Appendices
Appendix I: International Abbreviations
for Polymers and Polymer Processing
AA
AAS, ASA
ABA
ABM
ABMA
ABR
ABS
ABSM
ABSMA
ABS-MA
ABVC
ACM
ACM
ACPES
ACRYL
ACS
ACS, ACPES
AEM
AES
AF
Acrylic acid (monomer)
Copolymer of acrylonitrile, acrylate (ester), and styrene
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-acrylate copolymer
Copolymer of acrylonitrile-butadiene-methyl acrylate
Copolymer of acrylonitrile-butadiene-methacrylic acid
Elastomeric copolymer from an acrylate (ester) and butadiene, a rubber
Thermoplastic terpolymer, an acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
copolymer
Graft copolymer of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene-methyl
methacrylate
Graft copolymer of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene-maleic
anhydride
Maleated acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer
Thermoplastic terpolymer, an acrylonitrile-butadiene-vinyl
chloride copolymer
Acrylate rubber, based on ethyl acrylate with other acrylics
Acrylic elastomer, e.g., alkyl acrylate-2-chloroethyl vinyl
ether copolymer
Acrylonitrile-chlorinated polyethylene-styrene copolymer
Poly- or copoly-methyl methacrylate (acrylic)
Thermoplastic blend of acrylonitrile-styrene-chlorinated PE
terpolymer
Acrylonitrile-chlorinated polyethylene-styrene copolymer
Elastomeric ethyl (or other) acrylate-ethylene copolymer
Terpolymer from acrylonitrile, ethylene-propylene elastomer,
and styrene
Aniline-formaldehyde molding resins
L.A. Utracki, C.A. Wilkie (eds.), Polymer Blends Handbook,
DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-6064-6,
# Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014
2155
2156
AFMU
AK
AMAB
AMC
AMMA
AMS
AN
ANM
AP, APR
APET
aPP
aPP
AR
ARP
AS
ASA, AAS
ASR
AU
BA, PBA
BAAN
BAMM
BFE
BIIR
BMC
BMI
BMMM
BOPP
BP, BR
BPA
bPC
BR
Bu-ABS
Appendix I: International Abbreviations for Polymers and Polymer Processing
Terpolymer of tetrafluoroethylene, trifluoro-nitrosomethane,
and nitrosoperfluorobutyric acid
Alkyd resin
Copolymer from acrylonitrile, methyl acrylate, and butadiene
rubber
Alkyd molding compound
Thermoplastic copolymer from acrylonitrile and methyl
methacrylate
a-Methyl styrene
Acrylonitrile
Acrylate rubber, based on ethyl acrylate with acrylonitrile
Elastomeric ethylene-propylene-diene copolymer, now
EPDM
Amorphous polyethyleneterephthalate
Amorphous polypropylene
Atactic PP
Elastomeric copolymer from acrylates and olefins
Polyarylterephthalate liquid crystal copolymers, also PAT
Acrylonitrile-styrene copolymer (see also SAN)
Thermoplastic copolymer from acrylonitrile, styrene, and
acrylates
Alkylene sulfide rubber
Elastomeric polyester or polyurethane with polyester
segments
Polybutylacrylate (incorrectly used for acrylic elastomer,
ACM)
Butyl acrylate-acrylonitrile copolymer
Butyl acrylate-methyl methacrylate copolymer
Bromotrifluoroethylene polymers
Brominated elastomer from isobutene and isoprene,
bromobutyl rubber
Bulk molding compound (UP resins)
Bismaleimide
Butyl methacrylate-methyl methacrylate copolymer
Biaxially oriented polypropylene film
Polybutadiene or an isobutene-isoprene copolymer, butyl or
butadiene rubber
Bisphenol-A
Branched polycarbonate of bisphenol-A
Butadiene rubber
Graft copolymer of butylacrylate and triallyl isocyanurate on
polybutadiene, in turn emulsion grafted with styrene and
acrylonitrile
Appendix I: International Abbreviations for Polymers and Polymer Processing
CA
CAB
CAN
CAP
CB
CBR
CDB
CE
CEM
CF
CFM
CHR
CIIR
CM
CMC
CMHEC
CMPS
CN
CNR
CO
COP
CO-PAI
COPE
CO-PI
COPO
COX
CP
CP2
CP4
CPE
CPET
CPI
CPVC
CR
CRM
CRP
CS
2157
Cellulose acetate
Cellulose acetate-butyrate
Cellulose acetate-nitrate
Cellulose acetate-propionate
Cellulose butyrate (also carbon black reinforcing pigment)
Chlorinated butadiene rubber
Conjugated diene butyl elastomer
Cellulose plastics in general
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (also CFM, CTFEP, PCTFE)
Cresol-formaldehyde resins (also reinforcing carbon fiber)
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (also CEM, CTFEP, PCTFE)
Elastomeric copolymer from epichlorohydrin and ethylene
oxide
Post chlorinated elastomeric copolymer from isobutene and
isoprene
Chloro-polyethylene (also compression molding)
Carboxymethyl cellulose (or critical micelle concentration)
Carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose
Poly(chloromethyl styrene)
Cellulose nitrate (celluloid)
Elastomeric terpolymer from tetrafluoroethylene, trifluoronitrosomethane, and a small amount of an unsaturated monomer, e.g., nitrosoperfluorobutyric acid and nitroso or carboxy
nitroso rubber
Polychloromethyl oxirane elastomer, epichlorohydrin rubber
Cycloolefin polymers or copolymers
Copolyamideimide
Copolyester elastomer
Copolyimide
Poly(carbon monoxide-co- polyolefin), a linear, alternating
terpolymer: ethylene-co- propylene-co-carbon monoxide
Carboxylic rubber
Cellulose propionate, or chlorinated polyethylene, also CPE
Alternating copolymer from vinyl ether and maleic acid
Copolymer from acrylic acid and maleic acid
Chlorinated polyethylene
Crystallizable (or chlorinated) polyethyleneterephthalate
cis-Polyisoprene, also IR
Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride
Chloroprene, or neoprene, rubber
Chlorosulfonated polyethylene
Carbon fiber reinforced plastics
Casein
2158
Appendix I: International Abbreviations for Polymers and Polymer Processing
CSM, CSPE
CSR
CT, CTA
CTBN
CTFE
CTFEP
CUT
CV
DAC
DAF
DAIP
DAP
DCA
DMA
DMC
DMF
DMSO
DSC
E/B
E/P
EAA
EAM
EBA
EBA-AA
EBA-GMA
EBA-MA
EBM
EC
ECA
ECB
ECO, CO
ECPE
ECTF, ECTFE
EEA
EEAAA
EEA-GMA
EGMA
EHEC
ELAST
EMA
EMAc
Chlorosulfonated polyethylene, also CSPE or CSR
Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (also CSPE or CSM)
Cellulose triacetate
Carboxy-terminated nitrile rubber
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (also CFM, CEM, PCTFE)
Continuous use temperature
Viscose, also VI
Diallylchlorendate
Diallylfumarate
Diallylisophthalate
Diallylphthalate
Dichloroacetic acid
Dynamic mechanical analysis
Dough molding compound
N,N-dimethylformamide (solvent, also DMT)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (solvent)
Differential scanning calorimetry
Copolymers of ethylene and 1-butene
Ethylene-propylene copolymer EA
Ethylene acrylic acid copolymer
Elastomeric copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate
Ethylene-butyl acrylate copolymer
Ethylene-butyl acrylate-acrylic acid copolymer
Ethylene-butyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate copolymer
Ethylene (50–90 parts)-co-butyl acrylate (5 to 49 parts)-comaleic anhydride (0.5 to 10 parts) copolymer
Extrusion blow molding
Ethyl cellulose
Ethylene-carbonate copolymer
Blends from ethylene copolymers with bitumen
Elastomeric copolymer from ethylene oxide and epichlorohydrin (also EO-ECH)
Extended chain polyethylene
Poly(ethylene-co-chlorotrifluoroethylene)
Elastomeric copolymer from ethylene and ethyl acrylate
Polyethylene grafted with ethyl acrylate and acrylic acid
Ethylene-ethyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate copolymer
Ethylene-glycidyl methacrylate copolymer
Hydroxyethyl cellulose
Elastomer
Copolymer from ethylene and maleic anhydride or ethylenemethyl acrylate
Copolymer from ethylene and methacrylic acid
Appendix I: International Abbreviations for Polymers and Polymer Processing
EMAC
EMI
EMM
EMP
ENR
EO-ECH
EP
EPD
EPD, EPDM
EPDM-MA
EPE
EP-G-G
EP-K-L
EPR, EPM
EPR-MA
EPS
EPT, EPTR
E-PVC
ES
E-SBR
ESCR
ESD
ETE
ETFE
EtOH
EU
EVA
EVAc
EVAc-AA
EVAc-CO
EVAc-MA
EVA-GMA
EVAl, EVAL
EVAVC
EVC
EVE
EVM
EVOH
2159
Ethylene methacrylate copolymer
Electromagnetic interference
Copolymer from ethylene and methyl methacrylate
Ethylene-propylene
copolymers
(ethylene-modified
polypropylene)
Epoxidized natural rubber
Copolymer of ethylene oxide and epichlorohydrin (also
ECO, CO)
Epoxy resins
Ethylene-propylene-diene copolymer
Elastomeric terpolymer from ethylene, propylene, and
a non-conjugated diene
Maleic
anhydride-modified
ethylene-propylene-diene
terpolymer
Ester of an epoxy resin
Prepreg from epoxy resin and glass fabric (German literature)
Prepreg from epoxy resin and carbon fiber fabric (German
literature)
Elastomeric copolymer of ethylene and propylene
Maleated ethylene-propylene rubber, EPR
Polystyrene foam, expanded PS
Ethylene, propylene, and a non-conjugated diene terpolymer,
also EPDM
Emulsion polyvinyl chloride, PVC polymerized in emulsion
Ethylene-styrene block copolymer
Polymerized in emulsion styrene/butadiene copolymer
Environmental stress crack resistance
Electrostatic dissipation
Engineering thermoplastic elastomer
Copolymer from ethylene and tetrafluoroethylene
Ethanol
Polyether urethane
Ethylene-vinyl acetal copolymer
Copolymer from ethylene and vinyl acetate
Ethylene-vinyl acetate-acrylic acid graft copolymer
Ethylene-vinyl acetate-carbon monoxide copolymer
Copolymer from ethylene, vinyl acetate, and methacrylic acid
Ethylene-vinyl acetate-glycidyl methacrylate copolymer
Copolymer of ethylene and vinyl alcohol
Ethylene-vinyl acetate-vinyl chloride copolymer
Copolymer from ethylene and vinylene carbonate
Ethylene-vinyl ether copolymer
Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, a thermoplastic elastomer
Ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (also EVAl, EVAL)
2160
Appendix I: International Abbreviations for Polymers and Polymer Processing
EVP
FA
FE
FEP
FF
FFKM
FK, FRP, GRP
FKM
FMQ
FP
FPM
FPVC
FQ
FRE
FRP, GRP, FK
FTIR
FVMQ
GC
GECO
GEP
GF
GF-PF
GF-UP
GMA
GMT
GP
GPC
GPO
GPPS
GPSMA
GR
GR-1
GR-N
GR-S
Ethylene-vinyl pyrrolidinone copolymer
Formic acid
Fluorine-containing elastomer
Fluorinated EPR, tetrafluoroethylene/hexa-fluoro propylene
rubber
Resin from furan and formaldehyde
Perfluoro rubbers of the polymethylene type, having all
substituent fluoro, perfluoroalkyl, or perfluoroalkoxy groups
on the polymer chain
Fiber reinforced plastic
Hexa-fluoro propylene- vinylidene fluoride copolymer
Methyl fluoro silicone rubber
Fluoroplastic
Vinylidene fluoride/hexa-fluoro propylene elastomer, rubbers
with fluoro and fluoroalkyl or fluoroalkoxy groups
Flexible PVC film
Elastomeric silicone with fluorine-containing substituents
Fiber reinforced epoxy
Glass fiber reinforced polyester
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
Silicone rubber with fluorine, vinyl, and methyl substituents
Gas chromatograph
Epichlorohydrin-ethylene glycol- glycidyl ether elastomeric
copolymer
Glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin
Glass fiber, or glass fiber reinforced plastic
Glass fiber reinforced phenolic resin
Glass fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester resin
Glycidyl methacrylate (monomer)
Glass mat reinforced plastics
Gutta-percha
Gel permeation chromatograph (now: size exclusion
chromatography, SEC)
Elastomeric copolymer from propylene oxide and allyl
glycidyl ether
General-purpose polystyrene (also PS)
General-purpose
styrene-maleic
anhydride
copolymer
(also SMA)
Government rubber from state-owned factories in the USA
during the Second World War
Butyl rubber
Nitrile rubber, now NBR
Styrene-butadiene rubber
Appendix I: International Abbreviations for Polymers and Polymer Processing
GRP
GUR
HALS
HAO
HBV
HDPE
HDT
HEC
HIPS
HISMA
HM
HMC
HMW
HMW-PE
H-NBR, HNBR
HPC
HPMC
HR
HTE
ICP
IEN
IGC
IHPN
IIR
IM
IO
IPN
IPS
IR
IR, FTIR
LCP
LDPE
LIM
LIPN
LLDPE
LMDPE
LPE
LRM
LRMR
L-SBR
2161
Glass reinforced polyester (thermoset)
Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)
Hindered amines (antioxidants)
Higher alpha-olefins
Poly(3-hydroxy butyrate- co-valerate)
High-density polyethylene (ca. 960 kg/m3)
Heat deflection temperature
Hydroxyethyl cellulose
High-impact polystyrene
High-impact styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer
Hot melt adhesive
Sheet molding compound with high glass fiber content
High molecular weight
Polyethylene with high molecular weight
Hydrogenated acrylonitrile- butadiene elastomer
Hydroxy propyl cellulose
Hydroxy propyl-methyl cellulose
High resiliency foams
Hydroxyl-terminated polyether
Intrinsically conductive (or connecting) polymer
Interpenetrating elastomeric network
Inverse gas chromatograph
Interpenetrating homopolymer network
Isobutene-isoprene rubber (butyl rubber)
Polyisobutene, also PIB
Ionomer
Interpenetrating polymer network
Impact resistant polystyrene
Synthetic cis-1,4-polyisoprene, synthetic isoprene rubber
Infrared spectroscopy (or Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy)
Liquid crystal polymer
Low-density polyethylene (ca. 918 kg/m3)
Liquid impingement molding (now reactive injection molding, RIM)
Latex interpenetrating polymer network
Linear low-density polyethylene
Linear medium-density polyethylene
Linear polyethylene
Liquid reaction molding (now reactive injection molding, RIM)
Reinforced liquid reaction molding (now reinforced reactive
injection molding, RRIM)
Solution-polymerized SBR
2162
Appendix I: International Abbreviations for Polymers and Polymer Processing
LSR
LTG
MA or MAH
MABS
MAN
MAS
MBA
MBS
MC
MC
MDI
MDPE
MEK
MeSAN
MF
MFI
MFK
MFQ
MFR
MI
MIPS
MMA
MMA-MAc-EA
MMBA
MMBA-TPT
MMEA
MMMA
MMPMI
MMS
MMVAc
MMVAc-AA
MMW
MPC
MPF
MPQ
MPR
Liquid silicone rubber
Low-temperature zinc phosphate glasses
Maleic anhydride (monomer)
Copolymer from methyl methacrylate, acrylonitrile, butadiene, and styrene
Copolymer from methyl methacrylate and acrylonitrile
Copolymer from methyl methacrylate, acrylonitrile, and
styrene
Copolymer from methyl methacrylate, butadiene, and
acrylonitrile
Copolymer from methyl methacrylate, butadiene, and styrene
Methyl cellulose
Methylene chloride (solvent)
Methyl di-isocyanate
Medium-density polyethylene (ca. 930 to 940 kg/m3)
Methyl ethyl ketone (solvent)
Copolymer from a-methyl styrene and acrylonitrile
Melamine-formaldehyde resins
Melt flow index
Metal fiber reinforced plastic
Silicone rubbers with methyl and fluorine substituent groups,
also FMQ
Melt flow rate
Melt index
Medium-impact-strength polystyrene
Methyl methacrylate (monomer)
Copolymer of methyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid, and
ethyl acrylate
Copolymer from methyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate
Copolymer from methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, diallyl
maleate, and trimethylol propane triacrylate
Methyl methacrylate-ethyl acrylate copolymer
Methyl methacrylate-methyl acrylate copolymer
Methyl methacrylate-co-N-phenylmaleimide copolymer
Copolymer from methyl methacrylate and a-methyl styrene
Methyl methacrylate-vinyl acetate copolymer
Copolymer of methyl methacrylate, vinyl acetate, and acrylic
acid
Medium molecular weight
Tetramethyl polycarbonate (also TMPC, TMBPA-PC)
Melamine-phenol-formaldehyde resin
Silicone rubbers having both methyl and phenyl substituent
groups, also PMQ
Melt-processable rubber poly(a-methyl styrene)
Appendix I: International Abbreviations for Polymers and Polymer Processing
M-PVC
MPVQ
MQ
MSABS
MSAN
MSMA
MVQ
MWR
n-C6
n-C7
n-C10
NBR
NC
NCR
NDPE
NIR
NK
NP
NR
OEP
OPET
OPP
OPR
OPS
OPVC
OSA
P3FE
PA
2163
Polymerized in bulk polyvinyl chloride
Silicone rubbers with methyl, phenyl, and vinyl groups, also
PVMQ
Elastomeric silicones with methyl substituents
Methylstyrene-styrene-acrylonitrile-grafted polybutadiene
Thermoplastic copolymer from a-methyl styrene and
acrylonitrile
Copolymer of methyl methacrylate, p-methyl-styrene, and
maleic anhydride
Silicone rubbers having both methyl and vinyl substituent
groups, also VMQ
Molding with rotation
n-Hexane
n-Heptane
n-Decane
Elastomeric copolymer from butadiene and acrylonitrile,
nitrile rubber
Cellulose nitrate, also CN
Elastomeric copolymer from acrylonitrile and chloroprene
Low-density polyethylene (see also LDPE)
Elastomeric copolymer from acrylonitrile and isoprene
Natural rubber, also NR
Network polymer
Natural rubber, also NK
Oil-extended polymer
Oriented polyethyleneterephthalate
Oriented polypropylene, film, or bottles, also PP
Elastomeric polymer from propylene oxide
Oriented polystyrene films
Oriented polyvinyl chloride
Olefin-modified styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer
Poly(trifluoroethylene)
Polyamide; the abbreviation PA is normally followed by a
number, a combination of numbers, a letter, or a combination
of letters and numbers. A single number refers to the polyamide from an a,o-amino acid or its lactam. A combination of
two numbers is often separated by a comma. The first number
following the symbol PA indicates the number of methylene
groups of aliphatic diamines and the second number the number of carbon atoms of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids. An
I stands for isophthalic acid and a T for terephthalic acid.
For example, co-polyamide from caprolactam, hexamethylenediamine condensed with isophthalic and terephthalic acids
2164
PA-6
PA-46
PA-66
PA-6IT6
PAA
PAAE
PAAM
PABM
PAC
PACE
PADC
PAE
PAEB
PAEI
PAEK
PAES
PAI
PAK
PALL
PAMS
PA-mXD
PA-mXD6
PAN
PANI
PAPA
PAPI
PAr, PAR
PARA
PARS
PArSi
PAS
PAS, PASU
PAT
PAUR
PB
Appendix I: International Abbreviations for Polymers and Polymer Processing
is abbreviated as PA-6IT6, or that from caprolactam,
m-xylylenediamine, and adipic acid as PA-mXD6, etc.
Poly-e-caprolactam
Poly(tetramethylene adipamide), also PTA
Poly(hexamethylenediamine-adipic
acid),
polyhexamethylene adipamide
Poly(caprolactam-co-hexamethylenediamine-isophthalic and
terephthalic acids)
Polyacrylic acid
Polyarylamide-polyether
Polyacrylamide
Polyaminobismaleimide
Polyacrylonitrile fiber (also PAN), polyacrylate
Polyacetylene
Poly(allyl diglycol carbonate)
Polyarylether
Poly(p-aminoethyl benzoate)
Polyacrylic ester imide
Polyaryletherketone
Polyarylethersulfone
Polyamide-imide
Polyester alkyd
Polyallomer – a block copolymer of propylene, ethylene
(1.5 to 3%), butene (8%), and hexene (5%)
Poly-a-methyl styrene
Poly(m-xylylene adipamide)
Poly(m-xylylenediamine and adipic acid-co-caprolactam)
Polyacrylonitrile
Polyaniline
Polyazelaic polyanhydride
Polymethylenepolyphenylene isocyanate, also PMPPI
Polyarylate
[j-C(CH3)2-j-CO2–j-CO2-]n,
amorphous
polyester of bisphenol-A with isophthalic and terephthalic acids
Polyaryl amide (aromatic, usually amorphous polyamide)
Polyaryloxysiloxane
Poly(aryloxysiloxane),
e.g.,
poly(dimethylsiloxane
biphenylene-oxide)
Polyarylsulfide copolymers (esp. in German and Japanese
literature)
Polyarylsulfone [j-SO2- j-O–]0.875 [j-O–]0.125
Polyaminotriazole, also polyarylterephthalate, aromatic LCP
polyester
Polyester urethane
Poly-1-butene, polybutylene, elastic polydiene fiber
Appendix I: International Abbreviations for Polymers and Polymer Processing
PBA
PBAN
PBCD
PBD
PBE
PBG
PBI
PBMA
PBMI
PBN
PBNDC
PBO
PBR
PBS
PB-SMA
PBT, PBTP
PBT-PBG
PBZ
PBzMA
PBZT
PC
PCA
PCD
PCDP
PCDT
PCE
PCF
PCHMA
PCI
PCME
PCN
PCO
PC-Ph
PCT, PCTG
PCTFE
PCU
PDAP
PDCP
PDMDPhS
2165
Polybutylacrylate, also poly(1,4- benzamide)
Poly(butadiene-co-acrylonitrile)
Poly(butylene cyclohexane dicarboxylate)
Polybutadiene
Poly(1-butene-co-ethylene)
Polybutylene glycol, also known as polytetrahydrofuran,
PTHF
Polybenzimidazoles
Poly-n-butyl methacrylate
Polybismaleimide
Poly(butylene-2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate)
Poly(butylene-2,5-naphthalene dicarboxylate)
Polybutylene oxide
Copolymer from butadiene and vinyl pyridine
Copolymer from butadiene and styrene (see also GR-S, SBR)
Styrene-maleic anhydride-grafted polybutadiene
Polybutyleneterephthalate
Copolymer of 1,4-butanediol- polybutylene glycolterephthalic acid
Polybenzobisoxazole
Poly(benzyl methacrylate)
Poly(p-phenylenebenzobisthiazole)
Polycarbonate of bisphenol-A
Polycarbonate-acrylic
Polycarbodiimide
Polydicyclopentadiene
Poly(1,4-cyclohexylene dimethylene terephthalate)
Polycycloenes
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene fiber
Polycyclohexyl methacrylate
Poly(1,4-cyclohexylenedimethylene isophthalate)
Poly(2,2-dichloro- methyltrimethylene ether)
Poly(2-cyano-5-norbornene)
Polycycloolefin
Co-polycarbonate from phosgene with bisphenol-A and
phenolphthalein
Poly(cyclohexane terephthalate- glycol), copolymer of
cyclohexanedimethanol (66 mol%), ethylene glycol,
(34 mol%), and terephthalic acid
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (also CEM, CFM, CTFE)
Polyvinyl chloride (old German literature)
Polydiallylphthalate (also DAP, FDAP)
Polydicyclopentadiene
Poly(dimethyl-diphenylsiloxane)
2166
Appendix I: International Abbreviations for Polymers and Polymer Processing
PDMS
PDPS
PE
PEA
PEAc
PEB
PEBA
PEC
PeCe
PECO
PEE
PEEI
PEEK
PEG
PEH
PEI
PEIE
PEIm
PEK
PEKEKK
PEL
PEM
PENDC, PEN
PENi
PEO
PEOX
PEP
PEPA
PES
PEsA
PESK
PEST
PET, PETP
PETG
PEtI
PEUR
PF
PFA
PFEP
Polydimethylsiloxane
Polydiphenylsiloxane
Polyethylene
Polyetheramide
Polyethylacrylate
Polyethylene-p-oxybenzoate
Thermoplastic elastomer, polyether block amide
Polyestercarbonate or chlorinated polyethylene, usually CPE
Chlorinated PVC (also CPVC, PC, PVCC)
Polyethylene carbonate
Polyester ether fibers (containing diol and p-hydroxy benzoate
units, e.g., polyethylene-p-oxybenzoate
Polyesteretherimide
Polyetheretherketone
Polyethyleneglycol
High-density polyethylene, also HDPE
Polyetherimide
Polyetherimide ester copolymer
Polyetherimine
Polyetherketone
Poly(ether-ketone-ether-ketone-ketone)
Low-density polyethylene, also LDPE
Medium-density polyethylene, also MDPE
Poly(ethylene
2,6-naphthalene
dicarboxylate)
or
polyethylenenaphthalate
Polyethernitrile
Polyethylene glycol, usually PEG
Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)
Thermoplastic copolymer from ethylene and propylene
Polyether-polyamide copolymer
Polyethersulfone [j-SO2-j-O–]n
Polyesteramide
Polyarylenethioetherketone
Thermoplastic polyesters, e.g., PBT, PET, also TPES
Polyethyleneterephthalate
Polyethyleneterephthalate glycol, copolymer with 66 mol%
ethylene glycol and 34 mol% cyclohexylene dimethanol
Polyethyleneimine
Polyether urethane
Phenol-formaldehyde resin
Polyfluoroalcoxyalkane, copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and
perfluorinated
Copolymer from tetrafluoroethylene and hexa-fluoro propylene, also FEP
Appendix I: International Abbreviations for Polymers and Polymer Processing
PFF
PG
PGI
PH
PHB, POB
PHBA
PHEMA
PHIT
PHMT, PHT
PHP
PhPS
PHT, PHMT
PHZ
PI
PIAN
PIB
PIBI
PIBO
PIP
PIPO
PIR
PISU
PL
PLA
PMA
PMAC
PMAN
PMB
PMCA
PMI
PMMA- GMA
PMMA
PMMA-MA
PMMI
PMP
PMPhS
PMPPI
PMQ
PMS
PNA
PNF
PNR
2167
Phenol-furfural resin
Poly-a-hydroxy acrylic acid
Polyglutarimide
Phenolics
Poly(p-hydroxybenzoic acid)
Poly(b-hydroxybutyric acid)
Poly-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate
Poly(hexylene-isophthalate-terephthalate)
Polyhexamethylene terephthalate PHP Physiological hydrophilic polymers PhPS Poly(p-phenyl styrene)
Physiological hydrophilic polymers
Poly(p-phenyl styrene)
Polyhexamethylene terephthalate
Polyphosphazene
Polyimide but also trans-1,4- polyisoprene, gutta-percha (UK)
Isoprene – acrylonitrile oil-resistant elastomer
Polyisobutene
Copolymer from isobutene and isoprene, butyl rubber (also
butyl, GR-I, IIR)
Polyisobuteneoxide
Synthetic cis-1,4-polyisoprene (also CPI, IR)
Polyimidazipyrolone
Polyisocyanurate (foam) PIS Polyisobutylene
Polyimidesulfone
Polyethylene (EWG), also PE
Polylactic acid
Polymethyl acrylate
Polymethoxy acetal
Polymethyl acrylonitrile
Poly-methylenebenzoate
Polymethyl-a-chloro acrylate
Polymethacrylimide
Poly(methyl methacrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate)
Polymethyl methacrylate
Poly(methyl methacrylate-co-acrylic acid)
Polypyromellitimide
Poly-4-methyl-1-pentene (see also TPX)
Polymethylphenylsiloxane
Polymethylenepolyphenylene isocyanate, also PAPI
Silicone rubbers with methyl and phenyl substituents
Poly-a-methyl styrene
Polynuclear aromatics
Polyfluoroalcoxyphosphazene
Polynorbornene rubber
2168
Appendix I: International Abbreviations for Polymers and Polymer Processing
PO
POB, PHB
POBA
POBI
POCA
POD
PODZ
POM
POMA
POP
POR
POT
PP
PPA
PPAc
PPBA
PPC
PPC
PPCA
PPD-T, PPTA
PPE
PPeA
PPE-MA
PPG
PPhA
PPI
PP-MA
PPMA
PPMS, PpMS
PPO
PPOEA
PPOX, PPO
PPP
PPR
PPrA
PPS
PPSK, PKS
PPSS
PPS-S
Polyolefin but also elastomeric polypropylene oxide and
phenoxy resin
Poly-p-hydroxy benzoate
Polyoxybenzoyl acid, rigid-rod polymer
Polyoxadiazobenzimidazole
Poly(oxy(cyanoarylene)) or polyoxycyanoarylene
Polyoctadecene
Poly(p-phenylene 1,3,4-oxadiaxole)
Polyoxymethylene, polyformaldehyde, polyacetal, or “acetal
resin”
Poly(oxetane methacrylate)
Polyoxypropylene, usually PPG
Elastomeric copolymer from propylene oxide and allyl
glycidyl ether
Polyoctyl thiophene
Polypropylene or oriented polypropylene (see also OPP)
Polyphthalamide, also polypropyleneadipate
Polypropyl acrylate
Polyparabanic acid
Chlorinated polypropylene
Polyphthalate-carbonate, High heat PC with HDT ¼ 160 C
Poly(polycyclic (meth)acrylate)
Poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) Kevlar™
Poly(2,6-dimethyl 1,4-phenylene ether) (see also PPO)
Poly(n-pentyl acrylate)
Maleic anhydride-modified poly(2,6-dimethyl 1,4-phenylene
ether)
Polypropylene glycol
Polyphthalamide
Polymeric polyisocyanate
Maleic anhydride-modified polypropylene
Poly(phenyl methacrylate)
Poly(para-methyl styrene)
GE Co., Polymer Products Operation, trade name for poly
(2,6-dimethyl 1,4-phenylene ether) (see PPE)
Poly(phenoxyethoxyethyl acrylate)
Polypropylene glycol, usually PPG
Poly-p-phenylene
Polypyrrole
Poly(n-propyl acrylate)
Polyphenylsulfide
Polyketonesulfide [j-S-j-CO–]n
Polyphenylenesulfidesulfone
polythioethersulfone
Appendix I: International Abbreviations for Polymers and Polymer Processing
PPSU, PSF, PSO
PPT, PPTP
PPTA, PPD-T
PPX
PPy
PPZ
PQ
PS
P-S, PSA
PSAB
PSAN
PSB
PSBR
PSF
PS-GMA
PSI
PSL
PS-MA
PSO
PSOX
PST
PS-TSG
PSU
PSUL
PS-VPh
PTA
PTF
PTFE
PTHF
PTMA
PTMC
PTMEG
PTMG
PTMT
PTO
PTR
PTT
PU, PUR
PVA
PVAc, PVAC
2169
Polyphenylene sulfone, polysulfone
Polypropyleneterephthalate; (see also PTT)
Poly(1,4-phenylene terephthalamide)
Poly(p-xylylene)
Polypyrrole
Polyorganophosphazene
Elastomeric silicone with phenyl substituents
Polystyrene
Pressure-sensitive adhesive
Copolymer from styrene and butadiene (also SB, S/B)
Thermoplastic copolymer from styrene and acrylonitrile, also
SAN
Styrene-butadiene rubber, also GS-R, SBR
Elastomeric terpolymer from vinyl pyridine, styrene, and
butadiene
Polysulfone, also PSUL, PSU, PSO
Styrene-glycidyl methacrylate copolymer
Polymethylphenylsiloxane
Polyspirodilactone
Styrene-maleic anhydrite copolymer
Polysulfone, also PSUL, PSU, PSF
Styrene polymer having reactive (2-oxazoline) groups
Polystyrene fiber with at least 85% styrene units
Polystyrene foam, processed by injection (German literature)
Polysulfone [j-SO2-j-O–j-C(CH3)2-j-O–]n
Polysulfone, also PSF, PSU, PSO
Poly(styrene-b-vinyl phenol) block copolymer
Polytetramethylene adipamide
Polytetrafluoroethylene fiber
Polytetrafluoroethylene (also TFE)
Polytetrahydrofuran [also known as polybutylene glycol,
PBG]
Polytetramethyleneadipate
Poly(trimethylene carbonate)
Poly(tetramethylene ether glycol)
Polytetramethylene glycol
Poly(tetramethylene terephthalate) or polybutyleneterephthalate, PBT
Polytransoctanylene
Polysulfide rubber
Poly(trimethylene terephthalate), also PPT
Polyurethane elastomer
Polyvinyl acetal
Polyvinyl acetate
2170
Appendix I: International Abbreviations for Polymers and Polymer Processing
PVAl, PVAL
PVBO
PVBu
PVC
PVCA, PVCAc
PVCC
PVC-DC
PVD
PVDC
PVDF
PVE
PVF
PVFM, PVFO
PVI
PVID
PVIE
PVK
PVM
PVME
PVMQ
PVOH
PVP
PVPh
PVSI
PY
Q
QA
QC
QDS
QMC
RAM
RCF
REX
RF
RH
RHB
RIM
RLM
RMPS
RP, RTP
RPBT
RPET
RPVC
Polyvinyl alcohol
Polyvinyl butyral
Polyvinyl butyrate
Polyvinyl chloride
Copolymer from vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate
Chlorinated PVC, also CPVC, PeCe
Poly(vinyl chloride-co-vinylidene chloride)
Polyvinylidene chloride fiber with 50 wt% vinylidene
chloride
Polyvinylidene chloride, also PVC2
Polyvinylidene fluoride, also PVF2
Polyvinylethylene
Polyvinyl fluoride
Polyvinyl formal
Poly(vinyl isobutyl ether)
Polyvinylidenecyanide
Polyvinyl isobutyl ether
Poly-N-vinylcarbazole
Copolymer from vinyl chloride and vinyl methyl ether
Polyvinyl methyl ether
Silicone rubber with methyl, phenyl, and vinyl substituents
Polyvinyl alcohol (also PVAL, PVAl)
Poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone
Poly(4-vinylphenol), poly(p-hydroxy styrene)
Polydimethylsiloxane with phenyl and vinyl substituents
Unsaturated polyester resins, also UP
Silicone elastomer
Quality assurance
Quality control
Quality data statistics
Quick molding change
Restricted area molding
Refractory ceramic fiber
Reactive extrusion
Resorcinol-formaldehyde resin
Relative humidity (in %)
Reheat blow molding
Reaction injection molding
Reactive liquid polymer
Rubber-modified polystyrene
Reinforced plastics, reinforced thermoplastic, also RP/C
Reinforced polybutyleneterephthalate
Reinforced polyethyleneterephthalate
Rigid PVC film
Appendix I: International Abbreviations for Polymers and Polymer Processing
RRIM
RTD
RTM
RTP
RTPO
RTS
RTV
RUC
SAA
SAMA
SAN
SAN
SANGMA
SANMA
SAXS
SB, SBR
SB/BA
SBCL
SBMA
SBMI
SBP
SBR
SBS
SBS
SCR
SEBS
SEM
SEP
S-EPDM
SF, SFM
SFK
SFP
SHIPS
SI
SIN
SIPN
SIR
SIS
SMA
SMAA
SMA-AA
2171
Reinforced reaction injection molding
Residence time distribution
Resin transfer molding
Reinforced thermoplastic
Reactor-blended thermoplastic olefinic elastomer
Reinforced thermoset
Room temperature vulcanization (of silicone rubber)
Chlorinated rubber
Styrene-acrylic acid copolymer
Styrene-acrylonitrile-methacrylic acid copolymer
Styrene-acrylonitrile
Thermoplastic copolymer from styrene and acrylonitrile, also
AS, PSAN
Styrene-acrylonitrile-glycidyl methacrylate copolymer
Styrene-acrylonitrile-maleic anhydride copolymer
Small-angle X-ray scattering
Thermoplastic copolymer from styrene and butadiene, also
PASB, S/B
Styrene-butadiene-butyl acrylate copolymer
Styrene-butadiene-caprolactone copolymer
Styrene-butadiene-maleic anhydride copolymer
Styrene-butadiene-maleimide
Styrene-butadiene polymer
Styrene-butadiene elastomer
Styrene-butadiene-styrene
Styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock polymer
Elastomeric copolymer from styrene and chloroprene
Styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene triblock polymer
Scanning electron microscopy
Styrene-ethylene-propylene block copolymer
Sulfonated ethylene- propylene-diene terpolymer
Structural foam, structural foam molding
Synthetic fiber reinforced plastic (German literature)
Scrapless forming process
Super-high-impact polystyrene
Thermoplastic silicone
Simultaneous
interpenetrating
network
or
semiinterpenetrating network
Sequential interpenetrating polymer network
Elastomeric copolymer from styrene and isoprene
Styrene-isoprene-styrene triblock polymer
Copolymer from styrene and maleic anhydride
Copolymer from styrene and methacrylic acid
Styrene-maleic anhydride-acrylic acid copolymer
2172
Appendix I: International Abbreviations for Polymers and Polymer Processing
SMC
SMI
SMMA, SMM
SMM-GM
SMM-MA
SMS
SP
SPC
sPP
SPPF
SPSF
S-PVC
SR
SRIM
SRP
SSE
SVA
SVPh
SWP
TA
TC
TCE
TDI
TE
TEEE
TEO
TES
TFE
TGA
TGIC
THF
TM
TMA
TMBA-PC
TMC
TMPC
TOR
TPA, TPR
TPE, TPEL
TPE-A
TPE-E
TPE-S
TPES
Sheet molding compound
Copolymer from styrene and maleimide
Styrene-methyl methacrylate copolymer
Styrene-methyl
methacrylateglycidyl
methacrylate
copolymer
Styrene-methyl methacrylate-maleic anhydride copolymer
Copolymer from styrene and a-methyl styrene
Saturated polyester plastics
Statistical process control
Syndiotactic polypropylene
Solid-phase pressure forming
Solid-phase stretch forming
Suspension PVC
Synthetic rubber, polysulfide rubber
Structural reactive injection molding
Styrene-rubber plastics
Single-screw extruder
Styrene-vinyl-acrylonitrile copolymer
Styrene-p-vinyl phenol copolymer
Solvent-welded plastics pipe
Cellulose triacetate, also CT, CTA
Technically classified natural rubber
Tetrachloroethane
Toluene di-isocyanate
Thermoplastic elastomer of any type
Thermoplastic elastomer, ether-ester
Thermoplastic elastomer, olefinic
Thermoplastic elastomer, styrenic
Polytetrafluoroethylene (also PTFE)
Thermogravimetric analysis
Triglycidyl isocyanurate
Tetrahydrofuran (solvent)
Thioplasts, transfer molding
Thermomechanical analyzer
Tetramethyl bisphenol-A polycarbonate (or MPC, TMPC)
Thick molding compound
Tetramethyl bisphenol-A polycarbonate (TMBPA-PC)
Trans-polyoctenamer rubber TP Thermoplastic
1,5-trans-polypentenamer
Thermoplastic elastomer
Thermoplastic elastomer-amide
Thermoplastic elastomer-ester
Thermoplastic elastomer-polystyrene
Thermoplastic polyesters, e.g., PBT, PET (see also PEST)
Appendix I: International Abbreviations for Polymers and Polymer Processing
TPI
TPO
TPS
TPU, TPUR
TPV
TPX
TR
TREF
TS
TSE
TSI
TSUR
UE
UF
UFS
UHMW-PE
ULDPE
UP
UP-G-G
UP-G-M
UP-G-R
UPVC
UR
VAc
VAc-AN
VAcE
VC/E, VCE
VCE
VCEMA
VCEV
VCM
VCMA
VCMMA
VCOA
VCVAc
VCVDC
VDC
VDC/AN
VF/HFP
VLDPE
VMQ
VOC
2173
Thermoplastic polyimide
Thermoplastic olefinic elastomer
Toughened PS (in the UK for HIPS)
Thermoplastic urethanes
Thermoplastic vulcanizate
Poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) (see also PMP)
Thermoplastic elastomer or thio rubber (UK)
Temperature-rising elution fractionation
Thermoset
Thermoset elastomer
Thermoset polyimide
Thermoset polyurethane
Polyurethane elastomer
Urea-formaldehyde resin
Urea-formaldehyde foam
Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (over 3 Mg/mol)
Ultralow-density polyethylene (ca. 900–915 kg/m3)
Unsaturated polyester
Prepreg from unsaturated polyesters and textile glass fibers
Prepreg from unsaturated polyesters and textile glass mats
Prepreg from unsaturated polyesters and textile glass rovings
Unplasticized PVC
Polyurethane elastomers, also UP
Vinyl acetate
Copolymer from vinyl acetate and acrylonitrile
Vinyl acetate-ethylene copolymer
Vinyl chloride-ethylene copolymer
Copolymer from ethylene and vinyl chloride
Copolymer from vinyl chloride, ethylene, and methyl acrylate
(or maleic anhydride)
Copolymer from vinyl chloride, ethylene, and vinyl acetate
Vinyl chloride (monomer), also VC
Copolymer from vinyl chloride and methyl acrylate
Copolymer from vinyl chloride and methyl methacrylate
Copolymer from vinyl chloride and octyl acrylate
Copolymer from vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate
Copolymer from vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride
Vinylidene chloride
Copolymer from vinylidene chloride and acrylonitrile
Copolymer from vinylidene fluoride and hexa-fluoro
propylene
Very low-density polyethylene (ca. 885 kg/m3)
Silicone rubber with methyl and vinyl substituents
Volatile organic compound
2174
VPE
VQ
VSI
WAXS
WR
XABS
XLPE
XMC
XNBR
XPS
XSBR
YBPO
YSBR
YXSBR
Appendix I: International Abbreviations for Polymers and Polymer Processing
Vulcanized (cross-linked) polyethylene, also XLPE
Elastomeric silicone with vinyl substituents
Polydimethylsiloxane with vinyl groups
Wide-angle X-ray scattering
Woven rovings
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene/acidic monomer, an elastomeric copolymer
Cross-linked polyethylene
Extra-strength molding compound
Acrylonitrile-butadiene/acidic monomer, an elastomeric
copolymer
Expandable or expanded PS
Butadiene-styrene/acidic
monomer,
an
elastomeric
copolymer
Elastomeric polyetherester: [((CH2)4-O)n-CO-j CO-O-]m
Thermoplastic, elastomeric block copolymer from styrene and
butadiene
Block copolymer from styrene and butadiene containing carboxylic groups
Note: This list is based on the nomenclature proposed by diverse standardizing
organizations, as well as on the acronyms used in technical literature, viz.,
American Society for Testing Materials, Standard Terminology for Abbreviated
Terms Relating to Plastics, ASTM D1418-01a, ASTM D1600-99, and their
referenced standards; British Standards, schedule of common names, and
abbreviations for plastics and rubbers, BS 3502–1978; Deutsches Institut f€ur
Normung, plastics, symbols and codes for polymers and their special characteristics, DIN 7728 Teil 1 01.88; symbols for reinforced plastics, DIN 7728 Teil 2 03.80;
plastics molding materials DIN 7742 Teil 1 01.88; molding techniques for molding
materials, definitions, DIN 16700 09.67; Association Franc¸aise de Normalisation,
plastics, vocabulary, T 50–100 08.90; plastics, symbols, T 50-050-1, T 50-050-2,
T 50-050-3 06.89; International Organization for Standardization, plastics,
symbols, ISO 1043–1; 1987, ISO 1043–2; 1988, ISO 1043–3; International Union
for Pure and Applied Chemistry, Pure Appl. Chem. 18, 583 (1969); Pure Appl.
Chem. 40, 473 (1974).
Appendix II: Examples of Commercial
Polymer Blends
Polymer
No. A
B
1. PS
PB(BR)
or PE
2.
ABS or Elastomer
ASA
or SMA*
Name
Hostyren
Supplier
Hoechst
Limera R
Polysar
Polystyrol
Styroblend
Styroplus
Dainippon Ink and
Chemicals
Bayer Miles
BASF AG
BASF AG
BASF AG
Cadon*
Centrex
Luran S
Magnum
Rovel
Starflam ABS
Terluran
Monsanto Chem.
Monsanto Chem.
BASF AG
Dow Chem. Co.
Uniroyal
Ferro Plastics
BASF AG
L.A. Utracki, C.A. Wilkie (eds.), Polymer Blends Handbook,
DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-6064-6,
# Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014
Comments
The blends are formulated
for extrusion, injection and
blow molding
They show excellent
processability, low moisture
absorption and shrinkage,
improved impact strength.
Composition-dependent
modulus, toughness,
ductility, transparency, and
gloss
Blends of ABS or ASA with
either acrylic rubber (800) or
PB (900 series) were
formulated for extrusion,
thermoforming, injection,
and blow molding. They
show excellent
processability,
weatherability, impact
strength, HDT, scratch
resistance, paintability, and
plateability
(continued)
2175
2176
Appendix II: Examples of Commercial Polymer Blends
Polymer
No. A
B
3. TPU
ABS
4.
LDPE
5.
NBR
Name
Prevail
Techniace TU
Supplier
Dow Chem. Co.
Sumitomo Dow
Comments
The blends can be injection
molded, extruded, blow
molded, or thermoformed.
Transfer or compression
molding, calendering, and
solid state may also be used.
They show hardness between
that of TPU and ABS, superb
toughness, chemical
resistance, appearance
PIB
Lupolen O 250 BASF AG
The 1:1 blends are flexible
Pax-Plus
Paxon Polymer Co. and resistant to cracking
under stress and show good
water-vapor properties. The
blends are formulated for
extrusion, injection, and
blow molding. The weld-line
strength, resistance to
warpage, and shrinkage
depend on processing
conditions
EPDM or
Geolast JSR
Monsanto JSR
The blends are formulated
CPE or PVC NE *
for extrusion, calendering,
injection, and blow molding.
Goodyear Tire &
Chemigum
They have either
Rubber Co.
TPE#
co-continuous or (less
Krynac NV
Polysar, Inc.
frequently) dispersed
#
Nipol
Nippon Zeon
morphology. They show
#
Paracril OZO Uniroyal Chemical good processability; ozone,
oil, and heat resistance; low
compression set;
low-temperature flexibility;
nearly total elastic recovery;
and excellent weather
resistance. Principal use
includes automotive weather
stripping, interior moldings,
tubings, hoses, seals, gaskets,
expansion joints, cable
sheathings, conveying belts,
roofing, pond liners,
geomembranes, floorings,
etc.
(continued)
Appendix II: Examples of Commercial Polymer Blends
Polymer
No. A
B
Name
6. PP
TPO or EPR BK 891
or EPDM
Deflex
Dynaflex
Ferrolene
Ferro Flex
HiFax
Hostalen PP
IPCL JSA1986
Kelburon,
Keltan TP
Milastomer
Modylen
Moplen SP
Oleflex
Optum
Polytrope
Propathene
PU-21713
RPI 507 EP
RxLOY
Santoprene
Sarlink
Sumitomo
TPE
Thermolan
2000
TPO 900
Vestolen EM
Supplier
Mitsui Chemical
A. Schulman
JSR
Ferro Plastics
Ferro Plastics
Himont Adv. Mat.
Hoechst
IPCL
DSM Polymer
International
Mitsui Petrochem.
Tiszagi Vergi Kom.
Himont
Showa Denko Co.
Ferro Plastics
A. Schulman, Inc.
ICI
Ferro Plastics
Research Polym.
Ferro Plastics
Monsanto
Novacor
Sumitomo Chem.
Mitsubishi
Petrochemicals
Reichhold Chem.
H€
uls A.-G.
2177
Comments
The blends are formulated
mainly for injection molding,
but they can also be extruded,
thermo- or vacuum-formed
(e.g., Optum), compression
or transfer molded,
calendered, and blow
molded. Several have
dynamic properties, viz.,
hardness and heat resistance.
Some blends are vulcanized,
showing toughness, and are
composition dependent
(30 wt%) (e.g., Kelburon)
and reactor made. Reinforced
and filled grades (containing
glass fiber, talc, CaCO3, or
mineral filler) are available.
These blends show good
processability,
low-temperature modulus
and impact strength,
dimensional stability, low
shrinkage, good mechanical
properties at temperatures
from 40 to 150 C, ozone
resistance, dynamic fatigue
and abrasion resistance, as
well as high good weather
ability (especially carbonblack filled grades) tear
strength and paintability.
Over 200 applications have
been found for these
materials, e.g., they are used
in appliances, hardware and
plumbing, automotive
industry (arm rests, pillar
trim, door panels, radiator
grilles, dashboards, children
seats, side protectors,
bumpers, spoilers), etc.
(continued)
2178
Appendix II: Examples of Commercial Polymer Blends
Polymer
No. A
B
7. PVC
Acrylics
Name
Acrylivin
Cladux
Decoloy
Fiberloc HTX
Haibulen
Kane-ace
Kydex
Metabulen
Polycast
Sunloid KD
Vinidur
8.
PVC
NBR
Carloy
Geon/Hycar
Denka LCS
JSR NV
Krynac NV
Nipol
Oxyblend
Paracril OZO
Vynite
Supplier
General Tire &
Rubber
R. Daleman
GE Plastics
The Geon Company
Nippon Zeon
Kanegafuchi Chem.
Rohm and Haas
Mitsubishi Rayon
Royalite
Tsutsunaka
BASF AG
Comments
Suspension PVC modified by
5–15 wt% acrylic elastomer.
The blends are are
formulated for extrusion,
injection, and blow molding,
vacuum- or thermoforming,
and calendering. They show
high impact strength,
rigidity, resilience,
dimensional stability, flame
retardancy, excellent outdoor
performance, and good
flame, abrasion, electrical,
chemical, and solvent
resistance. These blends are
used in industrial,
commercial, consumer (e.g.,
as wall coverings, corner
guards, column covers,
shelving, counter laminates,
ceiling tiles), medical, food
or beverage equipment,
aircraft or mass transit
interior components, and
applications requiring good
resistance to weathering
Cary Chem. Inc.
These blends (containing
30–60 wt% PVC) are
B. F. Goodrich
Showa Denko Co. formulated mainly for
extrusion and calendering,
Jap. Synth. Rub.
but injection, blow,
Miles-Polysar
compression, and transfer
Nippon Zeon
molding can also be used.
They show good
OxyChem
processability, fast
Uniroyal Chem.
calendering and extrusion,
Alpha Chem. Plast.
impact and tear strength, and
oil, fuel, improved chemical,
abrasion, weathering, ozone,
antistatic, flame, and
moisture resistance. Their
applications include cables
and hoses, printing plates and
rollers, shoe soles, bottles for
cosmetics and edible oils,
profiles, etc.
(continued)
Appendix II: Examples of Commercial Polymer Blends
Polymer
No. A
B
9. PVC
ABS or
ASA*
10. PA-6
PA
11. PA
PA
Name
Abson 042
Cycovin K-29
Denka Taimel.
*
Geloy
XP2003
Kaneka Enplex
Kralastic
Lustran ABS
860
Nipeon AL
Polyman 500
Supplier
Abtec Chem. Co.
The Geon Co.
Denki Kagaku
GE Plastics
2179
Comments
These blends are formulated
for injection molding,
extrusion, and thermo-or
vacuum forming, but
calendering can also be used.
The blends show superior
Kanegafuchi Corp. processability to component
Uniroyal/Sumitomo polymers, impact strength,
flame retardance, and cost-toMonsanto Chem.
performance ratio. The blends
with ASA show superior
Zeon Kasei Co.
weatherability, while those
A. Schulman,
containing SMA high
Inc. DSM
HDT. The main use is for
Ronfaloy V
DSM
business machines, electrical
Tufrex VB
Mittsubishi
and electronic equipment
housings, automotive
Triax CBE
Monsanto Chem.
applications, swimming pool
(discontinued)
fittings, irrigation, etc.
Grilon BT
EMS-Chemie
Miscible blends show
improved processability,
Wellamid MR Wellman, Inc.
solvent resistance,
Zytel 3100
E. I. du Pont
elongation, low-temperature
impact and tensile strength
Akuloy RM
DSM Eng. Plast.
The blends are formulated
mainly for injection molding
Dexpro,
Dexter Corp.
and extrusion. Polyamides
Dexlon
PA-6, PA-66, PA-mXD6, and
Eref
Solvay
PARA. In most blends PA is
Flexloy
Sumitomo Chem.
the matrix phase, but those
Gapex
Ferro Plastics
with PP as a matrix are also
LAX 23
Ube, Inc.
available (e.g., from Solvay).
