards presentation
REGISTRATION
Please register on the GSH website (http://www.gshtx.org/en/cev/1054) or
MAIL
or
E-MAIL
*Entries with entry fee (Make checks payable to Geophysical Society of Houston) to:
Geophysical Society of Houston
Attn: Dennis Sump/Kathy Sanvido
14811 St. Mary's Lane, Suite 204
Houston, TX 77079
*Please call Dennis at 281-658-7433 (cell) or the GSH office at 281.741.1624 with credit card payment.
G S H G O L F TO U R NA M E N T
Monday, April 28, 2014
10:30 a.m. Shotgun Start
Kingwood Country Club
SPONSORSHIP OPPORTUNITIES
If interested in sponsorships or for any other questions, please contact Dennis Sump at 281-658-7433 (cell) or
[email protected]. Sponsorship forms are available on the GSH website or by contacting
Dennis Sump. Several sponsorships are still available this year:
Platinum Sponsorship (Only three available)
• 1 complimentary team entry in the tournament
• Company logo on GSH website with link
• Sponsorship signage on all courses, driving range, and putting green
• Ownership of one hole location for company representative, food, handouts, etc..
• Includes stocked beverages at your designated hole location
• Sponsor board recognition at awards banquet
• Special recognition in awards presentation
$2,500.00
Gold Sponsorship
• Sponsorship signage on all courses
• Company logo on GSH website with link
• Sponsorship signage on driving range and practice putting green
• Sponsor board recognition at awards banquet
• Special recognition in awards presentation
$1,500.00
Silver Sponsorship (Only eight available)
• Sponsorship signage on all courses
• Company logo on GSH website with link
• Beverage cart signage and driver opportunities
• Sponsor board recognition at awards banquet
$1,000.00
Bronze Sponsorship
• Sponsorship signage on all courses
• Company logo on GSH website with link
$500.00
Hole Sponsorship
• Sponsorship signage on one course
• Company logo on GSH website with link
$250.00
March 2014
Geophysical Society of Houston
Back to Index
25
S AVE T H E DAT E
We appreciate our
Corporate Members
Apache Corporation
CGG
CORP. ME MBE RS
Lone Star Geophysical
Surveys
Seitel, Inc.
Bluware
|
|
Dot Hill Systems Corp.
For more information about becoming a
Corporate Member, please contact the GSH
office at 281-741-1624, or [email protected].
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Extraordinary Results. By Any Measure.
26 Back to Index
www.rocksolidimages.com/attributes
Geophysical Society of Houston
March 2014
Geoscience Center News
1790 W. Sam Houston Pkwy. N. (Right on Shadow Wood)
We are pleased to have some new additions to the Geoscience
Center. We have a large seismic diagram illustrating seismic ray
paths in the subsurface and have used it to explain the functions of
the various parts of a seismic crew, and how seismic recording is
accomplished on land. Rhys Evans and Gene Womack have added
LED lights to the diagram, which is now interactive and illustrates
the ray paths from an energy source down into the subsurface and
back to geophones on the surface. This animation will help our
educational programs. A picture of the framed diagram is shown
to the right.
We have also received a large donation of geophones, hydrophones,
and associated test equipment from Sensor Nederland, an ION
subsidiary. This donation was arranged by Ed Lengel during the
SEG Convention in Houston last September. Some of these items
are new models, but the collection also includes some examples
of older geophones, including many that we did not have in our
collection. Several of these items, including some cut-a-way
models, will be added to our existing displays around Houston. A
picture of some of these items is included to the right.
G E OS CI E N CE CE N T E R NEWS
By Bill Gafford
If you would like to visit the Geoscience Center, or for more
information or directions, please contact me at [email protected]
or at 281-370-3264.
