Cover image: Schematic figure showing that transcranial electrical stimulation of the left posterior parietal lobe improves left-hand ideomotor apraxia in patients with left-hemisphere damage. From Bolognini et al. Improving ideomotor limb apraxia by electrical stimulation of the left posterior parietal cortex. Pp. 428–439. Downloaded from by guest on February 6, 2015 Contents Editorial D. M. Kullmann 237 Scientific Commentaries When brawn benefits brain: physical activity and Parkinson’s disease risk C. M. Tanner and C. L. Comella 238 New hope for the treatment of epilepsy H. Lerche 240 Can levodopa-induced dyskinesias go beyond the motor circuit? J. C. Rothwell and J. A. Obeso 242 Alterations in structural connectivity may contribute both to the occurrence of tics in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and to their subsequent control A. Draper and S. R. Jackson 244 Review Article Pathophysiological concepts in the congenital myopathies: blurring the boundaries, sharpening the focus G. Ravenscroft, N. G. Laing and C. G. Bo¨nnemann 246 Reports Physical activity and risk of Parkinson’s disease in the Swedish National March Cohort F. Yang, Y. Trolle Lagerros, R. Bellocco, H.-O. Adami, F. Fang, N. L. Pedersen and K. Wirdefeldt 269 Exome sequencing in undiagnosed inherited and sporadic ataxias A. Pyle, T. Smertenko, D. Bargiela, H. Griffin, J. Duff, M. Appleton, K. Douroudis, G. Pfeffer, M. Santibanez-Koref, G. Eglon, P. Yu-Wai-Man, V. Ramesh, R. Horvath and P. F. Chinnery 276 Adult-onset genetic leukoencephalopathies: A MRI pattern-based approach in a comprehensive study of 154 patients X. Ayrignac, C. Carra-Dalliere, N. Menjot de Champfleur, C. Denier, P. Aubourg, C. Bellesme, G. Castelnovo, J. Pelletier, B. Audoin, E. Kaphan, J. de Seze, N. Collongues, F. Blanc, J.-B. Chanson, E. Magnin, E. Berger, S. Vukusic, F. Durand-Dubief, J.-P. Camdessanche, M. Cohen, C. Lebrun-Frenay, D. Brassat, M. Clanet, P. Vermersch, H. Zephir, O. Outteryck, S. Wiertlewski, D.-A. Laplaud, J.-C. Ouallet, B. Brochet, C. Goizet, M. Debouverie, S. Pittion, G. Edan, V. Deburghgraeve, E. Le Page, C. Verny, P. Amati-Bonneau, D. Bonneau, D. Hannequin, L. Guyant-Mare´chal, N. Derache, G. Louis Defer, T. Moreau, M. Giroud, A. M. Guennoc, P. Clavelou, F. Taithe, S. Mathis, J.-P. Neau, L. Magy, J. L. Devoize, M. Bataillard, J. Masliah-Planchon, I. Dorboz, E. Tournier-Lasserve, T. Levade, O. Boespflug Tanguy and P. Labauge 284 Original Articles Phenotypic and molecular insights into spinal muscular atrophy due to mutations in BICD2 A. M. Rossor, E. C. Oates, H. K. Salter, Y. Liu, S. M. Murphy, R. Schule, M. A. Gonzalez, M. Scoto, R. Phadke, C. A. Sewry, H. Houlden, A. Jordanova, I. Tournev, T. Chamova, I. Litvinenko, S. Zuchner, D. N. Herrmann, J. Blake, J. E. Sowden, G. Acsadi, M. L. Rodriguez, M. P. Menezes, N. F. Clarke, M. Auer Grumbach, S. L. Bullock, F. Muntoni, M. M. Reilly and K. N. North 293 Significance of neurovascular contact in classical trigeminal neuralgia S. Maarbjerg, F. Wolfram, A. Gozalov, J. Olesen and L. Bendtsen L. S. Mendonc¸a, C. No´brega, H. Hirai, B. K. Kaspar and L. Pereira de Almeida 320 Neuroinflammation, mitochondrial defects and neurodegeneration in mucopolysaccharidosis III type C mouse model C. Martins, H. Hu˚lkova´, L. Dridi, V. Dormoy-Raclet, L. Grigoryeva, Y. Choi, A. Langford-Smith, F. L. Wilkinson, K. Ohmi, G. DiCristo, E. Hamel, J. Ausseil, D. Cheillan, A. Moreau, E. Svobodova´, Z. Ha´jkova´, M. Tesarˇova´, H. Hansı´kova´, B. W. Bigger, M. Hrebı´cek and A. V. Pshezhetsky 336 Predicting novel histopathological microlesions in human epileptic brain through transcriptional clustering F. Dachet, S. Bagla, G. Keren-Aviram, A. Morton, K. Balan, L. Saadat, T. Valyi-Nagy, W. Kupsky, F. Song, E. Dratz