MCX-Q
Mitsui Petrochem. The blends show good
processability; reduced water
NB
Toyobo
absorption; dimensional
Novamid AC Mitsubishi Chem.
stability; low density (i.e., low
Orgalloy R-6
Atochem
cost per volume); low liquid
Poliblend NH Poliresins SA
and vapor permeability;
Snialoy
Nylon Corp. Amer. moderate impact strength;
Systemer S
Showa Denko Co. good resistance to alcohols,
glycols, and gasohol;
Thermocomp LNP
improved heat aging; primerUbe Alloy CA Ube Inc.
less paintability; and
Ultramid KR
BASF AG
resistance to cracking when
UTX
Unitika
exposed to metal halides (e.g.,
CaCl2). Some grades are
reinforced. Principal blend
uses include appliances,
automotive, tools, building,
furniture, and industrial
(continued)
2180
Polymer
No. A
12. PA-6, P
PA-66,
PARA,
or
PA-666
Appendix II: Examples of Commercial Polymer Blends
B
E, EPR,
acrylic
elastomers,
or ionomers
13. PA-66, Brominated
or PA-6 PS
Name
Albis
Bexloy C
Brilion BT-40
Capron
Durethan
Dynyl
Fiberfil TN
Grilon A
Maranyl
Minlon
Nybex
Nycoa
Nydur
Nylafil
Nylon
Star X
Technyl A
and B
Ultramid A,
B, C, and T
Vydyne
Wellamid 22 L
Zytel ST
Zytel 300, 400
Supplier
Albis Plastics
E. I. du Pont
Emser Ind.
AlliedSignal
Bayer A.-G
Rhoˆne Poulenc
DSM Eng. Plast.
EMS-Chem. A.-G.
ICI
E. I. du Pont
Ferro Plastics
Nylon Corp. Amer.
Bayer A.-G
Wilson-Fiberfil Int.
Celanese Eng. Res.
Ferro Plastics
Rhoˆne Poulenc
Akulon K228
Latamid 66
Starflam PA6
Ultramid A3X
Zytel FR
DSM
Lati
Ferro Plastics
BASF AG
E. I. du Pont
BASF AG
Monsanto Chem.
Wellman Inc.
E. I. du Pont
E. I. du Pont
Comments
The blends are formulated
for extrusion, co-extrusion,
injection, compression,
transfer, and blow molding.
They can also be
thermoformed. Grades
containing up to 40 wt%
mineral or glass fibers are
available. Some may contain
PTFE. The blends have good
processability,
low-temperature impact
strength, rigidity, stiffness,
high heat resistance, lower
service temperature. The
molded articles can suppress
vibration, even when dry and
at sub-zero temperatures.
The blends find use in
a broad range of applications,
viz., automotive (stone and
splash guards, under-thehood moldings, seals, hoses,
tubes, clips, fasteners, fuel
doors, gears), appliances,
sport (e.g., ski bindings,
roller skates), business
equipment, consumer
products (office chair seats,
housings, casters, wheels,
rollers, pulleys, gears), etc.
These fire-resistant,
unreinforced blends designed
for injection molding or
extrusion are used in
automotive and electrical
applications. They show
good flame retardance,
mechanical properties, and
dimensional stability
(continued)
Appendix II: Examples of Commercial Polymer Blends
Polymer
No. A
B
14. PA-6 or ABS
PA-66
Name
Alphaloy MPA
Elemid
Diaaloy N
Kane ace
MUH
Malecca S
Maxloy A
Monkalloy N
N5
Novaloy-A
Stapron N
SX
Techniace TA
Toyolac alloy
Triax 1000
Ultramid
Supplier
Kanegafuchi Chem.
GE Plastics
Mitsubishi Rayon
Kanegafuchi Chem.
Denki Kagaku K.
JSR
Monsanto Kasei
Thermofil Inc.
Daicel Chem. Ind.
DSM Polymer Int.
Toray Ind., Inc.
Sumitomo Dow
Toray Ind., Inc.
Monsanto
BASF AG
15. PA
Cyclic - PO Elmit ZF
Mitsui
Petrochemicals
16. PA
PC
Dexcarb
D & S Int.
Iupilon
Mitsubishi Gas
SC 720
Idemitsu
Petrochemicals
17. PC
TPU
Texin 3000
Texin 4000
Bayer/Miles
18. PC
Elastomer
Idemitsu
SC-150
Makrolon T-78
Novarex AM
Idemitsu
Petrochemicals
Bayer/Miles
Mitsubishi Chem.
2181
Comments
The compatibilized blends
(with either PA as matrix or
co-continuity of both phases)
are formulated for injection
molding, extrusion, and
thermoforming, but blow and
compression molding also
can be used. The blends show
good processability and flow;
high heat and chemical
resistance; high resistance to
oil, wear, and abrasion;
dimensional stability;
low-temperature impact
strength; reduced moisture
sensitivity; and economy.
Main application is in
automotive, chemical,
electrical, customer, and
sport industries. Some grades
are glass fiber reinforced.
The material has been also
used in anti-vibration
damping structures
Processability, impact
strength, moisture
insensitivity
Processability,
HDT > 200 C, impact
strength, low mold
shrinkage, solvent, and
moisture sensitivity
PC blends with polyester
urethane were designed for
extrusion or molding articles
used in automotive and
consumer goods’ industries
The blends for extrusion or
injection molding
contain < 6 wt% elastomer
(e.g., butyl acrylate-comethacrylate) and thus are
opaque. They show low
temperature toughness, high
impact strength, good weldline strength, and HDT
(continued)
2182
Appendix II: Examples of Commercial Polymer Blends
Polymer
No. A
B
19. PC
ABS (and
SAN in
some
blends)
Name
Alphaloy
Bayblend T
Cycoloy
Denka HS
Dialoy C
Exceloy
Iupilon MB
Lynex B
Malecca P
Multilon PX
Novaloy-S
Proloy/Lexan
Pulse
Ronfalin
Royalite R11
Ryulex
SC 250
Techniace TC
Toplex
Terblend B
Triax 2000
ABS/PC 7901
20. PC
ASA, or
AAS*
Baitaloy*
21. PC
PS
Novadol
SC 200
Supplier
Kanegafuchi Chem.
Bayer/Miles
GE Plastics
Denki Kagaku
Mitsubishi Rayon
JSR
Mitsubishi Gas
Asahi Chem.
Denka
Teijin Chem. Ltd.
Daicel Chem. Ind.
GE Plastics
Dow Chem. Co.
DSM
Uniroyal
Dainippon
Idemitsu
Petrochem.
Sumitomo Dow
Multibase, Inc.
BASF AG
Monsanto Chem.
Diamond Polymers
Hitachi Chem.
highDialoy A
Mitsubishi Rayon
Geloy XP4001 GE Plastics
Terblend S
BASF AG
Mitsubishi Chem.
Idemitsu
Petrochemicals
Comments
The blends are formulated for
injection molding, extrusion,
and thermo-or vacuum
forming, but they can also be
compression or transfer
molded. They show good
processability, excellent
plating, HDT and impact
strength, high stiffness and
strength, dimensional
stability, toughness,
delamination resistance,
low-temperature impact
strength, good weld-line
strength, and solvent and
chemical resistance. These are
three-phase blends, with
30–65 wt% PC usually being
the matrix. Grades with glass
fiber reinforcement are
available. The blends are used
for housings of computers,
business machines and
electrical appliances,
electrical and electronic parts,
connectors, carriages,
switches, fans, power and
agricul-tural, garden and lawn
tools, cameras, optical
instruments, exterior
automotive components,
electronic or
telecommunication parts,
sporting goods, etc.
High impact strength,
thermal stability, improved
resistance to temperature
aging and UV degradation,
excellent weatherability,
rigidity, and dimensional
stability. The blends are
formulated mainly for
extrusion, injection molding,
and thermoforming
Impact strength, thermal
stability, and weatherability
(continued)
Appendix II: Examples of Commercial Polymer Blends
Polymer
No. A
B
22. PC
SMA
23. PC
PBT or PET
or PCTG
(and
10–20 wt%
impact
modifier)
Name
Arloy 1000
Ektar MB
R4 9900
Supplier
ARCO Chem. Co.
Eastman Kodak
Thermofil Inc.
Azloy
BCT 4201
Defsan
Dialoy P
Ektar MB,
Azdel, Inc.
Toray
Russia
Mitsubishi Rayon
Eastman Chemical
Company
Eastalloy DA
(PCTG)
Idemitsu SC
600
Makroblend
MB4300
Novadol
Pocan
R2-9000
Sabre
Stapron E
Ultrablend KR
Valox
Xenoy 1000
Eastman Chemical
Company
Idemitsu
Petrochem.
Bayer A.-G.
Mitsubishi Gas
Mitsubishi Chem.
Bayer
Thermofil Inc.
Dow
DSM Polymer Int.
BASF
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
2183
Comments
The blends are designed for
extrusion, thermoforming, or
injection molding. They
show excellent
processability, toughness,
and heat resistance
The blends are formulated
for injection molding,
extrusion, and blow molding,
but they can be transfer or
compression molded, formed
in solid state, or
thermoformed. In most
blends PC is the matrix
phase. The impact modifier
can be PE, ABS, or acrylic
copolymer, e.g., MBS. The
blends show good
processability; heat
resistance; ductility; HDT;
high modulus, impact,
tensile, and flexural strength
over a wide temperature
range; good adhesion;
solvent, chemical, and UV
resistance. They can be
painted, hot stamped,
metallized, and plated. Some
blends (containing
polybutadiene as impact
modifier) may have poor
weather-ability. The blends
are mainly used in
automotive industry
(continued)
2184
Appendix II: Examples of Commercial Polymer Blends
Polymer
No. A
B
24. PET
Elastomer
or SMA*
25. PET or PC (and
PCTG* 15–20 wt%
impact
modifier)
Name
Arloy 2000*
Celanex
Rynite
SC-150
*Ektar MB
Hyperlite
Impact
Makroblend
UT
MB 3500
Petsar
Sabre 1600
SC
Xenoy 2000
26. PBT
PET
27. PBT
Acrylic
rubber
28. PBT
Elastomer
C, CN
Celanex
EMC
Valox
BU
BX
Novadol
Vandar
Bexloy J
Celanex
Gafite
Macroblend
Pibiter HI
Starflam PBT
Techster T
Ultradur KR
Supplier
ARCO Chem. Co.
Celanese Eng. Res.
E. I. du Pont
Idemitsu
Petrochemicals
Comments
The blends are formulated for
extrusion, injection,
compression, blow, and
transfer molding. The blends
contain up to 35 wt% glass
fiber. They show good
processability, rigidity, impact
and tensile strength, as well as
excellent weatherability
Eastman
These blends can be injection
Kanegafuchi Chem. molded or extruded. They are
partially miscible, with
AlliedSignal
co-continuous morphology
Mobay
showing improved
processability, solvent
Mitsubishi Gas
resistance, elongation,
Polysar
low-temperature impact and
tensile strength (possible
Dow
reduction of crystallinity upon
Idemitsu
blending) Ektar resins are
Petrochemicals
based on poly(cyclohexaneGE Plastics
terephthalate-glycol) mixed
with PC and/or with
SMA. They are primarily used
in business machines,
appliances, consumer goods,
garden tools, lightning,
automotive, sports equipment,
fluid handling, etc.
Teijin
Good surface properties,
HDT, impact strength,
Hoechst Celanese
dimensional stability, and
Toyobo
economy
GE Plastics
Dai Nippon Ink
Improved processability and
impact resistance
Toray
Mitsubishi Chem.
Hoechst
E. I. du Pont
These impact-modified PBT
blends are formulated for
Hoechst Celanese
injection molding, but they
GAF
can also be extruded and
Bayer Miles
thermoformed. They show
Montedipe
good processability,
Ferro Plastics
electrical properties, high
stiffness and strength, HDT,
Rhoˆne Poulenc
dimensional stability, impact
BASF AG
strength, and solvent and
chemical resistance
(continued)
Appendix II: Examples of Commercial Polymer Blends
Polymer
No. A
B
29. PBT
ABS or
AAS*
30. PAr
PET or PC
31. POM
PBT
32. POM
TPU
Name
A, AN
Alphaloy MPB
BA
Baitaloy VL*
Cycolin
Diaaloy B
Lumax
Malecca B
Maxloy B
Novaloy-B
Techniace TB
Triax 4000
Ultrablend S
VX
Supplier
Teijin
Kanegafuchi Chem.
Dai Nippon Ink
Hitachi Chem.
GE Plastics
Mitsubishi Rayon
Lucky Co., Ltd.
Denka Kagaku K.
JSR
Daicel Chem. Ind.
Sumitomo Dow
Monsanto
BASF AG
Toray
Ardel D-240
U-8000
Duraloy
Lynex T
Celcon
Delrin
Duraloy
Formaldafil
Fulton KL
Hostaform S
RTP 800
TC
Thermocomp
Ultraform
Amoco Corp.
Unitika
Celanese
Asahi Chem.
Celanese Eng. Res.
E. I. du Pont
H.-Celanese
Wilson-Fiberfil
LNP Corp.
Hoechst A.-G.
RTP Corp.
Polyplastics
LNP
BASF AG
2185
Comments
The blends contain
0–30 wt% glass fiber or
mineral fillers. They are
formulated for injection
molding but can be extruded,
thermoformed, or solid state
formed. They show excellent
processability, high gloss,
stiffness at high temperature,
good electrical properties,
thermal stability, mechanical
strength, HDT, low
shrinkage, good dimensional
stability, impact strength, as
well as solvent (e.g., to
gasoline and motor oils) and
chemical resistance. The
main consumption includes
electronics, automotive and
electrical industry, as well as
office, sports, and household
equipment
Processability, high HDT,
tough, high impact strength
HDT, toughness, softness,
high impact strength
The blends are formulated
for extrusion, injection,
compression, blow, and
transfer molding. They show
excellent processability;
rigidity; high impact
strength; high fatigue,
flexural, and tensile strength;
high toughness; low water
absorbency; gloss; and
resistance to chemicals. In
most blends POM is impactmodified with 10–30 wt%
TPU. Some grades contain
PTFE. Co-continuous
morphology gives especially
good performance. These
blends find use in sports
equipment, plumbing,
electronic/mechanical parts,
automotive, appliances,
hinges, etc.
(continued)
2186
Appendix II: Examples of Commercial Polymer Blends
Polymer
No. A
B
33. PPE
PS (HIPS,
SBS, SEBS,
ABS,
SB,. . .)
Name
Gepax
Luranyl
Noryl
Prevex
Verton
Vestoran 1900
and 2000
Xyron 200
34. PPE
PA
Artley
Dimension
Lynex A
Noryl GTX
Remaloy
35. PPE
PBT (+ PC
+ impact
modifier)
36. PPE
PPS
Dialoy X
BE
Gemax
Iupiace
DIC PPS
Supplier
GE Plastics
BASF AG
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
H€
uls
H€
uls-Nuodex
Asahi Chem. Ind.
Sumitomo Chem.
AlliedSignal
Asahi Chem. Ind.
GE Plastics
Mitsubishi
Petrochemicals
Ultranyl
BASF AG
Vestoblend
H€
uls A.-G.
Xyron A and G Asahi Chem. Ind.
Iupiace
Noryl APS
Mitsubishi Rayon
Dai Nippon Ink
GE Plastics
Mitsubishi Gas
Dainippon Ink &
Chemicals
Mitsubishi Gas
GE Plastics
Comments
These blends, with
25–60 wt% PPE, were
designed for injection or blow
molding, calendering,
thermoforming, and
extrusion. Some grades are
rein-forced with < 30 wt%
glass fibers. They show good
processability, heat
resistance,
HDT ¼ 90–150 C,
toughness, good dimensional
stability, resistance to hot
water, flame retardance, low
density, cost/performance
ratio, and low moisture
absorption
The blends are designed for
extrusion, thermoforming, or
injection molding. They are
compatibilized, with
40–60 wt% PA, showing
moderate processability and
impact strength; good tensile
and flexural strength; hightemperature creep, solvent,
and chemical resistance; and
low moisture absorption.
They are dimensionally
stable, paintable, and
palatable
Excellent processability,
high solvent and temperature
resistance, and dimensional
stability
The blends are designed for
injection molding, but
extrusion, compression
molding, or thermoforming
can also be used. The blends
have to be compatibilized
and contain up to 40 wt%
glass fibers. They show good
compatibilized and contain
up to 40 wt% glass fibers.
They show good
processability, reduced flash,
toughness, and high heat
resistance
(continued)
Appendix II: Examples of Commercial Polymer Blends
Polymer
No. A
B
37. PVDF PMMA
Name
Polycast
Supplier
Royalite
38. PSF
ABS
Arylon
Mindel A
Uniroyal
Amoco Corp.
39. PSF
PET
Mindel B
Amoco Corp.
40. PSF
PA
Reo-alloy
Riken Vinyl
41. SMI
SAN
Malecca A
Denka
42. SMI
ABS
Malecca K
Denka
43. SMI
PA
Malecca N
Denka
44. PEEK
PES
Sumiploy SK
Sumitomo Chem.
2187
Comments
Used for electrets or as
outdoor films with good
clarity and chemical and UV
stability
The blends can be either
extruded or injection molded.
They show good
processability, toughness,
dimensional stability, high
HDT, hot water resistance,
plateability, and paintability.
The applications include
plumbing, food service, and
fiber optics controlled system
The blends can be either
extruded or injection molded.
They show improved
processability and impact
strength, low shrinkage and
warpage, high HDT, good
stress crack chemical and
solvent resistance, and good
economy. The blends find
applications as molded
electrical parts, viz.,
connectors, relays, switches,
motor starters, control
housings, etc.
Processability, low viscosity,
and low water absorption
High heat and impact
resistanc
High heat and impact
resistance
High heat, solvent, and
impact resistance
The blends are designed for
injection molding, but
extrusion, compression
molding, or thermoforming
can also be used. SK 1660
grade contains glass fibers.
The materials show good
processability, excellent high
temperature, and chemical
and hot water resistance
(continued)
2188
Appendix II: Examples of Commercial Polymer Blends
Polymer
No. A
B
45. PEEK LCP
Name
Sumiploy EK
Supplier
Sumitomo Chem.
46. PEI
PC
Ultem LTX
GE Plastics
47. PI
LCP
Aurum
Mitsui Toatsu
48. HIPS
Hydrophilic
polymer
Toray
Comments
The blends are designed for
injection molding, but
extrusion, compression
molding, or thermoforming
can also be used. They show
good process- ability, high
strength, modulus, and HDT
Designed for injection
molding and extrusion.
Processability; HDT;
flexural, tensile, and impact
strength; flame retardancy;
long-term hydrolytic
stability; stain and chemical
resistance; and lower cost
than PEI
Good processability, low
viscosity, HDT, and low
water absorption
Permanent antistatic
properties
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in
Polymer Science and Technology
A-, B-, and C-stages
AB, AABB
polymerization
Ablation
Abrasion
Abrasion resistance
ABS
Accelerated aging
Accelerated weathering
Expressions used by Baekeland to differentiate polymerization steps of phenolic resins. A-stage, initial;
resins are still fusible and soluble. B-stage, advanced
degree of condensation; resins are still capable of swelling but no longer soluble. C-stage; complete crosslinking and insolubility.
Step-growth polymerization, in which the two types of
functional group (A and B) are attached to the same or
two different monomers, viz., hydroxy acid (AB) and
diol-diacid (AABB).
Decomposition of a material caused by heat friction.
The wearing away of some surface area by its contact
with another material.
Ability of material to withstand mechanical action such as
rubbing, scraping, or erosion that tends to progressively
remove material from its surface; to resist surface wear.
A thermoplastic classified as an elastomer-modified
styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer.
Aging by artificial means to obtain an indication on how
a material will behave under normal conditions over long
period. Also tests in which conditions are intensified to
reduce the time required to obtain deteriorating effects,
similar to these resulting from normal service conditions.
Duplicating or reproducing weather conditions by
machine-made means. Test in which the normal
weathering conditions are accelerated by means of
a device.
L.A. Utracki, C.A. Wilkie (eds.), Polymer Blends Handbook,
DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-6064-6,
# Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014
2189
2190
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Accumulator
Acetal resins
Acrylic elastomer
Acrylics
Adapter
Additive
Adhesion
Adhesive
Advanced composites
Aging
A device for conserving energy in hydraulic systems
of molding equipment, or an auxiliary ram extruder
used to provide fast material delivery in a molding
machine.
Polyoxymethylene – a crystalline thermoplastic
material made from formaldehyde, viz., Delrin™ or
Celcon™.
An elastomer based on polyethylacrylate and/or poly-nbutylacrylate with thermal stability up to T ¼ 200 C,
usually cross-linked by heating with peroxides or with
alkali. To improve the solvent resistance, 20–50 wt% of
ethoxy or methoxyethyl-acrylate may be added.
Name given to plastics produced by the polymerization
of acrylic acid derivatives, usually including methyl
methacrylate. An amorphous thermoplastic material. In
technological jargon polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)
or polyacrylonitrile fiber with at least 85 wt% of PAN.
A mechanical reducing mechanism between the barrel
and either a nozzle or a die.
A material added to a polymer during the final synthesis stages or in subsequent processing to improve or alter
some characteristics of the polymer. Additives, as a
class of materials, are not intended to increase strength
properties. Examples of additive include pigments,
lubricants, antistatic agents, flame retardants, and
plasticizers.
The state in which two surfaces are held together at an
interface by mechanical or chemical forces, by
interlocking action, etc.
A substrate capable of holding two materials together by
surface attachment. Adhesive can be in film, liquid, or
paste form.
Composite materials that are reinforced with continuous
fibers having a modulus higher than that of glass fibers.
The term includes polymeric matrix, metal matrix, and
ceramic matrix composites, as well as carbon-carbon
composites.
The change of a material over time under defined natural
or synthetic environmental conditions, leading to
improvement or deterioration of properties. Also,
changes caused by exposure to physical and chemical
factors (viz., light, temperature, chemicals, weather),
leading to irreversible deterioration. A process of exposing plastics to natural or artificial environmental
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Alkyd resins
Alloy
Allyl resin
Ambient temperature
Amino resin
Amorphous polymer
Amplitude
Analysis of variance
2191
conditions for a prolonged time. See also “Accelerated
aging,” “Artificial aging,” “Chemical aging,” and
“Physical aging.”
Name given to synthetic, thermosetting resins processed
from polyhydric alcohols and polybasic acid or anhydrides. These unsaturated polyesters are prepared by
esterification of a polyfunctional alcohol (e.g., glycerin)
with phthalic anhydride in combination with fatty acids
or rosin acids (molecular weight about 2,000 to 5,000).
These resins are frequently modified by incorporation
of, e.g., nitrocellulose, NC, or phenolics. Alkyds are
used mainly as lacquers.
A material made by blending polymers or copolymers with
other polymers or elastomers under selected conditions,
e.g., styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) blended with
butadiene-acrylonitrile elastomer (NBR). A mixture of
two chemically different polymers to form a material
having properties different from but often comprising
those of the original resins. Also see “Polymer alloy.”
Low-molecular-weight polymerization product of
allyl monomer, CH2 ¼ CHCH2X, where, for example,
X ¼ OH, –OOCCH3.
Temperature of the medium surrounding an object. Used
to denote prevailing room temperature (RT).
Collective term for resins that are capable of being
cross-linked. Terms, aminoplast and amino plastic, are
also used. The materials are based on compounds
containing NH2 group and formaldehyde. The representatives are urea-, melamine-, and dicyanodiamide-based
resins used for laminating and molding.
A noncrystalline polymeric material that has no definite
order or crystallinity. A polymer in which the macromolecular chain has a random conformation in solid (glassy
or rubbery) state. On the one hand, an amorphous polymer may show a short range order, while on the other,
a crystalline polymer may be quenched to the amorphous state (viz., polyethylene terephthalate (PET)).
The maximum value of a periodically varying function,
e.g., used to describe the energy transmitted from the
ultrasonic welding horn to the weld joint.
A statistical technique where the total variation of the
investigated response is being analyzed or divided into
meaningful components, such as a portion due to regression and a portion due to error.
2192
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Anionic polymerization
Anisometry
Anisotropy
Annealing
Antioxidant
Antiplasticization
Chain polymerization in which the active center is an
anion, usually carbanion. The method is mostly used to
polymerize vinyl monomers carrying electronwithdrawing substituents (e.g., CN, COOR,
COR, aryl). The polymerization is frequently initiated by n-butyllithium.
The difference in the magnitude of the dimensions of
a particle that depend on the direction. Thus, sphere is
isometric – it has a minimum of anisometry. It is
customary to define anisometry in terms of the aspect
ratio, p. For platelets, p is defined as the thickness
divided by the longest orthogonal dimension; thus,
for platelets, p 1. By contrast, for fiber-like particles,
p is the length-to-diameter ratio, i.e., p 1. Macromolecules show high anisometry with a typical value
p ¼ 1,000.
The material properties being dependent on the direction. Most multiphase polymeric systems show some
degree of anisometry. The mechanical performance in
the machine direction can be as much as a hundred times
higher than those in the transverse direction. In homopolymers, the anisotropy is a reflection of the molecular
orientation in either a glassy or a semicrystalline state
(see “Birefringence”).
To heat a molded plastic article to a predetermined
temperature and slowly cool it to relieve stresses.
Annealing of molded or machined parts may be done
dry, as in an oven, or wet, as in a heated tank of mineral
oil. To relieve the stresses without introducing major
change of the molecular structure in the formed article,
the annealing is frequently carried out at a temperature
being few degrees below the glass transition temperature, Tg. The treatment is also used to increase polymer
crystallinity. The process requires keeping the polymer
at a temperature T < Td (where Td is the thermal degradation temperature). The best results are usually
obtained when (Tg + Tm)/2 T < Tm, where Tm is the
melting temperature.
A substance that, when added in small quantities to the
resin during mixing, prevents its oxidative degradation
and contributes to the maintenance of its properties.
An increase of stiffness, tensile strength, and/or the glass
transition temperature and a decrease of the elongation
at break caused by addition of small amount of
a plasticizer. For example, maximum hardness of
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Antistatic agents
(antistats)
Apparent or bulk
density
Arc resistance
Aromatic
Aromatic polymer
Artificial aging
2193
polyvinylchloride was observed at 5–10 phr of
diethylhexyl phthalate, PVC/DOP, and minimum
impact strength at 12 phr. Antiplasticization occurs in
many polymers, viz., PVC, polymethylmethacrylate
(PMMA), polystyrene (PS), polycarbonate (PC), polyamides (PA), and silk (by water).
Substances that, when added to the molding material or
applied on the surface of the molded part, make it less
able to store static electrical charge.
Weight of unit volume of material including voids (air)
inherent in the material.
The time required for a given electrical current to render
the plastic surface of a material conductive because of
carbonization by the arc flame. Also ability to resist the
action of a high voltage electrical arc, usually in terms of
time required to render the material electrically conductive. The total time (in sec) that intermittent arc may
play across the plastic surface with rendering the surface
conductive.
Description used for chemicals that have at least one
ring structure derived from benzene in their chemical
structure. Benzene rings are made by six carbon atoms
forming a hexagonal structure with alternating single
and double bonds. The description is general and covers
a wide range of chemicals. The word “aromatic” is used
because of the strong smell of benzene. Many of the
chemicals classified as aromatics have a very different
smell or no smell at all. A benzene ring structure with
one bonding site is a “phenyl” ring or group. See also
“Benzene.”
A polymer containing aromatic ring structures, viz.,
polyamides, polyesters, polyethers, polysulfides,
polysulfones, polysiloxanes.
The exposure of a plastic to conditions that accelerate
the effects of time, such as heating, exposure to cold,
flexing, application of electrical field, immersion in
water, exposure to chemicals and solvents, ultraviolet,
light stability, and resistance to fatigue. The accelerated
testing of plastic specimens to determine their changes
in properties carried out over a short time. The tests
indicate what may be expected of a material under
service conditions over extended periods. Typical investigations include those for dimensional stability,
mechanical fatigue, chemical resistance, stress cracking
resistance, dielectric strength, and so forth, under the
2194
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Ashing
Aspect ratio
ASTM
Atactic polymer
Atom
Attenuation
Autoclave
Autoclave molding
conditions that reflect the conditions under which the
article will be used. Usually, the time the article is
exposed to these test conditions is relatively short. See
also “Aging.”
The reduction of a polymer by high heat to yield any
inorganic material, e.g., fillers or reinforcements, used to
verify the percentage of nonorganic content in the resin.
The relative comparison of one dimension of an object
to another. For fibers, the aspect ratio is the length
divided by the diameter. For mica, it is the shorter of
the length and width of a platelet to its thickness. For
complex objects like a particle of clay, it is a relative
number approximating the ratio of the longer of two
dimensions to the shorter. This ratio is key in how
effective a reinforcement is within a matrix of polymer
molecules. Given uniform composition and coupling
agents, higher aspect ratio reinforcement results in
a higher increase in strength. The aspect ratio determines how much stress can be transferred to the fibers
or platelets before being transferred back into polymer
matrix.
Abbreviation for American Society for Testing and
Materials.
A polymer in which at least one chain atom in a mer can
exhibit stereoisomerism (e.g., –CH2C*HX–), but has no
preference for one particular configuration, e.g., atactic
vinyl polymers (PVC or PS), atactic polypropylene,
and PP.
The most basic compositional unit of the elements composed of protons, electrons, and neutrons. Elements are
any substance composed solely of chemically identical
atoms, viz., carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen,
iron, and aluminum.
The diminution of vibrations or energy over time or
distance. The term is also used to describe a process of
making thin and slender articles, e.g., the formation of
fiber from molten glass.
A closed vessel for conducting either a chemical reaction or other operation (e.g., cooling) under pressure and
heat. Autoclaves are widely used for bonding and curing
reinforced plastic laminates.
A process in which after lay-up, winding, or warping, an
entire assembly is placed in a heated autoclave, usually
at 340–1,380 kPa (50–200 psi). The pressure results
in higher density and improved removal of volatiles.
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Automatic mold
Auxiliary equipment
Average molecular
weight
Back pressure
Back taper or draft
Backing plate
Ball valve
Banbury
Barrel
Batch
Benzene
2195
The lay-ups are usually vacuum bagged with a bleeder
and release cloth.
A mold or die in injection or compression molding that
repeatedly goes through the entire cycle without human
assistance.
Refers to equipment, other than the principal processing
unit (e.g., an extruder or an injection molding machine),
required to ensure that the manufactured part would be
made correctly. The auxiliary equipment comprises
dryers, chillers, material and part conveyors, robots,
process monitoring and controlling units, etc.
Summation over the distribution of molecular weights
of a polymeric substance, e.g., with respect to the number, Mn, weight, Mw, or higher moments. Depending on
the method of determination, Mn, Mw, or higher average
molecular weight is obtained.
A pressure against the free flow of material during
extrusion that causes the material to have a high mixing
action. Also resistance of a material caused by its viscosity to flow when mold is closing.
Reverse draft used in mold to prevent molded articles
from drawing freely.
In mold construction, a plate used as a support for the
cavity blocks, guide pins, bushings, etc.
A screw melt seal or valve, similar to a check ring valve,
but designed differently. Uses a roundball to seal off the
melt so it does not flow back over the screw flights
during the injection cycle.
An internal mixer for compounding, composed of a pair
of counterrotating rotors that masticate the materials.
In extrusion, injection molding, or blow molding machine
a hollow tube in which the plastic material is gradually
heated and melted and from which it is extruded.
A quantity of materials formed during the same process
or in one continuous process and having identical characteristics throughout.
A chemical structure composed of six carbon atoms
arranged in a stable cyclic structure. Each carbon atom
is single bonded to the next carbon atom on one side and
double bonded to the carbon atom on the other side.
Each also has a hydrogen atom bonded to it. Phenyl
groups are benzene rings where one of the carbon
atoms is bonded to another molecule, making the entire
cyclic structure a substituent or side group of that
molecule.
2196
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Bezel
Binder
Binomial distribution
Bimodal distribution
Biopolymer
Binodal
Birefringence (double
refraction)
Bleed
Bleeding
Blending
Blends
Blister
Blister packaging
Block copolymers
A grooved rim or flange.
The resin or a cementing constituent that holds the other
components together. The agent applied to mats or preforms to bond the fibers before molding.
A discrete probability distribution based on two possible
outcomes, which may be labeled success (with probability p) or failure (with probability q ¼ 1 p); the
probability function expresses the number of
X successes in n independent trials.
A probability distribution in which the differential distribution function has two maxima.
Polymer produced by biosynthesis in nature, viz., polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, cellulose, lignin,
and natural rubber.
The line on the temperature vs. composition phase diagram for a mixture of two components, which separates
the metastable region from the single-phase regions.
Hence, it represents the limits of stability in a two-phase
system, viz., a polymer solution or polymer blend.
The difference between index of refraction in two directions, measured with polarized light. The birefringence
originates in the molecular orientation in either a glassy
or crystalline phase. Positive birefringence occurs when
the principal optic axis lies along the chain and negative
when it is perpendicular. See also “Dichroism.”
To give up color when in contact with water or a solvent.
Also a “migration,” undesired movement of additives in
a plastic (e.g., plasticizers in PVC) to the surface of the
finished article or into an adjacent material. The term is
also used to describe a passage at the parting line of
a mold (such as a vent, but deeper) that makes it possible
for the material to escape or bleed.
Diffusion of an additive in or out of a plastic part. See
“Bleed.”
Preparation of polymer blends or alloys, usually involving mixing of two polymeric liquids.
see “Polymer blends.”
A raised area on the surface of a molded part caused by
the pressure of gases inside it.
Packaging method based on sealing articles inside
thermoformed, transparent cases.
Copolymer synthesized from two or more monomers in
such a way that monomers of the same kind are arranged
in homopolymeric blocks.
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Block polymerization
Blocking
Bloom
Blow film extrusion
Blow molding
Blow pin
Blowing agent
Blueing off
Blush
Bonds
Boss
Bottom plate
2197
An older expression for bulk or mass polymerization.
The adhesion between layers of plastic that may develop
under pressure during storage or use.
A visible exudation or efflorescence on the surface of
a plastic – it may be caused by lubricant, plasticizer, etc.
Techniques for making film by extruding the plastic
through a circular die, followed by expansion (by the
pressure of internal air admitted though the center of the
mandrel), cooling, and collapsing the bubble.
A molding process used to produce hollow objects in
which a hollow tube (parison) is forced into a shape of
the mold cavity using internal air pressure. The two
primary types are injection blow molding and extrusion
blow molding. Blow molding is a method of fabrication
in which a warm plastic parison is placed between the
two halves of a mold and forced to assume the shape of
that mold cavity by use of air pressure introduced
through the inside of the parison that forces the melt
against the surface of the mold.
A hollow pin inserted or made to contact the blowing
mold so that the blowing media can be introduced into
the parison or hollow form and expanded to conform to
the mold cavity.
Additive capable of producing a cellular structure in
a plastic or rubber mass.
Checking the accuracy of mold cutoff surfaces by putting a thin coating of Prussian blue on one-half and
checking the blue transfer to the other half.
The tendency of a plastic to turn white or chalky in areas
that are highly stressed (viz., gate blush).
Forces between atoms that hold them in relative proximity to each other resulting in larger structures called
molecules. Primary bonds result from the sharing of two
electrons of two atoms of the same molecule and are
strongest. Secondary bonds are between atoms of different molecules or remote sections of the same molecule.
They are the result of attractions due to polarity, induced
polarity due to displaced electrons, and temporary polarity due to vibration and spinning. These bond forces are
weak in comparison to primary bonds.
A projection on a plastic part designed to add strength,
facilitate alignment during assembly, and provide for
fastening.
Part of the mold containing the heel radius and push-up.
2198
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Branched chains
Branched polymer
Breaker plate
Breathing or degassing
Brittle failure
Brittle or brittleness
temperature
Brittle point
Buckling
Bulk or apparent
density
Bulk factor
Bulk polymerization
Burning
Side chains attached to the main, original chain.
A nonlinear polymer in which the molecules consist of
linear main chain to which there are randomly attached
secondary chain branches, viz., low density polyethylene. A fraction of repeat units in a polymer that statistically contain one branch is defined as the branching
density: l ¼ ab/n, where a is the branching coefficient
(dependent on functionality of the branch point), b is
the number of branch points, and n is the number of
repeat units.
A perforated plate located at the end of an extruder or at
the nozzle end of an injection cylinder. It often supports
the screens that prevent foreign particles from entering
the die.
The opening and closing of a mold to allow gases to
escape early in the molding cycle. When referring to
plastic film, “breathing” indicates permeability.
Failure resulting from inability of material to absorb
energy, resulting in instant fracture upon mechanical
loading.
Temperature at which plastics and elastomers exhibit
brittle failure under impact conditions – the lowest temperature at which the material withstands given condition without failure.
The highest temperature at which a material fractures in
a prescribed impact test procedure.
Crimping of the fibers in a composite material, often
occurring in glass-reinforced thermosets due to resin
shrinkage during cure.
Average density of material in a loose or powdered form
of plastic (granular, nodular, etc.) expressed as a ratio of
weight to volume.
Ratio of volume of any given quantity of the loose
plastic material to the volume of the same quantity of
the material after molding or forming. It is a measure of
volume change that may be expected in fabrication.
Polymerization where only the monomer and initiator
(or catalyst) are involved. Owing to heat of polymerization and difficulty of safe dissipation of generated heat,
the conversion rarely exceeds 50 %. Older terms: block
or mass polymerization.
Overheating the resin in the barrel causing discoloration
and, if long enough, charring the material. Burning can
be caused by trapped gases in poor or nonvented area of
the mold. The gases may ignite, due to pressure and
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Burst strength
Butadiene
Butt fusion
Buttress thread
Calendering
Calorimeter
Capillary rheometer
Carbon black
Carbon fiber
2199
temperature (as in a diesel engine) and discolor or char
the part.
The internal pressure required to break a pressure vessel
such as a pipe or fitting. The pressure (and therefore the
burst strength) varies with the rate of pressure buildup
and the time during which the pressure is held.
A common name of a synthetic elastomer,
polybutadiene – BR, e.g., used in butadiene-styrene,
butadiene-acrylonitrile, and acrylonitrile-butadienestyrene copolymers.
A method of joining similar forms of thermoplastic
materials using heat.
A type of thread used for transmitting power in only one
direction. It has the efficiency of the square thread and
the strength of the V-thread.
The passing of sheet materials between sets of pressure
rollers to produce a smooth finish sheet of desired
thickness.
An instrument capable of making absolute measurements of energy absorbed in a material by measuring
changes of temperature.
Instrument for measuring the flow properties (viscosity)
of polymer melts. Composed of a capillary tube of
specified diameter and length, means for applying
a pressure to force molten polymer through the capillary, means for maintaining the desired temperature of
the apparatus, and means for measuring differential
pressures and flow rates.
A black pigment or filler produced by the incomplete
burning of natural gas or oil. It is widely used in the
rubber industry and for wire/cable applications. Since it
possesses ultraviolet protective properties, it is also used
in formulations intended for outside weathering
applications.
Fibers produced by the pyrolysis of organic precursor
fibers, such as rayon, polyacrylonitrile (PAN), and pitch,
in an inert environment. The term is often used interchangeably with the term graphite; however, carbon
fibers and graphite fibers differ. The differences lie in
the temperature at which the fibers are made and heattreated, as well as in the amount of elemental carbon
produced. Carbon fibers typically are carbonized at
around 1,315 C and contain 94 1 % carbon, while
graphite fibers are graphitized at 1,900–2,480 C and
contain 99 % carbon.
2200
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Carborane polymer
Carreau-Yasuda
equation
A polymer containing carborane structures, viz.,
–C(B10H10)C–, known for their high decomposition
temperature Td } 500 C. Owing to the hydrogen presence, the oxidative stability is limited to about 300 C.
Relation between viscosity, Z, and the deformation rate,
y, was originally derived for monodisperse polymers:
h
ið1nÞ=2
Z ¼ Z0 1 þ ðtyÞ2
where Zo is the zero-shear viscosity, t is the principal
relaxation time, and n is the power-law exponent. For
polydispersed systems, the above equation was later
modified by other authors to read:
m2
Z ¼ Z0 ½1 þ ðtyÞm1 where m1 and m2 are polydispersity parameters:
n ¼ 1 m1 m2
Cartridge heaters
Catalyst
Cationic
polymerization
Cavity
Cavity number
Cavity retainer plates
Electrical heaters enclosed in a jacket that can be selectively located to heat the surrounding metal.
A substrate that changes the rate of a chemical reaction
without itself undergoing permanent change in composition or becoming a part of the molecular structure of
the product. By contrast, either curing agents or hardeners may not only catalyze the reaction but also participate in it. Also accelerator, curing agent, hardener,
inhibitor, and promoter.
Chain polymerization in which the active center is
a cation, usually carbonium ion, –C+. Generally, the
method is used to polymerize vinyl monomers carrying
electron-releasing substituents (e.g., alkyl or alkoxy
groups). The polymerization is initiated by an initiator
and co-initiator, viz., BH3 + H2O.
A depression in the mold that usually forms the outer
surface of the part. Depending on the number of such
depressions, molds are designated as a single cavity,
a multicavity, or a family cavity mold.
A sequential number engraved in a mold cavity and
reproduced on the molded part for later reference in
case a problem ever occurs with the part.
Plates in a mold that hold the cavities and usually
contain the guide pins and bushings.
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Ceiling temperature
Cellular plastic
Cellulose acetate
Cellulosic plastics
Cementing
Center-gated mold
Chain member number
Chain polymerization
2201
Temperature at which the free polymerization energy is
zero. Thus, above this temperature, no further polymerization takes place.
A plastic with greatly decreased density because of the
presence of numerous cells or bubbles dispersed
throughout its mass. Also foamed plastics and synthetic
cellular plastics.
An acetic acid ester of cellulose, obtained by the action
of acetic acid or acetic anhydride on purified cellulose
(e.g., from cotton linters). All three hydroxyl groups of
each glucose unit can be acetylated. For plastics’ applications, it is usual to acetylate fully and then lower the
acetyl value to 54 2 % by partial hydrolysis.
Plastics based on cellulose derivatives, such as esters
(cellulose acetate) or ethers (ethyl cellulose).
A process of joining two similar plastic materials to
themselves or to dissimilar materials by means of
solvents.
An injection or transfer mold in which the cavity is filled
with molding material through a sprue or gate directly
into the center of the part.
Number of atoms involved in building a macromolecule.
An addition polymerization in which a monomer is
converted to polymer in a chain reaction. Here initiator
activates the monomer to which other monomers are
added:
I þ M ! IM
IM þ M ! IMM
Chalking
Change request
Charpy
Charpy impact test
preserving the active status of the terminal mer. The
active center may be a free radical, an anion or a cation.
A dry, whitish, powdery chalk-like appearance or
deposit on the surface of a plastic caused by material
degradation (usually from weather). See also “Haze”
and “Bloom.”
A request to modify or alter the dimensions, material,
tolerances, or manufacture of a part now in or soon to be
in production. Used to ensure all interested and involved
department personnel are informed and can comment
and approve or disapprove of the pending change.
A common name of a type of pendulum tests for
toughness.
A test for shock loading in which a centrally notched
sample bar is held at both ends and broken by striking
2202
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Check ring
Chemical aging
Chemical resistance
Chi-square (w2) test
Chromatography
Chromium plating
Clamping area
Clamping force or
pressure
Clamping plate
Clarity or transparency
Closed loop
the back face in the same plane as the notch. A destructive
test measuring impact resistance, consisting of placing
the specimen in a horizontal position between two supports, then striking the specimen with a pendulum striker
swung from a fixed height. The magnitude of the blow is
increased until specimen breaks.
A material shutoff ring mounted on the front of the
screw, behind the screw tip, that allows melt to flow
past it when the screw is retracting so that a supply of
melt builds up in front of the screw. When the screw
moves forward to inject melt into the mold, the check
ring moves rearward and seals off the screw flights so
that the melt is pushed into the mold.
The long-term deleterious effects on a material under
defined natural or artificial environmental conditions
(viz., light, temperature, humidity), leading to irreversible deterioration of properties. A process of exposing
plastics to natural or artificial factors for prolonged time.
See also “Aging,” “Accelerated aging,” “Artificial
aging,” and “Physical aging.”
Ability of a material to retain utility and appearance
following contact with chemical agents.
Test of normality of distribution or a goodness of fit.
The separation, especially of closely related compounds,
caused by allowing a solution or mixture to seep through
an absorbent, such that each compound becomes
adsorbed in a separate layer.
An electrolytic process that deposits a hard film of
chromium metal onto working surfaces of other metals.
Used when resistance to corrosion, abrasion, and/or
erosion is needed.
The largest rate molding area an injection or transfer
press can hold closed under full molding pressure.
In injection molding, the pressure applied to the mold to
keep it closed despite the fluid pressure of the compressed molding material within the cavity and runner
system.
A plate used to fasten the mold to a molding machine.
Frequently considered as evidence of blends miscibility
or at least that of fine domains. This, however, is misleading when the refractive indices of the two polymers
approach each other. Also material clearness or lack
of haze.
A feedback system used with microprocessor for control
of a processing unit operation.
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Coefficient of expansion or thermal
expansion
Coefficient of friction
Coefficient of linear
expansion
Coefficient of regression, or coefficient of
correlation, R
Coefficient of thermal
expansion
Coining
Cold flow
Cold shot
Cold slug
Cold slug well
Colloid
Colloidal molecules
Color concentrate
2203
The fractional change in a specified dimension or volume of a material for a unit change in temperature.
Values for plastics range from 10 to 200 ppm per 1 C
(ASTM D696).
A measure of the resistance to sliding of one surface in
contact with another. The value calculated under
a known set of conditions, such as pressure, surface,
speed, temperature, and material, to develop a number,
either static or dynamic, of the resistance of the material
to slide – the lower the value, the higher the material’s
lubricity.
A measure of the change in dimension of an object
caused by a change in temperature; specifically measured by the increase in length of an object per one
degree.
Measure of the degree of relationship between a model
obtained by regression (curve fitting) and the independent variables; if reported as 100R2 (%), it can be
interpreted as the percentage variation explained by the
postulated model.
The change in volume per unit volume produced by
a one degree rise in temperature.
The peening over or compressing of a material to change
its original shape or form.
A plastic exhibits cold flow when it does not return to its
original dimensions after being subjected to stress. See
also “Creep.”
Incomplete parts formed while cycling a molding
machine during heating.
The first material to enter an injection mold so called
because in passing through sprue orifice, it is cooled
below the effective molding temperature.
Space provided directly opposite the sprue opening in an
injection mold to trap the cold slug.
A system in which at least one component exists in state
of fine dispersion with particle diameter d ¼ 1 to
1,000 nm. Three types, colloidal dispersions, lyophilic
colloids, and colloidal associations, are distinguished.
A discrete macromolecule is the colloidal particle.
A mixture of a measured amount of dye or pigment and
a specific plastic material base. A more precise color can
be obtained using concentrates than using neat colors.
Note: Care should be taken to verify that the color
concentrate base is miscible with the plastic it is to
color. Color concentrate may contain up to 60 wt% of
2204
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Color standard
Colorfast
Colorimeter
Commodity resin
Compatibility
Compatibilization
Compatible polymer
blend
Complex modulus
Compliance
Composites
pigment and it is normally used at 1–4 % of the plastic
material to be colored.
The exact color a plastic resin or part must match to be
acceptable. Resin suppliers often submit color chip samples of the matched resin color to be compared to the
molded part. The color chip, or standard, is usually
51 76 mm with one polished surface and various
textured surfaces on the opposite side. Suppliers use
similar standards to verify the color of each lot of resin
shipped to their customer.
The ability to resist change in color.
Instrument for matching colors with results approximately the same as those of visual inspection but more
consistently.
The term associated with the high-volume low-price
resins having low-to-medium physical properties, used
for less critical applications. The principal five resin
types are polyethylenes (PE), polypropylenes (PP),
styrenics (PS, HIPS, ABS, MBS, etc.), acrylics, and
vinyls (PVC, EVAc, etc.).
Ill-defined term pertaining to ability of one material to
coexist with another without undesirable effects – to be
avoided.
A process of modification of interfacial properties of an
immiscible polymer blend, leading to creation of
a polymer alloy.
Ill-defined, utilitarian term indicating a commercially
attractive polymer mixture, normally homogenous to
the eye, frequently with enhanced physical properties
over the constituent polymers – to be avoided.
The ratio of stress to strain in which each is a vector that
may be represented by a complex number. It may be
measured in tension or flexure, E*; compression, K*; or
shear, G*.
Tensile compliance is the reciprocal of Young’s modulus.
Shear compliance is the reciprocal of shear modulus. The
term is also used in the evaluation of stiffness and
deflection.
Any solid material that consists of a combination of two
or more types retaining their separate identity. In polymer technology, the term is reserved for these polymeric
systems in which additions of solid particles result in
reinforcing effect. The composites are divided into
reinforced filled systems (with a particle size:
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Compound
Compounding
Compression molding
Compression ratio
Compressive strength
Concentricity
Condensation polymer
Conditioning
Conditioning chamber
Configuration
2205
d ¼ 50 nm), short fiber composites, long fiber composites, and continuous fiber composites.
A mixture of polymer(s) with all materials necessary for
the finished product. In reinforced plastics and composites, the intimate admixture of a polymer with other
ingredients, such as fillers, softeners, plasticizers, reinforcements, catalysts, pigments, dyes, etc.
Preparation of a compound.
A molding technique in which the preheated compound
is placed in the heated open mold cavity, the mold is
closed, pressurized (what causes the material to flow and
fill the cavity), and then pressure is held until the material has cured.
In an extruder is a ratio of volume available in the first
flight (at the feed) to the last flight at the end of the screw
(near the die).
The ability of a material to resist a compressive force. It
is expressed as maximum load sustained by a test specimen in a compressive test divided by original crosssectional area of the specimen or, in other words,
a crushing load at the failure divided by the original
sectional area of the specimen (ASTM D695).
The relationship of all circular surfaces with the same
center. Deviation from concentricity is often referred to
as a runout.
A polymer obtained in step-growth polymerization,
often accompanied by elimination of small molecules
(e.g., water). Polyesters, polyamides, phenol-,
melamine-, and urea-formaldehyde resins are typical
condensation polymers.
The subjection of a material to standard environmental
and/or stress history before testing, so that it will
respond in a uniform way to subsequent testing or
processing. The term is frequently used to refer to the
treatment given before testing. ASTM standard conditions for a plastic testing laboratory are 23 2 C and
50 + 5 % relative humidity.
An enclosure used to prepare parts for their next step in
the assembly or decorating process. Parts can be stress
relieved, humidity or moisture conditioned, or impregnated with another element.
Spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule. The chemical constitution of a polymer chain, which can be
changed only by breaking the chemical bonds.
2206
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Conformation
Arrangements of the chain elements in space, which
may be changed by rotation about bonds. The conformation depends on the internal and external forces, e.g.,
interactions, pressure, temperature, and stresses. For
polymers with the carbon-carbon main chain, two conformations are important: trans or t and gauche or g:
CH3
CH3
H
H
gauche
Conjugated polymer
Continuous use
temperature (CUT)
Cooling channels
Cooling or shrink
fixture
Cooling time
Copolycondensation
Copolymer
H
H
CH3
H
H
H
H
CH3
trans
The helical conformations are defined by the long
sequences of these two, viz., tgtgtgtgtgt and
tggtggtggtggt.
A polymer with sequence of conjugated double bonds,
such
as
polyacetylene,
polyphenylene,
and
dehydrogenated polyvinyl chloride.
Maximum temperature at which material may be
subjected to continuous use without fear of premature
thermal degradation.
Passageways within the body of a mold through which
a cooling or heating medium (e.g., chilled water, steam,
hot oil, or other fluids) can be circulated to control
temperature on the mold surface.
A block of steel, wood, or composite material that
is similar to the shape of the molded piece. The hot
molded part is taken from the mold, placed on it, and
allowed to cool, without distorting.
The time required after the gate freezes for the part to
cool and becomes rigid enough for ejection from the
mold cavity.
Polycondensation of different monomers having either
a different constitution or different functional groups
following different reaction mechanisms.
A polymer obtained from polymerization of two or more
monomers, where the repeating structural units of both
are present within each molecule, thus comprising more
than one chemical species. In most cases, the term refers
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Copolymerization
parameter
Copolymerization
Core
Coring
Corona treatment
Corrosion
Corrosion resistance
Coupling agent
Covalent bond
Crack
Crazing
2207
to a polymer containing two monomer types, e.g.,
styrene and butadiene (SBR). When a copolymer
contains three or four different mer species terms,
terpolymer, tetrapolymer, or multipolymer may be
used. Seven types of copolymers are recognized: statistical, random, alternating, periodic, graft, block, and
core-shell. The copolymers may be prepared in reactive
blending, with properties intermittent between those of
polymers of the two composing monomers.
Ratio of the velocity constants during copolymerization.
Polymerization with more than one species of monomer,
which can react with one another, forming a copolymer.
Either a male element in die that produces a hole or
recess in a part, a part of a complex mold that molds
undercut parts (cores are usually withdrawn to one side
before the main sections of the mold open), a channel in
a mold for circulation of a heat-transfer medium or the
central part of a laminate.
Removal of excess material from the cross section of
a molded part to attain a more uniform wall thickness.
Exposing a plastic part to a corona discharge increases
receptivity to inks, lacquers, paints, and adhesives. See
also “Surface treatment.”
Material that is eaten away by chemical reactions at the
surface.
The ability of a material to withstand contact with ambient natural factors or those of a particular artificially
created atmosphere.
A material used to improve the interfacial properties
between two phases. The term most frequently refers
to the material used to improve an adhesion between
polymer matrix and filler or reinforcing particles.
A bond where electrons are equally shared between two
atoms producing a stable electron configuration and
a very stable molecule. Covalent bonds are the strongest
of the molecular bonds.