March 2014
Geophysical Society of Houston
Back to Index
27
Wavelets
Searching for Blind Faults: Subsurface Imaging in Haiti
U.H. SEG WAVE L E T S
By Eray Kocel, Robert Stewart, and Azie Aziz
On January 12, 2010 Haiti suffered a major
earthquake (Mw = 7.0) causing tragic loss of life as
well as infrastructure. While the epicenter of the event
was located by the worldwide network of seismic
stations, no surface expression of the earthquake
fault has yet been unambiguously identified. Thus, key
geologic components of the devastating rupture are
not well understood. The Haiti Subsurface Imaging
(HASI) Project (led by the University of Houston and
supported by Geoscientists Without Borders, TGS,
and the SEG Foundation) aspires to find expression
of this “blind” fault. We have made two geophysical
reconnaissance surveys in Haiti to date: undertaking
ten days of seismic, GPS, and gravity surveys in the
epicentral Léogâne Delta region (2012 and 2013
surveys) as well as GPS and gravity surveys near
Port-au-Prince (2013 surveys). The primary
goals of the HASI project are to: a) assist in
continuing to build Haiti’s geoscientific and
hazard-assessment capabilities, b) characterize
the physical properties of the epicentral region’s
near-surface sediments, and c) find geophysical
evidence of the fault(s) that are thought to have
given rise to the 2010 earthquake.
2012 surveys, then the GISCO
accelerated weight drop (slanted to
excite both P and S waves) as well as
the Propelled Energy Generator for
the 2013 surveys (Figure 2).
These reconnaissance surveys delivered
reasonable seismic data (Figure 3).
Several hundred millisecond seismic data is imaging up to about 300
m depth. Migrated sections from both years showed
disruptions and discontinuities in the reflectors.
However, from the earthquake’s hypocentral location
and magnitude, we anticipate that the top of the blind
fault could be some several kilometers deep. While our
shallow seismic lines showed some evidence of faulting,
Personnel (faculty, staff, and students) from
the University of Houston have worked Figure 2: Seismic sources in Haiti: a) Vertical accelerated weight
with graduate students from Haiti’s National drop source (PEG), b) Slanted accelerated weight drop (GISCO)
University and geoscientists from the Haitian on the line.
Bureau of Mines and Energy (Figure 1).
This collaboration has provided an excellent
platform to understand Haiti’s geology and hazards, help
the images were not clear enough and the discontinuities
building technical capacity, assist with the development
were not necessarily part of the larger fault system
of Haitian personnel, and provide an international
required to create the 2010 earthquake. Thus, to further
experience for students.
develop Haitian geophysical capabilities and create more
detailed and deeper seismic sections, we plan to return
We have used two different seismic recording systems
to Haiti in March, 2014 with a larger seismic source
in Haiti: the autonomous nodes (GSRs generously
and more recording channels. With Haitian help, we
loaned to us by Global Geophysics) and cabled recorders
hope to illuminate the blind fault, better understand
(Geometrics’ Geodes). In addition, we had various
the Haitian subsurface, and assist in advancing Haiti’s
sources: a sledge
technical capabilities.
hammer for the
Figure 1: Haitian and Houstonian
geophysical research team after
completion of 2013 Léogâne
seismic surveys.
28 Back to Index
Figure 3: a) P–wave time migrated section using a hammer source and
cabled vertical geophones, b) P–wave time migrated section using vertical
weight drop and cabled vertical geophones. Some disruptions in the reflector
continuity may be indicative of faulting.
Geophysical Society of Houston
March 2014
March 2014
Geophysical Society of Houston
29
ANWR, Beaufort Sea,
Chukchi Sea, other Alaska
Gravity Data
Photo Gravity Corporation
Gravity Data - Gravity Data Processing - Digitizing
Bob Gardner 713-582-8129
Bob Neese 281-342-2884
Dick Baile 713-932-6906
Fax: 713-827-1622 * [email protected]
30
Geophysical Society of Houston
March 2014
HPAC Auxiliary News
The Houston Petroleum Auxiliary Council
By Donna Parrish, Liaison 281-859-8088
What a great first quarter of 2014 we have had
beginning with Exploring Houston on January
30th. In a different style, we did not have to meet
Martha Lou before that 1st cup of coffee! At 11:30
AM the group gathered at the Chelsea Grill on
Montrose for lunch and an education about what we would
see. Then we proceeded to the Houston Museum
of Natural Science for the exhibit, “The Cave
Paintings of Lascaux.” Found in France in 1940,
these caves were stunningly preserved by nature. Our
private, docent-led tour enhanced the visit with tidbits
and history we might have otherwise not known. One
member was heard to say, "I love coming first with
our group. Then I return with the family to amaze and
astound them with my in-depth and versatile knowledge
of the subject matter. It makes a better learning
experience for the family, and by repeating what I know
to the family, it solidifies my own learning of the subject."
about her trip! The nominating committee is forming for
next year. To date, Mickey Murrell, Barbara Peck,
and Kathi Hilterman are required by the by-laws.