and J. A. Loeb 356 Targeting pharmacoresistant epilepsy and epileptogenesis with a dual-purpose antiepileptic drug A. Doeser, G. Dickhof, M. Reitze, M. Uebachs, C. Schaub, N. M. Pires, M. J. Bonifa´cio, P. Soares-da-Silva and H. Beck 371 Tract-based spatial statistics to assess the neuroprotective effect of early erythropoietin on white matter development in preterm infants R. L. O’Gorman, H. U. Bucher, U. Held, B. M. Koller, P. S. Hu¨ppi, C. F. Hagmann and the Swiss EPO Neuroprotection Trial Group 388 Pivotal role of choline metabolites in remyelination T. Skripuletz, A. Manzel, K. Gropengießer, N. Scha¨fer, V. Gudi, V. Singh, L. Salinas Tejedor, S. Jo¨rg, A. Hammer, E. Voss, F. Vulinovic, D. Degen, R. Wolf, D.-H. Lee, R. Pul, D. Moharregh-Khiabani, W. Baumga¨rtner, R. Gold, R. A. Linker and M. Stangel 398 A network centred on the inferior frontal cortex is critically involved in levodopa-induced dyskinesias A. Cerasa, G. Koch, G. Donzuso, G. Mangone, M. Morelli, L. Brusa, M. Stampanoni Bassi, V. Ponzo, S. Picazio, L. Passamonti, M. Salsone, A. Augimeri, C. Caltagirone and A. Quattrone 414 Improving ideomotor limb apraxia by electrical stimulation of the left posterior parietal cortex N. Bolognini, S. Convento, E. Banco, F. Mattioli, L. Tesio and G. Vallar 428 Genetic manipulation of adult-born hippocampal neurons rescues memory in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease K. Richetin, C. Leclerc, N. Toni, T. Gallopin, S. Pech, L. Roybon and C. Rampon 440 Why do patients with neurodegenerative frontal syndrome fail to answer: ‘In what way are an orange and a banana alike?’ J. Lagarde, R. Valabre`gue, J.-C. Corvol, B. Garcin, E. Volle, I. Le Ber, M. Vidailhet, B. Dubois and R. Levy 456 Altered structural connectivity of cortico-striato-pallido-thalamic networks in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome Y. Worbe, L. Marrakchi-Kacem, S. Lecomte, R. Valabregue, F. Poupon, P. Guevara, A. Tucholka, J.-F. Mangin, M. Vidailhet, S. Lehericy, A. Hartmann and C. Poupon 472 Evidence for inhibitory deficits in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia N. Radhu, L. Garcia Dominguez, F. Farzan, M. A. Richter, M. O. Semeralul, R. Chen, P. B. Fitzgerald and Z. J. Daskalakis 483 Downloaded from by guest on February 6, 2015 311 Transplantation of cerebellar neural stem cells improves motor coordination and neuropathology in Machado-Joseph disease mice Dorsal Column Book Reviews The perplexing conundrum of frontotemporal dementia J. R. Hodges 498 From Nissl stains to modern concepts of brainstem function R. John Leigh 501 Letters to the Editor Does dominant pedunculopontine nucleus exist? S. Lam, E. Moro, Y.-Y. Poon, A. M. Lozano and A. Fasano e323 Reply: Does dominant pedunculopontine nucleus exist? B. W. Fling, J. G. Nutt and F. B. Horak e324 Age-dependent penetrance among females with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy M. A. Horn, L. Retterstøl, M. Abdelnoor, O. H. Skjeldal and C. M. E. Tallaksen e325 Reply: Age-dependent penetrance among females with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy M. Engelen, M. Barbier, I. M. E. Dijkstra, R. Schu¨r, R. M. de Bie, C. Verhamme, M. G. W. Dijkgraaf, P. A. Aubourg, R. J. A. Wanders, B. M. van Geel, M. de Visser, B. T. Poll–The and S. Kemp e326 TUBB4A novel mutation reinforces the genotype–phenotype correlation of hypomyelination with atrophy of the basal ganglia and cerebellum D. Carvalho, S. Santos, B. Martins and F. Pinto Marques E. M. Hamilton, N. I. Wolf and M. S. van der Knaap e328 Corrigenda e329, e330, e331, e332 Downloaded from by guest on February 6, 2015 e327 Reply: TUBB4A novel mutation reinforces the genotype–phenotype correlation of hypomyelination with atrophy of the basal ganglia and cerebellum