A fracture, a separation of material, visible on opposite
surfaces of the part, and extending through the
thickness.
A series of or the forming of very fine cracks in the
surface of a material, usually a polymeric substance.
The cracks may extend in a network on or under the
surface or through a layer of plastic material. These are
2208
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Creep
Creep modulus
(apparent modulus)
Creep rupture strength
Creep strength
Cross-links
Cross-linking
Cross-linked polymer
undesirable defects, characterized by distinct cracks or
minute, frost-like internal cracks, resulting from stresses
within the article. These stresses result from molding
shrinkage, machining, flexing, impact shocks, temperature changes, or action of solvents. Crazing is generally
caused by chemical attack or other degrading
agents such as ultraviolet radiation.
The change in dimension of a plastic under load over
a period of time (excluding the initial instantaneous
elastic deformation). Owing to viscoelastic nature,
a plastic subjected to a load for a period of time tends
to deform more than it would from the same load
released immediately after application. The degree of
this deformation depends on the load duration. Creep is
the permanent deformation resulting from prolonged
application of stress below the elastic limit. Data
obtained in creep test are presented as creep vs. time,
with stress and temperature constant. Slope of the curve
is the creep rate, and the end point of the curve is the
time for rupture. Creep at room temperature is called
cold flow (ASTM D674).
Ratio of initial applied stress to creep strain.
Stress required to cause fracture in a creep test.
Maximum stress required to cause specific creep in
specific time.
Covalent bonds, or a short sequence of chemical bonds,
joining two macromolecules to form a cross-linked or
network polymer.
The chemical reaction between polymeric molecules to
form covalently bonded three-dimensional macromolecules. The reaction progresses from a linear chain to
branched elastomeric macromolecules, than to hard
and brittle resin. When extensive, as in most thermosetting resins, cross-linking engenders a single, infusible
supermolecule of all the chains. Cross-linking can be
achieved by irradiation with high energy electron beams
or by chemical means.
A polymer in which initially linear macromolecules
are joined by a covalent bond or a short sequence of
chemical bonds either during the polymerization
[e.g., poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene)] or in a postpolymerization cross-linking reaction (cross-linking,
curing, or vulcanization). The cross-linked materials
are insoluble and they do not flow when heated.
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Crystalline polymer
Crystallinity
Cup flow test
Cup viscosity test
Cure
Curing
Cushion
Curing time
Cycle
Cyclopolymerization
2209
A material having an internal structure in which the
atoms are arranged in an orderly three-dimensional configuration. More accurately a semicrystalline polymer,
since only a portion of the macromolecules is in
crystalline form.
A state of molecular structure attributed to existence of
solid crystals with a definite geometric form. Such structures are characterized by uniformity and compactness.
A regular arrangement of the atoms of a solid in space.
In most polymers, including cellulose, this state is
imperfect. The crystalline regions are submicroscopic
volumes in which there is a degree of regularity sufficient to obtain X-ray diffraction patterns. High crystallinity causes a polymer to be less transparent or opaque.
Test for measuring the flow properties of thermosetting
materials. A standard mold is charged with preweighed
material, and the mold is closed using sufficient pressure
to form a required cup. Minimum pressures required to
mold a standard cup and the time required to close the
mold fully are determined.
Test for making flow comparison under strictly comparable conditions. The cup viscosity test employs a
cup-shaped gravity device that permits the timed flow
of a known volume of liquid passing through an orifice
located at the bottom of the cup.
That portion of the molding cycle during which the
plastic material in the mold becomes sufficiently rigid
to permit ejection.
Cross-linking or vulcanizing a polymer to improve such
properties as modulus, strength, thermal stability, etc.
The 5–10 mm of resin in front of the screw tip that
remains at the end of the injection cycle. It is used to
maintain packing pressure on the melt until the cavity
gate freezes.
The time between the end of injection pressure and the
opening of the mold.
Complete, repetitive sequence of operations in a process
or part of a process. In molding, the cycle time is the
period, between a certain point in one cycle and the
same point in the next.
Polymerization leading to ring structures, with usually
low molecular weight and low viscosity. These
prepolymers or cyclomers can be used at a higher temperature in the subsequent catalyzed reaction to generate
a high molecular weight, linear polymers, viz.,
2210
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Damping
Daylight opening
Deboss(ed)
Decompression
Deflashing
Deflection temperature
under load (DTUL)
Deformation
Degating
Degradation
Degree of
polymerization
Delaminate
Density
Depropagation or
unzipping
Desiccant
Design of experiments
(DOE)
polycarbonates and polyesters. The cyclomer technology facilitates preparation of polymer alloys, composites, or nanocomposites.
The loss in energy, as dissipated heat, that results when
a material system is subjected to an oscillatory load or
displacement.
Clearance between two platens of a press in the open
position. Mold daylight describes the opening distance
of mold halves for part removal.
Indent or cut in design, or lettering of a surface.
The removal of the melt pressure by an increase in screw
flight depth and a positive vent opening in the barrel of
a vented barrel extruder or injection molding machine.
The term is used for a variety of finishing methods used
to remove the flash (excess, unwanted material), viz.,
filing, sanding, milling, tumbling, and vibrating.
The temperature at which a simple beam has deflected
a given amount under load (formerly called heat distortion temperature (HDT)).
Any change of form or shape in a body, in particular
a linear change of dimension of a body in a given direction produced by the action of external forces.
The removal of the part from the runner system.
A deleterious change in the chemical structure, physical
properties, and/or appearance of a plastic, usually
caused by exposure to heat. Also any undesirable
change of polymer chemical structure leading to deleterious change of properties, viz., thermal, hydrolytic,
oxidative, photo, bio, and radiation.
The number of mers in a macromolecule, i.e., the number of repeat units in the chain of a molecule, DP. In
a condensation polymer, a repeating unit is composed of
a monomer group from each reactive species.
To split or separate a laminated plastic material along
the plane of its layers.
The weight per unit volume of a substance, expressed in
kilograms per cubic meter.
A degradation reaction in which the consecutive mers
are gradually removed from one macromolecular chain
end to another. Few polymers undergo this reverse
kinetics process, viz., PMMA, POM, and PTFE.
A substance that can be used for drying purposes
because of its affinity to water.
Process of planning the experiment so that sufficient
data will be collected for the statistical analysis, to
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Degree of freedom
Design stress
Destaticization
Destructive test
Deterioration
Devolatilization
Diaphragm gate
Diblock copolymer
Dichroism
Dichroic ratio
Die
Die adapter
Die drips
2211
provide valid and objective conclusions. It includes the
choice of the factors, levels, and treatments, as well as
the use of certain tools called randomization and replication. The term is frequently used to indicate a problemsolving technique developed by Taguchi, i.e., by using
a testing process with an orthogonal array to analyze
data and determine the main contributing factors in the
solution to the problem.
The number of degree of freedom in statistical analysis
is the number of independent elements used in the computation of that statistic.
The long-term stress, including creep factors and safety
factors, that is used in designing structural fabrication.
Treating plastic materials to minimize their accumulation of static electricity.
Any test performed on a part in an attempt to destroy it;
often performed to see how much abuse the part can
tolerate without failing.
Permanent change in the physical properties of a plastic
evidenced by impairment of these properties.
The removal of volatile components during processing.
The gate used in molding annular or tubular articles that
forms a solid web across the opening of the part.
A block copolymer made of two blocks, one having
a chain of AAAAA mers and the other of BBBBB to
form AAAAAA BBBBBBB polymer. The two block
copolymers are used as compatibilizers in the poly-A +
poly-B mixtures.
The dependence of absorbency of polarized radiation on
the direction of polarization. For polymers the magnitude of dichroism, expressed as dichroic ratio, depends
on the orientation of the radiation absorbing groups, thus
the macromolecules. In consequence, the infrared
dichroism is a powerful method to measure the molecular orientation.
The ratio of absorbencies of polarized radiation, usually
the infrared region. The dichroic ratio is used as
a measure of molecular orientation in oriented polymers. The dichroic ratio may provide information on
the orientation in the glassy and at the same time in the
crystalline phase.
A metal form in making or punching plastic products.
The part of an extrusion die that holds the die block.
Carbonized resin drool formed on the face of an extrusion die face during the resin production cycle. If the die
2212
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Dielectric constant or
permittivity
Dielectric heating
(also electronic, or
R.F. heating)
Dielectric strength
Dielectrometry
Differential scanning
calorimetry (DSC)
Differential shrinkage
Differential thermal
analysis (DTA)
Diffusion
face is not kept clean, it can solidify, break off, and
contaminate the product.
Normally the relative dielectric constant, in practice,
a ratio of the capacitance of a given configuration of
electrodes with a material as dielectric to the capacitance of the same electrodes’ configuration with
a vacuum or air as dielectric. A relative measure of
nonconductance. Capacitance is the ability of
a material to store electrical charge when exposed to
electrical current. A low dielectric constant is desired for
plastic components used to insulate and isolate electrical
components from each other. High dielectric constant
materials are desirable for use as the insulator portion of
capacitors, so that the electrical energy can be stored in
as small a volume of material as possible.
The plastic to be heated forms the dielectric of
a condenser to which a high frequency (20–80 MHz)
voltage is applied. Dielectric loss in the material is the
basis of the process (e.g., used for sealing vinyl films).
The maximum electrical voltage a material can sustain
before it is broken down, or “arced through.” Also an
electrical voltage gradient at which an insulating material is broken down or “arced through.”
An electrical technique to measure changes in loss factor and capacitance during cure of the resin. Also called
dielectric spectroscopy.
Thermal analysis technique that measures the quantity
of energy absorbed or evolved (given off by a specimen
as its temperature is changed). Also measurements of
the energy absorbed (endotherm) or produced
(exotherm) while undergoing glass transition, melting,
crystallizing, curing, evaporating of solvents, and other
processes involving energy change.
Nonuniform material shrinkage in part caused by
nonuniform distribution of stresses, thus orientation.
An analytical method in which a specimen and a control
are simultaneously heated and the difference in their
temperatures is monitored. The difference provides
information on the relative heat capacities, presence of
solvents, changes in structure, and chemical reactions.
See also DSC.
The movement of a material, such as a gas or liquid, in
the body of a polymer. If the gas or liquid is adsorbed on
one side of a test piece and given off on the other, the
phenomenon is related to permeability. Diffusion and
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Digital device
Dimensional stability
Discoloration
Dished
Dispersion
Dispersive mixing
Dissipation factor
Distribution
Distribution function
Distributive mixing
Domain
Domed
2213
permeability are controlled by the chemical not physical
mechanisms.
Numerical output device that must index from the initial
to the final output reading. More accurate than a similar
analog device, but slower.
Ability to retain the precise shape to which it was
molded, cast, or otherwise fabricated.
Either a change from an initial color possessed by
a plastic or lack of uniformity in color over the whole
area of an object caused either by overheating, light
exposure, irradiation, or chemical attack.
Showing a symmetrical distortion of a flat or curved
section of a plastic object, so that as normally viewed,
it appears concave or more concave than intended. See
“Warpage.”
Finely divided particles of one material suspended in
another.
A mixing process in which agglomerates are reduced in
size by fracture due to stresses generated during mixing
and/or drops of the dispersed phase are deformed and
broken.
Ratio of the conductance of a capacitor in which the
material is dielectric to its substance, or the ratio of its
parallel reactivity to its parallel resistance. Most plastics
have a low dissipation factor, a desirable property
because it minimizes the waste of electrical energy
as heat.
A method of describing the variation of a stable system,
in which individual values are not predictable but in
which the outcome as a group forms a pattern that can
be described in terms of its location, spread, and shape.
A differential or integral description of population. For
the polymer molecular weight a mathematical description of the polydispersity.
A mixing process in which the dispersed phase domains
are uniformly distributed – a reduction of
nonuniformity.
A morphological term used in noncrystalline systems,
such as block copolymers, in which the chemically
different sections of the chain separate, generating
amorphous phases.
Showing a symmetrical distortion of a flat or curved
section of a plastic object, so that as normally viewed,
it appears convex or more convex than intended. See
“Warpage.”
2214
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Double strand polymer
Double-shot molding
Draft
Drool
Drop impact test
Dry as molded (DAM)
Dry blend
Dry coloring
Dryers
Ductility
Duromer
Durometer hardness
Rigid rod “ladder polymer,” consisting of two parallel
chains of polymer regularly joined by covalent
bonding, viz., pyrrones, polyquinoxalines, and
polyphenylsilsesquioxane.
A method of producing two-color pieces in thermoplastic materials by successive injection molding operations.
A taper or slope in a mold that facilitates removal of
the molded piece. The opposite of this is called back
draft, q.v.
Melt oozing from a nozzle that is not correctly temperature controlled, or presence of drip on the face of
extruder die.
Impact resistance test in which a predetermined weight
is allowed to fall freely onto the specimen from varying
heights.
Term used to describe a part immediately after it is
removed from a mold and allowed cooling down. All
physical, chemical, and electrical property tests are
performed on nonconditioned test bars and the results
recorded on the data sheets. Parts and test bars in this
DAM state are felt to be their weakest in some properties
as they have not had time to condition or relieve the
molded-in stresses.
Molding compound containing all necessary ingredients
mixed in a way that produces a dry, free flowing, particulate material (commonly used for PVC
formulations).
A method commonly used to color plastic by tumble
blending uncolored particles of the plastic material with
selected dyes and pigments.
Auxiliary equipment used to dry resins before
processing to ensure that surface properties are within
manufacturer specifications. There are several styles of
dryers, including ovens, microwave, hot-air desiccant
bed, and refrigeration types.
The amount of plastic strain that a material can withstand without fracturing, the extent to which a solid
material can be drawn into a thinner cross section without breaking. Also, the ability of material to deform
plastically before fracturing.
Old German name for thermosets, i.e., strongly crosslinked, insoluble polymer.
Measure of the indentation hardness of plastics, usually
understood as hardness measured by the Shore
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Dwell
Dyes
Dynamic mechanical
measurement
Ebonite
Ejection
Ejection time
Ejector pin (ejector
sleeve)
Ejector pin retainer
Plate
Ejector return pins
Ejector rod or bar
Elastic deformation
Elastic limit
2215
Durometer as an extent to which a spring-loaded steel
indenter protrudes into the material.
A pause in the application of pressure to a mold, just
before the mold is completely closed, to allow the
escape of gas from the thermoset molding material.
Also the time between when the injection ram is fully
forward holding pressure on the material within the
mold and the time the ram retracts.
Intensely colored synthetics or natural chemicals that
are soluble in most common solvents and can be
dissolved in a resin to impart color. Dyes are characterized by good transparency, high tinctorial strength, and
low specific gravity.
A technique in which either the modulus or damping of
a substance under oscillatory load or displacement is
measured as a function of temperature, frequency,
time, or their combination.
A material consisting of rubber cured with large quantity
with sulfur (one sulfur atom per 4–8 main chain
carbons).
The removal by mechanical means of the finished part
from the mold cavity.
Time in the cycle when the mold opens, the part is
ejected, the mold closes, and clamping pressure is
applied.
A rod, pin, or sleeve that pushes a molding off a core or
out of a cavity. It is attached to an ejector bar or plate
that can be activated by the ejector rod(s) or the press or
by auxiliary hydraulic or air cylinders.
A retainer plate onto which ejector pins are assembled.
Projections that push the ejector assembly back as the
mold closes. Also called safety pins or position push
backs.
A bar that activates the ejector assembly when the mold
is open.
A deformation in which a substance returns to its original dimensions on release of the deforming stress – any
portion of the total deformation of a body that occurs
immediately when load is applied and disappears immediately and completely when the load is removed.
The greatest stress a material is capable of sustaining
without permanent strain remaining after the complete
release of the stress. A material is said to have passed its
2216
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Elastic recovery
Elasticity
Elastomers
Elastomeric
Electric discharge
machining (EDM)
Electrical strength
[dielectric strength]
Electroformed molds
Electronic data
interchange (EDI)
Electroplating
Elongation at break
Elongation
elastic limit when the load is sufficient to initiate plastic,
or non-recoverable, deformation.
The fraction of a given deformation that behaves elastically. A perfectly elastic material has an elastic recovery
of one, while a perfectly plastic material has an elastic
recovery of zero.
That property of plastic materials because of which they
tend to recover their original size and shape after
removal of a force causing deformation. If the strain is
proportional to the applied stress, the material is said to
exhibit Hookean or ideal elasticity.
A customary name for substances showing the
plastic–elastic behavior, characteristic for vulcanized
rubberlike synthetic or natural polymers, viz., rubbers
and weakly cross-linked polyether and polyester
urethanes.
The property of a material that at room temperature can
be stretched under low stress to at least twice its original
length and, upon immediate release of the stress, will
return with force to its approximate original length.
A metal-working process applicable to mold construction in which controlled sparking is used to erode the
workpiece.
That property of an insulating material that enables it to
withstand electrical stress. The electrical strength is
defined as the highest electrical stress that an insulating
material can withstand for a specified time without the
occurrence of electrical breakdown.
A mold made by electroplating metal on the reverse
pattern of the cavity. Molten steel may be then sprayed
on the back of the mold to increase its strength.
Exchange of data by customer and supplier computers,
usually through a third neutral company that safeguards
the host computers from unwanted entry. Used for order
placement, shipment, receiving, billing, and payment.
A deposition of metals on certain plastics and mold for
finish.
Elongation recorded at the moment of rupture of
a specimen, often expressed as a fraction or percentage
of the original length.
Deformation caused by stretching, or fractional increase
in length of a material in tension, expressed as
a percentage difference between the original length
and the length at the moment of the break – higher
elongation indicates higher ductility.
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Embossing
Embrittlement
Emulsion
Emulsion
polymerization
Endothermic
Endurance or fatigue
lifetime
End use
Engineering polymer
alloy
Engineering polymer
Engineering polymer
blend
Engineering resin
Environmental stress
cracking (ESC)
2217
Techniques used to create depressions of a specific pattern in plastics’ films or sheeting. Also development of
surface patterns on the molded part by photoengraving
or a similar process.
Reduction in ductility due to physical or chemical
changes.
A stable dispersion of one liquid in another created in
the presence of an emulsifying agent (that has affinity
with both phases). The emulsifying agent, discontinuous
phase, and continuous phase produce the third phase, the
interphase, which serves as an enveloping protective
layer around each dispersed drop.
Free radical polymerization of an emulsion, consisting
of aqueous phase containing an initiator and emulsified
oil phase containing the monomer.
An action or reaction that absorbs heat.
Maximum fluctuating stress a material can endure for infinite number of cycles – determined from the S-N diagram.
Function the part or assembly was originally designed
and manufactured to perform.
A processable engineering material containing two or
more compatibilized polymers, capable of being formed
to precise and stable dimensions, exhibiting high performance at the continuous use temperature above 100 C,
and having tensile strength exceeding 40 MPa.
A processable polymeric material capable of being
formed to precise and stable dimensions, exhibiting
high performance at high temperature and high tensile
strength. Usually to qualify for the term, the material
must have the continuous use temperature above 100 C
and the strength exceeding 40 MPa. Five types of polymers are customarily qualified as engineering resins:
polyamide (PA), polycarbonates (PC), thermoplastic
polyesters (EST), polyoxymethylene (POM), and modified polyphenylene ethers (PPE).
A polymer blend either containing engineering polymer(s)
or having properties of an engineering polymer.
Term associated with plastics having medium to high
physical properties used for structural and demanding
applications. Five types of resins belong to this group:
PA, PEST (viz., PBT, PET, PAr), PC, PPE, and POM.
The susceptibility of a thermoplastic resin to crack or
craze when in the presence of surface-active agents or
other environments, e.g., under the influence of certain
chemicals or aging, weather, and stress.
2218
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Epoxide
Epoxy plastics
Epoxy resin
A compound containing 1,2-epoxide, CH2(O)CH–R, or
its derivative.
A thermoset polymer containing one or more epoxide
groups and curable by reaction with amines, alcohols,
phenols, carboxylic acids, acid anhydrides, and mercaptans. It has been primarily used as a matrix resin in
composites and adhesives.
An oligomer containing two or more epoxide groups per
molecule cross-linked with a hardener, usually
diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A or pentaerythritol:
RH þ CHðOÞCH ! CðRÞH CðOHÞH
Etch
Ethylene plastics
Ethylene-propylene
rubber (EPR)
Ethylene-vinyl acetate
(EVAc)
Exfoliated clay
Exfoliation
Exothermic
Extensibility
(or extendibility)
Extensometer
Extrudate swell
(sometimes improperly
called die swell)
The OH group may further react with the hardener,
which leads to highly cross-linked thermoset polymer.
To treat with an acid, leaving parts of the surface in
relief to form the desired design.
Plastics based on polymers of ethylene or copolymers of
ethylene with other monomer, the ethylene being in
greatest amount by mass.
An elastomeric copolymer based on ethylene and
propylene prepared in Ziegler-Natta polymerization.
When small amount of a diene monomer is added,
the resulting polymer becomes ethylene-propylene
terpolymer, EPDM.
A thermoplastic copolymer made from ethylene and
vinyl acetate. This copolymer is similar to polyethylene
but has considerably increased flexibility.
Individual clay platelets dispersed in a matrix polymer
with the interlayer distance d001 > 8.8 nm. The platelets
can be randomly dispersed individually or as short
stacks or tactoids.
Chemical and/or mechanical means of dispersing clay
platelets in a polymer matrix. The process usually starts
with intercalated clay (q.v.).
Pertaining to an action or reaction that gives off heat.
The ability of a material to extend or elongate upon
application of sufficient force, expressed as a percentage
of the original length.
Instrument for measuring changes in linear dimensions
(also called strain gauge).
The ratio of the outer parison diameter to the inner
diameter of the die. The swell is influenced by polymer
nature, die construction, land length, extrusion speed,
additives (viz., external lubricants), and temperature.
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Extruder
Extrusion blow
molding
Extrusion
Extrusion plastometer
or melt indexer
Exudation
Fabricate
Fading
Fadometer
Family mold
2219
A machine that accepts solid (pellets or powder) or
liquid feed, conveys it through a surrounding barrel by
means of a rotating screw(s), and pumps it, under pressure, through an orifice called “die.”
Most often the process, in which a parison is extruded
from a polymeric melt and is then entrapped between the
halves of a mold. The parison is expanded by compressed air against the mold cavity, and then it is cooled,
removed, and trimmed.
Compacting a plastic material (powders or granules)
into a uniform melt and forcing it through an orifice in
a continuous fashion to yield a desired shape. While held
in the desired shape, the melt must be cooled to solidify.
The term also describes plasticization of a resin in an
extruder (barrel-and-screw or plunger assembly) and
forcing of the molten material or extrudate through
a die or into a mold. Extrusion is the initial part of the
molding process.
A primitive viscometer used for determining the melt
flow index, MFI. It is composed of a vertical cylinder
with two longitudinal bored holes (one for measuring
temperature and one for containing the specimen, the
latter having an orifice of stipulated diameter at the
bottom and a plunger from the top). The cylinder is
heated by external bands, and weight is placed on the
plunger to force the polymer specimen through the orifice. The result is reported in g/10 min. See also “Melt
index.”
Formation of liquid plasticizer on the surface of
a plasticized (usually PVC) resin.
To work a material into a finished form by machining,
forming, or other operation. In the broadest sense, it
means to manufacture.
Any lightning of an initial color possessed by a plastic.
Apparatus for determining the resistance of materials to
fading by exposing them to ultraviolet rays of approximately the same wavelength as those found in sunlight.
A multicavity mold in which each cavity forms a part
that often has a direct relationship in usage to the other
parts in the mold. Family molds can have more than one
cavity making the same part, but they will still always
have the same direct relationship to usage. The term is
often applied to molds in which parts for different customers are grouped for economy of production. Sometimes called a combination mold.
2220
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Fan gate
Fatigue
Fatigue ductility
Fatigue failure
Fatigue limit
Fatigue strength
Feathered thread
Feed throat
Feedback
Fiber
Fiber-reinforced plastic
(FRP)
Fiberglass
Fiberglass
reinforcement
A shallow gate somewhat wider than the runner from
which it originates.
Permanent structural changes that occur in a material
subjected to fluctuating stress and strain, which cause
decay of mechanical properties. See “S-N diagram.”
The ability of a material to plastically deform before
fracturing in constant strain amplitude and low-cycle
fatigue tests. See “S-N diagram.”
The failure or rupture of a plastic under repeated cyclic
stress, at a point below the normal static breaking
strength. See “S-N diagram.”
The stress below which a material can be stressed cyclically for an infinite number of times without failure. See
“S-N diagram.”
Magnitude of fluctuating stress required to cause failure
in a fatigue test specimen after specified number of
cyclic loading – determined from the S-N diagram.
Also the maximum cyclic stress a material can withstand for a given number of cycles before failure. The
residual strength after being subjected to fatigue. See
“S-N diagram.”
A thread that is thin at one end and does not end
abruptly. Usually found in screw machine parts.
The section of the hopper mounted on the extruder to
feed resin into the feed section of the barrel and screw.
Information returned to a system or process to maintain
the output within specified limits. See also “Closed loop.”
Often the term is used synonymously with filament
having a finite length, L ¼ 100d, where the diameter is
typically d ¼ 100–130 mm. In most cases, it is prepared
by drawing from a molten bath, spinning, or depositing
on a substrate. Fibers can be continuous, long
(10–50 mm) or short (about 3 mm). In the plastics
industry almost synonymous with thin strands of glass
used to reinforce both thermoplastic and thermosetting
materials.
A general term for a plastic that is reinforced with cloth,
mats, strands, or any other fiber form.
Filaments made by drawing molten glass. Continuous
filaments have indefinite length. Staple fiber mat is made
of glass fibers of the length generally 430 mm, the length
depending on the forming or spinning process used.
Major material used to reinforce plastic, available as
mat, roving, fabric, and so forth. It is incorporated into
both thermosets and thermoplastics.
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Filament
Filler
Fillet
Fines
Finish
Finite element analysis
First surface
Fisheye
Fishbone diagram
Fissure
Fixture
Flakes
2221
The smallest unit of a fibrous material. The basic units
formed during drawing and spinning, which are gathered into strands of fiber for use as reinforcements.
Filaments usually are of great length and small diameter,
d < 25 mm.
A relatively inert substance added to plastics to improve
their physical, mechanical, thermal, electrical, or other
properties or to lower cost or density. A compound or
substance added to a polymer during the initial synthesis
process or in subsequent processing to decrease the
volume of resin needed to produce a given product.
Fillers are generally much lower in cost than the resins
they are used in, thus reducing resin cost per part. Fillers
or extenders are generally not used with engineering
resins.
A rounded inside corner of a plastic piece. The rounded
outside corner is called a bevel.
Small particles mixed in with larger particles.
The secondary work on a part so that it is ready for use:
filing, deflashing, buffing, drilling, tapping, and degating
are commonly called finishing operations.
A stress analysis technique of a part using a computergenerated model that can take finite sections of the part
for analysis of the forces and loads the part will experience in service. It generates a part-section analysis that
shows the force concentrations in the section and determines if the material selected will be suitable for the part.
The front surface of a plastic part, nearest the eye.
A small, globular mass that has not completely blended
into the surrounding polymeric material. This condition
is particularly evident in a transparent or translucent
film, fiber, or sheet.
A problem analysis technique used to list all the variables and steps in the solution to a problem. All contributing elements are associated with each factor and taken
back to their starting point to ensure that all variable
elements are considered.
A narrow opening crack in a material.
Means of holding a part during a machine or other
operation.
A term used to describe resin residue formed on the
inside of pipes during material transfer, created by the
friction of the pellets against the surface of the transfer
piping. With time, they build up, flake off, and can cause
feed problems at the throat of the extruder.
2222
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Flame resistance
Flame retardants
Flame retarded
Flame treatment
Flammability
Flash
Flash gate
Flash line
Flash mold
Flash trap
Flex life
Flexural modulus
Flexural strength
Flock
Flocking
Ability of a material to extinguish flame once the source
of heat is removed.
Chemicals used to reduce the tendency of a polymer
to burn.
A resin modified by flame-inhibiting additives so that
exposure to a flame will not burn or will self-extinguish.
Some resins will not burn and others can be modified to
meet flame burning specifications, while others may not
be able to be modified.
A type of surface treatment that oxidizes a plastic surface for better reception of paint, inks, and adhesives.
See also “Surface treatment.”
Measure of the extent to which a material will support
combustion.
Extra plastic attached to a molding along the parting
line. Under most conditions, it is objectionable and must
be removed before parts are judged acceptable.
Usually a long gate extending from a runner parallel to
an edge of a molded part along the flash or parting line
of the mold.
A raised line appearing on the surface of a mold and
formed at the junction of mold faces. “See Parting line.”
A mold in which the faces are perpendicular to the
clamping action of the press. The higher the clamping
force, the tighter the mold seam.
A molded-in lip or blind recess on a part that is used for
trapping excess molten material during an assembly operation. It negates flash trimming secondary operations.
The time of heat aging that an insulating material can
withstand before failure when bent around a specific
radius (used to evaluate thermal endurance).
The ratio within the elastic limit of the applied stress to
specimen’s strain during flexural deformation mode
testing – a measure of relative stiffness.
Ability of a material to flex without permanent distortion or breaking. The resistance of a material to being
broken by bending stresses.
Short fibers of cotton, wood, glass, etc., used as inexpensive filler.
A decorating and/or sound-deadening technique where
fibers of different materials are attached to the surface of
a plastic part. Fibers can be oriented in specific directions and patterns determined by the techniques used,
and adhesive patterns lay down on the surface of
the part.
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Flow
Flow chart
Flow curve
Flow length
Flow line
Flow marks
Flow coating
Fluidized bed coating
Fluoropolymer
Fluoropolymers
Foamed plastics or
cellular plastics
Foil decorating
Force
2223
A qualitative description of the fluidity of a plastic
material during processing. A quantitative value of fluidity may be expressed by the flow curve, melt index
(MI), or melt flow index (MFI).
A line chart that traces the whole process.
A log-log plot of the isothermal viscosity as a function
of the deformation rate.
The actual distance a material will flow under a set of
molding machine conditions. Influenced by the
processing and mold design variables, the composition
of the polymer, and any additives in the polymer.
A mark on a molded piece made by the meeting of two
flow fronts during molding. Also called weld line or
weld mark.
Wavy surface appearance of an object molded from
thermoplastic resins, caused by improper flow of the
resin into the mold. Also see “Splay marks.”
A painting process in which the article to be painted is
drenched under a curtain of lacquer. The part is withdrawn and rotated until the coating dries.
Process in which small particles of a thermoplastic resin
are suspended in a gas stream (generally air) and behave
like a liquid. A heated article is immersed in this fluidized bed of powder. The particles melt and fuse to the
heated surface, forming a smooth coating.
A polymer whose mers contain fluorine, F.
The family of fluorinated polymers that include
polytetrafluoroethylene, (PTFE), polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF),
and fluorinated ethylene-propylene. These resins are
characterized by good thermal and chemical resistance,
nonadhesiveness, low dissipation factor, and low dielectric constant. They are available in a variety of forms,
such as moldings, extrudates, dispersions, films, or
tapes.
Plastics with numerous cells disposed throughout its
mass. Cells are formed by a blowing agent or by the
reaction of the constituents. Resins in sponge form may
be flexible or rigid; the cells may be open or closed.
Molding paper, textile, or plastic foils printed with compatible inks directly onto a plastic part so that the foil is
visible below the surface of the part as an integral
decoration.
That which changes the state of rest or motion in matter,
measured by the rate of change of momentum.
2224
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Forming
Fourier transform
Fractionation
Fracture strength
Fracture
Free radical
polymerization
Freeze drying
Freeze-off
Frequency
Friction welding
Full IPN
Fusion bond
The term usually applied to a process in which the shape
of plastic pieces such as sheets, rods, or tubes is changed
to a desired form. Usually the term does not include
extrusion, molding, or casting, in which forms are
made from molten polymers or solutions.
An analytical method used in advanced forms of spectroscopic analysis such as infrared and nuclear magnetic
resonance spectroscopy.
Experimental methods for separating and isolating fractions, each with the more uniform molecular weight, and
thus of low polydispersity. The process also serves for
ascertaining the distribution function.
The normal stress at the beginning of fracture. Calculated from the load at the beginning of fracture during
a tension test, and the original cross-sectional area of the
specimen.
The separation of a body, defined both as rupture of the
surface without complete separation of the laminate and
as complete separation of a body because of external or
internal forces.
Polymerization in which the active centers of reaction
are radicals. The polymerization can be initiated by
thermally activated or redox initiator, by irradiation, or
through thermal activation of monomer.
A method of removing volatiles from solidified material
at low temperatures.
Refers to the gate area when polymer solidifies, as well
as any area in the flow system when the melt becomes
too cool to flow and solidifies.
The number of times a specified phenomenon occurs
within a specified interval, e.g., number of completed
energy transmissions imparted to the welding horn in
a vibratory motion.
A means of assembling thermoplastic parts by melting
them along their line of contact through friction. See
also “Spin welding.”
Any material containing two or more polymers in an
intimate network form without induced cross-links
between the individual polymers.
The joining of two melt fronts that meet and solidify in
a mold cavity. A bond formed during the assembly
operation where the joint line is melted before assembly.
See “Hot-plate welding,” “Induction welding,” and
“Ultrasonic sealing.”
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Fusion
Galling
Gas-assisted injection
molding (GAM)
Gaseous blowing agent
Gate
Gauges
Gaussian (or normal)
distribution
Gaylord
Gel or Trommsdorff
effect
Gel permeation chromatography (GPC,
more recently size
exclusion chromatography, SEC)
2225
Heating of a vinyl dispersion to produce a homogeneous
material.
A surface area that is worn away by another by rubbing
against it.
An injection molding process that introduces a gas
(usually nitrogen) into the plasticized material, to form
voids in strategic locations.
A compressed gas, such as compressed air or nitrogen,
used to create a cellular structure or controlled voids in
a rubber or plastic’s mass.
In injection and transfer molding, the orifice through
which the melt enters the cavity.
Measuring devices used to determine if the part meets
customer specifications, including micrometers and
vernier calipers.
A symmetrical, bell-shaped distribution function:
o
h
i n
y ¼ 1=sð2pÞ1=2 exp ½ðx xÞ=s2 =2
where x is a variable and s is the standard deviation.
A term used to identify a box of resin vs. a bag or drum.
Box size and weight of resin can vary depending on the
density of the resin and the supplier’s box size. Box size
usually conforms to the size of a standard pallet on
which it is shipped.
Auto-acceleration at the end of chain growth polymerization. With increasing size of the macroradicals, their
mobility decreases and terminations are less frequent.
However, the diffusion of the monomer remains
unhindered and the polymerization proceeds exothermally, resulting in auto-acceleration.
A form of liquid chromatography in which the polymers
are separated by their ability or inability to penetrate the
material in the separation columns. Column chromatography technique employing a series of columns
containing closely packed rigid gel particles. The polymer to be analyzed is introduced at the top of the column
and then is eluted with a solvent. The polymer molecules diffuse through the gel at rates depending on their
molecular size. As they emerge from the columns, they
are detected by differential refractometer, viscometer,
FTIR device, etc. From the output of these detectors,
a molecular weight distribution curve can be obtained.
2226
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Gel point
Gel solutions
Gel
Generic
Glass
Glass-mat thermoplastics, (GMT)
Glass transition temperature, or glass transition point, Tg
Gloss
Grades
The stage at which a liquid begins to exhibit pseudoelastic properties. Also known as “gel time.”
Concentrated solutions; intermediate state between gel
and sol.
That cross-linked part of polymer in liquid state, which
having its network character may swell but not
dissolve.
Descriptive of an entire type or class of plastic resins.
The base resin is one of a family of polymers, but there
may be hundreds of product combinations.
A material that solidifies from the molten state without
crystallization, a supercooled liquid whose shear viscosity is Z 1012.5 Pas, a liquid whose rigidity is great
enough to be put to use, or a glassy state of matter.
A typical glassy material is hard and brittle (tensile
modulus E } 70 GPa, tensile strength s } 0.5 GPa).
Typical polymeric glasses are atactic polystyrene, atactic polymethylmethacrylate, polycarbonate, etc.
A mat consisting of long glass fibers that are impregnated with a thermoplastic resin to produce a flat, homogeneous, semifinished composite blank.
The center of the temperature range in which
a noncrystalline solid changes from being glass brittle
to being viscous or rubbery. The temperature, or a range
of temperatures, separating the rigid (glassy) from elastic (rubbery or liquid) state of a polymer. For the transition to occur, 20 to 50 main chain atoms must be able to
move in a cooperative manner. For the organic polymers
160 “Tg” 400 C depending on the intrinsic flexibility
of the polymeric chain and its molecular weight. Since
the transition is kinetic in nature, it depends on the rate
or frequency. The measured Tg value depends considerably on the test rate, frequency, or mechanical
deformation.
Brightness or luster of a plastic resulting from a smooth
surface. The shine or luster of the surface of a material
(ASTM D 673). See “Specular gloss” and “Surface
finish.”
Polymers that belong to the same chemical family and
are produced by the same manufacturer. They may vary
in processing or performance due to differences in
molecular weight, additives, or other structural features.
For example, a supplier of PC may have flame-resistant
grades, glass fiber-reinforced grades, a conductive
grade, and easy flowing grades.
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Graft copolymers
Graining
Graphite
Graphite fiber
Grinder or granulator
Grit blasted
Guide or leader pins
Guideway
Gusset
Hand molds
Hardenable substance
Hardeners
Hardening, curing
Hardness
2227
A copolymer whose macromolecules consist of two
or more macromolecular parts of different composition, covalently joined in such a way that one of the
parts forms the main chain (polymer A) and the
other(s) the side chains (polymer B). In a sense
the block copolymers are graft copolymers in which
the graft block B is attached to the end of main
chain A. Graft copolymers are frequently used as
compatibilizers.
The term refers to wood graining on plastics. This can be
done by hand, roller coating, hot stamping, or printing.
A crystalline allotropic form of carbon.
A fiber from either pitch or polyacrylonitrile (PAN)
precursor by an oxidation, carbonization, and graphitization processes. See also “Carbon fiber.”
A machine (in many sizes, styles, and capacities) with
a series of knife blades and a sizing screen to chop up
plastic materials for reuse.
A surface treatment of a mold in which grit or sand
materials are blown onto the walls of the cavity to
produce a roughened surface. Air escape from mold is
improved and special appearance of the molded article
is often obtained by this method.
Devices that maintain proper alignment of parts.
Usually a T-shaped slot in a mold.
An angular piece of material used to support or
strengthen two adjoining walls.
Molds that are removed from the press by the operator,
who opens the mold and extracts the part by hand.
Thermoset resin that, under the influence of temperature
and/or reactive agent, undergoes cross-linking that irreversibly changes the chemical constitution and thereby
physical properties.
Polyfunctional substances that are able to cause crosslinking in thermosets.
A chemical cross-linking of material, initially soft or
that can be made so by warming, into a more viscous
form or hard solid.
The resistance to compression and surface indentation,
usually measured by the depth of penetration of a blunt
point under a given load using a particular instrument
according to a prescribed procedure. Among the most
important methods of testing are Barcol hardness,
Brinell hardness, Knoop hardness, Mohs hardness,
Rockwell hardness, and Shore hardness.
2228
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Haze
Head
Head-to-head structure
Heading
Heat resistance
Heat sealing
Heat stability
Heat stabilizer
Heat distortion temperature (HDT)
Heated manifold mold
Heater bands
Heating chamber
The degree of cloudiness in a plastic material. The
cloudy or turbid aspect of appearance of an otherwise
transparent specimen caused by light scattered from
within the specimen or from its surface.
The end section of the molding machine that consists of
the core, die, mandrel, mold, and other parts necessary
to form the plastic.
A structure of the type –CH2CHX—CHXCH2– in
polymers where the monomer placement in the growing
chain has two isomeric possibilities: head-to-head
(as shown) or head-to-tail, viz., –CH2CHX—
CH2CHX–. The latter structure predominates.
The mechanical, thermal, or ultrasonic deformation of
a pin to form a locking attachment.
The property or ability of plastics and elastomers to
resist the deteriorating effects of elevated temperatures.
A process of joining two or more thermoplastic films or
sheets by heat.
The resistance of a plastic material to chemical deterioration caused by exposure to heat during processing.
An ingredient added to a polymer to improve its processing
or end-use resistance to elevated temperatures. The term is
used in different contexts depending on the benefit to be
derived from the additive. For processing, it retards
changes of color. For end use, it protects the surface of
the part exposed to elevated temperatures. It does not
imply that a resin can be used beyond its recommended
end-use temperature rating if it is heat stabilized.
The temperature at which a standard test bar deflects
by an arbitrary value under a stated load. In ASTM
D648, it is defined as a total deflection of 250 mm in
a rectangular bar supported at both ends under a load of
0.5 or 1.8 MPa. The temperature is increased at a rate
2 C/min.
A hot-runner mold that is both heated and insulated; an
insulated mold is a hot-runner mold that does not contain heaters.
The heat source for the barrel and nozzle. The temperature control is usually divided into rear, middle, front,
and nozzle sections. The bands are accurate resistance
heaters with high heat output.
In injection molding that part of the machine in which
the cold feed is reduced to a hot melt. Also called
heating cylinder.
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Helix
Hermetic
Heterogeneous
Hiding power
High-density polyethylene (HDPE)
High-impact polystyrene (HIPS)
Histogram
Hob
Hobbing
Holding pressure
Homologous polymer
blend
Homologous polymers
Homopolymer
2229
A helical conformation of polymeric chain in which all main
chain atoms can be placed on a cylindrical surface in such
a way that all elements on that surface are cut at constant
angle or, in other words, that the conformation is exactly
repeated at constant intervals. For example, 31 helix in
polypropylene has three repeating units per one helix turn.
As in seal, to form a bond that is pressure tight, so that
air or gases cannot enter or escape.
Materials consisting of identifiable dissimilar constituents separated by internal boundaries. It is noteworthy
that not all nonhomogeneous materials are necessarily
heterogeneous.
The opacity that can be effected with a coating.
Linear polyethylene copolymers with low branching,
having density r ¼ 940–960 kg/m3. The regular structure engenders material with greater strength, rigidity,
chemical resistance, and higher softening temperature
than the branched one.
A thermoplastic resin from a styrene and elastomer. It
has good dimensional stability and low-temperature
impact strength, high rigidity, and ease of processing.
A bar chart with the height of each bar indicating how
many data points were collected within certain interval.
The width of the bar provides a measure of the interval.
A master model in hardened steel used to sink the shape
of a mold cavity into a soft steel block.
Forming multiple mold cavities by forcing a hob into
soft steel cavity blanks. Also called sinking.
The pressure maintained on the melt after the cavity is
filled until the gate is filled and freezes.
A mixture of two or more homologous polymers, usually narrow molecular weight distribution fractions of
the same polymer.
Polymers identical in structure and composition and
differing only in molecular weight. A polydispersed
polymer is a miscible blend of homologous polymers.
The product of the polymerization of a single
monomer, i.e., a polymer containing one type of repeating units, viz.
½CH2 CHX CH2 CHX
n:
Hone, honing, honed
To impart a precise accuracy to the surface finish by
using a fine-grained whetstone.
2230
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Hooke’s solid
Hoop stress
Hopper
Hopper feeder
Hot stamping or
branding
Hot tip
Hot-plate welding
Hot-runner mold
Hot/heated manifold
mold
Hydrolysis
Hydrophilic
Hydrophobic
Hygroscopic
Hysteresis
Immiscible polymer
blend
Impact strength
An ideal elastic material where stress is directly proportional to strain.
The circumferential stress in a material of cylindrical
form subjected to internal or external pressure.
A conical reservoir from which the molding powders or
pellets are fed into the extruder.
Usually part of the resin drying system that also can be
an independent unit, to convey material to the machine’s
feed hopper using vacuum or pressure.
Engraving operation in which roll leaf is stamped with
heated metal dies onto the face of the plastics.
The precise controller and gating mechanism of
a hot-runner mold.
The use of a heated tool to cause surface melting of
a part at the joint area. It is then removed before the joint
surfaces being pressed together to form a fusion bond.
A thermoplastic injection mold in which the runners are
insulated from the chilled cavities and remain hot so that
the center of the runner never cools in normal cycle
operation. Runners are not usually ejected with the
molded pieces.
A thermoplastic injection mold in which the mold that
contains the runner system has its own heating elements
to keep the molding material in a plastic state ready for
injection into the cavities, from which the manifold is
insulated.
Chemical decomposition of a substance involving the
addition of water.
Capable of absorbing water.
Capable of repelling water.
Material capable of absorbing and retaining atmospheric
moisture from air. Plastics such as PA, PEST, or ABS
are hygroscopic and must be dried before molding.
The failure of a property that has been changed to return
to its original value when the cause of the change was
removed. The cyclic noncoincidence of the elastic loading and the unloading curves under cyclic stressing. The
area of the resulting elliptical hysteresis loop is equal to
the heat generated in the system.
Any polymer blend whose free energy of mixing is
positive: DGm > 0.
The ability of a material to withstand shock loading,
expressed as an amount of energy required to fracture
a specimen subjected to impact. The work done in
fracturing, under shock loading, using a specified test
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Impact test
Induction welding
Inert pigment
Infrared (IR or FTIR)
Infrared spectroscopy
or spectrometry
Inhibitor
Initiator
Injection blow molding
Injection molding
2231
specimen and a specified procedure. Also, the relative
susceptibility of plastic articles to fracture under stress
applied at high speeds.
Often associated with the Gardner (ball or falling dart)
test, with a known weight falling at a known distance
and hitting a part, thereby subjecting it to an instantaneous high load. ASTM impact tests for material properties are the Izod, Charpy, and tensile impact tests. The
test can also be a pendulum type.
The use of radio, magnetic, or electrical energy to form
a melt through the application of a foreign medium at
the joint line to form a fusion bond.
A pigment that does not react with any component of
paint.
Pertaining to that part of the electromagnetic spectrum
between the visible light range and the radar range.
Radiant heat is in this range, and infrared heaters are
frequently used in the thermoforming and curing of
plastics and composites. Infrared analysis is used for
identification of polymer constituents. The powerful
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR, uses
a method of splitting a beam into two waves, and the
spectral information is obtained from the phase difference between the two waves, recombining them in the
Michelson interferometer. The interferogram is obtained
by digitizing the detector signal and transforming it
from the time domain by means of the Fourier transform
operation into a conventional IR spectrum. See “Infrared
spectroscopy.”
A technique used to observe the wavelengths in the
electromagnetic spectrum lying beyond the red, from
about 750 nm to a few mm.
A substance that reacts with the active polymerization
site either to form a totally nonreactive product or to
reduce the system reactivity. In radical polymerization,
the radical scavengers, viz., diphenylpicrylhydrazyl and
quinones, are used as inhibitors.
Either an additive mixed in a material to cause
a chemical or physical reaction in the melt or a
substance able to engender reaction of a monomer,
radical or ionic.
Blow molding in which the parison is directly formed by
injection molding.
A method of forming a plastic to the desired shape by
forcing the softened plastic into a relative cool cavity
2232
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Injection pressure
Injection ram
Injection time
Inorganic
Inorganic pigments
Inorganic polymer
Insert
Intercalated clay
Intercalation
Interface
Interpenetrating polymer network, (IPN)
using a screw or ram – used with thermoplastics or
thermosets. See “Thermoplastic injection molding”
and “Thermoset injection molding.”
The pressure in the mold during the injection of plasticized material into the mold cavity.
See “Ram.”
The time it takes for the screw’s forward motion to fill
the mold cavity with melt.
A mineral compound not composed of carbon atoms.
Natural or synthetic metallic oxides, sulfides, and other
salts that impart color, as well as heat and light stability,
and weathering resistance.
A polymer with high proportions of non-carbon atoms.
In principle, most inorganic materials can be considered
inorganic polymers, viz., silicates. In polymer science,
the inorganic materials containing organic groups are
considered inorganic polymers, e.g., polysiloxanes
(silicones), phosphonitrilic elastomers, polycarboranes,
organometallic
polymers,
polymetaphosphates,
polyphosphazenes, and sulfurnitride polymers. See also
“Organic polymers.”
An integral part of plastics molding. It consists of metal
or other material that may be molded into position or
may be pressed into the molding after the molding is
completed. Also a removable or interchangeable component of the mold.
Clay having organic or inorganic molecules inserted
between its platelets, thus increasing the interlayer spacing between them to at least 1.5 nm.
Process of inserting organic or inorganic molecules
between platelets of a layered material, thus increasing
the interlayer spacing.
The boundary or surface between two different, physically distinguishable media. With fibers, the contact area
between the fibers and sizing or finish. In laminates, the
contact area between the reinforcements and the laminating resin.
Historically, any material containing two or more polymers, each in network form, without induced cross-links
between the individual polymers, usually produced by
polymerizing and/or cross-linking at least one component in the immediate presence of the other, thus thermoset in character. Currently, the term IPN
encompasses the thermoplastic co-continuous polymer
blends, as well as ionomers and block and graft
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Interphase
Intrinsic viscosity
Ion exchange resins
Ionic polymers or
ionomers
Ionomer
Ishakawa
Isomeric polymers
Isotactic polymer
Izod impact test
Izod impact strength
Jetting
2233
copolymers. The later materials are known as
thermoplastic IPN.
The boundary region between two phases in polymer
blends, the matrix polymer and the dispersed phase, or
(in case of phase co-continuity) between two polymeric
phases. In compatibilized blends, the interphase contains the compatibilizer as well as low-molecularweight additives and fractions.
The limiting value (at infinite dilution) of the ratio of
specific viscosity of the polymer solution to
concentration.
Cross-linked polymers that form salts with ions from
aqueous solutions.
Polymers of linear or network structure with ionic
groups which by addition of the appropriate counterions
can be ionically cross-linked. A copolymer of ethylene
and acrylic acid is used as a compatibilizer in polyamide
blends. Converted to ethylene-zinc acrylate copolymer,
Surlyn™ is used as packaging film. Other ionic polymers are applied as polyelectrolytes, ion exchange
resin, etc.
Polyethylene that contains both covalent and ionic
bonds. The polymer exhibits strong interchain ionic
forces. The anions hang from the hydrocarbon chain,
and the cations are metallic, e.g., Na, K, Li, Zn, and
Mg. The resins have similar properties as polyethylenes,
with high transparency, tenacity, resilience, and
increased resistance to oils, greases, and solvents.
See Fishbone diagram.
Polymers that are basically homogeneous but in which,
by secondary alterations or by a small number of different kinds of linking of the primary molecules
(e.g., branching), variations are introduced.
A polymer in which the constitutional repeating units
have the same stereochemical configuration, for example, isotactic polypropylene.
A type of pendulum impact test in which a notched
sample bar is held at one end and broken by a blow.
This is a test for shock loading.
Determination of the resistance of a plastic material to
a shock loading, in which a notched specimen bar is held
at one end and broken by striking, and the energy
absorbed is measured.
Turbulent flow of plastic from an undersized gate or thin
section into a thicker mold section, as opposed to
2234
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Just-in-time (JIT)
Kirksite
Kneading elements,
kneading blocks
Knit line
Knockout or ejector pin
Kurtosis
Lack of fill-out
Ladder polymer
laminar flow of material progressing radially from a gate
to the extremities of the cavity. May also result from
shooting material into a mold cavity where there is no
core or immediate cavity wall to break up the flow of the
material coming through the gate.
A practice developed to minimize customer inventory.
The supplier provides the product, at predetermined
intervals, so that it can proceed directly to the customer’s assembly line. This practice demands excellent
quality control and production schedules. Customers
who use JIT must demand the same care and treatment
from their own suppliers. Suppliers and customers are
usually located within a few hours shipping time of each
other.
An alloy of aluminum and zinc used for the construction
of prototype molds. It imparts a high degree of heat
conductivity to the mold
Three types of elements are used to assemble screws in
a twin-screw extruder: kneading, mixing, and
transporting. The kneading elements are mostly twoor three-lobe self-wiping that mainly provide for the
dispersive mixing by pressing, stretching, and folding
actions. An assembly of kneading elements is known as
a kneading block, characterized by the individual disk
length, number of disks, and stagger angle between the
disks in the kneading block. See also “Mixing
elements.”
A line on a part where opposing melt fronts meet.
Created by material flow around obstructions or multiple gating. See “Weld line.”
A pin that pushes a cured molded article out of a mold.
The state or quality of peakedness or flatness of the
graphic representation of a statistical distribution
expressed as a4 ¼ m4/m22, where m4 and m2 are the
fourth and second moment of the distribution function.
The excess of kurtosis is given as a4 – 3. The kurtosis is
large when on a distribution function there is a relatively
high concentration in the middle and out on the tails,
with a relatively steep drop in between.
An area occurring usually at the edge of a laminated
plastic, where the reinforcement has not been wetted
with resin.
A rigid rod polymer, consisting of two parallel macromolecular chains regularly joined by covalent bonding,
forming a sequence of interconnecting rings, e.g.,
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Lamella
Lamellar thickness
Laminar flow
Land
Latex, lattices
LCST (lower critical
solution temperature)
Let-down ratio
Level of significance,
“a”
Light resistance
Limit switch
Liquid crystal polymer
(LCP)
Living polymer
2235
pyrrone, polyquinoxalines, polyphenylsilsesquioxane,
and poly(bisbenzimid-azobenzo-phenanthroline).