They still need someone from the general membership.
If asked, please say, 'yes'. You can provide a great service
to our own beloved organization, and it is over a short
time span.
Thank you to all those who bought pashminas. You
contributed $320.00 to our treasury, a needed stimulus
to help us in planning events for the future.
Permanent metal nametags will be announced in
the next newsletter. Begin thinking about how you will
vote. Because of the expense, each member will be
asked to purchase her own. After each event, nametags
will be collected for re-use as we always have. No more
pins in sheer tops. You will have the choice to opt out if
you choose and yours will continue to be made for each
event by the committee. Thank you board members for
allowing us a say on this issue. We, the members, like to
have input on a new subject!
From France we move on to the Morian Hall of
Paleontology. Here we get the insider tour from a
former student of Martha Lou. She inspired him to
study and share more about our earth’s development.
Life forms, dinosaurs, and early man stun us with the
scope of the exhibit. It is Huge! Be sure to go up to
the balcony for the Birds Eye View. You are eyeballto-eyeball with a dinosaur atop a tree, and get a new
perspective of the whole exhibit. It is stunning. We now
rival, even surpass, other cities we have visited with a
world-class display. Houston has gathered a vibrant team
of curators to energize our Museum. In your jaunts about
town—do not wait for visitors to avail yourself of a GEM
right in our own hometown.
Book Club met on February 3rd at the home of Kathi
Hilterman. Thanks Kathi. Cathy Gersztenkorn
spurred our discussions about Simon Mawer’s
“Trapeze.” Phyllis Carter does a wonderful job
of coordinating the hostesses and discussion leaders.
Please continue Phyllis. Four times a year, you are
a jewel.
Our next large event will be on Tuesday May 20,
2014. The final luncheon of the year at Houston
Racquet Club will have a show by “Bags & More.”
Do come!
The next HPAC Board meeting will be at the home of
Sally Blackhall. She is just back from Hawaii--ask
We have a stunning year ahead!
ASSOCIATE
Duncan Bate
Kirk Rodgers
March 2014
Spectrum Geo
XtremeGeo
Chevron
RSI
TGS
Schlumberger
Juntao Chang
Kendall Louie
Louis J Berent
Lynn Rodriguez
ConocoPhillips
Chevron
Berent Geophysical Consulting
Schlumberger - WesternGeco
Muhammad Nawaz Bugti
Vanessa Lobo
Geophysical Society of Houston
Schlumberger
IHS
Back to Index
N EW M EM B E R S
Welcome New Members
ACTIVE
Allan Willis
Chuck Diggins
Dale Morrison
Gareth Taylor
HPAC
Our HPAC Mission Statement is "to promote and foster social relationships among its members and to assist the
Engineering, Geological, Geophysical, and Land Societies in their various requests.”
31
Geophysical Society of Houston
March 2014
?
The Mystery Item for the March GSHJ is
a Primacord model of a type of
energy source. Also called a
“Broom Stik” charge.
M Y S T ERY I T EM
?
Mystery Item
32 Back to Index
Mystery Item on page 15.
?
?
?
Here’s
My Card
GSH Outreach
G S H OU T RE ACH
Education By Lisa Buckner
I’d like to share with you a new Geoscience Education
website http://geocntr.org developed by the American
Geosciences Institute.
Powered by KATALYST,
SeismicZone is designed to
accelerate the E&P decision
making process through an
online marketplace of quality
assured seismic data.
This is a source of geoscience educational information
and resources for educators (formal and informal),
students, parents, and the general public. It contains links
to many organizations, including the GSH and SEG! It
also has links to videos and animations, presentations,
virtual field trips, image collections, hands-on activities,
career resources for students and professionals, and
more. The American Geosciences Institute (AGI) is
the umbrella organization, representing over 250,000
geoscientists, including you. If you are interested in K-12
or college level geoscience education, I encourage you
to explore this website since they have already done the
web searching for you and compiled it in one place.
If you are interested in joining the GSH Outreach
Committee or volunteer for any geoscience outreach
opportunity, please contact Lisa Buckner at lbuckner@
hess.com or 713-496-4256.
Thanks to Our
GSH Bright Spot Sustaining Donors
B R I G HT S POT
Want to Be A BRIGHT SPOT For GSH?