The basic morphological unit of a crystalline polymer,
usually ribbonlike or platelike in shape. Generally
(if ribbonlike), about 10–50 nm thick, 100 nm wide,
and 1,000 nm long.
A characteristic morphological parameter, usually
estimated from X-ray studies or electron microscopy,
usually 10–50 nm.
Flow of thermoplastic resins accompanied by solidification of the layer in contact with the mold surface that
acts as an insulating tube through which material flows
to fill the remainder of the cavity. This type of flow is
essential to duplication of the mold surface.
Either a horizontal bearing surface of a semipositive or
flash mold by which excess material escapes, a bearing
surface along the top of the flights of a screw in an
extruder, or the surface of an extrusion die parallel to
the direction of the melt flow. In injection molding, the
gate, when entering a part, has always the length of the
gate itself that is called the land.
Aqueous dispersion of polymeric particles, a polymer
emulsion, a product of emulsion polymerization used in
paints, adhesives, coatings, etc.
The lowest temperature of immiscibility, where binodal
and spinodal curves meet. This type of phase separation
predominates in polymer blends.
The quantity of one ingredient to be mixed with a base
material to obtain the desired results.
The probability of committing the error of rejecting
a given hypothesis when it is true; “a” is usually set to
0.05 for most of the statistical tests.
The ability of a plastic material to resist fading after
exposure to sunlight or ultraviolet light (ASTM D1501).
Light stability is the measure of this resistance.
An electromechanical switch positioned to stop or start
an action. It is operated by mechanical action on
a movable control arm.
A thermoplastic polymer (polyamide or polyester) that
contains primarily benzene rings in its backbone, is melt
processable, and can be highly oriented during
processing. Available with or without fiber
reinforcement.
An ionic polymer in which, in the absence of
a monomer, the active centers of polymerization are
2236
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Loading or charging
tray
London dispersion
forces
Long chain branching
Loss modulus
Lubricants
Macbeth
Macromer
Macromolecule
Manifold
Mass spectrometer
Master curve
Matched metal, or die,
molding
Matrix
Matte finish
Mean or average
Mechanical properties
preserved. Formation of living polymers in anionic or
Ziegler-Natta polymerizations makes it possible to produce block copolymers.
A device used to load the charge of material or metal
inserts simultaneously into each cavity of a multicavity
mold by the withdrawal of a sliding bottom from
the tray.
Weak intermolecular forces based on dipole-dipole
interactions.
Branches of comparable length as the main polymer chain
as in low-density polyethylene, polyvinylchloride, etc.
A quantitative measure of energy dissipation, defined as
the ratio of stress 90 out of phase with oscillating strain
to the magnitude of strain. The loss modulus may be
measured in tension of flexure, E”, compression, K”, or
shear, G” (see also “Complex modulus”).
Processing aids to assist material flow during extrusion
or injection molding. The internal and external lubricants are recognized. Internally lubricated resins use
oils, Teflon™, MoS2, or other materials to give the
molded part a lower coefficient of friction. The external
lubricant can be a solid, such as sodium or zinc stearate,
a fluoropolymer, or silicone resin or liquid.
A lighting system used for checking color.
An oligomeric or telomeric chain capable of entering
into a polymerization reaction.
A large molecule in which neither the end groups nor the
substitution of a group has any significant influence on
the material properties.
A pipe channel, or mold, with several inlets or outlets.
An instrument capable of separating ionized molecules
of different mass/charge ratios and measuring the
respective ion currents.
The acceptable or required curve that all subsequent test
curves must match.
A method of molding reinforced plastics between two
close-fitting metal molds mounted in a press.
Either the base resin used for a molded part or the main
phase in polymer blends.
A type of dull, nonreflective finish. See “Surface finish.”
The sum of values divided by their number.
The properties related to the relationships between stress
and strain, such as compressive and tensile strengths and
moduli, associated with elastic and inelastic reaction to
the applied force.
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Median
Melt fracture
Melt front
Melt index (MI), melt
flow index (MFI), or
melt flow rate (MFR)
Melt strength
Melt temperature
Melting point
Metal plating
Metallizing
Metallocenes
2237
The middle value when all values are arrayed in order of
magnitude.
An elastic strain set up in a molten polymer as the
polymer flows through the die. It may show up as irregularities on the surface of the plastic. Several stages (and
different mechanisms responsible for these) are recognized, viz., shark skin, pressure oscillation (or spurt),
and gross distortions.
The exposed surface of molten resin as it flows into
a mold. The melt front advances as the molten resin is
continuously pushed through its center section.
The amount in grams of a thermoplastic resin forced
through a 2.10 mm (0.0825 in. orifice when subjected to
the prescribed force, e.g., 2.16 kg force during 10 min at
the prescribed temperature ( C) using an extrusion
plastometer (ASTM D1238). It is customary to refer to
the flow rate of polyethylene as “melt index.” However,
for all other materials, the term “melt flow rate” should
be used.
The strength of a plastic while in the molten state.
The temperature at which a resin melts or softens and
begins to flow. The temperature of resin melt taken with
a pyrometer melt probe.
The temperature at which a resin changes from a solid to
a liquid.
The process of plating a plastic part by chemically
etching the surface to accept a base metal on which the
subsequent layers of metal are deposited. Usually
a multistep process. Not all plastics can be metallized.
A general term used to cover all processes by which
plastics are coated with metal.
Metallo-organic sandwich compounds in which two
cyclopentadienlidene, Cp, rings form a sandwich around
a metallic ion of, e.g., Fe, Co, Ni, Cr, Ti, V, and Zr. They
have been used to catalyze the coordination polymerization of olefinic or vinylic monomers into highly regular macromolecules, viz., with narrow molecular
weight, high regularity of comonomer placement,
and/or high tactic purity. For example, ethylene was
catalyzed with R’s(Cp)2MeQ [Me is metal from group
4b, 5b, or 6b (preferably Zr); R’ is a C1–C4 alkylene
radical, a dialkyl germanium, or silicone; Q is an
alkylidene radical having from 1 to about 20 carbon
atoms, s ¼ 0–1, p ¼ 0–2, m ¼ 4–5], in combination
with alumoxanes.
2238
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Meter
Metering equipment
Metering screw
Micelle colloids
Microcracking
Micro-morphology
Microprocessor
Microstructure
Migration of plasticizer
Migration
Mil
Miscible polymer blend
SI length unit equal to 100 cm molecular dimension, or
39.37 in.
A machine or system to accurately meter additives to the
machine’s hopper or feed throat. Comes in many sizes
and types to suit each particular application, including
augers, shuttle plates, photoelectric eyes, and positive or
negative weight loss belt feeders.
An extrusion or injection molding screw that has constant shallow depth and pitch section, usually over the
last three to four flights.
Low-molecular-weight, mainly homogeneous molecules, held together by secondary forces to form
a colloidal particle.
Cracks formed when local stresses exceed the strength
of the matrix. In composites, because microcracks do
not penetrate the reinforcing fibers, in cross-ply or cloth
prepreg tape laminates, they are usually limited to the
thickness of a single ply.
Structural constitution on a submicron scale as related to
crystallinity, viz., crystalline unit cells, lamellae shape
and size, and stress-induced shish kebab crystals.
Computer system that stores, analyzes, and adjusts the
controls of a machine based on the parameters
established during the operation of the machine it is
controlling. It continuously analyzes output data to
adjust and maintain the machine’s cycle within
programmed limits. Can also store data and output it as
directed by programming.
The molecular structural features of a single polymer
chain: tacticity, isomerism, chain branching, structural
irregularities, etc.
Loss of plasticizer from a polymeric compound, with
subsequent absorption by an adjacent medium that
lowers its concentration and induces brittleness.
The transfer of a material from a plastic to other
contacting solids.
English unit of length equal to 0.001 in. or 25.4 mm.
A polymer blend, homogenous down to the molecular
level, in which the domain size is comparable to macromolecular dimension, associated with the negative value
of the free energy and heat of mixing, DGm and DHm <
0, and @ 2DGm/@j2 > 0. Operationally, it is a blend
whose domain size is comparable to the dimension of
the macromolecular statistical segment.
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Mixing
Mixing elements
Modified natural
products
Modifiers
Modulus of elasticity
Modulus of resilience
Moisture absorption
Moisture adsorption
Moisture vapor transmission rate (MVTR)
2239
General term associated with the physical act of homogenization (e.g., mixing of fractions). Mixing of liquids is
usually called blending (e.g., preparation of polymer
blends or alloys), while incorporation of solids into
molten polymer is usually called compounding (e.g.,
preparation of a compound).
Three types of elements are used to assemble screws in
a twin-screw extruder: kneading, mixing, and
transporting. The mixing elements of different types
are provided by the equipment manufacturers, viz., turbine, gear, notched disk, and blister rings. Depending on
the type, these elements are responsible for either or for
both the distributive and dispersive actions. Several
authors consider kneading and mixing elements as
belonging to the same class, alternatively labeled as
kneading or as mixing blocks. See also “Kneading
elements.”
Plastics or fibers that are prepared by chemical transformation of natural substances, e.g., cellulose
nitrate or acetate and casein or gelatin hardened by
formaldehyde.
Any additive that improves the processing or end-use
properties of the polymer, e.g., PVC plasticizers added
to make it soft and pliable and improve its impact
strength. Almost all plastic resins use different modifiers
to meet desired product requirements.
The ratio of the stress to the strain produced in a material
that is elastically deformed (ASTM D790). If a tensile
stress of 20 MPa results in an elongation of 1 %, the
modulus of elasticity is 2 GPa.
The energy that can be absorbed per unit volume without creating a permanent distortion. Calculated by integrating the stress–strain curve from zero to the elastic
limit and dividing by the original volume of the
specimen.
The pickup of water vapor from the atmosphere by bulk
of a material. It relates only to vapor withdrawn from the
air by a material and must be distinguished from water
absorption, which is the gain in weight due to the takeup of water by immersion.
Surface retention of moisture from the atmosphere.
The rate at which water vapor permeates through
a plastic film or wall at a specified temperature and
relative humidity (ASTM E96).
2240
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Mold deposits
Mold release agent
Mold shrinkage
Molding
Molding cycle
Molding compound
powder or material
Molding pressure
Molding shrinkage
Molecular weight, or an
average molecular
weight (MW)
Material build up on a cavity’s surface due to plate out
of resin, usually in a gaseous state. Can be attributed to
additives in a resin adhering to the mold’s surface.
A lubricant, liquid, or powder (often silicon oils and
waxes) used to coat a mold cavity to prevent the molded
piece from sticking to it, thereby facilitating its removal
from the mold. Additives put into a material to serve as
a mold release.
Shrinking a molded part while it is removed from a mold
and cooled to room temperature. The difference in
dimensions between a piece and the mold cavity. The
incremental difference between the dimensions of the
molding and the mold from which it was made,
expressed as percentage of the mold dimensions.
A group of plastics processes used to form polymers or
composites into solids with shape and size defined by
the mold cavity, by the application of pressure and heat
for a given time.
The time required to complete a cycle and produce
a part.
Plastic material, often comprising resin, filler, pigments,
plasticizers, and other ingredients, ready for molding
operation.
The pressure applied directly or indirectly on the compound to allow the complete transformation to a solid
dense part. The pressure developed by a ram or screw to
push molten plastic into a mold cavity. See “Injection
pressure.”
See “Mold shrinkage.”
The sum of the atomic masses of the elements forming
the molecule expressed in units of 1/12 the mass of 12C
atom, or a mass of one mole of the substance (kg/mol),
indicating the relative size typical chain length of the
polymer molecule. Owing to polydispersity the molecular weight of a polymer is expressed as an average:
X
Ni Mkþ1
i
i
Mk ¼ X
Ni Mki
i
For k ¼ 1, the number average; for k ¼ 2, the weight
average; for k ¼ 3, the z-average; for k ¼ 4 (z + 1),
average molecular weight is generated; etc. (viz., Mn,
Mw, Mz, Mz + 1, respectively).
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Molecularly
homogeneous
Molecular weight
distribution (MWD)
Molecule
Monomer
(monomer ¼ single
unit)’
Morphology
Mottle
Movable platen
Multiblock copolymer
2241
A polymer in which all the molecules possess the same
chemical structure.
A statistical description of the sizes and frequency of
occurrence of different molecular chain lengths within
a given sample or lot of polymers, i.e., the distribution of
molecular sizes in a polydispersed polymer. Several analytical functions f(M) have been proposed. Some of them
are general statistical expressions (e.g., log-normal distribution, q.v.) and the others are based on assumed kinetics
of polymerization (e.g., Schultz-Flory distribution).
MWD is normally determined using a size exclusion
chromatography, SEC (an old GPC). Wide and skewed
distributions result in significant variation of properties.
Narrow distributions are more consistent.
A group of atoms bonded together which forms the
fundamental structural unit of most organic substances. The number of atoms can range from two
to millions. A molecule is the smallest unit of
a substance that still retains the properties of that
substance.
A small molecule of an organic substance capable of
entering into a polymerization reaction with itself or
with other similar molecules or compounds, viz., vinyl
monomers, dienes, a,o-lactams, and diamines.
A low-molecular-weight-reactive chemical that polymerizes to form a polymer. Monomers are generally
gases or liquids. When bonded together in long chains,
they form solid materials or polymers.
The study of the physical form and structure of
a material. The overall physical form of the physical
structure of a material on a submicron and micron scale.
Common units are dispersed phase domains, lamellae,
spherulites, etc. The term comprises notion of the global
structure (e.g., stress-induced skin core), as well
as shape, size, orientation, and distribution of the
dispersed phase (solid, liquid, or gaseous).
The desired or accidental mixture of colors or shades of
a color giving approximately distinct or complicated
patterns or specks, spots, or streaks of color.
The moving platen of an injection or compression molding machine to which half of the mold is secured during
operation. The platen is moved either by a hydraulic ram
or a toggle mechanism.
A block copolymer with more than three blocks, e.g.,
-[AB]n-.
2242
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Multicavity mold
Multichain polymer
Multiple-screw
extruder
Nanocomposite (NC)
Necking
Network polymer
Newtonian fluid
Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) or nondestructive inspection
(NDI)
Nondestructive inspection (NDI)
Nonpolar
Nonreturn valve
Nonrigid plastic
Normal distribution
Notch sensitive
Notch sensitivity
A mold having more than one cavity or impression for
forming finished items during one machine cycle.
A polymer with more than two chains extending from
a center, e.g., comb or star polymer.
An extruder machine that has two or more screws, as
contrasted with conventional single-screw extruders.
A matrix material (metallic, ceramic, or polymeric in
nature) having dispersed particles, with at least one
dimension that does not exceed 10 nm. Polymeric
nanocomposites (PNC) of commercial interest comprise
2–5 wt% of exfoliated clay.
Localized reduction in cross section that may occur in
a material under tensile loading during a tensile test.
Necking is disregarded in calculation of the engineering
stress, but is taken into account in determining the true
stress.
A cross-linked polymer forming infinite network,
obtained in a step-growth polymerization with
multifunctional monomers.
An ideal fluid characterized by a constant ration of the
shear stress to the rate of shearing in a simple shear deformation and with zero normal stress difference (nonelastic).
An analysis to determine whether the material is acceptable for its function.
A process or procedure, such as ultrasonic or radiographic inspection, for determining the quality or characteristics of a material, part, or assembly, without
permanently altering the subject or its properties. Used
to find internal anomalies in a structure without
degrading its properties.
Incapable of having a significant dielectric loss. Polystyrene and polyethylene are nonpolar.
See “Ball or checking valve.”
A plastic that has a modulus of elasticity (either in
flexure or in tension) of not over 69 MPa (10,000 psi)
at 25 C and 50 % relative humidity (ASTM D747).
See “Gaussian distribution.”
A plastic material is said to be notch sensitive if it will
break when it has been scratched, notched, or cracked.
Glass is considered to be highly notch sensitive.
A measure of reduction in load-carrying ability caused
by stress concentration in a specimen. Brittle plastics are
more notch sensitive than ductile.
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Nozzle
Nuclear magnetic
resonance (NMR)
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
spectroscopy
Nucleating agent
Nucleation
Nylon™
Olefins
Oligomer
Opalescence
Opaque
Open-hole insert
Optical comparator
2243
A hollow metal nose screwed into the extrusion end of
either the heating cylinder of an injection machine or
a transfer chamber (where this is a separate structure).
Relates to the radio frequency-induced transitions
between magnetic energy levels of atomic nuclei.
NMR instrument consists essentially of a magnet,
radio frequency accelerator, sample holder, and detector, capable of producing an oscilloscope image or line
recording of NMR spectrum. See also “Nuclear
magnetic resonance spectroscopy.”
When an organic molecule containing certain atoms
(e.g.,13C, H, D, F) is placed in a strong magnetic field
and irradiated with radio frequency, transition between
different nuclear spin orientational states takes place,
and energy is absorbed at specific frequencies. Several
different types of NMR measurements have been developed for characterization of polymer molecules, viz.,
high-resolution NMR of polymer solutions, wide-line
solid-state NMR, magic-angle spinning NMR, and
pulse-induced NMR.
A foreign substance, often crystalline, usually added to
a crystallizable polymer to increase its rate of solidification and reduce size of spherulites.
Any additive that assists or acts as a starting site for
crystallization of a polymer. These initiators can reduce
cycle time by speeding up the crystalline formations,
thereby causing the part to solidify faster so its ejection
from the mold can occur sooner.
A generic term for polyamides (a trademark of E. I. du
Pont de Nemours, adduct of New York and London). To
be avoided – use polyamide, PA, instead.
Plastics produced from olefins, viz., polyethylene or
polypropylene.
Low-molecular-weight polymeric material with the
degree of polymerization, 10 < DP < 50; from Greek
oligos ¼ few, little.
Limited clarity of vision through a sheet of transparent
plastic at any angle, caused by light scattering within or
on the surface of the plastic.
A material that will not transmit light and is not
transparent.
An insert having a hole drilled completely through it.
An inspection machine using optics to compare the
outline of a part to its required dimensions on
a graphic screen.
2244
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Optical distortion
Orange peel
Ordered polymer
Organic
Organosol
Orientation
Orifice
Out-of-round
Overflow Tab
Overlay sheet
Oxidation
Oxygen index
Pack time
Any apparent alteration of the geometric pattern of an
object when observed through a plastic or as reflection
from a plastic surface.
An unintentional rugged surface that gives an appearance resembling the skin of an orange.
A polymer with monomers arranged in regular
sequence, viz., alternating or block copolymers.
The term refers to a general class of substances whose
composition is based on the element carbon. Organic
infers some relationship to materials, which at some
point in time were alive.
Fine PVC suspension in a volatile, organic liquid. At
room temperature, the resin is swollen, but not appreciably dissolved. At elevated temperatures, the liquid
evaporates, and the residue upon cooling forms homogenous plastics. Plasticizers may be dissolved in the volatile liquid. See also “Plastisols.”
The alignment of the molecular structure in polymeric
materials to produce anisometric material properties. It
can be accomplished by drawing or stretching during
fabrication, especially at low temperatures.
An opening in a die or other metal piece used to meter
the flow of fluid material.
Nonuniform radius or diameter.
A small, localized extension of a part at a weld-line
junction to allow a longer material flow path for the
purpose of obtaining a better fusion bond of the meeting
melt fronts.
See “Foil decorating.”
Any chemical reaction in which electrons are transferred. The chemical reaction involving oxygen to
form an oxide; the deterioration of an adhesive film
due to atmospheric exposure; the breakdown of a hot
melt adhesive due to prolonged heating and oxide formation. Degradation of a material through contact with
air. A chemical reaction involving a combination with
oxygen to form new compounds.
The minimum concentration oxygen expressed as
a volume percentage in a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen that will just support flaming combustion of
a material initially at room temperature under the specified conditions. An indication of flammability.
The amount of time that packing pressure is kept on the
screw until the gate freezes. It takes time immediately
after the injection stroke ends.
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Packing pressure
Pad
Paint line
Paint step
Parallel to the draw
Parallels (risers or
support fillers)
Pareto analysis
Parison
Part separator
Parting agent
Parting line
Partitioned mold
cooling
Pastel
Paucimolecular
Peak exothermic
temperature
Permeability
pH
Phase
2245
The pressure applied just before the part cavity fills,
which is about 50 % of the injection pressure required
to continue filling the mold without flashing it. Packing
pressure is maintained until the gate freezes.
See “Cushion.”
The point where two colors meet.
Break in a smooth surface that allows a mask to rest.
The axis of the cored position or insert parallel to the
up-and-down movement of the mold as it opens and
closes.
The support spacers between the mold and press platen
or clamping plate.
An analytical and statistical technique used to determine
part defect type and quantity. Ranks each type of defect
as a percentage of the total number of defects found,
based on the quantity of each type of defect.
Hollow plastic tube from which a part is blow molded.
A machine or system used to automatically separate
parts from the runner system after molding. Separated
parts go to their next station and the runner moves to
a granulator for reuse if permitted. The system may use
blades, rigid pins, or a degating station with parts placed
by a robot for separation.
See “Mold release.”
The point in the mold where two or more metal surfaces
meet creating a shutoff. Mark on a molding or casting
where halves of a mold met in closing.
See “Bubbler.”
A tint, a tone to which white has been added.
Polymers that consist of only a few different molecular
weight components. Also called the paucidisperse
polymers.
The maximum temperature reached by reacting thermosetting plastic composition is called peak exothermic
temperature.
The passage or diffusion of a gas, vapor, liquid, or solid
through a barrier without affecting it. The rate of the
passage.
Negative logarithm of concentration of hydrogen ions,
log [H+], a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of
a substance. Acid solutions have pH < 7, at neutrality
pH ¼ 7, and in alkaline solutions pH > 7.
A separate, but not necessarily separable, portion of
a system.
2246
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Phenolic resins
Photodegradation
Photoelasticity
Physical aging
Physical cross-link
Physical cross-linking
Piece part price
Pigment
Pigmented
Pinpoint or restricted
gate
Pit
Pitch
Cross-linked resins based on phenol and formaldehyde
of a complex, not fully known, structure.
Degradation caused by long wavelength ultraviolet radiation that is the main cause of outdoor weathering.
Experimental technique for the measurement of stresses
and strains in material objects by means of the mechanical birefringence.
The relaxation process that takes place in plastics after
fabrication. Upon cooling a melt, the molecular mobility
decreases, and when the relaxation time exceeds the
experimental time scale, the melt becomes a glass
in nonequilibrium thermodynamic state (density,
enthalpy, etc.). Thus, the value of the thermodynamic
parameters continues to change toward an equilibrium
state. The process may lead to development of cracks
and crazes that initiate critical failure. See also “Aging,”
“Accelerated aging,” “Artificial aging,” and “Chemical
aging.”
A physical bond that joins two or more chains together.
They may arise from crystalline portions of
a semicrystalline polymer, the glassy or crystalline portion of a block copolymer, or the ionic portion of an
ionomer. The physical cross-link forces are affected by
the temperature.
An existence of restraining force between polymer
chains other than covalent bonding; viz., entanglements,
presence of microcrystallinity, and glassy blocks in
block copolymer.
Calculated finished part cost based on material,
processing, assembly, decorating, and packaging,
including productivity and overhead costs.
Imparts color to plastic while remaining a dispersion of
undissolved particles.
A plastic resin comprising pigments to produce a desired
color after molding. The pigments can be either organic
or inorganic based.
A restricted orifice through which molten plastic flows
into a mold cavity.
Small regular or irregular crater in the surface of
a plastic, usually with width approximately of the same
order of magnitude as its depth.
With respect to extruder or injection molding, the distance from any point on the flight of a screw line to the
corresponding point on an adjacent flight, measured
parallel to the axis of the screw line or threading.
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Plastic
Plastic deformation
Plastic memory
Plasticate
Plasticating extruder
Plasticity
Plasticization
Plasticize
Plasticizer
Plastisols
Plate dispersion plug
Platens
Plunger
Poisson distribution
2247
A synthetic or natural organic substance (exclusive of
adhesives and rubbers) formable or pliable at some stage
during its formation or subsequent manufacturing process, thus a polymeric material that is capable of being
shaped through plastic flow under influence of
deforming forces, a thermoplastic or thermoset material.
It either melts and flows with heat and pressure, as with
a thermoplastic, or it chemically “sets,” as with
a thermoset material. Many materials, such as glass,
become plastic under the right conditions.
Any portion of the total deformation of a body that
occurs immediately when load is applied but that
remains permanently when the load is removed. The
deformation of a material under load that is not recoverable after the load is removed. Opposite of elastic
deformation.
A phenomenon of a plastic to return, in some degree, to
its original form upon heating.
To soften by heating and/or kneading.
An extruder fed with solid polymer that melts and
plasticates it while conveying toward the die.
A property of plastics that upon the application of
a force allows the material to be deformed continuously
and permanently without rupture (the opposite of
“elasticity”).
Softening, enhancement of flexibility engendered by
incorporation of low-molecular-weight liquid, a plasticizer, such as 2-ethylhexylphthalate (DOP).
To make a material soft and moldable with the addition
of heat, pressure, or a plasticizer.
A material incorporated in a thermoplastic to reduce its
glass transition temperature, thus to increase its flexibility.
Mixtures of PVC and plasticizers that can be molded,
cast, or converted to continuous films by the application
of heat. The mixtures that contain volatile thinners are
known as organosols, q.v.
See “Breaker plate.”
The mounting plates of a press to which the entire mold
assembly is bolted.
The part of a transfer or injection press that applies
pressure to the unmelted plastic material to push it into
the chamber. This, in turn, forces the melt out through
the nozzle.
Discrete probability function, derived by Simeon
Poisson in 1837, for the situation when the probability
2248
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Poisson’s ratio, r
Polarized light
Polarizer
Polyacrylonitrile
(PAN)
Polyaddition
Polyallomers
Polyamide-imide (PAI)
Polyamides (PA)
Polyarylates (PAr)
Polyarylsulfone (PAS)
of a single event is very small, but the number of events
approaches infinity.
The ratio of lateral strain to the corresponding axial
strain in axially loaded specimens, below the proportional limit. It is a material constant that relates the
modulus of rigidity, G, to Young’s modulus, E, in the
relation: E ¼ 2G(r + 1), viz., ASTM E1321.
Polarized electromagnetic radiation whose frequency is
in the optical region.
A medium or a device used to polarize the incoherent
light.
Product of free radical polymerization in solution or
suspension. Used primarily for production of fibers
(it may contain up to 10 % comonomer to improve
dyeability). Homopolymer of PAN is a base material
in the manufacture of carbon fibers.
A step-growth polymerization from two types of bi- or
polyfunctional primary molecules, e.g., polyurethane
formation. This irreversible, rapid process is caused,
usually through heteroatoms, by bond displacement
without the splitting off any component.
Crystalline thermoplastic polymers made from two or
more different monomers, usually ethylene and propylene.
A family of polymers based on the combination of
trimellitic anhydride with aromatic diamines. In the
uncured form (ortho-amic acid), the polymers are soluble in polar organic solvents. The imide linkage is
formed by heating, producing an infusible resin with
thermal stability up to 290 C. These resins are used
for laminates, prepregs, and electrical components.
A group of semicrystalline thermoplastics containing
the amide group (NHCO–) in the main chain, resulting
from polycondensation of either a,o-lactam or a diacid
with a diamine. Natural polyamides, polypeptides, and
synthetic polyamides belong to this family.
Wholly aromatic polyesters from dihydric phenols and
dicarboxylic acid chlorides. They are characterized by
high melting point (up to 500 C), good thermal stability, and solubility in chlorinated solvents. Commercial
polymers are produced by polycondensation of iso- and
terephthalic acids with bisphenol A, having glass transition temperatures near 170 C and the continuous use
temperature of 140–150 C.
Alternative name for aromatic polyethersulfone. See
“Polyethersulfone.”
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Polybenzimidazole
(PBI)
Polybutylene
terephthalate (PBT)
Polybutylenes, BR
Polycarbonate (PC)
Polycondensation
Polyesters
Polyether-imide (PEI)
Polyethersulfone (PES)
2249
The polycondensation product of tetraaminobiphenyl
with terephthalic acid has the highest thermal stability
of all commercial organic polymers. Its continuous use
temperature is 400 C, and it has good chemical
stability.
Polycondensation product of dimethylterephthalate and
1,4 butanediol, with melting temperature Tm }
224 C. PBT can be easily blended with number of
other thermoplastics. Major uses include automotive
parts (interior, under-the-hood, and exterior), electrical
connectors, small appliances, and pump housings.
A group of polymers consisting of isotactic, stereoregular, highly crystalline polymers based on butene-1. Their
properties are similar to those of polypropylene and
linear polyethylene, with superior toughness, creep
resistance, and flexibility.
An amorphous thermoplastic derived from the direct
reaction between aromatic and aliphatic dihydroxy compounds with phosgene or by the ester exchange reaction
with appropriate phosgene-derived precursors. Highest
impact resistance of any transparent plastic. It is transparent and can be injection molded, extruded,
thermoformed, or blow molded (esp. branched PC).
A polymer synthesis from bi- or multifunctional monomers with liberation of a low-molecular, volatile
by-product.
Polymers containing the ester group (COO–) in the
main chain, products of polycondensation of a,o-lactones
or diacid with diols. Both unsaturated (alkyd) polyesters
and thermoplastic polyesters (including PC, PET, PBT,
and PNT) enjoy wide commercial use.
An aromatic polymer containing both ether and imide
groups in the polymeric chain. It has a heat distortion
temperature of 200 C, continuous use temperature of
170 C, and low flammability. It can be blended with
several engineering thermoplastics for a wide range of
properties and applications (mainly in automotive and
electronic/electrical industries).
An aromatic polymer containing benzene rings linked
by both ether and sulfone groups in the polymeric chain.
Several commercial products of this type have been
developed. Their glass transition temperature varies
from 190 to 285 C. The materials have high rigidity,
low creep, high electrical resistance, transparent, selfextinguishing, and low flammability. They can be
2250
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Polyethylenes (PE)
Polyethylene
terephthalate (PET)
Polyimide (PI)
Poly-liner
Polymer
Polymer alloy
blended with several engineering thermoplastics. The
applications include printed circuit boards, TV components, and diverse electronic/electrical parts.
Thermoplastic materials composed of ethylene units.
They are normally translucent, tough, waxy solids that
are unaffected by water and by a large range of
chemicals. These plastics have >85 % ethylene
and >95 % of total olefins.
Polycondensation product of dimethylterephthalate and
ethylene glycol, with Tm ¼ 260–270 C. Oriented PET
has outstanding tensile strength. Its principal use
includes bottles, X-ray films, electrical insulation, and
food packaging.
Polymer produced by reacting an aromatic dianhydride
with an aromatic diamine. It is highly heat-resistant
(at T ¼ 315 C) resin, similar to a polyamide, differing
only in the number of hydrogen atoms per mer. The
polymer is suitable for the use a binder or adhesive and
may be either a thermoplastic or a thermoset. Initially, it
could not be processed by conventional molding
methods. The polymer has rings of four carbon atoms
tightly bound together. It has excellent resistance to heat.
A perforated, longitudinally ribbed sleeve that fits inside
the cylinder of an injection molding machine. Used as
a replacement for conventional injection cylinder torpedoes/older machines. Also a plastic bag placed inside
a carbon or box to prevent material contamination
during shipment.
Material composed of many (Greek poly) units (Greek
meros). A high molecular weight organic
compound – natural or synthetic, formed by a chemical
reaction in which two or more small organic units join to
form large units composed of repeating small units.
Its structure can be represented by repeated small
units, the mers. Synthetic polymers are formed by addition or condensation polymerization of monomers.
Some polymers are elastomeric, and others thermoplastic or thermoset. The term was coined by Berzelius in
1832 to describe hydrocarbons of a general formula
(CH2)n with n ¼ 1 to 4 (sic!). Today a substance may
be called polymer if it shows high degree of polymerization, DP >50.
An immiscible polymer blend having a modified interface and/or morphology.
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Polymer blend
Polymer conversion
Polymerization
Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)
Polymolecularity
Polyphenylene ether
(PPE)
Polypropylenes (PP)
Polystyrenes (PS)
2251
A mixture of at least two macromolecular materials: two
or more polymers, polymer with copolymers, two or
more copolymers, etc. Polymer blends are either miscible or immiscible. See “Miscible polymer blend” and
“Immiscible polymer blend.”
Preparation of polymer derivatives during which the
number of macromolecules or the degree of polymerization is preserved.
The process or chemical reaction in which the molecules
of a monomer are linked together to form macromolecules whose molecular weight is a multiple of that of the
original substance nM ! [M]n, where n is a degree of
polymerization, DP. It is said that the polymerization
leads to oligomer if 10 < DP < 50 and to polymer if
DP > 50. When two or more monomers are involved,
the process is called copolymerization. Most polymerization processes are classified as condensation (step)
reactions or addition (chain) reactions.
Crystal-clear radical polymerization product of methyl
methacrylate. PMMA has the glass transition temperature of 105 C, excellent weatherability, and scratch
resistance, as well as useful combination of stiffness,
density, and toughness. It can be easily modified by
co-reacting or blending.
Practically all polymers are mixtures of impossible to
separate homologues or fractions. Mathematically the
polymolecularity is expressed by a molecular weight
distribution, MWD, q.v.
An amorphous thermoplastic with useful temperature
range that depending on composition varies from
135 C to 190 C.
A crystalline thermoplastic made by polymerizing propylene gas. It has the lowest density of all plastics,
except methylpentene. Tough, lightweight thermoplastics made by the polymerization of propylene in the
presence of an organometallic catalyst at relatively low
pressures and temperatures.
An amorphous thermoplastic made by polymerizing
styrene. Thermoplastics produced by the polymerization
of styrene, having outstanding electrical properties and
good thermal and dimensional stability. Because it
is somewhat brittle, it is often copolymerized or blended
with other materials to obtain desired properties
(see HIPS).
2252
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Polysulfones
(PSF or PSU)
Polytetrafluoroethylenes (PTFE)
Polyurethanes (PU)
Polyvinyl chloride
(PVC)
Polyvinylidene chloride
(PVDC)
Porosity
A family of engineering thermoplastics with excellent
high-temperature properties, high strength, high service
temperature, low creep, and self-extinguishing properties, produced either by a Friedel-Crafts reaction of
sulfonyl chloride groups with aromatic nuclei or by
reacting dichlorosulfone with diphenyls. The continuous
use temperature is about 160 C. They can be formed by
extrusion and molding method, directly competing with
metals and more expensive materials for electronic
circuitry.
A linear polymer obtained by radical polymerization of
tetrafluoroethylene. PTFE has a melting point of 327 C
and outstanding resistance to chemical attacks or dissolution. Its uses include liners for chemical processing
equipment, high-temperature cable insulation, bushings,
seals, and nonstick surfaces.
Polymers containing urethane groups (NHCOO–) in
the main chain. Thermoplastic or thermoset materials
made from isocyanates and polyols. The linear polyurethanes (thermoplastic polyurethanes, TPU) are formulated with rigid and soft segments, thus (as block
copolymers) showing interesting elastomeric character.
However, most polyurethanes are produced as cured
rubbers (polyurethane rubber, PUR) by means of combining isocyanate having functionality about 2.7 with
diols. The principal use of PUR is in manufacture of
rigid and flexible foams.
A thermoplastic material composed of polymers of vinyl
chloride. It is a colorless solid with outstanding resistance to water, alcohols, and concentrated acids and
alkalis. It is obtainable as granules, solutions, lattices,
and pastes. Compounded with plasticizers, it yields
a flexible material superior to rubber in aging properties.
It is widely used for cable and wire coverings, in chemical plants, and in the manufacture of protective garments. The pure polymer is brittle and difficult to
process. It yields a flexible material when compounded
with plasticizers.
A thermoplastic material composed of polymers of
vinylidene chloride. Its principal uses are in flexible
films and coatings.
A condition of trapped pockets of air, gas, or vacuum
within a solid material, expressed as percentage of the
total nonsolid volume to the total volume.
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Post annealing
Post mold shrinkage
Post-forming
Pot life
Potentiometer
Preplastication
Prepolymer
Press fit
Pressure drop
Pressure gradient lines
Pressure pads
Primary molecule,
monomer
Printing on plastics
Process control
procedures
Processing aid
2253
Stress relieving of molded parts by external means, hot
air or oil, humidity chambers, or submersion in a fluid.
The shrinkage occurring after a part has been removed
from the mold is influenced by the material properties of
the resin and its molding conditions.
A process used to impart a shape to a previously molded
article.
The time span during which a cross-linking resinhardener system can still be processed.
An electrical control device that senses changes in voltage or a potential difference by comparison to a standard
voltage and can transmit a signal to a control switch.
Technique of premelting injection molding powders in
a separate chamber and then transferring the melt to the
injection cylinder. The device used for preplastication is
known as a preplasticizer.
A chemical intermediate with a molecular weight
between that of the monomer or monomers and the
final polymer.
An interference assembly between two mating parts,
with friction holding the parts together under considerable stress.
The decrease in pressure of a fluid related to the number
of turns it has to make and the distance it must flow to fill
a cavity.
A hypothetical set of pressure lines in a part created by
the material’s pressure drop as the part is filled. The
further the material flows from the gate, the lower the
packing pressure.
Reinforcements distributed around the dead areas in the
faces of a mold to help the land absorb the final pressure
of closing.
The smallest molecular unit from which the macromolecule is built.
The decoration of plastics by means of various printing
processes, e.g., offset, silk screen, letterpress, electrostatic, or photographic methods.
A separate document, often included as an attachment to
the quality control manual that provides detailed
description of the methods to be followed in the manufacture of a product. A copy may be attached to the work
order for reference and revision as required should
changes in the product occur.
An additive that improves processing characteristics.
2254
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Product certification
Projected surface area
Propagation
Proportional limit
Prototype mold
Pseudo-IPN
Pultrusion
Purging
Pyrometer
Quality assurance
Quality circles
Quality control (QC)
The certificate or letter stating that the material or product meets or exceeds customer requirements. Values are
often listed for the tested or measured results. To be
signed by a key representative of the company to verify
accuracy.
The exposed resin area of a mold on the parting line that
transmits the injection pressure on the closed mold
halves. It includes part, runner, and sprue surfaces.
A series of reaction steps in a chain polymerization in
which the monomers are being added to the active
polymerization center.
The greatest stress that a material is capable of sustaining without deviation from proportionality of stress and
strain (Hooke’s law).
A simplified mold construction often made from a light
metal casting alloy or from an epoxy resin to obtain
information for the final mold and/or part design.
Simultaneous IPN in which one polymer is in network
form and the other linear.
A continuous process for manufacturing composites
that have a constant cross-sectional shape. The
process consists of pulling a fiber-reinforcing material through a resin impregnation bath and then
through a shaping die, where the resin is subsequently cured.
Cleaning one color or type of material from the
processing machine by forcing it out with the new
color or material to be used in subsequent production.
Special purging materials are also available.
An electrical thermometer for measuring high temperatures. The units come with two probes to measure melt
and surface temperatures.
A separate department established to direct the quality
function of the business areas. Major efforts are directed
to assisting and auditing the activities of the quality
control department in their efforts to ensure that quality
products are manufactured.
A quality analysis group consisting of employees with
specific departmental knowledge used to provide suggestions and ways to solve a procedural or manufacturing quality problem. If found acceptable, the group’s
findings and solutions are then passed on to upper management for implementation.
A department set up to be technically involved in the
control of product quality. Involved in the principal
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Quality control manual
Quality rated
Quenching
Radical polymerization
Radio frequency, RF,
preheating
Ram
Ram travel
Random copolymer
Randomness
Reactive extrusion
Reactive injection
molding (RIM)
2255
inspection and testing of a product, with limited systems
responsibility.
A document that states the company’s quality objectives, and how they will be implemented, documented,
and followed in the manufacture of products.
See “Approved supplier.”
A method of rapidly cooling thermoplastic parts when
they are removed from the mold, usually by submerging
the parts in water.
Polymerization in which the active centers of reaction
are radicals. The polymerization can be initiated by
thermally activated or redox initiator, irradiation, or
through thermal activation of monomer (also known as
free radical polymerization).
A method of preheating used to mold materials to facilitate the molding operation and/or reduce the molding
cycle. The frequencies commonly used are between
10 and 100 MHz/s.
The press member that enters the cavity block and exerts
pressure on the molding compound designated as the
“top force” or “bottom force” by position in the assembly. See “Plunger.”
Distance ram moves during a complete molding cycle.
A copolymer in which the different monomers are randomly placed in the main chain. A perfectly random
copolymer is produced by polymerization of different
mers having identical reactivity ratios, rA ¼ rB ¼ rC.
A condition in which individual values are not predictable, although they may come from a definable
distribution.
Execution of chemical reactions during extrusion of
polymers and/or polymerizable monomers. The reactants must be in a physical form suitable for extrusion
processing. Reactions have been performed on molten
polymers, on liquefied or dispersed monomers, or on
polymers dissolved or suspended in or plasticized by
a solvent (also reactive compounding or reactive
processing).
A semicontinuous manufacturing process in which two
liquid components are metered in the calculated ratio by
high pressure piston pumps, mixed by impingement
mixing and injected into a mold cavity or cavities,
where the reactants are polymerized or cured. The process has been used to polymerize polyamides, elastomeric polyurethanes, and polyurethane foams.
2256
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Reactivity ratio
Real time
Reciprocating screw
Recycled plastics
Redox initiator
Regrind
Reinforced molding
compound
Reinforced
polypropylene
Reinforcement
Relative viscosity
Relaxation time
Release agent
A ratio of two kinetic constants r ¼ kAA/kAB where kAA
represents the self-propagation and kAB the transfer
from A* active center to B* active center caused by
addition of monomer-B to a growing copolymer chain.
The present time or as an activity is occurring.
A combination injection and plasticizing unit in which
an extrusion device with a reciprocating screw is used to
plasticize the material. Injection of material into a mold
can take place by direct extrusion into the mold, by
reciprocating the screw as an injection plunger, or by
a combination of the two. When the screw serves as an
injection plunger, this unit acts as a holding, measuring,
and injection chamber.
A plastic material prepared from previously used or
processed plastic materials that have been cleaned and
reground.
An initiator capable of generating free radicals at low
temperature by oxidation-reduction reaction between
two components, viz., H2O2 + FeSO4.
Waste material from industrial operations that has been
reclaimed by shredding or granulating. Regrind is usually incorporated, at a predetermined percentage, with
virgin material.
A material reinforced with special fillers to meet specific
requirements, such as rag or glass.
Polypropylene that is reinforced with mineral fillers,
such as talc, mica, and calcium carbonate, as well as
with glass and carbon fibers. The maximum concentration is about 5 wt%, although concentrates with higher
levels of filler or reinforcement are available.
A substance or material added to a polymer during the
final synthesis stages or in subsequent processing to
improve the strength properties of the polymer. Usually,
a high strength material bonded into a matrix to improve
its mechanical properties. Reinforcements are usually
long fibers (glass, carbon or aramid), chopped fibers,
whiskers, particulates (glass beads, mica, clay, and
organic fibers), and so forth. The term is not synonymous with filler.
Ratio of the kinematic viscosity of a polymer solution to
the kinematic viscosity of the pure solvent.
The time required for a stress under a sustained constant
strain to diminish by a stated fraction of its initial value.
See “Mold release.”
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Release or parting agent
Relief angle
Repeatability
Reprocessed plastic
Reproducibility
Residence time
Residence time
distribution
Residual stress
Resin
2257
A material that is applied in a thin film to the surface of
a mold to keep the resin from bonding (also mold release
agent).
The angle of the cutaway portion of the pinch-off blade
from a line parallel to the pinch-off land. In a mold, the
angle between the pitch-off land and the cutaway
portion adjacent to the pinch-off land.
The variation obtained when one person measures the
same quantity several times using the same instrument.
A thermoplastic material, prepared from melt-processed
scrap or reject parts, or from nonstandard or nonuniform
virgin material. The term scrap does not necessarily
connote feedstock that is less desirable or usable than
the virgin material from which it may have been generated. Reprocessed plastic may or may not be
reformulated by the addition of fillers, plasticizers, stabilizers, or pigments.
The variation in measured averages obtained when several persons measure the quantity using the same instrument or when one person measures the quantity using
different instruments.
Time a resin spends in a given processing machine
(an extruder, injection molding unit, etc.) and is
subjected to heat and stress.
The distribution of residence time provides information
how long different parts of the resin reside in the
processing equipment. The spread of the residence
times reflects, on the one hand, the uniformity of flow
inside the processing unit and, on the other, the quality
of the product, the degree of mixing, or the extent of
a chemical reaction.
The stresses remaining in a plastic part as a result of
thermal or mechanical treatment.
An organic material, usually of high molecular weight,
that tends to flow when subjected to stress. Any of
a large class of synthetic substances that have some of
the properties of natural resin (or rosin) but differ chemically. “Resin” is often used as a general term for polymers or plastics and denotes a class of material. It
usually has a softening or melting range and fractures
conchoidally. Most resins are polymers. Also any of
a class of solid or semisolid organic products of natural
or synthetic origin, generally of high molecular weight
with no definite melting point (also see “Polymer”).
2258
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Resin pocket
Resin transfer molding
(RTM)
Restricted gate
Retainer plate
Retaining pin
Rheology
Rib
Rigid plastics
Ring gate
Rockwell hardness
Rubbers
Runner
Runner system
Rupture
In reinforced plastics, the material used to bind together
the reinforcement material; the matrix.
An apparent accumulation of excess resin in a small
localized section that is visible on cut edges of molded
surfaces. Also called resin segregation.
A fabrication process that involves the transfer of
catalyzed resin into an enclosed mold cavity
containing a previously positioned reinforcement preform. The process has been used for manufacturing
from components consisting of glass fiber mats and
polyester resins.
Sometimes referred to as pinpoint gate. A small opening
between the runner and cavity in an injection or
transfer mold.
The plate, usually drilled for steam or water, on which
demontable pieces, such as mold cavities, ejector pins,
guide pins, and bushings, are mounted.
A pin on which an insert is placed and located before
molding.
The study of the deformation and flow of materials of
the interrelations between the force and its effects. The
science considers deformation of all materials from the
elastic deformation of Hookean solids to the flow of
Newtonian liquids.
An object designed into a plastic part to provide lateral,
longitudinal, or horizontal support.
A plastic that has a modulus of elasticity either in flexure
or in tension greater than 690 MPa at 23 C and 50 %
relative humidity, RH.
A gate or annular opening that circles around a core pin
or molded part.
A common method of testing materials for resistance to
indentation in which a diamond or steel ball, under
pressure, is used to pierce the test specimen.
Cross-linked polymers having glass transition temperatures below the room temperature that exhibit highly
elastic deformation and have high elongation.
In an injection or transfer mold, the channel that connects the sprue with the gate to the cavity.
The sprues, runners, and gates that lead the material
from the nozzle of an injection machine to the mold
cavity.
A cleavage or break resulting from physical stress.
Work of rupture is the integral under the stress–strain
curve between the origin and the point of rupture.
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Salt and pepper blends
SAN
Scanning electron
microscopy (SEM)
Scanning probe
microscopy (SPM)
Scanning transmission
electron microscopy
(STEM)
Scrap
Screw plasticating
injection molding
Screw
2259
Resin blends of different concentrate additives, in pellet
form, mixed with virgin resin to make a different product.
Usually associated with color concentrate blends, that,
when melted and mixed by the injection molding
machine’s screw, yield a uniform colored melt for a part.
An abbreviation for styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers.
Electron microscopy that uses the secondary emission of
electrons from a surface when bombarded with an electron beam. The main advantage is the depth of field.
Technique in which the surface of a specimen is scanned,
point by point, with a finely focused electron beam.
Image formation is made by detecting the secondary
electrons emitted by the specimen’s surface. Even
though resolution in modern SEM can be as high as
4 nm, the main advantage of SEM over the other microscopy techniques is its very large depth of field.
a microscopy technique in which the surface of
a specimen is scanned, point by point, using a very
sharp probe (d ¼ 10 nm). Accurate piezoelectric devices
are utilized to maintain the separation distance between
the lowest atom on the probe tip and the highest atom on
the specimen constant and in the range of 1–100 nm. In
this range of tip-to-sample spacing, phenomena like
tunneling current (scanning tunneling microscopy
(STM)) or interatomic repulsion/attraction (atomic
force microscopy (AFM)) can be used for determining
specimen topography with resolution ranging from
a few microns, down to atomic level.
a microscopy technique in which an ultrathin specimen
is scanned, point by point, with a finely focused electron
beam. Image formation is made by detecting the electrons transmitted through the specimen.
A product or material that is out of specification to the
point of being unusable.
See “Injection molding.”
The main component of the “reciprocating screw” injection molding machine. It may have various sizes,
lengths, and compression ratios. It is used to feed, compress, melt, and meter the resin for injecting into the
mold cavity. Basically divided into 3 major sections:
feed section, deep screw depths to convey the resin
into the next screw’s section; transition section, gradually decreasing screw depths when resin is compressed,
forced against the barrel’s surface, and melts; and
2260
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Scuff mark
Sealant
Sealing diameter
Secant modulus
Second-surface
decorating
Semiautomatic molding
machine
Semi-I IPN
Semi-II IPN
Semicrystalline
Sequential
polymerization
Sequential IPN (SIPN)
Servomotor
Shear heat
Shear joint
metering section, the molten melt that is further compressed in a shallow, uniform screw depth conveying
forward as the screw turns.
An imperfection on a part’s show surface caused by
dragging the part against the mold’s surface during
ejection from the mold cavity.
A material applied to a joint in paste or liquid form that
hardens or cures in place, forming a seal.
That portion of a metal insert that is free of knurl and is
allowed to enter the mold to prevent the flow of plastic
material.
The ratio of total stress to corresponding strain at any
specific point on the stress–strain curve.
A method of decorating a transparent plastic part from
the back or reverse side. The decoration is visible
through the part, but is not exposed.
A molding machine in which only part of the operation
is controlled by direct human action. The automatic part
of the operation is controlled by the machine according
to a predetermined program.
An intimate combination of two polymers in network
form. Sequential IPN in which polymer-1 is cross-linked
and polymer-2 linear.
An intimate combination of two polymers in network
form. Sequential IPN in which polymer-1 is linear and
polymer-2 cross-linked.
Polymers that exhibit localized, partial crystallinity (see
“Crystalline plastic”).
Formation of an alternating or block copolymer through
careful control of addition of different monomers at
specific stages of the reaction.
An intimate combination of two polymers in network
form. During preparation of SIPN, the first polymerA is swollen in a mixture of monomer-B, crosslinking agent, and initiator and then polymerizing
in situ.
An electrical motor or hydraulic piston that supplies
power to a feedback system that consists of a sensing
element and an amplifier used in the automatic control
of a mechanical device.
The rise in temperature created by the compression and
longitudinal pressure on the resin in the barrel by the
screw’s pumping action.
An ultrasonic welding joint design where the welding
action is parallel to each part surface.
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Shear rate
Shear strain
Shear strength
Shear stress
Shearing
Shelf-life
Shore hardness
Short or short shot
Shot capacity
Shot peening
Shot
2261
The overall velocity over the cross section of a channel
with which molten polymer layers is gliding along each
other or along the wall in laminar flow. A change of
shear strain within one second.
Deformation relative to the reference configuration of
length, area, or volume. Tangent of the angular change,
caused by a force between two lines originally perpendicular to each other through a point in a body is called
angular strain.
The maximum shear stress that a material is capable of
sustaining. The maximum load required to shear
a specimen in such a volume manner that the resulting
pieces are completely clear of each other. Shear strength
(engineering) is calculated from the maximum load during a shear or torsion test and is based on the original
cross-sectional area of the specimen.
Stress developed because of the action of the layers in
the material attempting to glide against or separate in
a parallel direction. In other words, the stress developed
in a polymer melt when the layers in a cross section are
gliding along each other or along the wall of the channel
(in laminar flow).
Breaking caused by the action of equal and opposed
forces, located in the same plane.
The time a material, such as a molding compound, can
be stored without loss of its original physical or functional properties.
A method of determining the hardness of a plastic material using a scleroscope or sclerometer. The device consists of a small conical hammer fitted with a diamond
point and acting in a glass tube. The hammer is made to
strike the material under test and the degree of rebound
is noted on a graduated scale. Generally, the harder the
material, the greater the rebound (ASTM D2240).
A molded part produced when the mold has not been
filled completely.
The maximum volume of material that a machine can
produce from one forward motion of the plunger or
screw.
Impacting the surface of the material with hard, small,
round beads of materials to disrupt the surface flatness.
Used to stress relieve welds and to improve the release
of plastic resins on smooth core surfaces.
The yield from one complete molding cycle, including
cull, runner, and flash.
2262
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Shrink fixture
Shrinkage allowance
Shrinkage
SI units
Side actions (side
coring or side draw
pins)
Sigma (s)
See “Cooling fixture.”
The additional dimensions that must be added to a mold
to compensate for shrinkage of a plastic material on
cooling.
In a plastic, the reduction in dimensions after cooling.
The relative change in dimension from the length measured on the mold when it is cold to the length of the
molded object 24 h after it has taken out of the mold.
International System of Units.
An action built into a mold that operates at an angle to
the normal open-and-close action and facilitates the
removal of parts that would not clear a cavity or core
on the normal press action. Projections used to core
a hole in a direction other than the line of closing of
a mold and which must be withdrawn before the part is
ejected.
The Greek letter used to indicate the standard deviation of a population, defined as the square root of
the variance, e.g., for the normal (Gaussian)
distribution:
o
h
i n
y ¼ 1=sð2pÞ1=2 exp ½ðx xÞ=s2 =2
Variance s2 ¼ Sðx xÞ=ðN 1Þ
Silicones
Silk screen printing
Simultaneous IPN
(SIN)
Sink mark
Chemicals derived from silica used in molding as
a release agent and general lubricant. A silicon-based
thermoset plastic material. Polyorganosiloxanes of different composition (e.g., polydimethylsiloxane, silicone
rubber), structures (linear or network), and molecular
weight, used as “high-temperature oil,” resin, or
elastomer.
In its basic form, it involves laying a pattern of an
insoluble material, in outline, on a finely woven
fabric. When ink is drawn across the material, it passes
through the screen only in the designed areas. Also
called screen process decorating.
IPN is prepared by mixing together the two monomers,
their respective cross-linking agents, and initiators and
then polymerizing simultaneously by way of
noninterfering modes.
A depression or dimple on the surface of an injection
molded part formed as a result of collapsing of the
surface following local internal shrinkage after the gate
seals. May also be an incipient short shot.
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Size exclusion chromatography, SEC
Skewness
Skins
Slides
S-N diagram
Snap fit
Softening temperature
Sol solutions
Solid-state
polymerization
Solvent
Solvent welding,
cementing, or bonding
Solvent casting
Specific gravity
2263
Recent name for what has been known as gel permeation
chromatography, GPC, q.v.
The degree to which a distribution is asymmetrical;
negative or positive skewness is observed when the
distribution peak is shifted to the upper or lower side.
See “Flakes.”
Sections of a mold cavity that form complex threedimensional parts that must move before the molding
can be ejected. Used to form openings and sections of
parts 90 to the part’s release from the mold cavity.
Plot of stress, S, vs. number of cycles, N, required to
cause failure of similar specimens in fatigue test. Data
for each curve on the S-N diagram are obtained by
determining fatigue life of a number of specimens subjected to various amounts of fluctuating stress.
The stress axis may represent stress amplitude, maximum stress, or minimum stress. A log scale is usually
used, especially for the N-axis.
An assembly of two mating parts, with one or both parts
deflecting under stress, mating the parts together.
Temperature at which amorphous polymer (or the amorphous part of crystalline polymer) passes from the hard
glass to the soft elastic or liquid state.
Solutions of macromolecules so diluted that they do not
hinder each other free rotation. The limiting concentration depends on the hydrodynamic volume of the
macromolecule, usually expressed by the intrinsic
viscosity, [Z].
Polymerization of crystalline monomer, usually vinyl,
using high energy radiation. Topochemical, topotactic,
and canal polymers belong to this group.
Any substance, but usually a liquid, that dissolves other
substance.
A method of bonding thermoplastic articles of like
materials to each other by using a solvent capable of
softening the surfaces to be bonded. Thermoplastic
materials that can be bonded by this method are ABS,
PA, PC, PS, acrylics, cellulosics, and vinyls.
A process that consists of mixing and dissolving the
ingredients in a suitable carrier that conveys the solution
of “dope” through a drier where the solvent is subsequently evaporated; the resulting film is removed from
the substrate surfaces and wound into rolls.
The ratio of the mass of a given volume of a substance to
the mass of an equal volume of a reference substance,
2264
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Specific heat
Specific volume
Specification
Spectrometry
Spectrophotometer
Spectroscopy
Specular gloss
Spherocolloids
Spider gate
Spin welding
Spinodal
Spinodal
decomposition
usually water, at a specified temperature (ASTM D792).
Also, dimensionless ratio of a substance density to that
of a reference material.
The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of
a unit mass of a substance by one degree (1 C) at
constant pressure or volume.
Reciprocal of density.
A written statement that dictates the material, dimensions, and workmanship of a manufactured product.
A method based on designation of the wavelengths
within a particular portion of a range of radiation or
absorption, for example, ultraviolet (UV), emission,
and absorption spectrometry.
An instrument that measures transmission of apparent
reflectance of visible light as a function of wavelength,
permitting accurate analysis of color or accurate comparison of luminous intensities of two sources of specific
wavelengths.
The study of spectra using an instrument for dispersing
radiation for visual observation of emission or absorption. See also “Infrared,” “Nuclear magnetic resonance,” “NMR,” and “Spectroscopy.”
The relative luminous reflectance factor of a specimen at
the specular direction.
The colloidal particle has a spherical shape, formed
either by single macro-molecule or an association of
low-molecular weight species.
Multi-gating of a part through a system of radial runners
from the sprue.
The process of fusing two objects by forcing them
together while one of the pair is spinning, until frictional
heat melts the interface. Spinning is then stopped and
pressure held until they are frozen together.
The line on the temperature vs. composition phase diagram for a mixture of two components, which separates
the region from the two-phase regions. Hence, with
binodal, it represents the limits of metastability of a
two-phase system, viz., in polymer solutions or polymer
blends. See also “Binodal.”
The phase separation that occurs when the single-phase
system is abruptly brought into the spinodal region of
phase diagram, by either a rapid change of temperature,
pressure, or flash evaporation of a solvent, viz., in polymer blends. Owing to spontaneous phase separation in
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Spiral flow test
Splay marks or splay
Split cavity
Split-ring mold
Spot welding
Spray drying
Spreader/torpedo
Sprue bushing
Sprue
Sprue gate
Sprue lock or puller
2265
the system (no nucleation!), the morphology generated
is co-continuous.
A method for determining the flow properties of
a plastic material based on the distance it will flow
under controlled conditions, pressure, and temperature
along the path of a spiral cavity using a controlled
charge. The length of the material that flows into the
cavity and its weight gives a relative indication of the
flow properties of the resin.
Marks or lines found on the surface of the part after
molding that may be caused by overheating the material,
moisture in the material, or flow paths in the part. Usually white, silver, or gold in color. Also called silver
streaking.
A cavity of a mold that has been made in sections.
A mold in which a split cavity block is assembled in
a chase to permit the forming of undercuts in a molded
piece. These parts are ejected from the mold and then
separated from the molded piece.
The localized fusion bonding of two adjacent plastic
parts that does not require a molded protrusion or hole
in the parts. To be effective, use where two parallel and
flat surfaces meet.
The transformation of feed from a fluid state into a dried
particulate form by spraying the feed into a hot drying
medium. It is used for the continuous production of dry
solids in powder, granulate, or agglomerate form from
liquid feedstocks as solutions, emulsions, pastes, and
pumpable suspensions, viz., PVC lattices.
A streamlined metal block placed in the path of flow of
the plastics material in the heating cylinder of extruders
and injection molding machines to spread it into
intimate contact with the heating areas.
A hardened steel insert in an injection mold that contains
the tapered sprue hole and has a suitable seat for the
nozzle of the injection cylinder. Sometimes called an
adapter.
Feed opening provided in the injection or transfer mold.
Also, a slug formed at this hole.
A passageway through which molten plastic flows from
the nozzle to the mold cavity.
In injection molding, a portion of the plastic composition held in the cold slug well by an undercut, used to
pull the sprue out of the bushing as the mold is opened.
2266
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Stabilizer
Staking
Standard deviation, or
sigma (s)
The sprue lock itself is pushed out of the mold by an
ejector pin.
An ingredient used in the formulation of some plastics to
assist in maintaining the physical and chemical properties of the compounded materials at their initial values
throughout the processing and service life of the
material.
A term used in fastening – forming of a head on
a protruding stud to hold component parts together.
Staking may be done by cold staking, hot staking, or
ultrasonic heating.
The standard deviation of a population, labeled as the
Greek letter sigma, is defined as the square root of the
variance:
s ðVarianceÞ1=2 ¼
Starve feeding
Stationary platen
Statistical chain (Kuhn)
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Sðx xÞ=ðN 1Þ
A method of feeding an extruder where the polymer is
metered in a rate below the full capability of the
machine. Thus, the output is determined by the feeder
not the extruder or process variables. The controlled
metering of resin into the machine’s feed section to fill
the screw flights is not necessarily from the hopper, but
from auger, feed belt, or by hand.
The plate of an injection or compression molding
machine to which the front plate of the mold is secured
during operation. This platen does not move during the
normal operation.
Hypothetical free rotating polymer chain units with
length ls, defined to reproduce the chain length; viz.,
the square end-to-end distance can be expressed as:
< r2 >¼ Ns 12s
Statistical process
control (SPC)
Stereolithography
Stereoregular polymers
The use of statistical methods to monitor and control
a process.
A three-dimensional printing process that produces copies of solid or surface models in plastic. This process
uses a moving laser beam, directed by computer, to print
or draw across sections of the model onto the surface of
photo-curable liquid plastic.
Tactic polymers exhibiting tacticity, i.e., regularity in the
stereochemical configuration of its constitutional repeating units: isotactic, syndiotactic, erythro, and threo.
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Storage life
Storage modulus
Strain
Strength of material
Stress concentration
Stress concentration
factor (SCF)
Stress crack
Stress cracking
Stress optical
sensitivity
Stress relaxation
Stress
2267
See “Shelf-life.”
A quantitative measure of elastic properties, defined as
the ratio of the stress inphase with strain, to the magnitude of the strain. The storage modulus may be measured
in tension or flexure, E’, compression, K’, or shear, G’.
The charge in length per unit of original length,
expressed as a fraction of the original length,
l ¼ (L Lo)/Lo, in percent, Dl ¼ 100l, or in extensional
flow as e ¼ (L Lo)/L. The dimensionless numbers that
characterize the change of dimensions of a specimen
during controlled deformation. In tensile testing, the
elongation divided by the original gage length of the
test specimen.
Refers to the structural engineering analysis of a part to
determine its strength properties.
Magnification of the level of applied stress in the region
of a notch, crack, void, inclusion, or other stress raisers.
Sections or areas in a part where the molded-in or
physical forces are high or magnified – all sharp corners
have high stresses.
Ratio of the maximum stress in the region of a notch, or
another stress raiser, to the nominal corresponding
stress. SCF is a theoretical indication of the effect of
stress concentration on mechanical behavior. Since it
does not take into account the stress relief due to plastic
deformation, its value is usually larger than the empirical fatigue notch factor or strength reducing ratio.
External or internal cracks in a plastic caused by
imposed stresses.
A process of cracking under induced mechanical stress.
Stress cracking generally starts with microscopic surface cracks, caused by chemical attack or other
degrading influence such as ultraviolet radiation.
Under mechanical stress, the microcracks propagate
eventually producing a localized failure.
The ability of materials to exhibit double refraction of
light when placed under stress.
The gradual decrease in stress with time under
a constant deformation (strain) and temperature. Stress
relaxation is determined in creep test. Data is often
presented as stress vs. time plot. The stress relaxation
rate is given by the slope of the curve at any point.
The force applied to produce a deformation in the
material. The ratio of applied load to the original
2268
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Stress-induced
crystallization
Stress–strain curve
Stress–strain diagram
Striation
Stripper-Plate
Structural reaction
injection molding
(SRIM)
Styrene-acrylonitrile
copolymers (SAN)
Styrenics
Submarine gate
Substituted
macromolecules
cross-sectional area of a test specimen, or force per unit
area that resists a change in size or shape of a body.
The production of crystals in a polymer by the action of
stress, usually in the form of an elongation. It occurs in
fiber spinning, or during rubber elongation, and is
responsible for enhanced mechanical properties.
Simultaneous readings of load and deformation,
converted to stress and strain, plotted as ordinates and
abscissas, respectively, to obtain a stress–strain
diagram.
Graph of stress as a function of strain constructed from
data obtained in any mechanical test in which a load is
applied to a material and continuous measurements of
stress and strain are made simultaneously. It is
constructed for tensile, creep, or torsional loadings.
A separation of colors resulting in a linear effect or color
variation. In blow molding, the rippling of thick
parisons. Also a longitudinal line in a plastic created
by a disturbance in the melt path.
A plate that strips a molded piece from core pins or
cores.
A molding process that is similar in practice to resin
transfer molding, RTM. SRIM derives its name from the
RIM process from which the resin chemistry and injection techniques have added to indicate the reinforced
nature of the composite components manufactured by
this process.
A thermoplastic copolymer of styrene and acrylonitrile.
If it comprises either SAN-grafted butadiene or is
blended with nitrile rubber, NBR, a terpolymer is
known as ABS.
A group of plastic materials that are either whole or
partially polymerized from styrene monomer.
A type of edge gate where the opening from the runner
into the mold is located below the parting line or mold
surface, as opposed to conventional edge gating where
the opening is machined into the surface of the mold.
With submarine gates, the item is broken from the
runner system on opening of the mold or ejection from
the mold.
Linear macromolecules with the side chains consisting
of definite and usually homogeneous substituents.
(In branched macromolecules, the side chains consist
of the same primary molecules as in the main chain
and are of varied length and irregularly arranged.)
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Substrate
Suck-back
Surface finish
Surface treatments
Surfactant
Surging
Suspension
polymerization
Swaging
Sweating
Swell
Swelling
Syndiotactic polymer
Tab gated
2269
A material upon the surface of which an adhesivecontaining substance is spread for any purpose, such as
bonding or coating.
A slight retracting of the screw, usually no more than
5–7 mm as the mold opens to suck-back any resin that
might have drooled out of the nozzle after the sprue was
pulled. Correct nozzle type and temperature control can
eliminate a need for this step, even when using very fluid
resins.
Finish of a molded product. Refer to the SPI-SPE Mold
Finishes Comparison Kit.
Any method of treating a material so as to alter the
surface and render it receptive to inks, paints, lacquers,
and adhesives such as chemical, flame, and electronic
treatments.
A compound that affects (usually reduces) interfacial
tension between two liquids.
Unstable pressure buildup in an extruder leading to
variable throughput.
Chain polymerization of vinyl monomer dispersed in
form of large drops in aqueous medium. The polymerization is initiated by monomer-soluble initiator; thus,
each drop can be treated as individual bulk polymerizing
volume.
An assembly technique, similar to heading, where the
plastic material is deformed to a specific shape to assemble one or more parts.
Exudation of drops of liquid, usually a plasticizer, on the
surface of a plastic part.
A dimensional increase caused by exposure to liquids
and/or vapors.
Swelling is the ability of a body to take up liquids. It
depends on the size and shape of the macromolecule.
Linear or lightly branched polymers immersed in a good
solvent first swell without limit and then dissolve. The
cross-linked polymers show limited swelling capability.
A stereoregular polymer in which at least one monomeric carbon atom exhibits stereochemical configurational isomerism and in which the configurations
alternate between the neighboring units, viz.,
syndiotactic PVC and isotactic or syndiotactic PP.
A small removable tab of approximately the same thickness as the mold item, usually located perpendicular to
the item. The tab is used as a site for edge gate location,
usually on items with large flat areas.
2270
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Tacticity
Taguchi method
Tapered block
copolymer
Tear resistance
Telechelic polymer
Telomer
Telomerization
Temperature gradient
Tensile impact energy
Tensile impact test
Tensile strength
Tensile strength or
stress
A regularity of configurational isomeric unit placement
in the polymeric chain. See “Isotactic, stereoregular, and
syndiotactic polymer.”
Problem-solving technique developed by Taguchi,
which employs a testing process with an orthogonal
array to analyze data and determine the main contributing factors in the solution of the problem.
Gradient block copolymer in which there is a gradual
change of composition at the junction between the two
blocks from pure AAAAAAAA type to pure
BBBBBBBB type. The tapered block copolymers are
reported to be more efficient than pure AB block copolymers as compatibilizers of polymer blends. Tapping
cutting threads in the walls of a circular hole.
The force required to tear completely across a notched
specimen tested according to prescribed procedures,
expressed in pounds per inch of specimen thickness.
A polymer with purposely introduced chain end groups
of a specific type, e.g., ionic, hydroxyl, acidic, etc.
Low-molecular-weight radical polymerization product
obtained in a reaction in which extensive chain transfer
to a solvent (or specifically introduced chain transfer
agent) has occurred, so that the telomer contains fragments of these reactants as end groups.
Primarily, a radical solution polymerization with high
transfer constant, leading to products of relatively low
molecular weight (telomers, with MW } 10,000)
containing built-in fragments of the solvent.
The slope of a temperature curve. An increasing or
decreasing temperature profile on the barrel of the molding machine is an example.
The energy required to break a plastic specimen in
tension by a single swing of a calibrated pendulum.
A test whereby the sample is clamped in a fixture
attached to a swinging pendulum. The swinging pendulum strikes a stationary anvil causing the test sample to
rupture. This is similar to the Izod test.
The pulling stress at any given point on the stress
vs. strain curve, usually just before the material tears
or breaks. Area used in computing the engineering
strength is the original, rather than the neckeddown area.
The maximum tensile load per unit area of original cross
section, within the gage boundaries, sustained by the
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Terpolymers
Tetrapolymers
Texturizing
Thermal conductivity
Thermal degradation
Thermal expansion
Thermal
polymerization
Thermal stress cracking
(TSC)
Thermocouple
Thermoelasticity
Thermoforming
2271
specimen during a tension test. Ultimate strength of
a material subjected to tensile loading.
A copolymer composed of three different repeat units or
monomers, where the repeating structural units of all
three are present within each molecule. The influence of
all three types of monomer is evident in the property
profile of the polymer. Common terpolymers include
ABS and ASA.
Copolymers that contain four different monomers.
The etching or cutting of a pattern on a mold surface to
be reproduced on the molded part.
Ability of a material to conduct heat. The coefficient of
thermal conductivity is expressed as the quantity of heat
that passes through a unit cube of the substance in
a given unit of time when the difference in temperature
of the two faces is 1 C.
Degradation caused by exposure to an elevated temperature. In the absence of oxygen, the term pyrolysis,
while in its presence, the term thermo-oxidative are
frequently used.
The linear rate at which a material expands or contracts
due to a rise or fall in temperature. Each material is
unique and has its own rate of expansion and
contraction.
Free radical polymerization initiated either by thermal
homolysis of an initiator (e.g., azo compound) or caused
by action of heat on the monomer itself.
Crazing and cracking of some thermoplastic resins that
results from overexposure to elevated temperatures.
A thermoelectric heat-sensing element mounted in or on
machinery and the mold to transmit accurate temperature signals to a control and readout unit.
Rubberlike elasticity exhibited by a rigid plastic and
resulting from an increase of temperature.
The process of forming a thermoplastic sheet into
a three-dimensional shape after heating it to the point
at which it is soft and flowable and then applying differential pressure to make the sheet conform to the shape
of a mold or die positioned below the frame.
Thermoforming variations include vacuum forming,
air-assist vacuum forming, plug-assist forming, drape
forming, plug-and-ring forming, ridge forming, slip
forming, bubble forming, matched-mold forming, and
scrapless thermoforming.
2272
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Thermogravimetric
analysis (TGA)
Thermomechanical
analysis (TMA)
Thermoplastics (TP)
Thermoplastic elastomer
(TPR)
Thermoplastic injection
molding
Thermoplastic (IPN)
Thermoplasticity
Thermosets (TS)
The study of the change in mass of a material, either in
oxygen, air, or an inert atmosphere. The test can be
conducted under various conditions of time, temperature, and pressure. A testing procedure in which changes
in the weight of a specimen are recorded as the specimen
is progressively heated.
An analytical technique consisting of measuring physical dimensions of a material or changes in its moduli as
a function of temperature and/or frequency.
A class of plastic materials that is capable of being
repeatedly softened by heating and hardened by cooling,
viz., ABS, PVC, PS, and PE. Generally, a polymer that,
upon heating softens, changing from a solid into elastic
or liquid moldable state without having undergone
chemical changes. The process is reversible and can be
repeated many times.
An elastomer which upon heating turns into regularly
behaving linear polymer. Polystyrene-polybutadiene
block copolymers, polypropylene blends with ethylenepropylene-diene terpolymer provide examples.
A process in which melted plastic is injected into a mold
cavity, where it cools and takes the shape of the cavity.
Bosses, screw threads, ribs, and other details can be
integrated, which allows the molding operation to be
accomplished in one step. The finished part usually
does not require additional work before assembling.
Any IPN in which the individual polymers are
thermoplastic. The polymers may contain physical
cross-links as in ionomers where ionic clusters join
two or more chains together. Nowadays, phaseseparated polymeric systems, e.g., block and graft
copolymers or thermoplastic polyurethanes, are
frequently considered thermoplastic IPNs.
The ability of material to be deformed without breaking
with a relatively fast flow, when (at a suitable temperature) this material is properly stressed.
Materials that undergo a chemical reaction by the action
of heat and pressure, catalysts, ultraviolet light, etc.,
leading to a relatively infusible state. Typical of the
plastics in the thermosetting family are the amines
(melamine and urea), unsaturated polyesters, alkyds,
epoxies, and phenolics. A common thermoset goes
through three stages.
A-stage An early stage when the material is soluble in
certain liquids and fusible and will flow.
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
2273
B-stage
Thermoset injection
molding
Thermosetting plastics
Thinner
Thixotropy
Thread plug, ring, or
core
Tie bars
Toggle or toggle action
Tolerance
Topochemical
polymerization
Torsion pendulum
Torsion
Torsional
Toughness
An intermediate stage at which the material softens when heated and swells in contact with certain liquids, but does not
dissolve or fuse. Molding compound resins
are in this stage.
C-stage The final stage is the TS reaction when the
material is insoluble, infusible, and cured.
A process in which thermoset material that has been
heated to a liquid state is caused to flow into a cavity
or several cavities and held at an elevated temperature
for a specific time. After cross-linking is complete, the
hardened part is removed from the open mold.
See “Thermosets.”
A liquid that can extend a solution, but not reduce the
power of the solvent.
A decrease of apparent viscosity under shear stress,
followed by a gradual recovery when the stress is
removed. The effect is time dependent. Its antonym is
rheopexy.
A part of the mold that shapes a thread.
Bars that provide structural rigidity to the clamping
mechanism of an injection molding press and usually
guide platen movement.
A mechanism that exerts pressure developed by the
application of force on a knee joint. It is used as
a method of closing presses and serves to apply pressure
at the same time.
A specified allowance for deviation in weighing and
measuring or for deviations from the standard dimensions of weight.
Solid-state polymerization of crystalline monomer without
any intermediate loss of order. The topotactic oligomers
have been produced, but the order is lost as the polymerization progresses beyond a low degree of polymerization.
Test equipment used for determining the dynamic
mechanical properties of plastics.
Stress caused by twisting a material.
The twisting or turning motion of a part. Torsional stress
is created when one end of a part is twisted in one
direction while the other is held rigid or twisted in the
other direction.
The extent to which a material absorbs energy without
fracture. A measure of the ability of a material to absorb
energy. The actual work per unit volume or unit mass of
2274
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Transesterification
Transfer molding
Translucent
Transmission electron
microscopy (TEM)
Transparent
Triblock polymer
Tristimulus colorimeter
Tumbling
Tunneling
UCST (upper critical
solution temperature)
Ultimate strength
Ultimate tensile
strength
material that is required to rupture it. Toughness is
proportional to the area under the load-elongation
curve from the origin to the breaking point.
An ester interchange reaction occurring when ester is
heated in the presence of hydroxy compound
(alcoholysis) or acid compound (acidolysis). Since
esterification is reversible, the transesterification occurs
between mixed esters in the presence of (thermally
activated) low concentration of volatile reaction
by-products. Ester-amide exchange can also be accomplished by similar (catalyzed) process.
A method of molding thermosetting materials in which
the plastic is first softened by heat and pressure in
a transfer chamber and then forced by high pressure
through suitable spruces, runners, and gates into
a closed mold for final shaping and curing.
The quality of transmitting light without being
transparent.
a microscopy technique in which an ultrathin specimen
is illuminated by an electron beam. Image formation is
made by detecting the electrons transmitted through the
specimen. The short wavelength of electrons allows
a much higher resolution in TEM (0.2 nm) than in its
visible light analogous: the optical microscopy
A material with a high degree of light transmission that
can be easily seen through.
A block copolymer consisting of three AnBmAn blocks.
The instrument for color measurement based on spectral
tristimulus values. The color is expressed in terms of
three primary colors: red, green, and blue.
Finishing operation for small plastic article by which
gates, flash, and fins are removed and/or surfaces are
polished by rotating them in a barrel together with
wooden pegs, sawdust, and polishing compounds.
Adding color to a material through tumble blending.
Release of longitudinal portions of the substrate in
incompletely bonded laminates and deformation of
these portions to form tunnellike structures.
The highest temperature of immiscibility, where binodal
and spinodal curves meet. This type of phase separation
predominates in solutions.
Strength at the break point in tensile test.
The highest stress sustained by a specimen in a tension
test. Rupture and ultimate stress may not be the same.
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Ultrasonic insertion
Ultrasonic sealing,
bonding, or welding
Ultrasonic testing
Ultrasonics
Ultraviolet, UV
Unbalanced mold
Undercut
Unimodal distribution
Unit mold
Universal testing
machine
Unsaturated polyester
2275
The inserting of metal into a thermoplastic part by the
application of vibratory mechanical pressure at ultrasonic frequencies.
A method in which sealing is accomplished through the
application of vibratory mechanical pressure at ultrasonic frequencies (16–4,000 kHz). Electrical energy is
converted to ultrasonic vibrations through the use of
a piezoelectric transducer. The vibratory pressures at
the interface in the sealing area develop localized heat
losses that melt the plastic surfaces effecting the seal.
Measurement of ultrasonic velocity and absorption
(dissipation of sonic energy as a result of conversion to
heat) to determine such structure-related factors as glass
transition temperature, cross-link density, branching,
morphology, composition, etc. Also a nondestructive
test applied to materials to locate internal flaws or structural discontinuities by high-frequency reflection or
attenuation ultrasonic beam.
Branch of acoustics dealing with periodic waves with
frequencies above the audible range, i.e., greater than
16 kHz.
The region of the electromagnetic spectrum between the
violet end of visible light and the X-ray region, including wavelengths from 10 to 390 nm. Because UV wavelengths are shorter than visible wavelengths, their
photons have more energy, which initiates some chemical reactions and degrades most plastics, particularly
aramids and polypropylenes.
A nonuniform layout of mold cavities and runner system, fill rate, packing pressure, and part quality will vary
from cavity to cavity. Used only for noncritical, standalone parts.
Having a protuberance or indentation that impedes withdrawal from a mold in its normal open/closed movement. Flexible materials can be ejected intact even with
slight undercuts.
Distribution with a single peak.
Mold designed for quick-changing interchangeable cavity parts. A mold that comprises only a single cavity,
frequently a pilot for the production set of molds.
A machine used to determine tensile, flexural, or compressive properties.
A low-molecular-weight polyester with unsaturated,
double bonds able to enter into cross-linking reaction
2276
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Unzipping
UV stabilizer
Vacuum metallizing
Variance
Vent
Vertical flash ring
Vicat softening point
Vinyl
Vinyl chloride plastics
Virgin plastics or virgin
material
Viscoelasticity
with added unsaturated monomer by the radical
mechanism. The latter reaction is usually initiated
by solution of methyl ethyl ketone peroxide. Also
a family of polyesters characterized by vinyl
unsaturation in the polyester backbone, which
enables subsequent hardening or curing by copolymerization with a reactive monomer in which the
polyester constituent has been dissolved.
Depropagation – a degradation reaction in which the
consecutive mers are gradually removed from one macromolecular chain end to another. Few polymers
undergo such a reverse propagation reaction, viz.,
PMMA, POM, and PTFE.
Any chemical compound that, when added to thermoplastic material, selectively absorbs ultraviolet rays.
Process in which surfaces are thinly coated with metal
by exposing them to the vapor of metal that has been
evaporated under vacuum (one millionth of normal
atmospheric pressure).
See “Standard deviation.”
In a mold, a shallow channel or minute hole cut in the
cavity to allow air to escape as the melt enters.
The clearance between the force plug and the vertical
wall of the cavity in a positive or semipositive mold.
Also the ring of excess material that escapes from the
cavity into this clearance space.
The temperature at which a flat-ended needle of 1 mm,
circular or square cross section, will penetrate
a thermoplastic specimen to a depth of 1 mm under
a specified load using a uniform rate of temperature
rise. The temperature at which a plastic is penetrated
to 1 mm depth by a flat-ended circular metal pin, while
in a controlled temperature silicone fluid bath.
Usually polyvinyl chloride, PVC, but may be used to
identify other polyvinyl plastics.
Plastics based on polyvinyl chloride, PVC, or copolymers of vinyl chloride with other monomers, the vinyl
chloride being the major component.
A material not previously used or processed and meeting
manufacturer’s specifications.
A property involving a combination of elastic and viscous behavior. A material having this property is considered to combine the features of an elastic solid and
Newtonian liquid.
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Viscosity
Viscometer
Viscous deformation
Void
Volume resistivity
Vulcanization
Warpage
Water absorption
Weathering
Weatherometer
Weibull distribution
function:
2277
The property of resistance to flow exhibited within the
body of a material, expressed in terms of relationship
between applied shearing stress and resulting rate of
strain in shear. A measurement of resistance of flow
due to internal friction when one layer of fluid is caused
to move in relationship to another layer. Viscosity is
quantitatively defined as a ratio of shear stress to
shear rate.
An instrument used for measuring the viscosity and flow
properties of fluids.
Any portion of the total deformation of a body that
remains permanently when the load is removed, also
referred to as nonelastic deformation.
A void or bubble occurring in the center of a heavy
thermoplastic part, usually caused by excessive shrinkage.
The electrical resistance between opposite faces of
a 1 cm cube of insulating material. It is measured
under prescribed conditions using a direct current potential after a specified time of electrification. Also called
specific insulation resistance (ASTM D257).
Process of converting of raw rubber compounds into
lightly cross-linked network elastomer. Vulcanization
of diene rubbers involves compounding it with sulfur
or sulfur compounds and then heating at about 140 C
for sometimes several hours. The process can be sped up
by addition of catalyst, viz., ZnO.
Dimensional distortion in a plastic object after molding.
The amount of water absorbed by a polymer when
immersed in water for stipulated periods of time.
A term encompassing exposure of polymers to solar or
ultraviolet light, temperature, oxygen, humidity, snow,
wind, pollutants (e.g., ozone, NO2, CO2), cyclical
changes of temperature and moisture, etc. Outdoor degradation of material, exposed to adverse weather factors.
An instrument used for studying the accelerated effects
of weather on plastics, using artificial light sources and
simulated weather conditions.
n
o
y ¼ ðb=aÞðx yÞb1 exp ðx gÞb=a
for : x g; y ¼ 0
for : x g
where x is a variable and a, b, and g are the distribution
parameters.
2278
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Welding
Welding horn
Wetting agent
Wheel abrading
Witness lines
WLF equation
Joining thermoplastic pieces by one of several heatsoftening processes. Butt fusion, spin welding, ultrasonic, and hot gas are examples of such methods.
The sonic-energy transmission and pressuretransmitting tool used for ultrasonic welding. Each
welding horn is tuned to specific amplitudes to
efficiently perform the welding operation.
An ingredient or solution used to lower the surface
tension between two materials, so that good coverage
and bonding occur.
Deflashing molded parts by abrasion with small particles at high velocity.
Lines left on a molded part by poor mating and fit of side
action cores.
Williams-Landel-Ferry equation that relates the value of
the shift factor, aT (associated with time-temperature
superposition of viscoelastic data), required to bring
log-modulus (or log-compliance) vs. time or frequency
curves measured at different temperatures onto a master
curve at a particular reference temperature, T0, usually
taken at 50 C above the glass transition temperature
(T0 ¼ Tg + 50 C):
aT ¼
Yellowness index
Yield point elongation
Yield point
Yield strength
C 1 ð T T0 Þ
½C2 þ ðT T0 Þ
where the constants, C1 and C2, are approximately identical for all polymers: 8.86 and 101.6 K, respectively.
Later, the WLF equation has been interpreted in terms of
the Doolittle’s free volume theory.
Measure of the tendency of plastics to turn yellow upon
long-term exposure to light.
In materials that exhibit a yield point, the difference
between the elongation at the completion and the start
of discontinuous yielding.
The point at which permanent deformation of a stressed
specimen begins to take place. Stress at which strain
increases without accompanying increase in stress. Only
materials that exhibit yielding have a yield point.
The stress at the yield point – stress at which a material
exhibits a specified limiting deviation from the proportionality of stress to strain or the lowest stress at which
a material undergoes plastic deformation. When the
material is elastic at lower stresses and viscoelastic at
higher, unless otherwise specified, the stress at the
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Young’s modulus
Zero defects
Ziegler-Natta
polymerization
2279
border of this change is the yield stress. Yield stress is
often defined as the stress needed to produce a specified
amount of plastic deformation, usually a 0.2 % change in
length. In tensile testing, the yield stress is taken as that at
which there is no increase in stress with a corresponding
increase in strain – usually the first peak on the curve. It
may also be defined as a specific limiting deviation from
the proportional stress–strain curve.
The ratio of normal stress to corresponding strain under
tensile or compressive loading at stresses below the
linearity limit of the material (also modulus of
elasticity).
A quality control method where anyone in the production cycle who discovers a quality problem can stop the
assembly line or manufacturing process until it is
corrected. The problem associated with this method is
that upper management is often never made aware that
a problem occurred. This lack of knowledge may prevent a complete repair from being initiated and the
problem continues to occur.
Chain polymerization on a Ziegler-Natta catalyst, Z-N.
The Z-N catalysts are based either on TiCl4, VCl5, or
CoCl3 mixed with either Al(C2H5)3 or Al(C2H5)2Cl,
e.g., reacting AlR3 (R is an alkyl group) with crystalline
TICl3 in an inert solvent. For example, three catalytic
systems led to polymerization of high-density polyethylene, HDPE, (1) molybdena-alumina, (2) hexavalent
CrO3 on silica, and (3) aluminum trialkyl (e.g., AlEt3)
with TiCl4. The polymerization occurs at relatively mild
conditions. Z-N polymerization is frequently used to
obtain stereoregular polymers, viz., either to an isotactic
or a syndiotactic polypropylene.
References
M.S.M. Alger, Polymer Science Dictionary (Elsevier Applied Science, London, 1989)
H. Batzer, F. Lohse, Einf€
uhrung in die makromoleculare (Chemie H€
utingt & Wepf Verlag, Basel,
1976)
J. Brandrup, E.H. Immergut, Polymer Handbook (Intersc Pub, New York, 1966)
P.J. Flory, Statistical Mechanics of Chain Molecules (Intersc Pub, New York, 1969)
J. Frado (ed.), Plastics Engineering Handbook, 4th edn. (Reinhold Pub Corp, New York, 1976)
C.A. Harper (ed.), Handbook of Plastics and Elastomers (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1975)
H.E. Pebly, Glossary of terms in composites, in Engineering Materials Handbook, vol. 1
(ASM International, Ohio, 1987)
2280
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
T.A. Richardson, Industrial Plastics: Theory and Application (Cincinnati, South-Western, 1983)
Standard Abbreviation of Terms Relating to Plastics, D1600, Annual Book of ASTM Standards,
American Society for Testing and Materials
Standard Definitions and Descriptions of Terms Relating to Conditioning, E41, Annual book of
ASTM Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials
Standard Definitions and Descriptions of Terms Relating to Dynamic Mechanical Measurements
on plastics, D4092, Annual book of ASTM Standards, American Society for Testing and
Materials
Standard Definitions and Descriptions of Terms Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing, E6,
Annual book of ASTM Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials
Standard Definitions and Descriptions of Terms Relating to Plastics, D883, Annual book of
ASTM Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials
Standard Definitions and Descriptions of Terms Relating to Reinforced Plastic Pultruded Products, D3918, Annual book of ASTM Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials
Standard Definitions and Descriptions of Terms Relating to Resinography, E375-75 (reproved in
1986), Annual book of ASTM Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials
Standard Guide for Identification of Plastic Materials, D4000, Annual book of ASTM Standards,
American Society for Testing and Materials
Standard Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry, E170, Annual book of
ASTM Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials
J. Thewlis, R.C. Glass, A.R. Meetham (eds.), Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Physics (Pergamon
Press, Oxford, 1967)
L.A. Utracki, Commercial Polymer Blends (Chapman & Hall, London, 1998)
L.A. Utracki, Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Commercial Polymer Blends (ChemTec Pub, Toronto,
1994)
L.A. Utracki, Polymer Alloys and Blends – Thermodynamics and Rheology (Hanser Pub, Munich,
1989)
Van Nostrand’s Scientific Encyclopaedia. (D. Van Nostrand Co. Inc., Princeton, 1958)
L.R. Whittington, Whittington’s Dictionary of Plastics, 2nd edn. (Technomic, Lancaster, 1978)
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers
and Their Blends
A
A-C
A-FAX
A-fax
A-Tell
Abbey #100
Abbey #400
Absafil
Abson
Abstrene
Accpro
Acctuf
Acculloy
Accutech
Acetabel
Acetron GP Acetal
Acetron NS Acetal
Achieve
Acihr
Aclar, Aclon
Aclyn
Acme
Acpol
Acraldon
Low molecular weight polyethylene, PE
Amorphous polypropylene, PP
Polypropylene, PP
Polyethylene-p-oxybenzoate for fibers
Poly(vinyl chloride) compound, PVC
Polypropylene, PP
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, ABS
ABS/PVC blends
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, ABS
Polypropylene blends
High-impact ethylene-propylene copolymers
Polymer alloys
Reinforced resins
Cellulose acetate, CA
POM reinforced or not (rods or sheets)
POM. lubricated (rods or sheets)
Metallocene-grade isotactic polypropylene, PP
Fluoropolymer film
Fluorocarbon PCTFE film
Low molecular weight EVAc ionomers
Epoxy resins and molding compounds
Acrylic or thermoset polyesters; acrylic/urethane/
styrene IPN
Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, EVAc
Allied-Signal Inc.
Himont
Himont
ICI
Abbey Plastic Corp.
Abbey Plastic Corp.
Fiberfil/Akzo/DSM
Abtec/BF Goodrich
Distillers
Amoco Chemical
Amoco Chemical
Aclo Compounders
Aclo Compounders
Ponceblanc
Polymer Corp.
Polymer Corp.
Exxon
Allied-Signal Inc.
Allied-Signal Inc.
Allied-Signal Inc.
Allied Products Corp.
Freeman Chem Co.
Bayer AG
(continued)
L.A. Utracki, C.A. Wilkie (eds.), Polymer Blends Handbook,
DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-6064-6,
# Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014
2281
2282
Acralen
Acrifix
Acrilan
Acronal
Acrylafil
Acrylan
Acrylan-Rubber
Acrylite
Acrylite FF
Acrylite GP
Acrylite SDP
Acrylivin
Acryloid
Acrylyn
Acrypanel
Acrypoly
Acryrex
ACS
ACS Resin NS
Acsium
ACter
ACumist
ACX
Addylene
Addylon
Adell A, B
Adell F
Adell H
Adell K
Adflex
Adion A
Adion H
Adiprene
Admer
Adpro AP
Adpro
Adstif
Aerolam, Aerolite
Aeroweb, Aracast
Afcole`ne
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Elastomers
PMMA, poly(methyl methacrylate)
Polyacrylonitrile, PAN
Acrylic esters; homo- and copolymers
Glass fiber-reinforced SAN
Acrylic fiber
Butyl acrylate-acrylonitrile copolymer
Acrylic (PMMA)
Poly(methyl methacrylate) powder, sheets, PMMA
Cast acrylic sheet, PMMA
Bayer AG
Ro¨hm AG
Chemstrand Corp.
BASF Plastics
Akzo/DSM
Monsanto
Monomer Corp.
Cyro Industries
Cyro Industries
Chemacryl Plastics,
Ltd.
Double-skinned acrylic sheet, PMMA
Chemacryl Plastics,
Ltd.
Poly(vinyl chloride)/Acrylic alloy
Gen. Tire & Rubber
Poly(methyl methacrylate)-butadiene-styrene
Rohm and Haas
Melt-processable rubber
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
PMMA, poly(methyl methacrylate)
Mitsubishi Rayon Co.
Acrylic extruded sheet, PMMA
Chi Mei Ind. Co. Ltd.
Acrylic resin, PMMA
Chi Mei Ind. Co. Ltd.
Chlorinated polyolefins, e.g., PE, cross-linked or not Showa Denko K. K.
Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, SAN
Biddle Sawyer Corp.
Alkylated chlorosulfonated polyethylene, CSR
DuPont/Safic-Alcan
Low molecular weight terpolymers
Allied-Signal Inc.
Micronized polyolefins, PO
Allied-Signal Inc.
Polyoxymethylene, POM
United Composites
Polypropylene, PP
Addiplast
Polyamides, PA
Addiplast
Polyamide-6 or polyamide-66; reinforced or not, Adell Plastics, Inc.
PA-6
Polypropylene; reinforced or not, PP
Adell Plastics, Inc.
Poly(butylene terephthalate); reinforced or not, PBT Adell Plastics, Inc.
Polyethylene; reinforced or not, PE
Adell Plastics, Inc.
Reactor PP alloy; soft PP/EP copolymer
Himont Inc.
ABS/hydrophilic-PA; antistatic, for medical uses Asahi Chemical Ind.
HIPS/hydrophilic-PA; antistatic, for cassettes
Asahi Chemical Ind.
Diisocyanates, polyurethanes, PU
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Polyolefins, PO
Mitsui Petrochem.
Reactor olefinic thermoplastic elastomers, RTPO Genesis Polymers
Polypropylene, PP
Novacor/Genesis
Polymers
Rigid polypropylene made in Catalloy process
Himont Inc.
Epoxy resin and molding compounds
Ciba-Geigy Ltd.
Honeycomb materials
Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, SAN
Rhoˆne Poulenc
(continued)
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Afcoryl
Affinity
Aflas FA
Aflas
Aflon
Ahane
Aim
Airflex
Akulon
Akuloy J
Akuloy RM
Akuloy XT
Alathon
Alathon
Albertol
Albidur
Albis
Alcotex
Alcryn
Alcudia
Alcupol
Alfon Cop.
Alftalat
Algoflon
Algoflon
Alkapols
Alkathene
Alkox
Alkydal
Alkyde
Alkynol
Allied CM-X
Allobec
Alloprene
Alpha-PVC
Alphaseal
2283
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, ABS Pechiney-SaintGobain
Polyolefin plastomer, containing 0–20 wt%
Dow Chem. Co.
comonomer based on Insite™ metallocene
technology, with long chain branching
Fluoropolymers
3M Ind. Chem.
PTFE + PP + cure site monomer terpolymer
Asahi Glass
Poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-ethylene)
Asahi Glass
Ultra low-density polyethylene, ULDPE
Dow Chem. Co.
–
Dow Plastics
Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, EVAc
AP&C
PA-6, PA-66, blends with PO, reinforced or not Akzo/DSM Plastics
Polyamide-66 with PP and 30 % glass fiber
DSM Plastics Int.
Polyamide-6 or polyamide-66 blend with
DSM Plastics Int.
functionalized-PP; glass fiber or mineral filled or not
Polyamide-6/thermoset elastomer alloy
DSM Plastics Int.
Polyethylene resins, PE
Occidental
Polyethylenes, PE
Cain Chem. Inc.
Phenol-formaldehyde resins, PF
Chem. Werke Albert
Thermosetting resins; PU, epoxides, polyesters
OFACI
Polyamide-6/Polyolefin (10 %) blend
Albis Plastics
Poly(vinyl alcohol), PVAl
Revertex
Chlorinated olefin/EVAl/acrylate ester blends;
E. I. du Pont de
PVC/ethylene-carbon monoxide-vinyl chloride
Nemours
copolymer; TP elastomers
Polyethylene, PE
Repsol Quimica SA
Polyols, polyurethanes, PU
Repsol Quimica SA
Modified ethylenetetrafluoroethylene copolymer Asahi Glass
Alkyd resins
Chem. Werke Albert
Fluorinated resins
Enimont
Polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE
Montecatini/Ausimont
Polyfunctional PPO polyols
Rhoˆne-Poulenc
High-density polyethylene, HDPE
ICI Adv. Mater.
Polyethylene oxide
Meisei Chemical
Works
Alkyd, polyester resins, UP
Bayer AG/Miles
Polyester polyurethanes, TPU
Synres-Almoco
Polyester resins for paints and varnishes, UP
Bayer
Polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE
Allied-Signal Corp.
Polyesterimide, PEI
Dr. Beck & Co.
Chlorinated rubber
ICI Adv. Mater.
Flexible PVC – CPD
Alpha Chem. &
Plastics
TPO elastomer for packaging
Alpha Chem. &
Plastics
(continued)
2284
Alphatec
Alphon
Alton
Altuchoc
Altuglas
Altuglas
Altulite
Alulon
Amberlite
Ameripol CB
Ameripol
Ameripol
Ameripol SM
Amidel
Amidel
Amilan
Amilon
Amoco 10
Amoco 20
Amoco A-I
Amoco G
Amodel AAmodel ADAmodel ETAmoron
Ampal
Ampec
Ampol
Antron
Apec
Apex
Apiax
Apiflex
Apilon
Aplical
APP
Applied Comp 8000
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
TPE for medical products
Alpha Chem. &
Plastics
Fluoroelastomer, PTFE/elastomer blends
Custom M.P.
Poly(phenylene sulfide)/polytetrafluoroethylene Intl. Polym. Corp.
Polycarbonate, PC
Societe Altulor SA
Acrylic, poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA;
Societe Altulor SA/
sheets
Elf Atochem
PUR/PMMA interpenetrating polymer networks Elf Atochem
Poly(methyl methacrylate); powder, PMMA
Societe Altulor SA
Polyamide-66, PA-66
Akzo/DSM
Synthetic ion exchanger
Rohm and Haas
Polybutadiene, PB
BF Goodrich
Polyisoprene, CPI
Firestone
Polyisoprene, CPI
Firestone
cis-1,4-Polyisoprene, CPI
Firestone
Polyamide, amorphous, transparent
Union Carbide
Polyamide-6, PA-6
Toray Industries
Glass fiber- or mineral-reinforced polyamide-6
Toray Industries
Polyamide-6 or polyamide-66, PA-6 or PA-66
Toray Industries
Polypropylenes, PP
Amoco Chem. Corp.
Polyethylenes, PE
Amoco Chem. Corp.
Polyimide; insulative and conductive coatings
Amoco Chem. Corp.
Polystyrene, PS
Amoco Chem. Corp.
Polyphthalamide, reinforced
Amoco Performance
Products
Polyphthalamide, PPA, semicrystalline-PA
Amoco Performance
Products
Polyphthalamide, impact modified
Amoco Performance
Products
Polythioethersulfone, block copolymer with 53 % Dainippon Ink &
PPS and poly(phenylene sulfide)sulfone, PPSS, Chem.
filled with 0, 30, and 40 wt% glass and PTFE
Polyester, unsaturated, UP
Ciba-Geigy Ltd.
Ethyl cellulose, EC
American Polymers
Cellulose propionate, CP, or cellulose acetateAmerican Polymers
butyrate, CAB
Polyamide fiber
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Aromatic, “high heat,” polyester carbonate, PEC Bayer AG/Miles
Poly(vinyl chloride) compounds; PVC
Teknor Apex
Polyether compound
Polymix
Poly(vinyl chloride), semirigid, plastified; PVC Polymix
Polyurethanes, PU, or poly(vinyl chloride), PVC Polymix
Polyimide film, PI
Allied Signal Inc.
Polypropylenes, PP
Reichhold Chem., Inc.
Thermoset polyester-based composites, UP
Applied Composites
(continued)
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Appryl
Apscom
Aqua Keep
Aqualoy 100
Aqualoy 600
Aquathene
Arakote
Araldite
Arcel
Arcol
Ardel D-100
Ardel
Areca
Ariloks
Arimax
Aristech
Arlon
Arloy 1000
Arloy 2000
Arloy
Arnel
Arnite PBTP
Arnite
Arnitel
Aropol
Aroset
Arpak/Arpro
Arpro/Arpak
Arradur
Arum
Polypropylene, PP
Speciality thermoplastics (ABS, Acrylics, SAN,
Akzo/DSM POM, PC, PEI, PP, PPE, PPS, etc.)
Superabsorbent polymers
Polypropylenes, PP
Polyamide-66
Polyethylene
Thermoset polyesters, UP
Epoxy resins, EP
Polyethylene copolymers
Polyols
Polyarylate, bisphenol-A iso-/terephthalate
PAr/PET blends
Reinforced polypropylene, PP
Poly(phenylene ether)/HIPS; PPE/HIPS blends
Polyurethanes, PU
Polypropylene, PP
Polyetheretherketone; reinforced or not, PEEK
Polycarbonate, PC/SMA blend
Styrene maleic anhydride, SMA/PET alloys
PC/SMA/HIPS blends
Cellulose triacetate
Poly(butylene terephthalate), reinforced or not
Poly(ethylene terephthalate), reinforced or not
Thermoplastic ether-ester elastomer, TPE
Unsaturated polyesters, UP
Acrylic copolymers (P-sensitive adhesives)
Polyethylene-expanded beads
Polypropylene-expanded beads
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, ABS
Polyimide for injection molding
Arylef
Arylon
Polyarylate
Polyarylate, PAr, PET blends
Asahi PPS RE
Ashlene
Poly(phenylene sulfide), PPS alloy
Polyamide-6, polyamide-612, or polyamide-66;
reinforced or not
Thermoplastic polyester; PET-based blends
Phenol-formaldehyde resins, PF
Fiber-grade polyethylene resins, PE
Acrylic dispersion
Polyarylethersulfone, PAES,
[f–O–f–SO2–f–f–SO2–]
Filled polypropylene, PP
Aspect
Asplit
Aspun
Asterite
Astrel
Astryn
2285
Elf Atochem
Elf Atochem
CoAlloy Intl. Corp.
CoAlloy Intl. Corp.
Quantum
Ciba-Geigy Corp.
Ciba-Geigy Ltd.
ARCO Chemical
ARCO Chemical
Amoco Chem. Co.
Amoco Chem. Co.
SPCI
USSR
Ashland Chem. Co
Aristech Chem Corp.
Du Pont/Green, Tweed
Arco Chem. Co.
Arco Chem. Co.
Amoco
Celanese
Akzo/DSM
Akzo/DSM
Akzo/DSM
Ashland Chem.
Ashland Chem.
ARCO Chemical/JSP
ARCO Chemical/JSP
Elf Atochem
Mitsui Toatsu Chem.,
Inc.
Solvay
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Asahi Glass
Ashley Polymers Inc
Phillips 66 Co.
Hoechst
Dow Chem. Co.
ICI Chem. Polym. Ltd.
Carborundum
Himont
(continued)
2286
Astyr
Atlac
Atlantic Polybead
Atlas
Attane
Aurum
Avimid
AVP
AVP Resin
Avron
Avtel
AX-500
Azdel
Azloy
Azmet
B
Bakelite DFD
Bakelite DHDA
Bakelite DPD
Bakelite DQDA
Bakelite ERL, ERR
Bakelite HFD
Bapolan 1000
Bapolan 4000, 5000
Bapolan 6000
Bapolan 7000
Bapolan 8445
Bapolene
Barex
Basopor
Basotect
Bayblend DP2
Bayblend
Baycoll/Baymer
Baycomp
Baydur
Bayer LCP
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Butadiene rubber, BR
Unsaturated polyester resin, UP
Montecatini
DSM/Koppers Co.,
Inc.
Expanded polystyrene, PS
Atlantic Gypsum
Acrylate and methacrylate resins
Degussa
Ultra low-density linear polyethylene copolymers Dow Chem. Co.
Polyimide; for injection molding, recyclable
Mitsui Toatsu
Thermoplastic polyimide
E.I. du Pont de
Nemours
Engineering thermoplastic resins and blends
Polymerland, Inc.
Recycled thermoplastic resins
Polymerland, Inc.
Acrylic dispersion
ICI Chem. Polym. Ltd.
Advanced composites
Phillips 66 Co.
Amorphous polyarylate/PA-6 alloy + 40 % glass Unitika
Continuous glass fiber-filled PP
Azdel Inc.
Continuous glass fiber-reinforced PC/PBT blends Azdel Inc.
Crystalline polyester-based composite
Azdel Inc.
Polyethylenes, PE
Bakelite/Union
Carbide
Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, EVAc
Bakelite/Union
Carbide
Acrylic resins
Bakelite/Union
Carbide
Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, EVAc
Bakelite/Union
Carbide
Epoxy resins, EP
Bakelite/Union
Carbide
Polyethylenes, PE
Bakelite/Union
Carbide
Polyethylenes; reinforced or not, PE
Bamberg Polymers
Polypropylenes, PP
Bamberg Polymers
Polystyrenes, PS
Bamberg Polymers
Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, SAN
Bamberg Polymers
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, ABS Bamberg Polymers
Polyethylene
Bamberger
Polyacrylonitrile and acrylonitrile copolymers
BP Chemicals, Intl.
transparent for bottles, films, etc.
Urea-formaldehyde resin, UF
BASF Plastics
Elastic melamine foam, MPF
BASF Plastics
PC/ABS alloy; molding, structural foam, etc.