Contact [email protected] or
call 281.741.1624
March 2014
Geophysical Society of Houston
Back to Index
33
Doodlebugger Diary
Shamrock Literary Society
D O O D L E B U G G E R D I A RY
By Lee Lawyer
I recently was given a note which was dated May 6, 2000.
It had 23 names listed as members of the Shamrock
Literary Society. Eleven were highlighted in yellow with
a terse note that said the highlighted members were
deceased. I noted that the Resident Librarian was also
highlighted.
The 23 were (are) doodlebuggers. To ensure full
disclosure, I attended this group several times in the last
millennium but have sort of lost touch with this most
noteworthy group. I recently met a few of the members
at a meeting in the GSH GeoScience Center, and it all
came flooding back. Haynie Stringrer and I attended a
couple of ‘meetings’ and had a good time talking about
the good old days. One of the most frequent questions
heard was, “Did you know old (insert name) with Shell?”
Or, “You remember Charlie (insert name)? He was
the one that…..”. It is possible that when I was not in
attendance, literary subjects may have been discussed,
but knowing a lot of doodlebuggers, I am sure the level of
discourse was high. It could have been Greek Mythology,
for all I know, but I suspect it was more in the area of
Geophysical Mythology.
Ed Lengle, a charter member, sent me the ‘official’
SLS seal with original members listed, and I am including
a picture of a few of the group. They do lunch on
Wednesday and Friday
at the pub that is
famed for having an
original bar from the
old Shamrock Hotel.
If you don’t remember
the Shamrock Hotel
you are too young
for this group. I used
verbiage recently taken
from a WWII book/
movie in a ‘From the
Other Side’ in TLE.
I talked about a ‘Band
of Brothers’ made up
of doodlebuggers. It
definitely applies to this
group, but they are not
exclusive. Again, they
meet on Wednesday
and Friday for lunch
at the Shamrock Pub
and Grill.
Jack Bobbit, Les Hoaglin, Charlie Smith, Al Loper, Ernie Moore, Justin Devery
If you would like to add stories to the Doodlebugger Diary, send them to: Lee Lawyer at llawyer@prodigy.
net or mail them to Box 441449, Houston, TX 77244-1449
34 Back to Index
Geophysical Society of Houston
March 2014
After
CLARI-FI™, TRUE BROADBAND FROM CONVENTIONAL STREAMER DATA
For more information, contact TGS at:
WWW.TGS.COM
© 2013 TGS-NOPEC GEOPHYSICAL COMPANY ASA. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
March 2014
Geophysical Society of Houston
35
GEOPHYSICAL SOCIETY
OF HOUSTON
Periodical
U.S. Postage
PAID
Houston, Texas
14811 St. Mary’s Lane, Suite 204
Houston, TX 77079
March 2014
SUNDAY
MONDAY
TUESDAY
WEDNESDAY
THURSDAY
FRIDAY
SATURDAY
1
2
3
9
10
Technical
Breakfast
Northside
4
11
5
Microseismic 6
SIG
Potential
Fields
SIG
12
13
Technical
Breakfast
Westside
DP & ACQ SIG
GSH/SEG Spring Symposium
16
17
23
24
Technical 18
Luncheon
Westside
Tech Dinner
Northside
25
7
8
14
15
GSH
Board
Meeting
19
20
21
22
26
27
28
29
Technical
Luncheon
Downtown
SEG DISC
3031
April 2014
SUNDAY
MONDAY
TUESDAY
Technical
Breakfast
Northside
6
7
1
20
27
14
2
8
15
Technical
Luncheon
Westside
Technical
Breakfast
Westside
9
16
Technical
Luncheon
Downtown
21
22
23
28
29
30
GSH Golf
Tournament
THURSDAY
FRIDAY
3
SATURDAY
5
Microseismic
SIG
DP & ACQ SIG
13
WEDNESDAY
10
Potential
Fields
SIG
GSH
Board
Meeting
17
12
19
Good Friday
Office Closed
24
26
The Geophysical Society of Houston Journal (ISSN 1082-0817) is published monthly except in July and August by the Geophysical Society of Houston, 14811 St. Mary’s Lane, Suite 204, Houston, TX 77079.
Subscription to this publication is included in the membership dues of $40 annually. Periodicals postage paid in Houston, Texas.
POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Geophysical Society of Houston Journal, 14811 St. Mary’s Lane, Suite 204, Houston, TX 77079.
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