Bayer AG/Miles
PC/ABS alloys, reinforced, flame retard or not
Bayer AG/Miles
Polyurethanes, PU
Bayer AG/Miles
Fiber-reinforced plastic
Bay Mills
Polyurethanes, PU
Bayer AG/Miles
Liquid crystal polymers, LCP
Bayer AG/Miles
(continued)
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Bayer Silicone
Bayfill/Bayfit
Bayflex
Bayfol CR
Bayfol
Baygal/Baymidur
Baylon
Baylon
Baylon
Baymer/Baysport
Baymoflex
Baynat/Baytec
Baypren
Baypren Latex
Baypren/Bystal
Baysilone
Baytac
Baytec 800
Beckacite
Beckopox
Beetle
Beetle
Beetle
Beetle
Beetle
Beetle
Beetle
Beetle
Benvic
Bergacell
Bergadur
Bergamid
Bergaprop
Beta
Bexel
Bexloy
Silicones
Polyurethanes, PU
Polyurea for reactive injection molding, RIM
PC/PBT blends
Films made of PC blends
Polyurethane casting resins, PU
Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, EVAc
Polycarbonate PC
Polyamide-66
Polyurethanes, PU
Acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylic rubber blend
Polyurethane, PU
Chloroprene rubber, CR; for molding
Anionic lattices of chloroprene rubber, CR
Polychloroprene elastomers
Silicones
Laminating adhesives (hot melt)
Polyurethanes, PU
Phenol-formaldehyde resins, PF
Epoxy resins, EP
a-cellulose-reinforced urea-formaldehyde, UF
PBT, PET compounds
Polyamide-6, polyamide-66 compounds, PA-6
Polycarbonate compounds, PC
Polyester compounds (PMC)
Polyoxymethylene, POM
Unsaturated polyester resins, UP
Urea-formaldehyde molding powders UF
PVC blends with ABS, NBR, MBS, CPE, etc.
with glass fiber or not
Cellulose acetates, CA
Thermoplastic polyesters
Polyamides reinforced or not, PA
Reinforced polypropylene, PP
–
SAN/acrylic alloys
Automotive engineering resins (an ionomer)
Bexloy C
Amorphous polyamide blend, PA
Bexloy J
Poly(butylenes terephthalate), PBT, blend
Bexloy K
Reinforced PET blend
Bexloy M
Aromatic polyester blend
2287
Bayer AG/Miles
Bayer AG/Miles
Bayer AG/Miles
Bayer AG/Miles
Bayer AG/Miles
Bayer AG/Miles
Bayer AG/Miles
Bayer AG/Miles
Bay Resins
Bayer AG/Miles
Bayer AG/Miles
Bayer AG/Miles
Polysar/Bayer AG
Polysar/Bayer AG
Bayer AG/Miles
Bayer AG/Miles
IGI Baychem, Inc.
Bayer AG/Miles
Reichhold Ltd.
Reichhold Ltd.
BIP Chemicals Ltd.
BIP Chemicals Ltd.
BIP Chemicals Ltd.
BIP Chemicals Ltd.
BIP Chemicals Ltd.
BIP Chemicals Ltd.
BIP Chemicals Ltd.
BIP Chemicals Ltd.
Solvay & Cie SA
Th. Bergmann
Th. Bergmann
Th. Bergmann
Th. Bergmann
Beta Polymers
Bakelite Xylonite
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
(continued)
2288
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Bexloy
Polyarylate, PAr, PET blends
Bexloy V
Thermoplastic copolyester elastomer blend
Bexloy W
Ionomer engineering blend
Bexoid
Bexone F
Bextrene
Bioform
Biopol
Biresin
Blane
Blendex
Cellulose acetate, CA
Poly(vinyl formal), PVFM
Polystyrene, PS
Acrylic-based IPN for artificial teeth
Poly(b-hydroxybutyric acid), PHBA
Thermoset resins, UP
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC; with clay or not
ABS modifier/processing aid for rigid PVC
Blendur
Blendur-E
Blueboard
BMC
Boltaron
PU-based thermoset blend
Epoxides, EP
Plastic foam insulation
Unsaturated polyester; reinforced or not, UP
Poly(vinyl chloride)/acrylic alloy sheets
Bond 811B
Bonoplex
Bonvic
Bovidur/Bovil
BP D, H
BP Polystyrene
BR
Brilion BT 40
Bristrend
Bromo XP-50
Epoxy resins, EP
Poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA
Rigid PVC formulation based on emulsion resin
Poly(vinyl chloride) compounds, PVC
Polyethylenes, PE
Polystyrene, PS
Poly(phenylene sulfide), PPS/PTFE blend
Polyamide alloys, PA
Poly(vinyl chloride)/Poly(vinyl acetate)
Brominated poly(isobutylene-co-pmethylstyrene)
Elastomers
Thermosetting polyimide
Polyamide-6, PA-6
cis-1,4-Polybutadiene, PB
Thermoplastic elastomers: EPR or EPDM
Styrene-butadiene block copolymer, for impact
modification of PS, leading to HIPS
Butadiene rubber, BR; polymerized with Ti-,
Nd-, or Li-based catalyst
Expandable SBR, E-SBR
Butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymer, MBR
Poly(butadiene-co-acrylonitrile), MBR
Polybutadiene, PB
Butadiene-styrene copolymer, SB
Bromobutyl
BT resin
Budd Cast
Budene
Buna AP
Buna BL
Buna CB
Buna EM
Buna H€uls butacryl
Buna N
Buna
Buna S
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
British Xylonite
British Xylonite
British Xylonite
Dentsply International
SPCI
BP Performance
GE Speciality
Chemicals
Bayer AG/Miles
Bayer AG/Miles
Dow Chem. Co.
BMC Inc.
GenCorp Polymer
Prod.
Furane Products
AB Bofors, Sweden
Solvay & Cie SA
Maprac
BP Chemicals Ltd.
BP Chemicals Ltd.
Phillips 66 Co.
EMS
Polymers Inc.
Exxon Chem.
Exxon Chem.
Mitsubishi Gas Chem.
Budd Co.
Goodyear, USA
Bunawerke H€
uls
Polysar/Bayer AG
Polysar/Bayer AG
Bunawerke H€
uls
Plastugil, France
Chem. Werke H€
uls
Buna AG
Chem. Werke H€
uls
(continued)
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Bur-A-Loy
Butacite
Butaclor
Butacon
Butaprene
Buton
Butvar
PVC/nitrile rubber blends
Poly(vinyl butyral) sheeting; safety glass
sheeting E. I. du Pont de Nemours
Polychloroprene, CR
Butadiene copolymers
Styrene-butadiene copolymers
Cross-linked butadiene-styrene copolymer
Poly(vinyl butyral)
Butylkautschuk
BVC
BXL
Polyisobutylene with 5 % isoprene, PIB
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC
Polysulfone, PSU
Bynel (CXA)
Coextrudable adhesive resins
C
C-020
C-Flex
Cadon
Calatrava
Caleprene
Calibre
Calibre CR
Calibre IM
Calprene
Capran
Caprolan
Capron
Capron
Capron AB
Caradate
Caradol
Carapor
Carbopol
Carboset
Carbowax
Carbres
Cardura
Cariflex I
Cariflex
Caril
Carilon
Polypropylene, PP
Thermoplastic elastomers; SEBS/PDMS blends
SMA and SMA/ABS elastomeric blends with
glass fibers or not
High-density polyethylene, HDPE
Elastomers
Polycarbonate, PC, and its blends
PC blended with PBT and PET
PC blended with an elastomer
Synthetic rubber
Polyamide-6; resins, films, fibers, laminates, PA
Thermoplastic elastomers
Polyamide-6 and blends; reinforced or not, PA
Polyamide/PO or elastomer blend
Polyamide-6/elastomer; food grade barrier resin
Polyurethanes, isocyanates, PU
Polyols for PU
Additive for polyurethane
Acrylic acid polymers, PAA
Acrylic polymers
Poly(ethylene glycol), PEO
2289
Mach-1 Compounding
Distugil
ICI
Firestone
Exxon, GB
Shawinigan
Chemicals
Bayer AG/Miles
Bayshore Vinyl
Union Carbide Co.,
Inc.
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Aristech Chem.
Concept Polymer
Monsanto Chem. Co.
Repsol Quimica
Repsol Quimica
Dow Chem. Co.
Sumitomo Dow Ltd.
Sumitomo Dow Ltd.
Repsol Quimica SA
Allied-Signal Inc.
Elastogran
Allied-Signal Inc.
Allied-Signal Inc.
Allied-Signal Inc.
Shell Chem. Co.
Shell Chem. Co.
Shell Chem. Co.
BF Goodrich
BF Goodrich
Union Carbide Co.,
Inc.
Reinforced polypropylene, PP
SIC Plastic
Chemical intermediates
Shell Chem. Co.
cis-1,4-Polyisoprene
Shell Chem. Co.
Styrene-butadiene block copolymer, SB
Shell Chem. Co.
Poly(phenylene ether), PPE blend
Shell Chem. Co.
Linear, alternating olefin/CO copolymer, COPO, Shell Chem. Co.
engineering resin with good barrier properties
[based on Pd catalyst; introduced in 1995]
(continued)
2290
Carina
Carinex
Caristar
Carloy
Cast Nylon
Castethane
Catalloy
Cefor
Celanese Nylon 6
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC
Polystyrene, PS
Plastic packaging material
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC/elastomer blend
Polyamide, PA
Elastomer systems
Polypropylene copolymer alloy
Polypropylene
Polyamide-6, PA-6 impact modified
Shell Chem. Co.
Shell Chem. Co.
Shell Chem. Co.
Cary Chem. Inc.
Commercial Plastic
Dow Chem. Co.
Himont
Shell Chem. Co.
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Celanese Nylon 6/6
Polyamide-66 and polyamide-66/TPU alloys
Hoechst Celanese
glass fiber reinforced or not
Corp.
Celanese
Polyamide-6, polyamide-66, PA-6 or PA-66
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Celanex
PBT/elastomer; blends reinforced or not
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Celanex
PBT/PET/elastomer; blends reinforced or not
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Celazole
Thermoplastic polyimides, reinforced or not
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Celcon
Copolyoxymethylene, POM, glass-reinforced,
Hoechst Celanese
impact-modified elastomer blends
Corp.
Celion
Carbon fibers
BASF Plastics
Cellasto
Cellular PUR elastomers
BASF Plastics
Cellatherm
Polyesterimide, PEI
Reichhold Chemie
Cellidor B
Cellulose acetate-butyrate, CAB
Bayer AG/Miles
Cellidor CP
Cellulose propionate, CP
Bayer AG/Miles
Cellit
Cellulose acetate or cellulose propionate
Bayer AG/Miles
Cellon
Cellulose acetate, CA
Dynamit Nobel
Cellophan
Cellulose hydrate from pulp
Kalle
Cellosize
Hydroxyethyl cellulose
Union Carbide
Celltrek 3000
Polyol for PU foam without CFC
Dow Europe
Celluloid
Cellulose nitrate plasticized with camphor, CN
Hoechst Celanese
Celstran
Long glass fiber-reinforced thermoplastics, viz., Hoechst Celanese
POM, PBT, PET, PA, etc.
Corp.
Centrex 800
ASA-based, weatherable polymers
Monsanto Chem. Co.
Centrex
Acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate copolymers, ASA/ Monsanto Chem. Co.
AES rubber modified blends
Cevian
ABS
Hoechst Celanese Co.
Chem-AD
Epoxy and polyurethane industrial adhesive
Chemque
Chem-POT
Encapsulating resins of epoxy and polyurethane Chemque
Chemfluor
Polytetrafluoroethylene compounds, PTFE
Norton Performance
Chemigum
Nitrile rubber, NBR; TP elastomers
Goodyear Chem.
Chemigum TPE
NBR blend with PVC, CPE, TPU, and/or PA
Goodyear Chem.
Chemorset
Epoxy adhesives, EP
Chemor Inc
Chemplex 1000, 3000 Polyethylenes, PE
Norchem, Inc.
(continued)
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Chemplex 5000, 6000
Chemplex EVA
Chemplex PE
Chen-Lon
Chevron
Chlorkautschuk
Chlorobutyl
Cibamin
Cibanoid
CIL 100
CIL 1000
Cis-4
Cladlux
Claradex
Clarene
Clariflex TR
Clear 01
Cleartuf 7000
Clysar
Cobex
Codabs
Codica
Codimel
Codix
Comalloy 110
Comalloy 210
Comalloy 220
Comalloy 240
Comalloy 260
Comalloy 310
Comalloy 410
Comalloy 510
Comalloy 610
Comalloy 620
Comalloy 640
Comalloy 710
Comalloy 740
Comalloy 832
Comalloy 862
Comalloy 940
Comalloy
Comco Nylon 6
Comco Nylon 6
Polyethylenes, PE
EVAc for extrusion coating, laminating
EVAc for tough film applications
Polyimide, PI, adhesive
Polypropylene, PP
Chlorinated natural rubber
Elastomers
UF, MF-lacquer resins
Urea-formaldehyde, UF, molding material
Low-density polyethylenes and copolymers
Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, EVAc
cis-1,4-Polyisoprene
Acrylic/PVC alloy
ABS
Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol); EVAl or EVOH
Styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer, SBS
PVC alloy with glutarimide acrylic copolymer
for hot-fill bottles
Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET
PO shrink films
2291
Norchem, Inc.
Norchem, Inc.
Norchem, Inc.
Chemtronics
Chevron
Bayer AG/Miles
Exxon Chem.
Ciba-Geigy Ltd.
Ciba-Geigy Ltd.
CIL Inc.
CIL Inc.
Phillips
Richard Daleman
Shin-A
Solvay & Cie SA
Shell Chem. Co.
Georgia Gulf
Goodyear
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Poly(vinyl chloride)
Bakelite Xylonite
ABS reinforced or not
Codiplast
Reinforced polypropylene, PP
Codiplast
Reinforced poly(vinyl chloride), PVC
Codiplast
Polypropylene, PP
Codiplast
Polypropylenes; reinforced or not, PP
Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Polystyrenes; reinforced or not, PS
Comalloy Intl. Corp.
ABS; reinforced
Comalloy Intl. Corp.
SAN; glass fiber reinforced
Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Polystyrene; glass fiber reinforced, PS
Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Poly(vinyl chloride); glass fiber reinforced, PVC Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Poly(butylene terephthalate); glass fiber reinforced Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Polycarbonate; mineral/glass fiber reinforced
Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Polyamide-6; glass fiber reinforced, PA-6
Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Polyamide-66; glass fiber reinforced, PA-66
Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Polyamide-612; glass fiber reinforced, PA-612
Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Poly(phenylene sulfide); mineral/GF reinforced Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Polysulfone; glass fiber reinforced, PSU
Comalloy Intl. Corp.
ABS/PVC alloy
Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Polyamide-66; glass fiber reinforced, PA-66
Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Polypropylene; 50 % copper filled, PP
Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Polycarbonates, PC
Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Polyamide-6, PA-6
Commercial Plastic
Polyamide-6, PA-6
Commercial Plastic
(continued)
2292
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Comco Nylon 6/6
Comco PVC
Comco UHMW-PE
Comp Armor
Polyamide-66, PA-66
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC
Ultrahigh molecular weight PE, UHMWPE
Unsaturated polyester, UP
Compodic
Compound No. 1000
Comshield
Comtuf 100
Comtuf 400
Comtuf 600
Conap CE-1132
Conap CE-1170
Conap UC-21
Conapoxy
Conathane
Condux 8000A
Conex
Conoptic
Contrex
Coral rubber
Cordura
Corezyn
Corovin
Corton
Corvic
Cosmic DAP
Courlene
Courlene PY
Courtelle
CP 41
CP D33
CP
CPP30GF
Crastin
Crastin
Crastin XMB
Crastone
Crealan
Creslan
CRI
Crystalor PMP
Crystic
CTE
CTI AN
Polyamides, PA
Unsaturated polyester, UP
Filled polypropylene, PP
Reinforced polypropylene, PP
Reinforced polyesters, PBT, PET
Reinforced polyamides-6, PA-612, or PA-66
Unsaturated polyesters, UP
Acrylic resins
Polyurethanes, PU
Epoxy resins, reinforced or not, EP
Polyurethanes (TS)
Poly(vinyl chloride)/ABS alloy, PVC/ABS
Aramid
Polyurethanes (TS)
Acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate terpolymer, ASA
cis-1,4-Polyisoprene
Polyamide fiber
Unsaturated vinyl esters or polyesters, UP
Polypropylene, PP
Mineral-filled resins
Poly(vinyl chloride) polymers, PVC
Diallyl phthalate (TS), DAP
Polyethylene, PE fiber
Polypropylene, PP-fiber
Polyacrylonitrile, PAN
Acrylates
Diallyl phthalate (TS); reinforced or not, DAP
PMMA/elastomer blend
Mineral-reinforced polypropylene, PP
Poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT
Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET
Poly(butylene terephthalate)/ABS blends
Poly(ethylene sulfide), PES
Thermoset resins
Acrylic fiber
Polyamide-6, PA-6
Poly(4-methylpentene-1), PMP
Unsaturated polyesters, UP
Acrylics
Glass fiber-reinforced polyamide, PA
Commercial Plastic
Commercial Plastic
Commercial Plastic
Haysite Reinforced
Plastics
DIC Trading
Resinoid Engr. Corp.
Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Conap, Inc.
Conap, Inc.
Conap, Inc.
Conap, Inc.
Conap, Inc.
Advanced Dynamics
Teijin/Hoechst
Conap, Inc.
Monsanto Europe SA
BF Goodrich
DuPont de Nemours
Interplastic Corp.
J. H. Benecke
PolyPacific
European Vinyls Corp.
Cosmic Plastics
Courtaulds Fibers Ltd.
Courtaulds Fibers Ltd.
Courtaulds Fibers Ltd.
Continental Poly.
Cosmic Plastics
Continental
Ferro Corp.
Ciba-Geigy Ltd.
Ciba-Geigy Ltd.
DuPont
Ciba-Geigy/Phillips
Bayer
Cyanamid
Custom Resins
Phillips 66 Co.
Ashland Chem
Richardson Polymer
CTI
(continued)
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
CTI AS
CTI AT
CTI ES
CTI NH
CTI NI
CTI NJ
CTI NL
CTI NN
CTI NY
CTI PC
CTI PF
CTI PI
CTI PK
CTI PS
CTI SF
CTI SN
Cyanacryl
Cyanaprene
Cycogel
Cycolac
Cycolac EHA
Cycolac G
Cycolac GCT/M
Cycolac SDB
Cycolac SDM
Cycolin
Cycoloy
Cycoloy EHA
Cycoloy LG9000
Cycopac
Cycovin
Cycovin K25
Cycovin KAB
Cyglas
Cymel
Cyrex 200
Cyrex
Cyrolite
D
D-007
D-10FG
D.E.R.
D7
2293
Glass fiber-reinforced ABS
Glass fiber-reinforced polyoxymethylene, POM
Glass fiber-reinforced polyethersulfone, PES
Glass fiber-reinforced polyamide-11, PA-11
Glass fiber-reinforced polyamide-610, PA-610
Glass fiber-reinforced polyamide-12, PA-12
Glass fiber-reinforced polyamide-612, PA-612
Glass fiber-reinforced polyamide-66, PA-66
Glass fiber-reinforced polyamide-6, PA-6
Fiber-reinforced polycarbonate, PC
Fiber-reinforced polysulfone, PSU
Fiber-reinforced polyetherimide, PEI
Fiber-reinforced polyetheretherketone, PEEK
Glass fiber-reinforced poly(butylenes terephthalate)
Glass fiber-reinforced poly(phenylene sulfide), PPS
Glass fiber-reinforced SAN
Alkyl-co-alkoxyalkyl acrylates, elastomers
Castable urethane, PU
ABS
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymers, ABS
ABS/PC alloys
ABS/PBT
ABS/PBT automotive blends
ABS/engineering polymer blends
ABS/electrostatic dissipation polymer blends
ABS/PBT alloy
ABS/PC; ABS/PVC; or ABS/TPU blends
PC/ABS alloys with varying PC content
PC/ABS low-gloss alloy
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymers, ABS
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, ABS
Poly(vinyl chloride)/ABS high impact alloy
ABS/PVC alloys
Unsaturated polyesters; reinforced or not
Alpha cellulose-reinforced melamineformaldehyde
PMMA/PC opaque, high-impact-strength alloys
SAN/PC opaque blends
Acrylic-based, impact-modified highly
transparent multipolymer
CTI
CTI
CTI
CTI
CTI
CTI
CTI
CTI
CTI
CTI
CTI
CTI
CTI
CTI
CTI
CTI
Akzo/DSM
Cyanamid Co.
Nova Polymers
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
BF Goodrich
BF Goodrich
BF Goodrich
American Cyanamid
American Cyanamid
Polypropylene, PP
Glass fiber-reinforced ABS
Epoxy resins, EP
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, ABS
Aristech Chem.
Thermofil, Inc.
Dow Chem. Co.
Thermofil, Inc.
(continued)
Cyro Industries
Cyro Industries
Cyro Industries
2294
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
D8
Dacron
Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, SAN
Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET fibers
Dai El
Daki Polistyren
Dalpen
Daltoflex I
Dalvor
Dapex RX
Daplen
Dapon
Daramelt
Dararay
Daraseal
Darawave
Daron 40
PTFE/PHFP/PVDF or PVDF/PHFP elastomers
Styrene-butadiene copolymer, SBR
Polyolefins: PE or PP
Polyurethane rubber
Fluorinated EPR rubber, FEP
Diallyl phthalate, DAP
LDPE, HDPE, PP, GMT, PCD
Diallyl phthalate resin
Hot melt adhesives/sealants
Microwave fluxed plastisols
Poly(vinyl chloride) plastisols, PVC
Microwave curable plastisols, PVC
Unsaturated polyester/polyurethane
thermosetting blends for fiber-filled systems
Hybrid polyester resin; HT resistance
Polystyrene, PS
Poly(vinyl chloride)
Polyamide-6, -10, PA-610
Extruded polycarbonate sheet, PC
Acrylic/PVC alloy
Polyamides
Polycarbonate, PC/PET alloy
Acrylates and methacrylates, PMMA powder
Extruded acrylic sheet, PMMA
Polyoxymethylene (acetal) resins, POM, some
grades contain PTFE
POM toughened by addition of TPU elastomer
Daron
Dart PS-100
Darvic
Decaplast
Decargias
Decoloy
Deerlon
Defsan
Degalan
Deglas
Delrin
Delrin T, ST
Demospan
DEN
Denka HS
Denka LCS
Denka Taimelan
DER
Derakane
Desmodur
Desmopan
Desmopan
Desmophen A
Dexcarb
Dexter RPI
Thermofil, Inc.
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Daikin/Chevassus
INA
Kingsley & Keith/PCD
ICI
Dow Chem. Co.
Rogers Corp.
Polymere Gesellschaft
FMC Corp.
W R Grace
W R Grace
W R Grace
W R Grace
DSM
DSM
Dart Polymers, Inc.
ICI
Montefibre
Degussa AG
Borg-Warner/Ube
Deer Polymer
USSR
Degussa AG
Degussa AG
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Polyurethanes
Bayer
Epoxy resins, EP
Dow Chem.
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer/PC
Denki Kagaku
Poly(vinyl chloride)/NBR blends
Denki Kagaku/
Chevassus
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer/PVC Denki Kagaku
Epoxy resins, EP
Dow Chem. Co.
Thermoset vinyl ester epoxy resins
Dow Chem. Co.
Polyurethanes, isocyanates
Bayer AG/Miles
Polycarbonate, PC, with TPU blends
Bayer AG/Miles
Thermoplastic polyurethanes, TPU, isocyanates Bayer AG/Miles
TPU ether or ester elastomers
Bayer AG/Miles
Polycarbonate/polyamide, PC/PA alloys
Dexter Corp.
Polycarbonate/ABS alloys
Dexter Corp.
(continued)
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Dexel
Dexflex
Dexlon
Dexloy
Dexpro
Dexter RPI 101EP
Dexter RPI 101EP
Dexter RPI 201EP
Dexter RPI 207EP
Dexter RPI 310
Dexter RPI 424, 600
Dexter RPI 500EP
Dexter RPI BEE-15
Dexter RPI BEE-18
Dexter RPI BEE-23
Dia Alloy
Diacon
Diamond
Diarex
Diathon
DIC-PPS SE-730
Dielectrite
Diene
Difan
Dimension
Diolen
Dion
Dispercoll
Distifoam/Distitron
Distugil
DK
DKE 450
Dolan
Dorlastan
Dow ABS
Dow CG
Dow Corning 1
Dow D.E.H./D.E.R.
Dow HDPE
Dow LDPE
Dow SAN
Cellulose acetate
PO alloys
Polyamide/polypropylene, PA/PP alloy
Customized alloys
Polypropylene/polyamide, PP/PA alloy
Polypropylene/polyolefins, PP/PO alloy
Polypropylene/polyolefins; reinforced or not
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, ABS
ABS/polycarbonate alloys
Poly(butylene terephthalate); reinforced or not, PBT
Glass fiber-reinforced polyamide-6 or
polyamide-66, PA
Polycarbonates; reinforced or not, PC
Polyesters
Polyamides, PA
Polyesters
ABS/PC alloys
PMMA, acrylic/elastomer blends (powder)
–
Styrene-butadiene copolymer, SBR
Acrylic coatings
Poly(phenylene sulfide), PPS, alloys with PPE for
high HDT and low flash
Unsaturated polyesters, UP
Polybutadiene
Poly(vinylidene chloride), PVDC
PA-6 blends with PPE; reinforced or not with up
to 30 wt% GF
Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET
Unsaturated vinyl esters, UP
Polyurethanes, water dispersions
Polyester resins, UP
Polyurethane elastomers, PUR
Epoxy resins, EP
Poly(methyl methacrylate)/PVC alloy
2295
Courtaulds Fibers Ltd.
Dexter Corp.
Dexter Corp.
Dexter Corp.
Dexter Corp.
Dexter Corp.
Dexter Corp.
Dexter Corp.
Dexter Corp.
Dexter Corp.
Dexter Corp.
Dexter Corp.
Dexter Corp.
Dexter Corp.
Dexter Corp.
Mitsubishi Rayon
ICI Adv. Mater.
Diamond Polymers
Mitsubishi Monsanto
ICI Polyurethanes
Dainippon Ink
&Chem.
Industrial Dielect.
Firestone
BASF A.-G.
AlliedSignal
ENKA-Glanzstoff
Koppers Co., Inc.
Bayer
Maprac
Arnaud Promecome
Dexter Corp.
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Polyacrylonitrile, PAN
S€
udd. Zellwolle
Spandex fiber
Bayer
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, ABS Dow Chem. Co.
Polyethylenes, PE
Dow Chem. Co.
Silicones
Dow Corning
Epoxy resins, EP
Dow Chem. Co.
High-density polyethylene, HDPE
Dow Chem. Co.
Low-density polyethylene, LDPE
Dow Chem. Co.
Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, SAN
Dow Chem. Co.
(continued)
2296
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Dow Tyrin
Dowex
Dowlex IP-2580
Dowlex IP-90
Dowlex
Dowlex NG
Dralon
Drexflex
Driscopipe pipe
DS6CO1K
Dualite
Duct 2.5
Duethan BC
Duocel
Duoclad
Duodeck
Duolite
Chlorinated polyethylene, CPE
Ion-exchange resin
Linear low-density polyethylene, LLDPE
High-density polyethylene, HDPE
Linear low-density polyethylene, LLDPE
Poly(ethylene-co-octene) LLDPEs
Polyacrylonitrile, PAN, fiber
TP elastomer
Polyethylene pipe, PE
Polypropylene, PP
Poly(vinylidene chloride), PVDC, microspheres
Epoxy resins, EP
Elastomer modified PA-6 blends
Epoxy coating, EP
Epoxy flooring systems, EP
Polyurethane membrane, PU
Ion-exchange resin
DuPont LCP
Liquid crystal polymers, LCP
Duracon
Duracryn
Polyoxymethylene, POM
TPE: ethylene interpolymers/PP or PE
Duraflex
Duraflex 8000
Dural
Polyisobutylene, PIB
Polyethylenes, PE
Reinforced rigid poly(vinyl chloride), CPD
Dural 776/X6
Poly(vinyl chloride)/ABS high impact alloy
Duralex
Poly(vinyl chloride)/PU/NBR alloy
Duralon
Duraloy 1000
Polyamide-11, PA-11
Polyoxymethylene, POM, with elastomer
Duraloy 2000
Duraloy
Poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT, with
elastomer
PBT blended with elastomers or POM
Duraloy/Vandar
POM/TPU or PBT/elastomer blends
Durastrength
Acrylic impact modifier for outdoor PVC siding
and window profiles
Industrial coatings
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC
Polyarylate, PAr, and PAr/PBT blends, glass fiber
reinforced or not
Duratop
Duravin
Durel
Dow Chem. Co.
Dow Chem. Co.
Dow Chem. Co.
Dow Chem. Co.
Dow Chem. Co.
Dow Chem. Co.
Bayer AG/Miles
D&S Plastics
Phillips 66 Co.
Shell Chem. Co.
Pierce & Stevens
Furane Products
Bayer AG/Miles
Duochem Inc.
Duochem Inc.
Duochem Inc.
Chemical Processing
Co.
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Daicel-Polyplastics
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Shell Chem.
Shell Chem.
Dexter Corp./Alpha
Chemical
Alpha Chem. &
Plastics
Alpha Chem. &
Plastics
Thermoclad Co.
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Elf Atochem
Thermoclad Co.
Thermoclad Co.
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
(continued)
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Durethan
Dycryl
Dyflor 2000
DYGL
Dylark
Dylene
Dylite
Dylite EPS
Dym
PA-6, PA-66, blended with PO or elastomer,
modified and/or reinforced
PA-6 blended with ethylene-butyl acrylateacrylic acid
PA-6 blended with methacrylate-butyl acrylatebisphenol-A copolymer, with glass fiber or not
Polyurethane, thermoplastic, TPU
Thermoset phenolic compounds; filled or not
Thermoset diallyl phthalate compounds, DAP
GRP application and SMC
GRP syntactical foam
Polycarbonate, PC
EPR copolymers
Thermoplastic elastomer, TPO
Polypropylene, PP, graft for high-temperature
steel pipes
Photopolymer system
Poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVDF
Styrene maleic anhydride copolymer, SMA
SMA and its blends (with, e.g., PBT, HIPS)
Polystyrene, PS; styrene-butadiene rubber, SBR
Polystyrene – expandable, EPS
Polystyrene – expandable, EPS (25 % recycles)
Polyester elastomer
Dymetrol
Elastomeric type
Dynacoll
Dynaflex
Dynalit
Dynamar
Dynapol
Dynapor
Dynaset
Dyneema
Dynel
Dynyl
Dyphene
Polyesters
PP/EPDM/NBR blends
Poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT
Fluoroelastomer processing aid for LLDPE film
Polyester resins
Phenolic resin foams, PF
Phenolic compounds, PF
UHMWPE gel-spun fibers
Vinyl chloride-acrylonitrile copolymer
Polyblockamides: PA-66-mb-PA-636
Phenolic resins, PF
Dytherm
Dytherm
Dytron XL
E
E-08, 9900
E-260H, 2748
E1-
Expandable copolymer for rigid foam
Expandable copolymers
Polyolefins/elastomer blends
Durethan BC
Durethan RM
Durethan U
Durez 111
Durez SI-75
Durodet
Durolito
Durolon
Dutral
Dutralene
Duval
Reinforced poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT
Epoxy; reinforced or not, EP
Glass fiber-filled PET/PBT polyesters
2297
Bayer AG/Miles Inc.
Bayer AG/Miles Inc.
Bayer AG/Miles Inc.
Bayer AG/Miles Inc.
Cain Chem. Inc.
Cain Chem. Inc.
Mitras Kunstoffe
Mitras Kunstoffe
Polymix
Himont/Enimont
Himont/Montedison
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
DuPont de Nemours
Dynamit Nobel
Polymer Composites
Arco Chem. Co.
Arco Chem. Co.
Arco Chem. Co.
Arco Chem. Co.
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
H€
uls AG
Dynamit Nobel
3M Canada Inc
H€
uls AG
Dynamit Nobel
Reichhold Ltd.
DSM
Union Carbide Co., Inc.
Rhoˆne Poulenc
PMC Specialties
Group
Arco Chem. Co.
Arco Chem. Co.
Monsanto Chem. Co.
Thermofil, Inc.
ICI/Fiberite
Thermofil, Inc.
(continued)
2298
E484
EA 3000
Eagle Picher EP
EB 6000
Eastalloy DA003
Ebaco
Ebecryl
EC 6000
Ecavyl
Eccogel
Eccoseal
Eccothane
Econit SHF-MR
Econol
Ecothene
Edistir
Editer
EE4000
EFK
Ekkcel
Ekonol
Ektar
Ektar DN
Ektar FB
Ektar FB CG
Ektar FB DG
Ektar FB PG
Ektar MB DA003
Elastalloy
Elastocell
Elastocoat
Elastoflex
Elastofoam
Elastogran
Elastolan
Elastolit
Elastopal
Elastopor
Elastopreg
Elastorob
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Glass-filled epoxy, EP
Polystyrene, PS
Unsaturated polyesters with glass fibers, UP
Polystyrene, PS
Transparent copolyester/PC alloy
Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, EVAc
Acrylates and methacrylates
Polystyrene, PS
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC
Epoxy resins, EP
Epoxy resins, EP
Polyurethane, PU
Polypropylene/nitrile rubber
Cosmic Plastics
Chevron Chem.
Eagle Picher Plas.
Chevron Chem.
Eastman
Neste Chim.
UCB Soc.
Chevron Chem.
Kuhlmann/Fr.
Emerson & Cuming
Emerson & Cuming
Emerson & Cuming
Resine Sintet.
Adamoli
Poly(p-hydroxybenzoic acid ester)
Sumitomo Chem.
HDPE containing 28 % postconsumer resin
Quantum Chem. Corp.
High-impact polystyrene, HIPS, PS
ECP Enimont
Polymeri
Glass fiber-reinforced ABS
ECP Enimont
Polymeri
Mineral-filled epoxy, EP
Dexter Corp.
Aromatic polyester
Sumitomo Chemical
Aromatic polyester
Carborundum
Poly(p-hydroxybenzoic acid), Tm ¼ 550 C
Carborundum
Thermoplastic polyesters and copolyesters: PET, Eastman Chem. Prod.
PBT, PCT, PCTG polyesters
Thermoplastic polyesters
Eastman Chem. Prod.
TP elastomers
Eastman Chem. Prod.
Glass fiber-filled polyarylate
Eastman Chem. Prod.
Glass fiber-filled poly(ethylene terephthalate),
Eastman Chem. Prod.
PET
Glass fiber-filled polypropylene, PP
Eastman Chem. Prod.
PCTG/PC or SMA transparent alloys
Eastman Chem. Prod
TP elastomers
GLS Corporation
Polyurethane foam compounds, PU
BASF Plastics
Polyurethane casting systems, PU
BASF Plastics
Soft PUR foam system
BASF Plastics
Soft integral-skin PUR foam
BASF Plastics
Family of polyurethanes, PU
BASF Plastics
Thermoplastic polyurethane, TPE
BASF Plastics
Hard integral-skin PUR foam
BASF Plastics
Polyurethane elastomers, PUR
BASF Plastics
Hard PUR foam systems
BASF Plastics
Semifinished product glass-mat
BASF Plastics
Polyurethane elastomers, PUR
Robbe
(continued)
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Elastosil
Elastotec
Elastron
Elastuff
Electrafil 55-EC
Electrafil ABS
Electrafil CF
Electrafil
Electrafil G-1100
Electrafil G-50
Electrafil J-1
Electrafil J-1105
Electrafil J-1106
Electrafil J-1200
Electrafil J-1300
Electrafil J-1400
Electrafil J-1500
Electrafil J-3
Electrafil J-30
Electrafil J-50
Electrafil J-60
Electrafil SMA
Elemid
Elexar
Elix
Eltex P
Eltex
Elvacet
Elvacite
Elvamide
Elvanol
Elvax
Elvic
EM-7302
Emac
EMI-X
Emiclear
EMPEE PE
EMPEE PP
EMPEE PP
Silicone rubbers
Polyester thermoplastic elastomers
PU vapor barriers
Urethane coatings, PU
Carbon black-filled EVAc
ABS, aluminum filled
Polyamide-66, carbon fiber filled; PA-66
Electrically conductive plastics
2299
Wacker Chemie
BASF Plastics
ICI Polyurethanes
ICI Polyurethanes
Akzo/DSM
Akzo/DSM
Akzo/DSM
Wilson-Fiberfil Inc./
DSM
Polyethersulfone, stainless steel filled, PES
Akzo/DSM
Polycarbonate, carbon fiber filled, PC
Akzo/DSM
Polyamide-66, carbon fiber filled, PA-66
Akzo/DSM
Polyetheretherketone, carbon fiber filled, PEEK Akzo/DSM
Polyetherimide, carbon fiber filled, PEI
Akzo/DSM
ABS, carbon fiber filled
Akzo/DSM
Poly(phenylene sulfide), carbon fiber filled, PPS Akzo/DSM
FTFE, carbon fiber filled
Akzo/DSM
Polysulfone, carbon fiber filled, PSU
Akzo/DSM
Polyamide-6, carbon fiber filled, PA-6
Akzo/DSM
Polystyrene, carbon fiber filled, PS
Akzo/DSM
Polycarbonate, carbon fiber filled, PC
Akzo/DSM
Polypropylene, carbon fiber filled, PP
Akzo/DSM
SMA plastics, aluminum filled
Akzo/DSM
ABS/polyamide alloys; PA/ABS
GE Plastics
Triblock SEBS or SBS thermoplastic elastomers Shell Chem.
Polymer modifiers: elastomer with either PB,
Monsanto Chem. Co.
SAN, SMA, ASA, or MSAN
Polypropylenes, PP; also highly isotactic PP
Solvay & Cie SA
Polyethylenes, PE
Solvay & Cie SA
Poly(vinyl acetate), PVAc
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Acrylic resins
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Polyamide resins, PA
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
PVAl, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers, EVAl E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, EVAc
Du Pont/Safic-Alcan
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC
Solvay & Cie SA
Epoxy resins, EP
Industrial Dielect.
EMA copolymer
Chevron
PA-6 or PA-66 with Al flakes for EMI control
LNP Eng. Plastics
–
Toshiba
Polyethylenes, PE
Monmouth Plastics
Glass fiber-reinforced polypropylene, PP
Monmouth Plastics
Polypropylenes, PP
Monmouth Plastics
(continued)
2300
EMPEE PS
Empee
Enathene
Encron
Enduran
Engage
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Enjay Butyl
Envex
EP Total
EP Total SL 180
EP
Epalex
EPDM XG 006
Epi-Rez
Epi-Rez
Epiall
Epic
Epikote
Epilox
EPM XF 004
Epo-Tek
Epocast
Epodite
Epolan
Epolene
Polystyrenes, PS
Polyethylene, polypropylene
Ethylene butyl acrylate
Polyester fiber
High-density PBT resin
Poly(ethylene-co-octene) a polyolefin elastomer,
POE, based on Insite™ metallocene technology
Isobutylene-isoprene copolymer, IIR
PI, PI lubricated by PTFE, MoS2, or graphite
EPDM, thermoplastic polyolefins
Silicones
Unsaturated polyesters, UP
–
Ethylene-propylene oil extended rubber
Epoxy resins, EP
Ethylene-propylene elastomer, EPR
Epoxy resins, EP
Epoxy/unsaturated polyesters, UP
Epoxy resins, EP
Ethylene-propylene elastomer, EPR
Ethylene-propylene impact modifier for TPO
Epoxy resins, EP
Ethylene-propylene elastomer, EPR
Epoxy resin
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, ABS
Oxidized polyolefin, PO
Epolite
Epon
Eponite
Eposir
Epoxilrub
Epoxylite
Eraclear
Epoxy; filled or not, EP
Epoxy resins, EP
Epoxy resin-based materials, EP
Epoxy resins, EP
Epoxy resins, EP
Epoxy resins, EP
LLDPE and VLLDPE
Eraclene
High-density polyethylene, HDPE
Eref LS
Eref
PP modified, with 40 % or 50 % glass fiber
PA-66 or PA-mXD6 blends with 40–60 % PP;
50 % glass fiber
Polyoxymethylene (acetal), POM
PA-6, internally lubricated, cast in rods and plates
PET rods or plates
Epoxy resins, EP
Polypropylene, PP
Ertacetal
Ertalon
Ertalyte PET-P
ES0002
Esall
Monmouth Plastics
Monmouth
Quantum
Akzo/DSM
GE Plastics
Dow Chem. Co.
Enjay
Rogers Corp.
Total Elastomers
Total Elastomers
Eagle Picher Plas.
PolyPacific
Polysar-Miles
Celanese
Devoe-Raynolds
Rogers Corp
Epic Resins
Shell Chem.
Soprochim
Polysar-Miles
Epoxy Technology
Elastomer Chem./USA
Showa Highpolymer
Industrial Resistol
Van Waters & Rogers
Ltd.
Hexcel Corp.
Shell Chem. Co.
Shell Chem. Co.
Kingsley & Keith/SIR
Furane Products
Epoxylite Corp.
ECP EniChem
Polymeri
ECP EniChem
Polymeri
Solvay SA
Solvay SA
Polymer Corp.
Polymer Corp.
Polymer Corp.
Dexter Corp.
Sumitomo Chem. Co.
(continued)
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Esbrid
Esbrite
Escalloy
Escor
Escorene Micro
Escorene
Escorene Ultra
Esso-PVC
Estalloy DA
Estane
Estar
Esthane
ET-Polymer
ET-Semicon
ETA-Polymer
Ethavin
Ethocel
Ethofil
Ethron
ETP
Euredur/Eurelon
Euremelt
Eurepox
Europrene SOL T
Evaclene
Evaco
Evaflex
EVAL
Evalca
Evatane
Evatate
Evathane
Ever-Flex
Evoprene
Exac CTFE
Exac ECTFE
Exac ETFE
Exac FEP
Exac PFA
Exac PTFE
Polyamide-6 with 50 % ceramic and glass reinforced
Polystyrene, PS
Polypropylene, PP
Ethylene-acrylic acid, EAA, copolymers
Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, EVAc
2301
Thermofil, Inc.
Sumitomo Chem. Co.
Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Exxon Chem
Exxon Chem/Esso
Chem
Polyolefins (PO): LDPE, LLDPE, MDPE, PP
Exxon Chem/Esso
Chem.
Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, EVAc
Exxon Chem/Esso
Chem
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC
Esso Chemical
Polyester/polycarbonate blends
Eastman Kodak
Thermoplastic polyurethanes, TPU, and
BF Goodrich/
TPU/SAN or TPU/ABS blends
Polyplastic
Polyester film
Eastman Kodak
Polyurethane TPE
BF Goodrich
Butyl-grafted polyethylene, PE
ABB Polymer Comp.
Conductive butyl-grafted PE
ABB Polymer Comp.
PP/EPDM, TPO alloys, thermoplastic elastomers Republic Plastics
Olefinic/poly(vinyl chloride) alloy
Vi-Chem Corp.
Cellulose ethers: ethyl and methyl
Dow Chem. Co.
Polyethylenes; glass fiber filled, PE
Akzo/DSM
Polyethylenes, PE
Dow Chem. Co.
Polyamide/acrylic thermoplastic elastomer blend E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Polyamide resins, PA
Schering AG
Polyamide and polyester resins
Schering AG
Epoxy resins, EP
Schering AG
Triblock SBS or SIS thermoplastic elastomers
EniChem
Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, EVAc
Anic
Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, EVAc
Neste Chim.
Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, EVAc
Mitsui
Ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers, EVAc
EVAL Co. of America
EVA copolymer
EVAL Co. of America
Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, EVAc
ICI
Ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers, EVAl
Sumitomo Chem. Co.
Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, EVAc
Elf Atochem
Thermoplastic elastomers, TPO formulations
Quality Service
Technology
Thermoplastic elastomers, TPE
Evode Plastics Ltd.
CTFE fluorocarbon
Norton Performance
ECTFE fluorocarbon
Norton Performance
ETFE fluorocarbon
Norton Performance
FEP fluorocarbon
Norton Performance
PFA fluorocarbon
Norton Performance
PTFE fluorocarbon
Norton Performance
(continued)
2302
Exac PVDF
Exact PE
Exprima
Extir
Extron
Exxelor
Exxon Butyl 077
Exxtral
F
F-007
F-40MF
F-9900
F6
Fascat
Faskene
Fastool
Fenilin
Fenochem
Ferrene
Ferrex
Ferro Flex
Ferrocon
Ferroflo
Ferrolene
Ferrolene TPE
Ferropak
Fertene
FF-020
Fibercore
Fiberfil
Fiberfil G-1
Fiberfil G-1500
Fiberfil G-40
Fiberfil G-50
Fiberfil G-60
Fiberfil J-1106
Fiberfil J-1300
Fiberfil J-1850
Fiberfil J-7
Fiberfil NY-12
Fiberfil NY-7
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
PVDF fluorocarbon
Norton Performance
Polyethylene (medical grade) prepared using the Exxon Chem. Co.
metallocene catalyst, Exxpol
Rigid poly(vinyl chloride) compounds, PVC
European Vinyls
Corp.
Expandable polystyrene, EPS
ECP Enimont
Polymeri
Glass-filled resins
PolyPacific
Polymeric modifiers
Exxon Chem.
IIR, also chlorobutyl and bromobutyl rubbers
Exxon Chem.
Reactor olefinic thermoplastic elastomers, RTPO Exxon Chem.
Polypropylene; glass filled or not, PP
Polyethylene; glass filled or not, PE
Polyethylenes, PE
Glass fiber-filled polyethylenes, PE
Alkydes, polyesters, silicones
Poly(vinyl chloride) compounds, PVC
Filled epoxy resins, EP
Poly(m-phenyleneisophthalamide), PPA
Phenol-formaldehyde resins, PF
Filled polyolefins, PO
Mineral-filled polypropylenes, PP
Polypropylene, PP, PP/EPDM or EPM blends
Polypropylenes, PP
Polyolefins, PO, polystyrene, PS
PP, rubber modified, containing 20 % mineral
IPN-type PP/EPDM blends
PP/PE alloy
Low-density polyethylene, LDPE
Polypropylene, PP
Glass-filled unsaturated polyesters, UP
Fiber-reinforced material
Polyamide-66 with glass fiber, PA-66
Fiber-filled polysulfone, PSU
Fiber-filled SAN
Fiber-filled polycarbonate, PC
Fiber-filled polypropylene, PP
Glass fiber-filled polyetherimide, PEI
Glass fiber-filled poly(phenylene sulfide), PPS
Glass fiber-filled poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT
Fiber-filled polyamide, PA
Glass fiber-filled polyamide-612, PA-6,12
Glass fiber-filled polyamide, PA
Aristech Chem.
Aristech Chem.
Thermofil, Inc.
Thermofil, Inc.
Ceca
Technicompound
REN Plastics
USSR
C.P.R.I.
Ferro Corp.
Ferro Corp.
Ferro Corp.
Ferro Corp.
Ferro Corp.
Ferro-Eurostar
Ferro Corp.
Ferro Corp.
Montecatini
Aristech Chem.
American Cyanamid
DSM
Akzo/DSM
Akzo/DSM
Akzo/DSM
Akzo/DSM
Akzo/DSM
Akzo/DSM
Akzo/DSM
Akzo/DSM
Akzo/DSM
Akzo/DSM
Akzo/DSM
(continued)
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Fiberfil TN
Fiberstran
Fiberstran
Fibredux
Fibrela
Filabond
Filmex
Polyamide-6, 12 impact modified blends
containing PO; GF reinforced or not
Flame-retarded plastics
Phenolic compounds, PF
Graphite-filled polyimide, PI
Filled thermoset silica compounds
Poly(vinyl chloride) rigid formulation, PVC fiber
reinforced
Long glass-reinforced thermoplastics
Long fiber-reinforced material
Epoxy prepregs, EP
Honeycomb sandwich panels
Unsaturated polyester, UP
Cast film extrusion
Filmon
Cast polyamide, PA, films
Fina
Finaclear
Finaprene
Finaprop
Finathene
Firestone
Flemion
Flex-Line
Polystyrenes, PS
SBS, linear Poly(styrene-b-butadiene-b-styrene)
with 75 wt% styrene (lamellar structure)
Elastomers, TPE
Polypropylene, PP
Polyethylenes: LDPE, MDPE, HDPE
Polyamide-6, PA-6
Carboxylated fluoropolymer
Polyamide monofilaments, PA
Flexel
Flexomer
Flexomer DFDA
Flexorob/Flexothane
Flexthane
Flo-Well
Flovic
Fluon
Fluorel
Fluorocomp
Fluorofil
Fluorogold
Fluoromelt
Fluoromelt FP-CC
Fluoromelt FP-EC
Fluoromelt FP-FC
Fluoromelt FP-PC
Fluoromelt FP-VC
Fluorosint PTFE
Thermoplastic elastomers, TPE
Ultra low-density linear polyethylene ULDPE
ULDPE high flow processing aid for injection
Polyurethane, PU
Urethane-acrylate water-based coatings
PP/PVC copolymer blends
Poly(vinyl acetate), PVAc
Polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE
Thermoset fluoropolymers; PVDF/PHFP blend
60 % bronze-filled PTFE
Carbon/glass-filled PVDF
Polytetrafluoroethylene filled or not, PTFE
Fluoropolymers, melt processable
ECTFE, glass or carbon fiber filled
FTFE, glass or carbon fiber filled
FEP, glass or carbon fiber filled
PFA, glass or carbon fiber filled
PVDF, glass or carbon fiber filled
PTFE + mica composites (rods or plates)
Fiberfil VO
Fiberite FM
Fiberite PI
Fiberite SI
Fiberloc
2303
Akzo/DSM
Wilson-Fiberfil Intl.
Fiberite/ICI
Fiberite/ICI
Fiberite/ICI
BF Goodrich/Geon
Akzo/DSM
DSM
Ciba-Geigy Ltd.
Ciba-Geigy Ltd.
Reichhold Ltd.
Windmoeller/
Hoelscher
SNIA Tecnopolimeri
SpA
Fina Oil & Chem.
Fina Oil & Chem.
Fina Chem.
Fina Chem.
Fina Chem.
Firestone Canada Inc.
Asahi Glass
Elf Atochem
Deutschland
BF Goodrich
Union Carbide Co., Inc.
Union Carbide Co., Inc.
Robbe
Air Products & Chem.
Air Products & Chem.
ICI Adv. Mater.
ICI Adv. Mater.
3M Ind. Chem.
LNP Engineering
Akzo/DSM
Fluorocarbon
ICI Adv. Mater.
LNP Engineering
LNP Engineering
LNP Engineering
LNP Engineering
LNP Engineering
Polymer Corp.
(continued)
2304
Fluorotemp 103
Fluorothene
Fomrez/Formrez
Foraflon 51
Foraflon 1000
Foraflon
Formacast
Formaldafil
Formaldafil
Formica
Formion
Formion
Forprene
Forticel
Fortiflex
Fortiflex
Fortilene
Fortilene
Fortron
Fosta Tuf-Flex
FP-200
FPC 18MI
FPC 30
FPC 40
FPC 75
FPC 500, 600
FPC
Freshtuff
FT-015
Fulton 404
FurCarb
FyRid
G
G-2G-Resin
G1
Gabrite
Gafite
Gaflex
Gaflon
Gaftuf
Galalith
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Polyetheretherketone, PEEK, filled
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene, PCTFE
Polyurethane, PU
Fluorocarbon PTFE
Fluorocarbon PVDF
Poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVDF
Epoxy/polyurethane casting blends
Polyoxymethylene; filled or not, POM
Polyoxymethylene, POM/PTFE blend
Melamine-formaldehyde resin
Ionomer
Ionomer compounds; PO/ionomer blends
Olefinic thermoplastic elastomers, TPO
Propyl cellulose, CP
Fluorocarbon
DuPont de Nemours
Witco
Elf Atochem
Elf Atochem
Elf Atochem
Formulated Resins
Akzo/DSM
Fiberfil
Cyanamid
A. Schulman, Inc.
A. Schulman, Inc.
Ferro Corp.
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Polyethylenes, PE
Soltex Polymer Co.
Polyethylenes, PE
Solvay & Cie SA
Polypropylene, PP
Soltex Polymer Co.
Polypropylene, PP
Solvay & Cie SA
Poly(phenylene sulfide), linear PPS, glass and
Kureha Chem./
mineral reinforced or not
Hoechst Celanese
Styrene-butadiene copolymer, SBR
Hoechst AG
Polypropylene, PP
Aristech Chem.
Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, SAN
Federal Plastics
Polypropylene, PP
Federal Plastics
Polyethylene, PE
Federal Plastics
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, ABS Federal Plastics
Polyethylenes, PE
Federal Plastics
Polystyrene, PS
Federal Plastics
Ionomer/polyamide alloys
American Can Co.
Polypropylene, PP
Aristech Chem.
POM lubricated with PTFE
LNP Eng. Plastics
Furan-based TS resins; reinforced or not
QC Chem., Inc.
Flame-retardant polystyrene, PS
GE Plastics
Polyoxymethylene, filled: glass bead, graphite, etc. Thermofil, Inc.
Polyethylenes, PE
Union Carbide Co.,
Inc.
Glass fiber-filled polyoxymethylene, POM
Thermofil, Inc.
Phenol-formaldehyde, PF, molding material
Montecatini
PBT/elastomer alloys, reinforced or not
GAF Corp.
TPU, ester/ether thermoplastic elastomer
GAF Corp.
Polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE
Gachot, France
High-impact PBT/elastomer alloys
GAF Corp.
Plastics from milk protein, CS
Int. Galalith-Ges.
(continued)
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Gantrez
Gapex
Geon
Geon HTX
Georgia-Gulf
Gepax
Getem
Glaskyd
Glastic
Glendion/Tercarol
Poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic anhydride)
PP/PA-6 or PA-66 compatibilized alloy,
reinforced or not
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC
Thermoplastic elastomers
TPO for wire and cable applications
Thermoplastic alloy compounds
Thermoplastic elastomer
PVC compounds for cables
Polyurethanes, PU
PPE/PS foams
Unsaturated polyester, UP
Phenol-formaldehyde resins, PF
Polystyrene, PS
Expanded polystyrene, PS
Epoxy resins, EP
Amorphous polyamide, PA
Acrylic acid-styrene-acrylonitrile terpolymer, ASA
ASA/PVC alloys in pellet form
ASA/Poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA blends
ASA/Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC alloy
ASA/polycarbonate, PC blends for automobile
ASA/PC blends
Poly(vinyl alcohol)
Poly(phenylene ether)/PBT, PPE/PBT blends
Maleimide
Thermoplastic elastomer blends; NBR/EPDM or
PP/NBR blends
Poly(vinyl chloride) and blends, viz., PVC/NBR
Poly(vinyl chloride)-based high performance alloy
Poly(vinyl chloride) resins and alloys, PVC
PPE/crystalline PS alloys
Amorphous cyclomer-type polymers
Thermoset alkyd resins; filled or not, UP
Unsaturated polyesters; filled or not, UP
Polyether and polyester polyols
Glyptal
Goodrite Latex
Goodrite
GPC DELTA
GR7
Grafoil
Granular Compound
Alkyd resin, UP
SB and vinyl pyridine
Polyacrylic acid, PAA
Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, SAN
Glass-reinforced Zytel polyamides, PA
Foils of pure graphite
Urea-formaldehyde resin; cellulose filled, UF
Garamed
Garaprene E
Garaprene O
Garaprene
Garaprene
Gary PVC
GC 480
GECET
Gedamine
Gedelite
Gedex
Gedexcel
Gel 151
Gelon
Geloy GY1020
Geloy GY1220
Geloy SCC 1320
Geloy XP 2003
Geloy XP 4001
Geloy XP 4025
Gelvatol
Gemax
Gemon
Geolast
2305
GAF Corp
Ferro-Eurostar
Ferro Corp.
Ferro Corp.
Ferro Corp.
Evode Plastics Ltd.
Ferro Corp.
Evode Plastics Ltd.
Gallagher Corp.
GE Plastics
Norsolor, France
Norsolor, France
Elf Atochem
Elf Atochem
Furane Products
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
Shawinigan Chemicals
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
Advanced Elastom.
Syst.
BF Goodrich/Geon
BF Goodrich/Geon
Georgia-Gulf
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
American Cyanamid
Glastic Co.
ECP EniChem
Polymeri
GE Plastics
BF Goodrich
BF Goodrich
Grand Pacific
Du Pont Canada
Union Carbide Co., Inc.
Plastics Mfg. Co.
(continued)
2306
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Granular
Liquid crystal polyester, LCP
Granulation Comp.
Grilamid
Filled melamine-formaldehyde resin, MF
Polyamide-12, reinforced or not, PA-12; also
blends with aromatic-aliphatic polyamides
Polyetheramide, PEA
Polyamide, transparent, amorphous
Powder coating resins
PBT-extrusion and PET-molding resins
PA-6 or PA-612 blended with PB or EPR
Polyamide-6, PA-6, with PB or EPR; filled or not
PA-6/aromatic-aliphatic polyamide, PA alloys
Polyamide-66, PA-66
Polyamide-66/610 copolymer
Polyamide-polyethylene blend
Ethylene-propylene copolymers, EPR
PET, PBT; reinforced or not
Copolyamides, copolyesters
Amorphous engineering resin, reinforced or not
Amorphous polyamide, PA
Amorphous polyamide, PA
Copolyester resin for powder coating
Poly(vinyl chloride) compounds, PVC
ASA/polycarbonate, PC, alloys
Grilamid ELY-60
Grilamid TR
Grilesta
Grilet
Grilon
Grilon A
Grilon BT
Grilon T
Grilon XE
Grilon XE3404
Grilonit
Grilpet
Griltex
Grivory
Grivory G
Grilamid TR
Grilesta
Gumiplast
GX-200
H
H-Film
Halar
Halon
Halon 1000R
Halon 2000R
Halon 3000R
Halon 4000R
Halon ET
Hanalac
Hannam ABS
Haysite BMC
HC-3
HCPP
HDPEX
Heatlok
Herclor
Hercocel
PI (pyromellitic anhydride/
diaminodiphenylether)
ECTFE fluoropolymers
Fluoropolymer
Polytetrafluoroethylene, ETFE; glass fiber filled
Polytetrafluoroethylene, ETFE; graphite filled
Polytetrafluoroethylene, ETFE; bronze filled
Polytetrafluoroethylene, ETFE; graphite filled
Filled ETFE fluorocarbon
ABS
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, ABS
Unsaturated polyesters, glass filled, UP
Granmont Inc./
Montedison
Plastics Mfg. Co.
EMS-American Grilon
EMS-American Grilon
EMS-American Grilon
EMS-American Grilon
EMS-American Grilon
EMS-American Grilon
Emser Ind.
EMS-American Grilon
EMS-Chemie AG
EMS-Chemie AG
EMS-Chemie AG
Emser-Werke
EMS-Chemie AG
EMS-Chemie AG
EMS-American Grilon
EMS-Chemie AG
EMS-Chemie AG
EMS-Chemie AG
Saplast
GE Plastics
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Ausimont Inc.
Ausimont Inc.
Ausimont Inc.
Ausimont Inc.
Ausimont Inc.
Ausimont Inc.
Ausimont Inc.
Miwon
Hannam
Haysite Reinforced
Plastics
Polyethylene; filled, PE
CCA Compounding
High crystallinity polypropylene with isotacticity Chiso Corp.
99 %, broad MWD
Auto cross-linkable PE
ABB Polymer Comp.
Polyurethane elastomer, PUR resins
ICI Polyurethanes
Elastomers
Hercules
Cellulose acetate, CA
Hercules
(continued)
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Hercules K-type
Herculoid
Hercuprene
Hetron
Hevea-Plus
HF-2230
HHW, HHP
Hi-D
Hi-Fax
Hi-Zex
Hicond-2000
Hicond-X
HiFax
HiGlass
Hiloy 100
Hiloy 400
Hiloy 440
Hiloy 600
Himod PU GL
Histat-X
Hitalex
Hitanol
HiVal
HMS 1000
Hoslapren
Ethyl cellulose, EC
Cellulose nitrate, CN
Thermoplastic rubber, TPE
Unsaturated polyester, UP
NR/PMMA interpenetrating polymer networks
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC/ABS blends
Poly(vinyl chloride) rigid formulations, PVC
Polyethylenes, PE
High-density polyethylene, HDPE
Polyethylenes, PE
HDPE/PP electrically conductive alloy
Polyethylene, PE
Reactor olefinic thermoplastic elastomers, RTPO
Glass-filled polypropylene Himont
Glass fiber filled polypropylene, PP
Glass fiber filled poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT
Glass fiber filled poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET
Glass fiber-filled polyamide-6, polyamide-612 or
polyamide-66, PA
Thermoplastic polyurethane, TPU, alloys
Electrically conductive polyethylenes, PE
Polyethylene
Phenol-formaldehyde resin
Polyethylenes, HDPE
Conductive styrenic alloy
Chlorinated polyethylene, CPE
Hostacom
Filled or reinforced polypropylene, PP
Hostadur
Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET
Hostadur X
PBT/PET alloy
Hostaflon
Fluoropolymers (PTFE, PFA, ETFE)
Hostaflon C2
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene
Hostaflon ET
Ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene, ETFE
Hostaflon FEP
Tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene
Hostaflon TF
Polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE
Hostaflon TFM
Modified suspension PTFE
2307
Hercules
Hercules
J-Von
Ashland Chem. Co.
Malaysia
Georgia Gulf
Georgia Gulf
Chevron Chem.
Hercules
Mitsui Petrochem.
United Composites
United Composites
Himont Adv. Materials
Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Polymer Compos.
United Composites
Hitachi
Hitachi
General Polymers
HMS Compounds, Inc.
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
(continued)
2308
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Hostaform C
POM/TPU alloys
Hostaform
Hostalen GUR
POM copolymer, impact modified, reinforced,
etc.
Ultrahigh molecular weight PE, UHMWPE
Hostalen
UHMWPE, HDPE, PP/EPDM, resins and prod.
Hostalen PP
Polypropylene, PP
Hostalit
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC
Hostalit Z
High-impact PVC/CPE blends
Hostalloy 731
Polyolefin alloy, with high abrasion resistance
Hostamid
Polyamide, transparent, amorphous
Hostaphan
Hostapren
Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET
Chlorinated polyethylene, CPE
Hostatec
Polyetheretherketoneketone, PEK
Hostyren
Polystyrene, PS; PS/elastomer blends
HPP30GR
HTX
Hycar PA
Hycar
Hydrin
Hylar 5000
Hylar
Mineral/glass fiber-filled polypropylene, PP
Polyetherketone
Modified acrylic elastomers
PVC/nitrile rubber
Polyepichlorohydrin elastomer, can be blended
with any elastomer, sulfur or peroxide curable
Poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVDF
Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET
Hypalon
Chlorosulfonated PE (CSM) synthetic rubber
HyTemp
Hytrel
Hytrel HA
Polyacrylate elastomer, curable or not
Thermoplastic polyether-ester block copolymer
elastomers, 1,4-butanediol-polybutylene glycolterephthalic acid copolymer, TPE
Copolyester/polyacrylate/PET
I
Icdal Ti40
Idemitsu LCP
Idemitsu Polycarb.
Idemitsu SC
Igelit
Polyesterimide
Liquid crystal polyester, LCP
Polycarbonates, PC
PC/ABS, PES blends
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Kalle, Germany
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Ferro Corp.
ICI
BF Goodrich
BF Goodrich
Zeon Chemicals, Inc.
Ausimont
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Nippon Zeon Co., Ltd.
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Dynamit Nobel
Idemitsu Petro Chem
Idemitsu Petro Chem
Idemitsu Petro Chem
Bitterfeld, Germany
(continued)
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Illen
Instant-Set Polym.
Insultruc PIntene/Intex
Intol/Intolene
Ionac
Iotek
IPC
IPN-Compound
Iporka
Iropol
Poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT/elastomer
blend
Polyesterimide, PEI
Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET, glass
reinforced
High-impact acrylic blends
Resins
Polybutenes, PB
Linear low-density polyethylene, LLDPE
Rigid poly(vinyl chloride), PVC
Ethylene/octene copolymers prepared using the
constrained-geometry metallocene catalyst
Thermosetting polyurethane, PU
Unsaturated polyesters with glass fiber, UP
Elastomers
Elastomers
Ion-exchange resin
Ionomers
Glass fiber-filled poly(phenylene sulfide), PPS
Interpenetrating polymer
Urea-formaldehyde, UF, plastic foam
Polyester resin
Irostic
Polyurethane, TPU-adhesive resins
IRPS
Irrathene
Isobam
Isolic
Isomid
Isoplast
Isorob/Isothanne
Isplen
Isplen
ITP
Iupiace
Iupilon
Iupilon Polym. All.
Iupirex
Iupital F40-03
Iupital-FL
Polystyrene, PS
Polyethylenes cross-linked by radiation, XLPE
Copolymer of isobutylene and maleic anhydride
water soluble (protective colloids)
Acrylic resins
Polyesterimide, PEI
Polyurethanes
Polyurethanes, PU
Polypropylene, PP
Polypropylene, PP
PU/polyester/polystyrene IPN
PPE alloys
Polycarbonate, PC
Polycarbonate/ABS alloys
Polyimide
Polyoxymethylene, POM
Polyoxymethylene, POM, fluoropolymer blends
Iupital-FU
Polyoxymethylene, POM, elastomer blends
Ixan
Poly(vinylidene chloride) copolymers, PVDC
Imidex
Impet
Implex
Imprez
Indopol
Innovex
Inprima
Insite
2309
Dr. Illing GmbH
General Electric Co.
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Rohm and Haas
ICI Polymers
Amoco Chem. Co.
BP Chem. Ltd.
European Vinyls Corp.
Dow Plastics
Dow Chem. Co.
Industrial Dielect.
Enimont
Enimont
Ionac
Exxon Chem.
IPC
ABB Polymer Comp.
BASF Plastics
Armkem Iroquois
Chem.
Monon International
Inc
Huntsman Chem.
GE Plastics
Kuraray Co., Ltd.
Great Eastern
Schenectady Chem.
Dow Plastics
Robbe
Repsol Quimica
Repsol Quimica SA
ICI
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi Gas
Mitsubishi Gas
Ube Industries
Mitsubishi Gas Chem.
Mitsubishi Gas
Chem./Franklin
Mitsubishi Gas
Chem./Franklin
Solvay & Cie SA
(continued)
2310
Ixef
Ixol
Iztavil
J
J-Plast.
Jet-Flex
Jonylon
JSR Excelloy CB
JSR Excelloy GE
JSR NE
JSR NV
Jupilon
K
K-15NF
K-20NF
K-Resin
K-Resin SB Plastic
K-Resin
K-Resin
K2-30FG
K2-30NF
K2-50FG
Kadel
Kadon
Kaladex
Kalrez
Kamax
Kane Ace B
Kane Ace
Kane Ace PA
Kane Ace
Kane Ace XEL
Kane Ace-FM
Kaneka CPVC
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Semi-aromatic polyamide, PA, polyarylamides,
with GF or mineral
Polyetherpolyol halogened (for PU)
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC
Thermoplastic elastomer, TPE
Acrylonitrile-ethylene/propylene-styrene
copolymer
Polyamide-6, polyamide-66, PA
ABS/polycarbonate, alloys
Polycarbonate/AES, alloys
NBR/EPDM blends
NBR/poly(vinyl chloride), alloys
Polycarbonate, PC MBS (now Paraloid™)
Graphite fiber-filled polyethersulfone, PES
Glass fiber-filled polyethersulfone, PES
Butadiene-styrene copolymer, SBR
Styrene-butadiene copolymer, SB
Styrene-butadiene copolymer, SB
Styrene/butadiene bl. copolymer Phillips
Glass-reinforced polyetheretherketone, PEEK
Graphite fiber-reinforced polyetheretherketone
Graphite fiber-reinforced polyetheretherketone
Polyetherketone, aromatic, PEAK
Solvay & Cie SA
Solvay & Cie SA
Polimeros de Mexico
J-Von
Multibase, Inc.
BIP Chem. Ltd./
Polymix
Japan Synth. Rubber
Japan Synth. Rubber
Japan Synth. Rubber
Japan Synth. Rubber
Mitsubishi Chem.
Thermofil, Inc.
Thermofil, Inc.
Phillips Chemicals
Phillips 66 Co.
Phillips Petrol. Chem.
Thermofil, Inc.
Thermofil, Inc.
Thermofil, Inc.
Amoco Performance
Products
ABS/SMA blends
Monsanto Chem. Co.
Poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate)
ICI Films
Perfluoro elastomer parts, TFE/PVME blend
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, and imidized Rohm and Haas/Ato
poly(methyl methacrylate)s
Haas
Methacrylate-butadiene-styrene, MBS, modifiers Kanegafuchi
for clear PVC (impact strength improvers)
Chemicals
MBS acrylics
Kanegafuchi
Chemicals
Acrylic processing aids
Kanegafuchi
Chemicals
Polyamide chlorinated
Kanegafuchi
Chemicals
Poly(vinyl chloride) cross-linked, XLPVC
Kanegafuchi
Chemicals
Acrylic low gloss impact modifiers for PVC
Kanegafuchi
Chemicals
Poly(vinyl chloride) chlorinated resins, XLPVC Kanegafuchi
Chemicals
(continued)
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Kaneka
ABS/PVC alloys compatibilized with a-methyl
styrene-methyl methacrylate copolymer
Poly(vinyl chloride) chlorinated resins, XLPVC
Kaneka
Teralloy, PVC HDT modifiers
Kapton 300H
Polyimide, PI, electrical and thermal insul. film
Kapton H
Kasobond
Kasothan
PI, (pyromellitic anhydride/
diaminodiphenylether)
Polyurethane elastomers for adhesives, PUR
Polyurethane thermoplastic, TPU
Kaurit-Leim
Kayocel
Urea-formaldehyde glue, UF
Cellulose compounds
KC 1257
PVC alloy with glutarimide acrylic copolymer
for hot-fill bottles
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, rigid, high impact
Poly(vinylidene fluoride/chlorotrifluoroethylene)
PCTFE fluoroelastomer
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene, PCTFE
PVDF/PCTFE blend
Glass-filled poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT
Kaneka Enplex
KC1000
Kel-F Elastomer
Kel-F
Kel-F
Kel-F
Kelanex
Kelburon
Keldax
Kelon
Kelprox
Kelrinal
Keltan
Keltan TP
Kematal
Kenflex
Kerimide
Keripol
Kermel
Kermel
Kevlar
Keysor
KF Polymer
Kibisan PN
Reactor-blended PP/EPDM; RTPO for selfsupporting car bumpers
Filled polyethylenes, PE
2311
Kanegafuchi
Chemicals
Kanegafuchi
Chemicals
Kanegafuchi
Chemicals
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Lu-Kas Polym. Chemie
Lu-Kas Polym.
Chemie
BASF Plastics
Henley-McKenzie
Feimann
Keysor-Century
Keysor-Century
Kellogg, USA
3M Ind. Chem.
3M
3M
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
DSM Polymers Int.
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Mineral-reinforced polyamides, PA
Lati Eng.
Thermoplast.
Thermoplastic olefinic elastomers, TPO
DSM Polymers Int.
Chlorinated, rubber (CM)
DSM Polymers Int.
Thermoplastic elastomers, EPDM, PP/EPDM
DSM Polymers Int.
PP/EPDM blends with fillers
DSM Polymers Int.
Polyoxymethylene (acetal), POM
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hydrocarbon resins
Kenrich
Polyimide, PI, for laminating and molding (TS) Nippon Polyimide
Polyester resins
Vynckier
Poly(m-phenyleneisophthalamide), PPA
Rhoˆne Poulenc
Polyamide-imide; fibers, PAI
Rhoˆne Poulenc
Poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide); fibers, resins E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC
Keysor-Century
Poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVDF
Kureha
Acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate copolymer, ASA Chi Mei Ind. Co. Ltd.
(continued)
2312
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Kibisan
Kinel
KN-220
Koblend
Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, SAN
Filled bis-maleimide-based molding polyimides
Polyethylenes, PE
Polycarbonate/AES and PC/ABS alloys
Koblend PCA
Kodapak PET
Kodapak
Kodar PETG
Polycarbonate/ABS blends
Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET
Poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT
PETG, a thermoplastic copolyester of 1,4
cyclohexylene glycol and mixture of iso- and
terephthalic acids
Thermoplastic polyesters
Polyester fiber
Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET
Polybishydroxymethylcyclohexaneterephthalate
Polyvinylpyrrolidone, PVP
Unsaturated polyesters, UP
Poly(vinyl chloride)/PVF blends
Thermoplastic fluoropolymer alloy
Kodar
Kodel
Kodel-10
Kodel-2
Kollidon
Koppers
Koroseal
Korton
Kostil BV
Kostil
Kralastic
Kralastic FVM
Kraton
Kraton D1101
Kraton D1107
Kraton D1116
Kraton D1320X
Kraton D2103
Kraton FG
Kraton G
Kraton G1650
Kraton G1701
K-Resin
Krystaltite
Krynac
Krynac NV
Krynac Xi
Krynac XN
KUI
Kureha KF
Kydene/Kydex
Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, SAN,
reinforced
Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, SAN
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymers, ABS
ABS/Poly(vinyl chloride) alloys
Thermoplastic elastomers, TPE
SBS three block thermoplastic elastomer
SIS three block thermoplastic elastomer
(SB)n multi block thermoplastic elastomer
(SI)n multi block thermoplastic elastomer
SBS/HIPS alloys
SEBS functionalized with maleic or succinic
anhydride (a PA impact modifier)
SEBS blends
SEBS three block thermoplastic elastomer
SEP three block thermoplastic elastomer
Styrene/butadiene block copolymer
Poly(vinyl chloride) film, PVC
Nitrile rubber, NBR; AN ¼ 19–50 %
NBR/Poly(vinyl chloride) alloys (34 % AN)
Carboxylated NBR with i ¼ 1–9 % carboxylic
NBR lightly cross-linked with AN ¼ 29–35 %
Liquid crystal polyester, LCP
PVDF fluorocarbon, poly(vinylidene fluoride)
Poly(vinyl chloride)/Poly(methyl methacrylate)
alloys
Chi Mei Ind. Co. Ltd.
Rhoˆne-Poulenc
Chevron Chem.
ECP Enimont Polym./
EniChem
Montedipe Milano
Eastman Chem. Prod.
Eastman Chem. Prod.
Eastman Chem.
Eastman Chem.
Eastman Chem.
Eastman Chem.
Eastman Chem.
BASF Plastics
Koppers Co., Inc.
BF Goodrich
Norton Performance
Plast.
Montepoˆlimeri
Montepoˆlimeri
Uniroyal
Uniroyal/Sumitomo
Shell Chem. Co.
Shell Chem. Co.
Shell Chem. Co.
Shell Chem. Co.
Shell Chem. Co.
Shell Chem. Co.
Shell Chem. Co.
Shell Chem. Co.
Shell Chem. Co.
Shell Chem. Co.
Phillips Petrol.
Allied Signal Inc
Polysar/Bayer AG
Polysar/Bayer AG
Polysar/Bayer AG
Polysar/Bayer AG
Bayer
Kureha Corp.
Rohm and Haas
(continued)
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Kydex lOO
Kynar
L
L-030 Z
L-20 FG
L-20 NF
L-30 FG
L-30 NF
L-40 AF
L-9900
L.C.P.
L1, L2. L3
Lacovyl
Lacovyl
Lacovyl
Lacovyl
Lacqrene
Lacqrene
Lacqrene
Lacqsan
Lacqtene HD
Lacqtene
Lacqtene LX
Lacqvyl
Ladene
Laminac
Lanital
LARC-TPI
LARC-13
Laril
Larodur
Larton
Lastane
Lastiflex
Lastil
Lastilac 09-11
Lastilac
Lastirol
Lasulf
Latamid 6
Latamid 12
Latamid 66
Latamid 68
Poly(vinyl chloride)/acrylic alloy sheets
Poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVDF
Polypropylene, PP
Poly(phenylene ether), PPE, glass fiber filled
Poly(phenylene ether), PPE, graphite filled
Poly(phenylene ether), PPE, glass fiber filled
Poly(phenylene ether), PPE, graphite filled
Poly(phenylene ether), PPE, aluminum filled
Poly(phenylene ether), PPE, filled
Liquid crystal polymers, LCP
2313
Kleerdex Co.
Elf Atochem
Aristech Chem.
Thermofil, Inc.
Thermofil, Inc.
Thermofil, Inc.
Thermofil, Inc.
Thermofil, Inc.
Thermofil, Inc.
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Poly(phenylene ether), PPE, glass fiber filled
Thermofil, Inc.
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, bulk polymerized
Elf Atochem
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, emulsion polymerized Elf Atochem
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, suspension polymerized Elf Atochem
Vinyl chlorine-co-vinyl acetate, VC/VAc
Elf Atochem
Crystal, high-impact polystyrene, HIPS
Elf Atochem
Polystyrene, PS
Elf Atochem
Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, SAN
Elf Atochem
Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, SAN
Aquitaine, France
High-density polyethylene, HDPE
Elf Atochem
Low-density polyethylene, LDPE
Elf Atochem
Linear low-density polyethylene, LLDPE
Elf Atochem
Polyvinylchlorine, PVC
Elf Atochem
LLDPE, MDPE, PS resins (all grades)
SABIC Marketing Ltd.
Polyester resin
Cyanamid
Fiber from milk protein, CS
SNIA Viscosa, Italy
Polyimides, PI
NASA/Mitsui Toatsu
Chem.
Polyimides, PI, for structural adhesives to metal NASA Langley RC
Modified poly(phenylene ether), m-PPE, alloys Lati Eng. Thermoplast.
Acrylic resins
BASF Plastics
Reinforced poly(phenylene sulfide), PPS
Lati Eng. Thermoplast.
Polyurethane elastomers, PUR
Lati Eng. Thermoplast.
Poly(vinyl chloride)/terpolymer alloy
Lati Eng. Thermoplast.
SAN; reinforced or not
Lati Eng. Thermoplast.
ABS/polycarbonate alloy
Lati Eng. Thermoplast.
ABS; reinforced or not
Lati Eng. Thermoplast.
Polystyrene, HIPS
Lati Eng. Thermoplast.
Polysulfone, PSU
Lati Eng. Thermoplast.
Polyamide-6; reinforced or not, PA-6
Lati Eng. Thermoplast.
Polyamide-12; reinforced or not, PA-12
Lati Eng. Thermoplast.
Polyamide-66; reinforced or not, PA-66
Lati Eng. Thermoplast.
Polyamide-68; reinforced or not, PA-68
Lati Eng. Thermoplast.
(continued)
2314
Latan
Latene EP
Latene HD
Latene
Later
Latilon
Lavasint
LCP
LDPE
Le Vinychlore
Leacril
Leguval
Leguval
Leguval
Lekutherm
Leona HR100
Levaflex
Levapren
Lewatit
Lexan
Lexan PPC
Lexan WR
Lexan XT
LF-1
Limera
LISA
Litrex
LLD
Lomod
Lonox
Lotader AX
Lotader
Lotrene
Lotrex
Lotryl
LP
LPP
LR 3320
Lubricom
Lubricomp
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Polyoxymethylene; reinforced or not, POM
Impact modified polypropylene, PP
High-density polyethylene, HDPE
Polypropylene; reinforced or not, PP
Reinforced polyester resins
Polycarbonate; reinforced or not, PC
Ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, EVAl
Liquid crystal polymers, LCP
Low-density polyethylene, LDPE
Poly(vinyl chloride) compounds, PVC
Polyacrylonitrile, PAN
Unsaturated polyester, UP, for SMC or BMC
Unsaturated polyester resin, UP
Unsaturated polyester, UP
Epoxy resins, EP
Polyamide-6,6, foam grade + 30 % glass fiber
Thermoplastic elastomers, TPE
Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, EVAc
Ion-exchange resins
Polycarbonate resins or blends, toughened by PO
or elastomers; reinforced or not
Polyphthalate-carbonate resins or blends, PPC
Fluorocarbon polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE
Poly(carbonate-co-silicone) copolymer
Thermoplastic polyesters
Styrenic blends with a variety of polymers: PS,
PVC, PMMA, ABS, PPE; reinforced or not
Polycarbonate-based light conducting polymers
Low-density polyethylene, LDPE
Linear low-density polyethylene, LLDPE
Copolyetherimide esters elastomer blends, PBT/
SBS, TPE
Polyethylene, PE
Lati Eng. Thermoplast.
Lati Eng. Thermoplast.
Lati Eng. Thermoplast.
Lati Eng. Thermoplast.
Lati Eng. Thermoplast.
Lati Eng. Thermoplast.
Bayer AG
RTP Co.
Dow Chem. Co.
Saplast
ACSA, Italy
Bayer AG/Miles
DSM
Bayer AG/Miles
Bayer AG/Miles
Asahi Chemical
Bayer AG/Miles
Polysar/Bayer AG
Bayer AG/Miles
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
Dainippon Ink &
Chem.
Bayer AG/Miles
PCD France
Dow Chem. Co.
GE Plastics
Union Carbide Co.,
Inc.
EEVA-glycidylmethacrylate, E-EA-GMA GMA Norsolor/Elf Atochem
content ca. 8 wt%
Ethylene-ethylacryalate-vinyl acetate, EEVA
Norsolor/Elf Atochem
Low-density polyethylene, LDPE
S.F.PE
LLDPE and VLLDPE
S.F.PE
EBA and EDA copolymers
Elf Atochem
Polyethylenes, PE
Aristech Chem.
Calcium carbonate-filled polypropylene, PP
Ferro Corp.
Thermoplastic elastomer, TPE
GE Plastics
–
Comalloy
Lubricated, wear-resistant engineering polymers, ICI/LNP Eng. Plastics
filled or not, viz., PAs
(continued)
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Lubricomp A
Lubricomp Fulton/K
Lubriloy
Lucalen
Lucalor
Lucel
Lucite
Lustran Elite
Lustran FRABS
Lustran SAN
Lustran Ultra
Lustrex
Lustropak
Lutonal
Luvican
Luvitherm
Luxis
Lycra
ABS/PTFE or PDMS with 0–30 % glass fiber
POM + 0–25 PTFE, 0–2 % PDMS, filler
Internally lubricated resins
Ethylene/acrylic acid/acrylate copolymers, EAA
Chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride), CPVC
Polyoxymethylene (acetal), POM
Poly(methyl methacrylate) and copolymers,
PMMA
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, ABS
Ethylene copolymer/bitumen blend
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC
Poly(vinyl chloride) compounds, PVC
Poly(vinyl chloride) resin, PVC
Poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA
Polypropylene, PP
Phenol-formaldehyde resins, PF
Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, EVAc
LDPE blends with polyisobutylene
Polyethylenes: LDPE, LLDPE, MDPE, HDPE
Thermoplastic polyesters; reinforced or not
ABS alloys
Polyurethanes, PU
Polyurethanes, PU
Acrylic resin
Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers and blends,
SAN, ASA
SAN blended with grafted acrylic ester
elastomer, ASA, and its blends
PPE/styrene-butadiene copolymer blend,
reinforced with up to 30 wt% glass fiber or not
ABS, SAN, alloys with PVC, etc.
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer,
ABS, high gloss, general purpose
ABS, low gloss, high flow grades
ABS, flame-retardant grades
Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer
ABS, for injection molding
Polystyrene, PS
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymers, ABS
Polyvinyl ethers
Polyvinylcarbazole, PVK
Poly(vinyl chloride) foil, PVC
Polyamides, PA-66
Diisocyanates/polyether elastomeric fibers
Lynex
PPE/polyamide blends
Lucky ABS
Lucobit
Lucoflex
Lucolene/Lucorex
Lucovyl
Lucryl
Luparen
Luphen
Lupolen
Lupolen O 250H
Lupolen
Lupox
Lupoy
Lupragen/Lupranat
Lupranol/Lupraphen
Luprenal
Luran
Luran S
Luranyl
Lustran
Lustran ABS
2315
ICI/LNP Eng. Plastics
ICI/LNP Eng. Plastics
ICI/LNP Eng. Plastics
BASF Plastics
Elf Atochem
S.P.C.I.
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Standard Polymers
BASF Plastics
Pe´chiney, France
Elf Atochem
Elf Atochem Canada
BASF Plastics
BASF Plastics
BASF Plastics
BASF A.-G.
BASF Plastics
BASF Plastics
S.P.C.I.
S.P.C.I.
Elastogran France
Elastogran France
BASF Plastics
BASF Plastics
BASF Plastics
BASF Plastics
Monsanto Chem. Co.
Monsanto Chem. Co.
Monsanto Chem. Co.
Monsanto Chem. Co.
Monsanto Chem. Co.
Monsanto Chem. Co.
Monsanto Chem. Co.
Monsanto Chem. Co.
BASF Plastics
BASF Plastics
BASF Plastics
Westover Color Chem.
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Asahi Chemical
(continued)
2316
M
M-2014
M-511, M-521
MA 5000
Mablex
MABS
MAC
Macepreg
Maflex
Magnacomp
Magnum
Makroblend DP
Makroblend EC 900
Makroblend
Makroblend PR
Makroblend UT
Makrofol
Makrolon
Malecca
Malon
Maragla
Maranyl
Marlex
Marlex BMN
Marlex CL
Marlex CP
Marlex EHM
Marlex ER
Marlex GP
Marlex HGL
Marlex PE
Marnyte
Marvalloy
Marvylan
Marvyloy
MAT-20FG
Mater-Bi
MB 1000
MC 2100
MDI
Megarad
Megol
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Thermoset melamine, MF
MBS modifiers for PC, PEST, PVC
Polystyrene, PS
ABS/polycarbonate alloys
Glass fiber-reinforced ABS
Glass fiber-reinforced polyoxymethylene, POM
Preimpregnated polyesters
Butadiene-styrene copolymer, SB
Polyamide-6 filled with barium ferrite
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, ABS
Polycarbonate/PET/HDPE alloys; general purpose
PVC/elastomer, high-impact blends
PBT/elastomer
Polycarbonate/PBT or PET alloys
Polycarbonate/PET/ABS alloys, filled or not
Polycarbonate films, PC or PC/PVF
Polycarbonate, PC, and impact-modified PC,
containing <6 % butyl acrylate-methacrylate
elastomer; blends reinforced or not
SMI blends with ABS or PBT
Thermoplastic polyesters
Epoxy resins, EP
Impact modified, PA-66 or PA-6/elastomer
blends, mineral filled
Polyethylenes, PE
Polyethylene, PE
Polyethylene, PE
Polypropylene, PP
Polyethylene, PE
Mineral-filled polyethylene, PE
Polypropylene, PP
Polypropylene, PP
Polyethylene, PE
Poly(ethylene terephthalate); glass filled or not, PET
Acrylic-modified polystyrene
Poly(vinyl chloride) compounds, PVC
ABS/poly(vinyl chloride) alloys
Glass fiber-filled polyoxymethylene, POM
Starch-based biodegradable thermoplastics
Unsaturated polyesters, UP
Polystyrene, PS
Polyurethane, PU
Polycarbonate, PC
Elastomeric compounds
ICI/Fiberite
Kaneka
Chevron Chem.
Mazzucchelli Cell.
Modified Plastics
Modified Plastics
Mecelec Holding
Sic Plastics France
LNP Engineering
Dow Chem. Co.
Bayer AG/Miles, Inc.
Bayer AG/Miles, Inc.
Bayer AG/Miles, Inc.
Bayer AG/Miles, Inc.
Bayer AG/Miles, Inc.
Bayer AG/Miles, Inc.
Bayer AG/Miles, Inc.
Denki Kagaku
MA Industries
Acme Div. of Allied
ICI Adv. Mater.
Phillips 66 Co.
Phillips 66 Co.
Phillips 66 Co.
Phillips 66 Co.
Phillips 66 Co.
Phillips 66 Co.
Phillips 66 Co.
Phillips 66 Co.
Phillips 66 Co.
Bamberger Polymers
Marval Industries
L.V.M. France
DSM
Modified Plastics
Novamont
Mar Bal Inc.
Chevron Chem.
Dow
Dow Chem. Co.
Polymix
(continued)
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Melacoll
Melan
Meldin 2001
Meldin 2021
Meldin 2030
Melinar PET
Melinex
Melinite
Melmex
Melochem
Melolam
Melopas
Meraklon
Merlon
Mertex
Metablen P-522
Melamine-formaldehyde resins, MF
Melamine-formaldehyde, urea-formaldehyde
Polyimide, PI; for high-temperature electrical parts
PI + 15 % graphite; high-temperature
applications
PI + 30 % PTFE; high-temperature bearings
Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) films, PET
Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET
Melamine-formaldehyde molding powders, MF
Melamine-formaldehyde, MF
Melamine-formaldehyde laminating resins, MF
Melamine molding compound, MF
Polypropylene, PP
Polycarbonate, PC; PC/PO blends
TPU blends
Acrylic processing aid for PVC blow molding
Metablen P-570
Acrylic processing aid for PVC siding
Metamarble
Methafil
Methocel
Methylon
MG-6
Mikrothene FE, MU
Mikrothene FN
Mikrothene HD, MD
Milastomer
Milkon
Millathane
Mindel
Polycarbonate/PMMA alloy
Mica- or glass fiber-filled polymethylpentene
Ethyl and methyl cellulose
Phenolic resin, PF
Silica-filled epoxy resins, EP
Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, EVAc
Polyolefins, PO
Polyethylenes, PE
TP elastomer
PPS/PTFE blend
Thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer, TPE
Polysulfone, PSF or PSO, blends; filled or not
Mindel A
Mindel B
Minlon
Polysulfone/ABS blends; filled or not
Polysulfone/PET blends; filled or not
PA-66 or PA-66/ionomer alloy + mineral/glass
Mipolam
Miramid
Miraspin
Mirathen
Mirlon
MN-6
MN-6/6
Moatek
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC
Polyamides, PA
Polyethylenes, PE
Low-density polyethylene, LDPE
Polyamide, PA
Glass fiber-filled polyamide-6, PA-6
Glass fiber-filled polyamide-66, PA-66
Ethylene-butene-1, or octene-1, copolymer
2317
Piesteritz
Henke
Furon Dixon
Furon Dixon
Furon Dixon
ICI Adv. Mater.
ICI Films
ICI Adv. Mater.
BIP Chemicals Ltd.
C.P.R.I.
Ciba-Geigy Ltd.
Ciba-Geigy Ltd.
Montecatini
Bayer AG/Miles
Bayer AG/Miles
Mitsubishi Rayon
Co., Metco
Mitsubishi Rayon
Co., Metco
Teijin Chem. Ltd.
Akzo/DSM
Dow
Cain Chem. Inc.
Dexter Corp.
Quantum Chem.
Quantum Chem.
Quantum Chem.
Mitsui
Tribol. Ind. Inc.
TSE Industries, Inc.
Amoco Performance
Product
Amoco Chem. Co.
Amoco Chem. Co.
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Dynamit Nobel
Soprochim
Mitsui Petrochem.
Soprochim
Viscose Suisse
Modified Plastics
Modified Plastics
Idemitsu Petrochem.
(continued)
2318
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Mobil MX
Mobil
Mobil PS
Modar
Modylen
Moldex A
Moltopren
Monkalloy P
Monocast
Moplen
Mor-Thane
Morthane
Polystyrenes, PS
Polyethylenes, PE
Polystyrenes, PS
Urethane-modified acrylic resin
PP copolymer/EPDM blends
ABS/polycarbonate alloy
Foam material based on polyurethane, PU
PC/ABS alloys with glass fiber
PA directly polymerized into shapes
PP homopolymers and copolymers with ethylene
Thermoplastic polyurethanes, TPU
Thermoplastic polyurethane, TPU
Morvanflex
Mowicoll
Thermoplastic elastomers, TPE
Poly(vinyl acetate) dispersions, PVAc
Mowilith
Poly(vinyl acetate), PVAc
Mowiol
Poly(vinyl alcohol), PVAl
Mowital
Poly(vinyl butyral), PVB
MPBT-FG
Glass fiber-filled polybutylene terephthalate,
PBT
Phenolic resin, PF
Glass fiber filled polycarbonate, PC
Glass fiber filled polypropylene, PC
PA/PPE alloys
Glass fiber-filled poly(phenylene ether), PPE
Glass fiber-filled polysulfone, PSU
Polypropylene
SEBS (Kraton G)-based TPEs
Polystyrene, PS, HIPS
Polypropylene
SAN copolymer
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer
ABS
Reinforced polypropylene, PP
Vinyl compounds
Polycarbonates and PC/ABS alloys
Polyethylene-polyester multilayer film
Polystyrene/elastomer blends
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) film, PET
MPC
MPC-FG
MPP-FG
MPPE
MPPO-FG
MPSL-FG
Multi-Flam
Multi-Flex
Multi-Hips
Multi-Pro
Multi-San
Multibase ABS
Multibase
Multibase
MultiChem
Multilon
Multipet
MX-5350
Mylar
Mobil Chem. Co.
Mobil Chem. Co.
Mobil Chem. Co.
ICI Chem. Polym.
Tiszai Vegyi Komb.
Anic
Bayer AG/Miles
Monsanto-Kasei Co.
Polymer Corp.
Himont/Montedison
Morton Thiokol
Morton International,
Inc
S.P.2.I
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Modified Plastics
Rogers Corp
Modified Plastics
Modified Plastics
Asahi Chem. Ind.
Modified Plastics
Modified Plastics
Multibase, Inc.
Multibase, Inc.
Multibase, Inc.
Multibase, Inc.
Multibase, Inc.
Multibase, Inc.
Multibase, Inc.
Multibase, Inc.
Colorite Plastics
Teijin Chem. Ltd.
Wihuri Oy Wipak
Mobil
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
(continued)
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
N
N05FG
N15-40NF
N3-20FG
N40fm
N40MF
N5
N6-30MF
N66G-30
N8-30FG
N9-30FG
Nafion
Nalcite
NAP
Polyamide-6 with 5 % glass fiber, PA-6
Polyamide-610 with 40 % graphite fiber, PA-610
Polyamide-66 with 20 % glass fiber, PA-66
Polyamide-6 with 40 % glass fiber and mineral
Polyamide-6 with 40 % mineral, PA-6
PA/ABS alloys containing up to 30 wt% GF
Polyamide-612 with 30 % mineral, PA-612
Polyamide-66 with 30 % glass fiber, PA-66
Polyamide-11 with 30 % glass fiber, PA-11
Polyamide-12 with 30 % glass fiber, PA-12
Perfluorinated membranes
Neo Cis
Neo-zex
Neoflon FEP
Neoflon PCTFE
Neoflon PFE
Neoflon PVDF
Neopolen
Neopolen
Neoprene
Ion-exchange resin
Polyarylate, amorphous; 3,30 , 5,50 -tetramethyldihydroxydiphenylmethane copolymer
Polypropylene, PP
Poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate),
transparent
Poly(methyl methacrylate-co-styrene),
transparent
Polyethylenes, PE
Polyisoprene
Polycarbonate (recycled)
Polyester resins for paints and varnishes
“Nylon-Clay Hybrid”; polyamide-6 with
montmorillonite particles 0.1–0.2 nm diameter;
nanometer composite developed by Toyota
Research Corp.
Elastomers
Polyethylenes, PE
Fluorinated ethylene-propylene, FEP
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene, PCTFE
Perfluoroalkoxyether, PFE
Poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVDF
PE/polypropylene foam
Polystyrene/polyethylene, PS/PE, blend
Polychloroprene, CR
Neoprene
Synthetic polychloroprene rubber
Neosepta F
Neoxil
Neste Oxo
Neste Polystyrene
Neste PP
Ionic fluoropolymer membrane
Unsaturated polyester resin, UP
Plastisols, PVC
Polystyrene, PS
Polypropylene, PP
Napryl
NAS 30
NAS 50
Natene
Natsyn
Naxell
Naxols/Naxoreses
NCH
2319
Thermofil, Inc.
Thermofil, Inc.
Thermofil, Inc.
Thermofil, Inc.
Thermofil, Inc.
Thermofil, Inc.
Thermofil, Inc.
Polymer Composites
Thermofil, Inc.
Thermofil, Inc.
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
National Aluminate
Kanegafuchi Chem.
Pe´chiney, France
Novacor Chemicals
Novacor Chemicals
Pe´chiney, France
Goodyear
MRC Polymers
Convert
Ube Industries, Ltd.
Enimont/Safic-Alcan
Mitsui Petrochem.
Daikin
Daikin
Daikin
Daikin
BASF Plastics
BASF Plastics
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Tokoyama Soda
DSM
Neste Chim.
Neste Chim.
Neste Chim.
(continued)
2320
Newcon
New TPI
Niax
Nike
Nipoflex
Niopolon
Nipeon AL
Nipol AR
Nipol Carboxylated
Nipol DP 5120P
Nipol
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Nissan 1000–3000
Nitriflex
Nitrilene
Nitron
Nitrovin
Nivionplast
Reactor made TPO/PP alloys for car bumpers
Polyimides; reinforced or not, PI
Polyether from glycerin or hexane-1,2,6-triol
Cellulose nitrate, CN
Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer
Polyethylene
ABS/poly(vinyl chloride) (50 %) alloy
Polyacrylate elastomers
Nitrile rubbers lightly carboxylated, NBR
NBR modifiers for clear PVC
Nitrile elastomers, NBR, AN ¼ 21–51 % also
liquids, powders, or crumbs
NBR/PVC (30–50 %) elastomeric alloys
plasticized or not
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-isoprene elastomers;
grade DN-224 contains 50 % DOP
Polyethylenes, PE
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, ABS
Poly(vinyl chloride)/BR/ABS alloys
Cellulose nitrate, CN
Nitrile or polyurethane rubber/PVC, alloys
Polyamides, PA-6, PA-66
Nivionplast
Noblen
Noblen
Nolimid 32
Nomex
Polyamide-6, PA-6
Polypropylene, PP
Polypropylene; filled or not, PP
Polyimides; for junction coatings, PI
Poly(m-phenyleneisophthalamide) fibers, PPA
Norasol
Norchem
Norchem
Norchem
Nordbak 7451
Nordel
Polycarboxylate, water soluble
Polyethylenes, PE
Polyethylenes, reinforced or not, PE
Polyolefins: LDPE, HDPE, LLDPE, PP
Epoxy or polyurethane
EPDM, hydrocarbon rubbers
Norsodyne
Norsoflex
Norsolene
Norsomix
Norsophen
Norsorex
Polyester resins
Polyethylenes: LLDPE and VLLDPE
C-9 hydrocarbon resins, PE
Polyester resin compounds
Phenol-formaldehyde resins, PF
Polynorbornene elastomers
Nortuff
Norvinyl
Polypropylene, PP
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC
Nipol Polyblends
Nipol Terpolymer
Chiso Corp.
S.P.C.I.
Union Carbide Co.
Punda Inc.
Toyo Soda
Toyo Soda
Zeon Kasei Co.
Nippon Zeon Co., Ltd.
Nippon Zeon Co., Ltd.
Nippon Zeon Co., Ltd.
Nippon Zeon Co.,
Ltd.
Nippon Zeon Co.,
Ltd.
Nippon Zeon Co.,
Ltd.
Nissan Chem. Ind.
A. Schulman, Inc.
Rhein Chemie
Monsanto Chem. Co.
Vi-Chem Corp.
ECP Enimont
Polymeri
EniChem
Mitsubishi Petrochem.
Sumitomo Chem. Co.
Rhoˆne-Poulenc
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Elf Atochem
Quantum Chem.
Norchem, Inc.
Enron Chem. Co.
Rexnord Chem.
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Norsolor/Please
S.F.PE
Elf Atochem
Norsolor
Norsolor
Cyanamid/Atochem/
Nippon Zeon Co.
Quantum Chem. Co.
Norsk Hydro/Hydro
PLast
(continued)
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Noryl
Noryl BN
Noryl FN
Noryl GFN
Noryl GTX
Noryl Plus
Nova PC
Novablend
Novablend 4510
Novacor
Novaccurate
Novadur
Novadur ST520
Novalar
Novalast
Novalene
Novalene RF
Novalloy 9000
Novalloy-A
Novalloy-B
Novalloy-S
Novamate A
Novamate B
Novamid
Novamid ST220
Novamid X21
Novapet
Novapol
Novapol LD
Novapol LL
Novapol, HD
Novapps
Novarex AM
Novarex
Novatec P
Novatec
Novex
Novimide
Novodur
Novolac
PPE thermoplastic blends, reinforced or not
PPE/HIPS alloys; reinforced or not
Foamable PPE/HIPS alloys
Glass fiber-filled PPE/HIPS alloys
PA/PPE(30 %) blend, reinforced or not
PPE/HIPS/PA alloys
Polycarbonate, PC; with flame retardant or not
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC; rigid
PVC alloy with glutarimide acrylic copolymer
for hot-fill bottles
–
Liquid crystal polyester with glass fiber or not
Poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT
Poly(butylene terephthalate) with 20 % acrylic
rubber
Elastomeric grafting copolymer to be used in
ABS, PVC, PC, PBT, TPU, EP, acrylics, etc., for
improvement of impact strength and ductility
Thermoplastic olefins, TPE
TPO compound from recycled PE or PP; 50–90
Shore A durometer
TPO/TPE impact modifier for PE or PP
Poly(vinyl chloride)/ABS alloy, PVC/ABS
2321
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
Nova Polymers, Inc.
Novcor
Novatech Plastics &
Chem.
Novacor
Mitsubishi Chem.
Mitsubishi Chem.
Mitsubishi Chem.
Nova Polymers, Inc.
Nova Polymers, Inc.
Nova Polymers, Inc.
Nova Polymers, Inc.
Novatech Plastics &
Chem.
PA-6 or PA-66 blends with ABS
Daicel Chem. Ind., Ltd.
PBT blends with ABS, reinforced or not
Daicel Chem. Ind., Ltd.
ABS/polycarbonate blends, reinforced or not
Daicel Chem. Ind., Ltd.
AAS/polycarbonate blends
Mitsubishi Chem.
ABS/polycarbonate blends
Mitsubishi Chem.
Polyamides
Mitsubishi Chem.
Polyamide/elastomer blends
Mitsubishi Chem.
Semi-aromatic amorphous polyamide
Mitsubishi Chem.
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) with glass fiber or not Mitsubishi Chem.
Polyethylenes
Novacor
Low-density polyethylene, LDPE
Novacor
Linear low-density polyethylene, LLDPE
Novacor
High-density polyethylene, HDPE
Novacor
Poly(phenylene sulfide) blends
Mitsubishi Chem.
PC/elastomer with glass fiber or not
Mitsubishi Chem.
Polycarbonates, PC
Mitsubishi Chem.
Polypropylenes, PP
Mitsubishi Chem.
Polyethylenes, PE
Mitsubishi Chem.
Low-density polyethylene, LDPE
BP Chemicals Limited
Epoxy resins, EP
Furane Products
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, ABS Bayer AG/Miles
Phenol-formaldehyde resins, PF
Perstorp Bakelite S.A.
(continued)
2322
Novolen KR
Novolen
Novolen
Novon
Nucrel
Nupol
NX-7000
NX-9000
Ny-Kon
Nybex
Nycoa 1485
Nycoa 2084
Nycoa 7551
Nydur
Nylafil G
Nylafil J-1
Nylafil J-2
Nylamid
Nylatron GS Nylon
Nylon 6T
Nylon 7000
Nylon Celanese
Nylon
Nylon MXD
Nyltex
Nypel
Nyref
Nyrim
O
Oldodur
Oldofill
Oldoflex
Oldotherm
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Polypropylene/EPR blend
Polypropylene, PP, also filled and reinforced
Rubber modified PP/PE blend
Based on starch, biodegradable polymers for
extrusion, injection molding, or thermoforming
Ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer, EMAA
BASF Plastics
BASF Plastics
BASF Plastics
Warner-Lambert/
Novon Co.
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Thermoset acrylics
Freeman Chem. Corp.
PPE/PA-6 alloys for automobile applications
Mitsubishi Gas Chem.
PPE/polyamide-66 alloys
Mitsubishi Gas Chem.
PA-6 or PA-66 internally lubricated with MoS2 LNP Eng. Plastics
Polyamides, PA-6,PA-66, impact modified
Ferro Corp.
Polyamide-6 with PE toughened blends
Nylon Corp. of
America
Polyamide-6 with EEA toughened blends
Nylon Corp. of
America
Polyamide-6 with EPR toughened blends
Nylon Corp. of
America
Polyamide, PA/PO blends, fiber reinforced or not Bayer AG/Miles
Polyamide-6/elastomer; glass or carbon fibers
Akzo/DSM/WilsonFiberfil
Polyamide-66/elastomer; glass or carbon fibers
Akzo/DSM/WilsonFiberfil
Polyamide-610/elastomer blend; glass fibers
Akzo/DSM/WilsonFiberfil
Polyamide-6 or polyamide-66; reinforced or not, Polymer Service
PA
Polyamides; glass, mineral, or MoS2, in shapes Polymer Corp.
Poly(hexamethylenediamine-terephthalic acid)
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Polyamide/elastomer blend
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Polyamides; reinforced or not, PA
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Generic name for polyamides, PA
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Polyamides, PA
Mitsubishi Gas
Polyamides, PA
Vecoplas
Polyamide-6; reinforced or not, PA-6
Allied Signal Inc
Semicrystalline polyamides N-MXD6, PA-N
Solvay & Cie SA
PA-block copolymers
DSM
Integral-skin-rigid foams
Packing foams
Integral skin, flexible foams
Rigid foams
Buesting & Fasch Co.
Buesting & Fasch Co.
Buesting & Fasch Co.
Buesting & Fasch Co.
(continued)
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Orgalloy R 6600
Orgamide
Orgasol
Orgater
Orlon
TPO blend of PE, PP, and a-olefin random
copolymer.
Filled polypropylene
PP/EPDM – elastomer/binder blends
Polyisobutylene, PIB
Polyvinylisobutyl ether, PVI
Isobutylene-styrene copolymer (9:1)
Polyisobutylene, PIB
Ethylene-maleic anhydride, EMA copolymers
Acrylic resins
Epoxy resins, EP
Polypropylene/TPO alloys, reinforced
Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, EVAc
Polyamide/polypropylene recycled alloys, PA/PP
Polyphosphazene
Polycarbonate, PC
Polypropylene/polyamide-6, CO2, H2O barrier
Polypropylene/polyamide-6 alloys, PP/PA-6 with
up to 30 wt% GF
Polypropylene/polyamide-66 alloys, PP/PA-66
Polyamide-6, PA-6
Ultrafine powder polyamides, PA
PBT, PBT/EVA/PEBA alloys
Polyacrylonitrile, PAN
Oroglas
OS0100
OS2000
Owens-Corning EOxy 3700
Polyacrylates and polymethacrylates
Epoxy resins, EP
Epoxy resins, EP
Unsaturated polyesters, UP
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC
Oxyblend
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, elastomer blends
Oxyclear
Poly(vinyl chloride) rigid formulation, PVC
Oxyclear 4190
Oxyester
Oxytuf
PVC alloy with glutarimide acrylic copolymer
for hot-fill bottles
Polyurethanes, PU
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC/EPDM blends
P
P-2000
P-9900P-xyBG
P-xyCC
P-xyFG
Unsaturated polyesters, UP
Polypropylene; filled or not, PP
Polypropylene with xy wt% glass beads, PP
Polypropylene with xy wt% CaCO3, PP
Polypropylene with xy wt% glass fibers, PP
Oleflex
Olehard
Ontex ABX, APE
Oppanol B
Oppanol C
Oppanol O
Oppanol
Optema
Optix
Opto 90
Optum
Orevac
Orgablend
Orgaflex
Orgalan
Orgalloy R 60ES
Orgalloy R 6000
2323
Showa Denko K. K.
Chiso America
Dexter Corporation.
BASF Plastics.
BASF Plastics.
BASF Plastics
BASF Plastics
Exxon Chem.
Plaskolite
ICI/Fiberite
Ferro Corp.
Elf Atochem
Elf Atochem
Elf Atochem
Elf Atochem
Elf Atochem
Elf Atochem
Elf Atochem
Elf Atochem
Elf Atochem
Elf Atochem
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Rohm and Haas
Dexter Corp.
Dexter Corp.
Owens/Corning
Occidental Chem.
Corp.
Occidental Chem.
Corp.
Occidental Chem.
Corp.
Occidental Chem.
Corp.
H€
uls AG
Occidental Chem.
Corp.
Industrial Dielect.
Thermofil, Inc.
Thermofil, Inc.
Thermofil, Inc.
Thermofil, Inc.
(continued)
2324
P-xyMF
P-xyMI
P-xyTC
P.M.C.
P1-xyFG
P1120
PA66-110
PAF-200 to 600
Palapreg
Palatal
Palesit
Panapol
Panlite
Pantalast
Paracril AZO
Parad
Paraglas
Paralac
Paraloid EXL-3361
Paraloid EXL-3657
Paraloid EXL-4151
Paraloid HT-510
Paraloid
Paraplast 8000
Paraplex
Parastyren
Parel
Parlon
Parylene C
Parylene D
Parylene N
PAS-2
Pax-Plus
Paxon
Paxon Pax-Plus
PBF-300
PBT-5008
PBTGL-30
PC-00B
PC-100
PC-12
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Polypropylene with xy wt% mineral, PP
Polypropylene with xy wt% mica, PP
Polypropylene with xy wt% talc, PP
Gel coats
Polypropylene with xy wt% of glass fiber, PP
Polypropylene filled with mineral and glass, PP
Polyamide-66; filled or not, PA-66
Polyoxymethylene with 10–30 wt% glass, POM
SMC/BMC resins, resin system
Unsaturated polyester resins, UP
Silicones
Polybutylene, PB
Polycarbonates; filled or not, PC
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC/EVAc alloys
Nitrile rubber/Poly(vinyl chloride), NBR/PVC alloy
Photopolymer, resistant and dielectric
Thermofil, Inc.
Thermofil, Inc.
Thermofil, Inc.
Synres-Almoco
Thermofil, Inc.
MA Industries
MRC Polymers Inc.
Polyfil, Inc.
BASF Plastics
BASF Plastics
S.P.C.I.
Exxon Chem.
Teijin Chem. Ltd.
Pantasote Inc.
Uniroyal Chemical
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Cast acrylic sheet, PMMA
Degussa AG
Polyester resin, UP
ICI Adv. Mater.
Acrylic impact modifier for PC and its blends
Rohm and Haas
MBS impact modifier for PC and its blends
Rohm and Haas
Polyglutarimide for alloying PC with polyamide Rohm and Haas
Polyacrylic-imide modifier for PVC bottles
Rohm and Haas
Poly(methyl methacrylate-butadiene-styrene)
Rohm and Haas
MBS (old Acryloid™)
Epoxy resins, EP
Hexcel Corp.
Polyester resin
Rohm and Haas
Styrene-butadiene copolymer, SBR
Paraisten Kalkki Oy
Polypropylene oxide elastomers
Nippon Zeon Co., Ltd.
Chlorinated rubber, RUC
Hercules
Poly(monochloro-p-xylene)
Union Carbide Co., Inc.
Poly(dichloro-p-xylene)
Union Carbide Co., Inc.
Polyparaxylene
Union Carbide Co., Inc.
Polyphenylsulfide-sulfone
Phillips
HDPE/polyisobutylene blends
Allied-Signal Corp.
Polyethylene/polyisobutylene, PE/PIB, blends
Allied-Signal Corp./
Paxon
PE/elastomer blends
Allied-Signal Corp./
Paxon
Poly(butylene terephthalate), glass filled, PBT
Polyfil, Inc.
Poly(butylene terephthalate); filled or not, PBT Mitsubishi Chem.
Poly(butylene terephthalate), 30 % glass filled, PBT Polymer Compos.
Polycarbonate; filled or not, PC
Plastic Materials
Polycarbonate; filled or not, PC
MRC Polymers, Inc.
Epoxy resins, EP
Dexter Corp.
(continued)
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
PC-18
PCC-800
PCCE-5154
PCF-800
PCGL-30
PDC-400
PDF-400
PE-1007 to 5976
PE-2FR
Pebar
Pebax
Pedigree 433
PEF-400
Pekema
Pelaspan
Pellethane
Pellethane 2102
Pellethane 2103
Pellethane 2352
Pellethane 2355
Pellethane 2363
Pellets
Pelprene
Pensrene EN
Penton
PEO
Perbunan C
Perbunan N Latex
Perbunan N
Pergut
Periston
Perlenka
Perlon
Perlon U
PermaStat 100
PermaStat 2500
PermaStat 2700
PermaStat 4000
Permutit
Perspex
Perstorp Grade 151
Perstorp Grade 751
Polyurethane (TS)
Polycarbonate; carbon fiber filled, PC
Thermoplastic polyester
Polycarbonate; glass fiber filled, PC
Polycarbonate, 30 % glass filled, PC
Poly(phenylene sulfide) with carbon fibers, PPS
Poly(phenylene sulfide) with glass fibers, PPS
Polyethylenes, PE
Polyethylenes; filled or not, PE
Blends of polyolefins (HDPE, PP) with high
nitrile resin, Barex™
TPE polyether block amide; GF filled or not
Unsaturated polyester, UP
Polyethylene with glass fibers, PE
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC
Polystyrene, expandable
Polyurethane TPU, ABS/TPU, TPE
Polyester-polycaprolactone
Polyether TPU
Thermoplastic elastomer, TPU
Polyester TPU
Thermoplastic polyurethane, TPU
Polyurethane, TPU
Aliphatic-b-aromatic polyester copolymer
IPN of poly(phenylene sulfide) and TS resin
2325
Dexter Corp.
Polyfil, Inc.
Eastman Chem. Prod.
Polyfil, Inc.
Polymer Compos.
Polyfil, Inc.
Polyfil, Inc.
Chevron Chem.
Reichhold Chem., Inc.
BP Chemicals
Elf Atochem
P. D. George Co.
Polyfil, Inc.
Punda Inc.
Dow Chem. Co.
Upjohn/Dow Chem.
Dow Chem. Co.
Dow Chem. Co.
Dow Chem. Co.
Dow Chem. Co.
Dow Chem. Co.
Fimor
Toyobo Corp.
Dainippon Ink &
Chem.
Poly(2,2-dichloromethyltrimethylene ether)
Hercules
Polyethylene oxide
Seitetsu Kagaku
Polychloroprene elastomer, CR
Bayer AG/Miles
Anionic latices of nitrile rubber, NBR; 45–50 % Polysar/Bayer AG
solids; AN ¼ 18–48 %
Nitrile rubber, NBR; AN ¼ 18–48 %
Polysar/Bayer AG
Diverse resins
Bayer AG
Polyvinylpyrrolidone
Bayer AG/Miles
Polyamide-6, PA-6
AKU, Netherlands
Generic name for polyamide-6, PA-6
Bayer AG/Miles
Polyurethane, PU
Bayer AG/Miles
Polypropylene, with 0 % and 10 % glass fiber
RTP Co.
Polycarbonate/ABS alloys
RTP Co.
Styrenic elastomer resins
RTP Co.
Polyphthalamide with 0 % and 30 % glass fiber RTP Co.
Ion-exchange resin
Permutit Co.
Cast, extruded PMMA sheet
ICI Chem. Polym. Ltd.
Urea-formaldehyde, UF
Perstorp, Inc.
Melamine-formaldehyde, MF
Perstorp, Inc.
(continued)
2326
PET Azdel
Pet
PETGL-30
Petlon
Petra
Petra 130
Petra 230
Petrarch PTFP
Petron
Petrothene
Petsar
Pevalon
Pevikon
PGF-400
PHC-600
Phenoxy
PHF-400
Philprene
PI-730
Pibiflex
Pibiter
Pioloform
PIQ
PKF-400
PL-25
Plaper
Plaskon
Plaslube
Plaslube AC
Plaslube J
Plaslube NY
Plastadur
Plastalloy
Plastylene
Platabond
Platamid
Plathen
Platherm
Platilon
Platon
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Polypropylene with 35 % glass fiber, PP
Thermoplastic polyesters
Poly(ethylene terephthalate), 30 % glass filled, PET
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) glass/mineral filled
Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET
Poly(ethylene terephthalate), glass filled, PET
Poly(ethylene terephthalate), glass/mineral filled
Polytetrafluorethylene, PTFE
Poly(ethylene terephthalate)
LDPE, LLDPE, HDPE, PP, EVAc; filled or not
PET/PC/acrylic blends with 30 % glass fiber
Azdel Inc.
ICI
Polymer Compos.
Bayer AG/Miles
Allied Signal Inc
Allied Signal Inc
Allied-Signal Inc.
Petrarch Systems
Mobay
Quantum Chem. Co.
Novacor Chemicals
Inc.
Poly(vinyl alcohol)
May & Baker
Poly(vinyl chloride) resins, PVC
Norsk Hydro/Hydro
PLast
Glass-filled poly(phenylene ether), PPE
Polyfil, Inc.
Carbon fiber-filled polysulfone, PSU
Polyfil, Inc.
Bisphenol-A/epichlorohydrin copolymer
Amoco Performance
Glass-filled polysulfone, PSU
Polyfil, Inc.
Styrene-butadiene thermoplastic copolymer, SBR Phillips 66 Co.
Polyimide; glass or carbon fiber filled, PI
ICI/Fiberite
Poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT copolymers
Enimont
PBT homopolymers or blends; filled or not
Montepolimeri/
EniChem
Polyvinyl acetal, butyral, and formal
Wacker-Chemie
Polyimide, electronic coatings, PI
Hitachi
Glass-filled ABS
Polyfil, Inc.
Acrylics
Plaskolite, Inc.
Styrene-butadiene copolymer, SBR
Mitsubishi Monsanto
Thermoset resins: alkyd, DAP, epoxy, phenolic Plaskon Electronic
Lubricated resins
Akzo/DSM
Polyoxymethylene with 15 % fluorocarbon, POM Akzo/DSM
PC, PA-66, PSU; lubricated materials with GF
Akzo/DSM
Polyamide-66 with 5 % MoS2, PA-66
Akzo/DSM
Phenol-formaldehyde, PF
Soprochim
Polysulfone alloys with short glass fiber, PSU
Akzo/DSM
Polyethylene, PE
Pichney-Saint-Gobain
Copolyamides, hot melts
Elf Atochem
Copolyamides, hot melts
Elf Atochem
Polyethylene hot melt, PE
Elf Atochem
Deutschland
Copolyamides, hot melts
Elf Atochem
TPU and nylon films
Elf Atochem
Deutschland
PET, polyamide-6 monofilaments
Elf Atochem
Deutschland
(continued)
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Plenco
Diallyl phthalate, phenolics, polyesters
Plexalloy
Plexar
Plexidur
Plexiglas
PMMA/ABS alloys
PO-based adhesives
Poly(acrylonitrile-co-methyl methacrylate)
Acrylic, methacrylic resins and blends
Plexiglas G, V, MC
Plexigum
Pliocord VP Latex
Pliofilm
Pliogrip
Pliolite
Pluracol
Pluronics
Plyophen
PMF-400
PNC-400
PO
Pocan 7913
Pocan
Pocan-S
POF-400
Polane T, HST
Poliblend NH
Polidux
Polifil
Acrylic, methacrylic resins and copolymers
Acrylate and methacrylate resins
Vinylpyridine copolymer
Hydrochloride rubber
Polyurethane adhesives, PU
Styrene-butadiene copolymers
Polyether polyols
Ethylene oxide-propylene oxide copolymers, EPO
Phenolic resin,
Glass-filled polyamide-66, PA-66
Carbon fiber-filled polyamide-66, PA-66
Polypropylene, PP
PBT/PC/elastomer alloys
Poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT, PBT/ABS
PBT/elastomer blends
Glass-filled polyamide-6, PA-6
Urethane coatings
Polypropylene/polyamide blend; reinforced or not
ABS, SAN, polystyrenes
Polypropylene + mineral, talc, calcium
carbonate
Urea-formaldehyde resins, UF
Urea-based cellulose-containing compound
Polybutene, hydroxyl terminated
Specialty polyols
Diallyl phthalate; glass or mineral filled
Polyethylene, PE
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, ABS
PE, PP, PVC, PA, ABS color concentrates
Carbon black concentrates
Chemically modified POs
Pollopas
Polloplas
Poly BD
Poly G
Poly-Dap
Poly-Eth
Polyac
Polybatch
Polyblak
Polybond
Polycarbafil G
Polycast
Polychem 100
Polyclear
Polycarbonate; filled with glass, metal, carbon
Poly(vinylidene fluoride)/poly(methyl
methacrylate) blends for electrets
Phenolic resins filled with glass, wood, etc.
Polyethylene terephthalate, PET
Polycol
Poly(vinyl chloride) compound, PVC
2327
Plastics Engineering
Co.
Rohm and Haas
DSM
Rohm and Haas
Roehm GmbH/
AtoHaas
Rohm and Haas
Rohm and Haas
Goodyear Chemicals
Goodyear Chemicals
Ashland Chemicals
Goodyear Chemicals
BASF Plastics
Wyandotte Chem.
Cain Chem. Inc.
Polyfil, Inc.
Polyfil, Inc.
MA Industries
Bayer AG/Miles
Bayer AG/Miles/Albis
Bayer AG/Miles
Polyfil, Inc.
Sherwin-Williams Co
Poliresins SpA
Aiscondel
Polifil, Inc.
Dynamit Nobel
Dynamit Nobel
Elf Atochem
Olin Chemicals
Industrial Dielect.
Gulf Oil
Primex
A. Schulman, Inc.
A. Schulman, Inc.
PB Performance
Polymers
Akzo/DSM
Royalite
Budd Co.
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Elf Atochem
(continued)
2328
Polycomp
Polycomp
Polydene
Polydet
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
PPS or PET/PTFE blends
PTFE filled with PPS or PAr blends
Poly(methyl methacrylate)/PVC alloy
GRP plates (polyester)
LNP Corp.
LNP Corp.
A. Schulman, Inc.
Mitras Kunstoffe
GmbH
Polydur
Thermoplastic polyurethane, TPU
Dynamit Nobel/A.
Schulman
Polyfil
–
Polyfil
Polyfine
–
Tokuyama Soda
Polyflam X
Flame-retarded resins; X ¼ ABS, PS, PE, PP, etc. A. Schulman, Inc.
Polyflon
Polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE
Daikin
Polyfort
Polypropylene; filled with mineral, glass, PP
A Schulman Inc.
Polyimide
Polyimide, PI
Upjohn Co.
Polylac
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, ABS Chi Mei Industrial Co.
Polylite
Unsaturated polyester resin, UP
Reichhold Ltd.
Polyloy
Polyamide-6 or polyamide-6,6/PO or TPO blends Dr. Illing GmbH
Polyman
ABS or SAN/PVC compounds
A. Schulman, Inc.
Polyman 506, 509, etc. Poly(vinyl chloride)/ABS high-temperature alloys A. Schulman, Inc.
Polyman 551
Polyolefin, PO
A. Schulman, Inc.
Polyman 552
SAN/PO blends
A. Schulman, Inc.
Polymer XE 3055
Polyamide blends, PA
EMS-Chemie AG
Polymin
Polyethyleneimine
BASF Plastics
Polyox
Polyethylene oxide
Union Carbide
Polypenco Acrylic
Cast acrylic rods
Polymer Corp.
Polypenco Nylon 101 PA-66 reinforced or not (rods or sheets)
Polymer Corp.
Polypenco Q200.5
Cross-linked PS (rods or sheets)
Polymer Corp.
Polypenco Torlon
Polyamide-imide in rods or plates
Polymer Corp.
Polypro J
Polypropylene; filled or not, PP
Mitsui Petrochem.
Polypro KS
Polypropylene; filled or not, PP
Tokuyama Soda Co.
Polypur APU
Long fiber-reinforced TPU alloys
A. Schulman, Inc.
Polyrex P
Polystyrene, PS
Chi Mei Industrial
Polyrite PP
Unsaturated polyester with glass fiber, UP
Polyply, Inc.
Polysar Bromobutyl
Bromobutyl rubber, BIIR
Polysar/Bayer AG
Polysar Butyl
Butyl rubber, BR
Polysar/Bayer AG
Polysar Chlorobutyl
Chlorobutyl rubber, CIIR
Polysar/Bayer AG
Polysar EPDM
EPDM rubbers with ethylene/propylene
Polysar/Bayer AG
ratio ¼ 58/42 to 75/25
Polysar
Polystyrene, PS
Novacor
Polysar
PS with 4–8 % polybutadiene blend
Novacor
Polysar S
Emulsion SBR with 23.5 % bound styrene
Polysar/Bayer AG
Polysar SS
Emulsion SBR with 64 % bound styrene
Polysar/Bayer AG
Polysizer
Poly(vinyl alcohol), PVAl
Showa Highpolymer
Polystyrol
Polystyrene/polybutadiene alloys, HIPS, styrene- BASF Plastics
butadiene copolymer, SBR, etc.
Polysulfon
Poly(bisphenol-A/dichlorodiphenylsulfone)
Shell Chem. Co.
(continued)
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Polythene
Polytron
Polytrope TPP
Polyval
Polyvest
Polyvin
Polyviol
Poticon
PP-C1CC
PP-C2TF
PP-G2MF
PP-HFG
PPO
Prester
Prevail
Prevex
Prevex P2A, V3A
Prevex PMA, PQA
Prevex S33
Primacor
Primef
Primex
PRL-ABS
PRL-Acetal
PRL-Nylon
PRL-PC
PRM
Pro-Fax
Pro-Seal
Procom
Procond-H
Profil
Profil
Proloy
Propafilm
Propak
Propathene
Propathene PP
Propiofan
PS 50
Polyethylenes, PE (high pressure)
2329
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Electroconductive Poly(vinyl chloride) alloys
BF Goodrich
TPO alloys, PP/EPDM
A. Schulman, Inc.
Poly(vinyl alcohol), PVAl
Unitika Kasei
Polybutadiene, PB
H€
uls AG
Poly(vinyl chloride) compounds, PVC
A. Schulman, Inc.
Poly(vinyl alcohol), PVAl
Wacker-Chemie
PA-66, POM, PBT, PA-6 with potassium titanate Biddle Sawyer Corp.
Polypropylene with calcium carbonate, PP
Reichhold Chem., Inc.
Polypropylene with talc, PP
Reichhold Chem., Inc.
Polypropylene with mica, PP
Reichhold Chem., Inc.
Polypropylene with glass fiber, PP
Reichhold Chem., Inc.
Poly(2,6-dimethyl-phenylene ether), PPE
GE Plastics
Polyester polyurethanes, TPU
SPRA Neste Polyesters
TPU/ABS alloys
Dow Plastics
PPE alloys
GE Plastics
PA/PPE-copolymer blends with glass fiber
GE Plastics
PPE-copolymer-based blends with HIPS
GE Plastics
Polyamide/PPE-copolymer alloys
GE Plastics
EAA copolymer, EEA-type adhesives
Dow Chem. Co.
Poly(phenylene sulfide), PPS, with GF, CF, or
Solvay & Cie SA
mineral fillers
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC
Primex
ABS; glass filled or not
Polymer Resources
Acetal; glass filled or not, POM
Polymer Resources
Polyamide-6 or polyamide-66; glass filled or not, Polymer Resources
PA
Polycarbonate; glass filled or not, PC
Polymer Resources
Polymer reflective material; PC/acrylic
Dow Plastics
multilayer metallic-like sheets
PP homopolymers, copolymers with ethylene and Himont Canada
PP/EPR blends
Epoxy resins, EP
Prod. Res.& Chem.
Polypropylene, PP, PP/PA semi-IPNs
ICI Materials – Plast.
Polypropylene, PP
United Composites
Polypropylene + CaCO3, talc, mica, carbon, etc. Wilson-Fiberfil
Polypropylene with glass or carbon fiber, PP
Akzo/DSM
ABS/polycarbonate alloys
GE Plastics
Oriented PP film, OPP
ICI Films
Polypropylene
PolyPacific
Polypropylene, PP, toughened PP/EPR blends
ICI Materials – Plast.
Polypropylene, PP
ICI Materials – Plast.
Polyvinylpropionate
BASF Plastics
Polystyrene, PS
Huntsman Chem.
(continued)
2330
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
PSF
PU-21713
PUGL
Pulse
PVC-Semicon
PVC360
PXM
Pyralin
Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer with glass, SAN
Polypropylene, PP, rubber modified alloy
Polyurethane with glass fiber, TPU
Polycarbonate/ABS, PC/ABS (30 %) alloy
Conductive PVC
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC
Polyetherketone
Polyimide; laminates and electronics coating, PI
Pyratex
Pyre-ML
Elastomers
Polyimide, PI; wire enamel
Pyrotex
Q
Q2
Phenolic resins with asbestos
Q-TEL
QuaCorr Resin
Quatrex
Quiana
Quimcel
Quirvil
R
R-570
R-9900
R-xyAF
R-xyFG
R-xyMF
R-xyNF
R2-9900
R2-xyFG
R2-xyNF
R4-9900
R9-2039
RA-059
Radel A
Radel AG
Radel R
Radlite
Raplan
Ravemul
Ravikral
PA from 1,4-bis-aminomethylcyclohexane and
suberic acid
Encapsulating EP or PU resins
Thermoset furan resins with glass fiber
Electronic grade epoxy resins, EP
Polyamide fiber from trans, trans diaminodicyclohexylmethane and dodecanedioic acid
Cellulose nitrate, CN
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC
Acrylic resins
Polycarbonate, PC
Polycarbonate with xy wt% aluminum, PC
Polycarbonate with xy wt% glass fiber, PC
Polycarbonate with xy wt% mineral, PC
Polycarbonate with xy wt% graphite fiber, PC
Polycarbonate, PC/PBT alloy
Polycarbonate with xy wt% glass fiber, PC
Polycarbonate with xy wt% graphite fiber, PC
Polycarbonate, PC/SMA alloy
Epoxy resins, EP
Polyolefin, PO
Polyarylethersulfone, PAES, [f–O–f-SO2-ff-SO2-]
Polyarylsulfone; filled, PAS
Polyfil, Inc.
Ferro-Eurostar
Polymer Composites
Sumitomo Dow Ltd.
ABB Polymer Comp.
Exxon Chem.
Amoco
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Bayer
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Raymark Indust. Div.
Eastman/USA
Chemque
QC Chem., Inc
Dow Chem. Co.
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Punda Inc.
Rumianca SpA
Richardson Polymer
Thermofil, Inc.
Thermofil, Inc.
Thermofil, Inc.
Thermofil, Inc.
Thermofil, Inc.
Thermofil, Inc.
Thermofil, Inc.
Thermofil, Inc.
Thermofil, Inc.
Dexter Corp.
Himont, Inc.
Amoco Performance
Products
Amoco Performance
Products
Polyphenylsulfone, PSU
Amoco Performance
Products
Glass fiber-reinforced PC/PBT blends
Azdel Inc.
Elastomers
Polymix
Poly(vinyl acetate), PVAc
Enimont
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, ABS EniChem
(continued)
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Ravinil
RBC 2000
RDZ
RE2038/9
Reapox
Regulus
Reichhold TPR
Ren RP-1774
Ren-Flex
Ren-Flex-726
Renalal
Reny
Replay
Repolem, Ecocryl
Reprean
Resarit
Resartglas
Resiglas
Resin 18
Resin PVC
Resin S, trans, etc.
Resinmec
Resinol Type A, F,
etc.
Resolite
Restirolo
Retain
Revinex
Rex Flex-D
Rexene PE
Rexene PP
Rexflex
Rhodester
Rhodia
2331
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, suspension polymers European Vinyls
Corp.
Epoxy resins, EP; filled or not
RBC Ind.
Acrylics/PC opaque blends
Cyro Industries
Epoxy resins, EP
Dexter Corp.
Epoxy resins, EP
Rea Industrie
Thermoplastic polyimides; thermoformable film Mitsui Toatsu Chem.,
Inc.
Thermoplastic elastomers: PO/EPDM blend
Reichhold Chem., Inc.
Epoxy resins, EP; filled or not
Dexter Corp.
Thermoplastic elastomers, TPO, PP/EPDM
Dexter Corp.
Polyolefins, PO
Dexter Corp.
Acetal copolymer, POM
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Polyamides, PA-66
Mitsubishi
Polystyrene
Huntsman
Acrylic and vinylic emulsions
Elf Atochem
Ethylene copolymers
Discas
Poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA powder
Resart-IHM AG
Poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA sheets
Resart-IHM AG
Unsaturated polyester with glass fiber, UP
Kristal Kraft, Inc.
Poly-alpha-methylstyrene
Amoco Chem. Co.
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC
Georgia Gulf
Epoxy resins, EP; filled or not
Furane Products
Polyamides, polypropylene
Amoco Chem. Co.
Polyethylenes, PE
Allied Resinous
Urea-formaldehyde, UF
Polystyrene, PS
Polyethylene/polystyrene-based recycled blends
Carboxylated rubber
Thermoplastic elastomers; filled or not, TPO
Polyethylenes, PE
Polypropylenes, PP
Polypropylene
Cellulose acetate, CA
Cellulose-2.5 acetate, CA
Rhodiaceta-nylon
Polyamide-6,6, PA-66
Rhodopas
Rhodorsil
Rhodoviol
Rhovyl
Styrene-butadiene copolymer, SBR
Silicones
Poly(vinyl alcohol), PVAl
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC
Ciba-Geigy, GB
Societa Italiana Resine
Dow Plastics
Doverstrand
Dexter Corp.
Rexene/El Paso Prod.
Rexene/El Paso Prod.
Rexene
Rhoˆne-Poulenc
Soc. Rhodiaceta,
France
Soc. Rhodiaceta,
France
Rhoˆne-Poulenc
Rhoˆne-Poulenc
Rhoˆne-Poulenc
Soc. Rhodiaceta,
France
(continued)
2332
Riblene
Riblene
Rigidex
Rigidite
Rigipore
Rigolac
Rilsan A
Rilsan AVR
Rilsan B
Rilsan ESY
Rilsan
Rimplast
Rimplast
Rimplast PTUE
Risilan AZM
Risilan BZM
Riston
Riteflex
Riteflex BP
RNYxy
Robetanche
Robfill/Robflex
Robinsectisol
Rocalene
Rodran
Rogers HT
Rogers RX 1
Rogers RX 300
Ronfalin
Ronfalin
Ronfaloy E
Ronfaloy P
Ronfaloy V
Ropet
Rosite 3250 BMC
Roskydal
Roto Flame
Rotothene R-
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, EVA
ECP EniChem
Polymeri
Polyethylenes: LDPE, LLDPE, and VLLDPE
ECP EniChem
Polymeri
High-density polyethylene, HDPE
BP Chemicals Limited
Carbon, aramid, glass fiber filled
BASF PLASTICS
Expandable polystyrene, PS
BP Chemicals Limited
Polyester resins
Showa Highpolymer
Polyamide-12, PA-12, or blends with PEBA
Elf Atochem
Polyamide-11 with Tm ¼ 175 C (rotomolding) Elf Atochem
Polyamide-11, PA-11
Elf Atochem
Polyamide-11 for electrostatic spraying
Elf Atochem
Polyamide-11, polyamide-12, PA-6.6/PEBA
Elf Atochem
PA-6,6 or PA-12/silicone, reinforced or not
LNP Corp./Petrarch
Sys.
Polyurethane/silicone IPN, reinforced or not
LNP Corp./Petrarch
Sys.
Silicone-modified TPU, aromatic ether
H€
uls AG
Polyamide-12 with glass/graphite fibers, PA-12 Elf Atochem
Polyamide-11 with glass/graphite fibers, PA-11 Elf Atochem
Photopolymer film resistant
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Thermoplastic elastomer and blends
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT, alloys with a Hoechst Celanese
thermoplastic elastomer
Corp.
Polyamide-6 with xy wt% glass fiber, PA-6
Ferro Corp.
Polyurethanes, PU
Robbe
Polyurethanes, PU
Robbe
Polyurethanes, PU
Robbe
Reinforced polypropylene, PP
R.M.P.
Liquid crystal polyester, LCP
Unitika
Phenolics with glass fiber
Rogers Corp.
Diallyl phthalate with filler, DAP
Rogers Corp.
Phenolics; filled with glass, wood, mineral, etc. Rogers Corp.
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, ABS DSM
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene/polycarbonate
DSM
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene/EPDM alloy
DSM
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene/PET alloy
DSM
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene/Poly(vinyl
DSM
chloride)
Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET/PMMA alloys Rohm and Haas
Unsaturated polyester with glass fiber, UP
Rostone Corp.
UP lacquer resins
Bayer AG/Miles
Polyethylene, PE
Rototron Corp.
Polyethylenes; filled or not, PE
Rototron Corp.
(continued)
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Rotothon XP-I
Rovel 747
Rovel
Royalcast
Royalcast
Royalene
Royalene
Royalite
Royalite
Royalite R 11
Royaltherm
Royaltuf 372
Royaltuf 465
Royaltuf
Royaltuf XN6G
Roylar A-863
RPC-440
RPI 504 EP
Polypropylene, PP for rotational molding
Polycarbonate, PC/AES blends
Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, SAN, blended
with saturated olefinic elastomer, EPR
Elastomers
Polyurethanes, thermoset (TS)
EPDM for modification of HDPE
Polyethylene, PE, or polypropylene, PP
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymers, ABS
Poly(vinyl chloride)/PMMA alloys
Polycarbonate/ABS alloys
EPDM modified with silicone
EPDM grafted with SAN
EPDM functionalized with maleic anhydride
Modified EPDM
EPDM grafted with polyamide-6
Polyether-polyurethenes, PU
Acrylic, PMMA
Polycarbonate-based alloys
RPI 507 EP
RPI 602 EP
Polypropylene/EPDM-type TPO blends
Polyamide-66-based alloys
RPI
RPPxy
RPS
RT 700
RT/duroid
RTA-Polymer
RTD
RTP 200 TFE
RTP 200C
RTP 200D
RTP 200H
RTP 300 TFE
RTP 600
RTP 800
RTP 900
RTP 1000
RTP 1300
RTP ESD
RTP PWB
Rucon
Rucothane
Polyolefin, PO/EPDM blends
Polypropylene with xy wt% glass fiber, PP
Polystyrene, PS-reactive
Cellulose (Viscose)
Polytetrafluoroethylene with glass fiber, PTFE
Rigid TP alloys
Impact-modified acrylics
Polyamide-66/PTFE/PDMS; filled or not
Polyamide-11/PTFE (20 %); filled or not
Polyamide-612/PTFE ( 20 %); filled or not
Polyamide/PTFE ( 20 %); filled or not
Polycarbonate/PTFE/PDMS; filled or not
ABS/PTFE or PDMS; filled or not
POM/PTFE or PDMS; filled or not
PSF/PTFE (15 %); filled or not
PBT/PTFE(15 %); filled or not
PPS/PTFE ( 20 %); filled or not
Polyarylsulfone with glass fiber
Polyarylsulfone with glass fiber
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC
TPU, polyurethane thermoplastic elastomers
2333
Rototron Corp
Dow Chem. Co.
Dow Chem. Co.
Safic-Alcan
Uniroyal Chemical
Uniroyal Chemical
US-Rubber, USA
Uniroyal Chemical
Uniroyal Chemical
Uniroyal Chemical
Uniroyal Chemical
Uniroyal Chemical
Uniroyal Chemical
Uniroyal Chemical
Uniroyal Chemical
Uniroyal Chemical
Richardson Polymer
Research Polymers
Intl.
Dexter Corp.
Research Polymers
Intl.
Dexter Corp.
Ferro Corp.
Dow Chem. Co.
Glanzstoff, Germany
Rogers Corp.
Republic Plast. Co.
Cyro Industries
RTP Co.
RTP Co.
RTP Co.
RTP Co.
RTP Co.
RTP Co.
RTP Co.
RTP Co.
RTP Co.
RTP Co.
RTP Co.
RTP Co.
Hooker
Hooker Chem. Corp.
(continued)
2334
Rulan
Rumiten
Runite SST
R€
utaform
Rutapal
Rutaphen
Rutapox
Rutapur
RX
RX ENG. TS
RX
RxLoy
Rylon
Rylon PPS
Rynite PBT
Rynite
Rynite SST
Ryton
Ryulex C
S
S-660
S-xyFG
S-xyMF
S-xyNF
Sabre
Sadisol
Saflex
Sanrex
Santoprene
Sapedur
Saran
Saran
Saranex
Sarlink 1000
Sarlink 2000
Sarlink 3000
Sarlink TPE
Sarnylene
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Polyethylene with filler, PE
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Polyethylenes, PE
Rumianca SpA
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) + 35 wt% glass, PET E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Aminoplasts: MF, MPF, melamine-polyester, etc. Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Polyester resins, UP
Bakelite GmbH
Phenol-formaldehyde, resorcinol-formaldehyde Bakelite GmbH
Epoxy resins, EP
Bakelite GmbH
Polyurethane resins, PU
Bakelite GmbH
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, ABS Resin Exchange
Phenolic and diallyl phthalate molding materials Rogers Corp
Poly(phenylene sulfide), PPS/PTFE blend
Intl. Polym. Corp.
Polyolefin alloys for medical applications
Ferro Corp.
Polyphenylene sulfide, PPS
Phillips Petrol. Co.
Polyphenylene sulfide, PPS
Phillips Petrol. Co.
Poly(butylene terephthalate)/elastomer alloys
E. I. du Pont de
with up to 30 wt% glass fibers
Nemours
PBT or PET/elastomer with up to 35 wt% mica E. I. du Pont de
and glass fibers
Nemours
Poly(ethylene terephthalate)/elastomer alloys
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Poly(p-phenylene sulfide); filled or not, PPS
Phillips Petrol. Co.
Polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
Dainippon Ink &
Chem.
Unsaturated polyester with glass fiber, UP
Polysulfone with xy wt% glass fiber, PSU
Polysulfone with xy wt% mineral, PSU
Polysulfone with xy wt% graphite fiber, PSU
Polycarbonate, PC, alloys with PET or PBT
Polyurethanes, polyols, isocyanates
Polyvinylacetal, PVAc
Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, SAN
Polypropylene/EPDM or EPM, dynamically
vulcanized thermoplastic elastomers, TPO
Poly(vinyl chloride) compounds, PVC
PVDC with at least 80 % vinylidene chloride
PVDC with at least 80 % vinylidene chloride
Poly(vinylidene chloride), PVDC, and PVDC/PO
TPE; oil-resistant PP/PB blends
TPE; low permeability PP/BR blends
TPE; multipurpose PP/EPDM
Thermoplastic elastomers, TPE
Poly(vinyl chloride) compounds, PVC
ICI/Fiberite
Thermofil, Inc.
Thermofil, Inc.
Thermofil, Inc.
Dow Chem. Co.
Robbe
Monsanto, USA
Mitsubishi Monsanto
Monsanto Chem. Co.
Saplast
(generic name)
Dow Chem. Co.
Dow Chem. Co.
DSM; Novacor
DSM; Novacor
DSM; Novacor
DSM; Novacor
Plastic Auvergne
(continued)
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Sarnymousse
Satellite
Satinflex
Poly(vinyl chloride) compounds, PVC
HDPE blown film system
Poly(vinyl chloride) super elastomers, PVC
Scarab
Schulamid GB
Schulamid GF
Urea-formaldehyde, UF, molding powders
Polyamide-6 with glass beads, PA-6
Polyamide-6 or polyamide-66 with glass fibers,
PA-6 or PA-66
Polyamide-66 with mineral, PA-66
Polyamide-6 with glass fiber/mineral, PA-6
Polyethylene resins, PE
Polyethylene resins, PE
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, ABS
Polyethylene resins, PE
Polyethylene resins, PE
Polyamide/polyolefin, PA/PO, blends
High-density polyethylene, HDPE
Polystyrene foam, EPS
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, ABS
Polystyrene, PS
Adhesives
Epoxy resins, EP
Epoxy resin, EP
Polyester film
Poly(vinyl acetate), PVAc
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC
Polyurethanes, isocyanates
Thermoplastic elastomer, TPE
Conductive TPE
Polyamide blend
Schulamid MF
Schulamid MWG
Schulman 9HD
Schulman 9PE
Schulman ABS
Schulman CP
Sclair
Sclar
Scolefin
Sconapor
Sconatex
Scopyrol
Scotch-Grip
Scotchcast
Scotchcote
Scotchpak
Scovinat
Scovinyl
Scuranate
SEBS-Compound
SEBS-Semicon
Selar Barrier Resin
Selar OH
Selar PA
Selar PT
Selar PT
Selar RB
SFP
Shell DP
Shell
Shinko-Lac G
Shinko-Lac GH
2335
Plastic Auvergne
Filmaster Inc.
Alpha Chem. &
Plastics
BIP Chemicals Ltd.
A. Schulman, Inc.
A. Schulman, Inc.
A. Schulman, Inc.
A. Schulman, Inc.
A. Schulman, Inc.
A. Schulman, Inc.
A. Schulman, Inc.
A. Schulman, Inc.
Du Pont Canada
Du Pont Canada
Buna AG
Buna AG
Buna AG
Buna AG
3M Canada Inc
3M, USA
3M Canada Inc
3M Canada Inc
Buna AG
Buna AG
Rhoˆne-Poulenc
ABB Polymer Comp.
ABB Polymer Comp.
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
EVAl resins for oxygen barrier film (blend)
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Amorphous PA for oxygen barrier film (blend)
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Polyester resins for barrier films (blend)
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Polyethylene terephthalate blend, PET, (blend)
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
PA/HDPE concentrates for O2 barrier PO films E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Polystyrene, PS
Huntsman Chem.
Polyisobutylene resins, PIB
Shell Chim.
PP, PS, PVC resins
Shell Chim.
Poly(butylene terephthalate); filled or not, PBT Mitsubishi Rayon Co.
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, ABS Mitsubishi Rayon Co.
(continued)
2336
Shinkolite A
Sholex
Shore
Shuman 500
Shuman 700
Shuman 780
Shuman 800
Shuman 900
Shuman 6000
Shuman SP
Shutane
Shuvinite
Sicalit
Sicoflex
Sicol
Sicostrol
Sicron
Silastic
Silastomer
Silflex
Silixol
Silmar
Silopren
Siltem
Sinkral
Sinvet
Sirester
Sirester
Sirfen
Sirit
Siritle
Sirotherm
Sirtene
SKS
Skybond 700
Skygreen
Skyprene
SMA
Snevyl
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Acrylic sheets, PMMA
Polyethylene
Polyester elastomers, TPE
Mitsubishi Rayon Co.
Showa Denko K. K.
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Polypropylene, PP
Philip Shuman & Sons
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers, ABS Philip Shuman & Sons
Poly(vinyl chloride)/ABS alloy, PVC/ABS
Philip Shuman & Sons
Polystyrene, PS
Philip Shuman & Sons
Polycarbonate, PC
Philip Shuman & Sons
Polyethylene, PE
Philip Shuman & Sons
Poly(phenylene ether), PPE alloy
Philip Shuman & Sons
Poly(vinyl chloride)/TPU alloy
Reichhold Chem., Inc.
Poly(vinyl chloride)/ABS alloy
Reichhold Chem., Inc.
Cellulose acetate, CA
Sic Plastics
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers, ABS Sic Plastics
Plastisols, PVC
Enimont
Polystyrene; reinforced or not, PS
Sic Plastics
Poly(vinyl chloride) compositions, PVC
European Vinyls/
Montedison
Silicones
Dow Chem. Co.
Silicones
Dow Chem. Co.
Silicone, TS
Furane Products
Silicones, MQ
Convert
Unsaturated polyesters, UP
Silmar
Silicone rubber, MQ
Bayer AG/Miles
Siloxane-etherimide copolymers and blends
GE Plastics
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers,
ECP Enimont Polym./
ABS
EniChem
Polycarbonate, PC
Anic; ECP EniChem
Polymeri
Polyester resins
SIR France
Polyester resins
SIR France
Phenol-formaldehyde resins, PF
SIR France
Urea-formaldehyde resins, UF
SIR France
Urea-formaldehyde resins, UF
SIR France
Ampholytic polyelectrolyte
ICI
Polyethylene, PE
Societa Italiana Resine
Copolymers from butadiene
USSR
Polyimides; laminating varnish, PI
Monsanto
Biodegradable polyethylene succinate/adipate for Sukyong Industries
injection or extrusion
CR elastomers
Tosoh, Harcros
Chemicals
Styrene maleic anhydride, SMA
Elf Atochem
Poly(vinyl chloride) compositions, PVC
Sebuca
(continued)
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Snialene
Snialoy AP06
Snialoy BP06
Sniamid
Sniater
Snissan
Snlatal
Soablen/Soarlex
Soarnol
Soarnol EVOH SF
Soetene
Sokalan CP2
Sol T
Solef 1000
Solef 8800
Solimide
Solprene
Solucryl
Solvic
Somel
Soreflon
Sowpren
Spandex
Spanzelle
Specflex
Spectra
Spectrim HF
Spectrim HF-80
Spectrim HT
Spectrim RD
SPX
SRIM
ST-801
ST-Nylon
Stabar
Stadlite
Staloy N
Stamylan HD or LD
Polypropylene, PP
2337
SNIA Tecnopolimeri
SpA
Polyamide-66 with PP toughened blends
Nylon Corp. of
America
Polyamide-6 with PP toughened blends
Nylon Corp. of
America
Polyamide-6, polyamide-66, PA-6, PA-66
SNIA Tecnopolimeri
SpA
Poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT
SNIA Tecnopolimeri
SpA
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, ABS SNIA Tecnopolimeri
SpA
Polyoxymethylene (acetal), POM
SNIA Tecnopolimeri
SpA
Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, EVAc
Nippon Synthetic
EVA copolymer
Nichimen
Ethylene-vinyl alcohol, EVAl
Elf Atochem
Low-density polyethylene, LDPE
Sogo
Polyelectrolyte
BASF
SBS and SIS block copolymers
Enarco Elastomers Co.
Poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVDF
Solvay & Cie SA
Poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVDF, with filler
Soltex/Solvay & Cie
SA
Polyimide foam, PI
Ethyl Corp
Branched (SB)n or (SI)n block copolymers
Phillips Petrol.
Acrylates and methacrylates
UCB Soc.
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC
Solvay & Cie SA
TPO thermoplastic elastomer, PP/EPDM
Colonial
Polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE
Rhoˆne-Poulenc
Polychloroprene, CR
USSR
Elastic PU fibers
(generic name)
Spandex fiber
Courtaulds
PU elastomer
Dow Chem. Co.
UHMWPE gel-spun fibers
AlliedSignal Inc.
Thermoplastic polyurea
Dow Chem. Co.
Thermoplastic polyurethane, TPU
Dow Chem. Co.
Thermoplastic polyurea
Dow Chem. Co.
Polyurethane; filled or not, TPU
Dow Chem. Co.
PP/EPR elastomer
Mitsubishi
Polyurethane, PU
Mobay Corp.
Polyamide elastomer blends
DuPont
Polyamide/ionomer(?) blends
Toray
PES and PEEK films
ICI Films
Phenol-formaldehyde resin, PF
Hitachi
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene/PA alloys
DSM Polymer Int.
High or low-density polyethylene, PE
DSM Polymer Int.
(continued)
2338
Stamylan LD
Stamylan P
Stamylex
Stamyroid
Stanuloy ST
Stanyl
Stapron
Stapron C
Stapron E
Stapron N
Stapron S
Star
Star X
Staramide-Glass
Staramide-Mineral
Starcoat
Starflam ABS
Starflam PA6; PA66
Starflam PBT
Starglas ABS
Starglas PBT
Starglas PC
Starglas PE
Starglas POM
Starglas PSU
Starglas SAN
Starpylen
Stat-Kon M
Statcon
Stereon
Stilon
Strathox
Stratyl
Stycast
Stycone
Sterpon
Stypol
Styrafil
Styroblend
Styrocell
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Low-density polyethylene, LDPE
Polypropylene, PP
Linear low-density polyethylene, LLDPE
Modified amorphous polypropylene, PP
Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET, modified or
blended with polycarbonate
Polyamide-4,6 and its blends, PA-46
Rubber-modified SMA polymers
Polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
Polycarbonate/PET or PBT with PB as impactmodifier; for interior automobile door panels
Polyamide-6, PA-6, alloys with ABS with
impact-modified PA-phase
Rubber modified amorphous SMA with glass
fiber reinforcements or not
Reinforced thermoplastic resins, e.g., ABS, SAN
PA-6,PA-46, or PA-66 with an impact modifier,
glass fiber reinforced or not
Glass fiber-filled polyamide-6, PA-6
Mineral-filled polyamide-6, PA-6
Gel-coat
ABS blend, flame retarded, glass reinforced or not
PA-6 or PA-66/brominated polystyrene, impact
modified, glass or mineral reinforced or not
PBT blend, flame retarded, glass reinforced
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene with glass fiber
Glass fiber filled poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT
Glass fiber filled polycarbonate, PC
Glass fiber filled HDPE
Reinforced polyoxymethylene, POM
Glass fiber-filled polysulfone, PSU
Reinforced SAN
Glass fiber-filled thermoplastic resins
PP with electrostatic discharge
Electrostatic dissipative materials
Triblock SBS thermoplastic elastomer
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene/polycarbonate
Epoxy resins, EP
Unsaturated polyester, UP
Epoxy; filled or not, EP
Polystyrene, PS alloys
Polyester resins, UP
Unsaturated polyesters; filled or not, UP
Polystyrene with fillers, PS
Polystyrene, PS, blends with PE or PB
Expandable polystyrene, EPS
DSM Polymer Int.
DSM Polymer Int.
DSM Polymer Int.
DSM Polymer Int.
MRC Polymers, Inc.
DSM Polymer Int.
DSM Polymer Int.
DSM Polymer Int.
DSM Polymer Int.
DSM Polymer Int.
DSM Polymer Int.
Ferro-Eurostar
Ferro-Eurostar
Ferro Corp.
Ferro Corp.
Chanet Paints
Ferro-Eurostar
Ferro-Eurostar
Ferro-Eurostar
Ferro Corp.
Ferro Corp.
Ferro Corp.
Ferro Corp.
Ferro Corp.
Ferro Corp.
Ferro Corp.
Ferro-Eurostar
LNP Eng. Plastics
LNP
Firestone Co.
USSR
Technibat
Pe´chiney, France
Emerson & Cuming
United Compos.
Convert
Freeman Chem. Corp.
Akzo/DSM
BASF Plastics
Shell Chem.
(continued)
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Styrodur
Styroflex
Styrofoam
Styrol
Styrolux
Styron
Styroplus
Styropol
Styropor
Styruvex
Sulfil G
Sulfil J-1100
Sulfil J-1300
Sulfil J-1800
Sumigraft
Sumikathene
Sumikon
Sumilit SX
Sumipex
Sumiploy
Sunloid
Sunloid KD
Sunloid New Ace
Sunloid PC
Sunprene
Suntec
Suntra
Supec
Supec CTX530
Supec CTX540
Superec P
Supec W331
Superohm
Supralen
Supraplast
Suprel
Suprel SVA
Surlyn
Surlyn 7930
Extruded rigid polystyrene, PS
PS fiber
Polystyrene, PS plastic foam
Polystyrene, PS
Styrene-butadiene copolymer, SBR
Polystyrene, PS, and impact-modified PS, HIPS
Polystyrene, PS, blends with polybutadiene, PB
Styrene-butadiene copolymer, SBR
Expandable polystyrene, EPS
Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, SAN
Polysulfone with long glass fibers, PSU
Polyethersulfone with glass fibers, PES
Poly(phenylene sulfide) with fillers, PPS
PET or PBT with glass fibers
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC
Polyethylenes, PE
Epoxy resins
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC
Acrylic resins, PMMA
PES, PES/PEEK-modified blends
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymers, ABS
Poly(vinyl chloride)/PMMA alloy
Poly(vinyl chloride) sheets, PVC
Polycarbonate, PC sheet, films
Poly(vinyl chloride)-based elastomers, PVC/
elastomer
Polyethylene
Poly(phenylene sulfide), PPS resin
Poly(phenylene sulfide) and blends with PEI, PPE
2339
BASF Plastics
Ndd. Seekabelwerke
Dow Chem. Co.
Idemitsu
BASF Plastics
Dow Chem. Co.
BASF Plastics
Carl Gordon Ind.
BASF Plastics
Coplex
Akzo/DSM
Akzo/DSM
Akzo/DSM
Akzo/DSM
Sumitomo Chem. Co.
Sumitomo Chem. Co.
Sumitomo Bakelite
Sumitomo Chem. Co.
Sumitomo Chem. Co.
Sumitomo Chem. Co.
Tsutsunaka Plastics
Tsutsunaka Plastics
Tsutsunaka Plastics
Tsutsunaka Plastics
Mitsubishi Kasei/A.
Schulman
Asahi Chemical Co.
Sunk Yong
GE Plastics/Toso
Susteel
Poly(phenylene sulfide)/PEI blends with 30 % GF GE Plastics
Poly(phenylene sulfide)/PEI blends with 40 % GF GE Plastics
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene/polycarbonate
Mitsubishi-Monsanto
Poly(phenylene sulfide)/PTFE blends with 30 % GF GE Plastics
Ethylene-propylene copolymer, EPR
A. Schulman, Inc.
Polyethylenes, PE (pipes)
Mannesmann,
Germany
Thermoset resins: resorcinol-formaldehyde, etc. O.F.A.C.I.
Styrene-acrylonitrile grafted on PVC, SAN or
Vista Chemical Co.
ABS/PVC alloys
Poly(vinyl chloride)/a-methyl styrene-ABS
Vista Chemical Co.
Ionomer resins
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Lithium grade ionomer resin
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
(continued)
2340
Surlyn 8020
Surlyn 9020
Surlyn A
Susteel
SVM
Sylon FX
Syn-Flex
Synergy
Synolite
Synprene
Synres
Syntewax
Synthetic ABS
Syspur/Systanat
Systemer S
Systol
T
T-xyCF
T-xyCG
T-xyFG
T-xyNF
T-xyNG
Tactix
Taffen
Taflite
Tafmer
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Sodium grade ionomer resin
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Zink grade ionomer resin
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Ionomer, ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Poly(phenylene sulfide), PPS
Toso Susteel
Aromatic polyamides
USSR
Fluoropolymer, thermoset (TS)
3M Ind. Chem.
Polyolefin compounds, PO
Synergistics Ind
Polyamide-6/PPE blends
Allied-Signal Inc.
Unsaturated polyester resin, UP
DSM Plastics
Thermoplastic rubber compounds, TPE
Synergistics Ind
Specialty olefins, PO
Quality Service
Technology
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, ABS Comiel SpA
Polypropylene with calcium carbonate, PP
Reichhold Chem.,
Inc.
Polyurethane, PU
Soprochim
Polypropylene/polyamides, reinforced or not
Showa Denko K. K.
Polyurethane, PU
Soprochim
Taitalac
Taktene
Tallerand
Tamcin PP
TAP-MR
Tarpee
Polyphenylene sulfide, PPS + xy% graphite fiber
Polyphenylene sulfide with xy% carbon/glass
Polyphenylene sulfide with xy wt% glass fiber
Polyphenylene sulfide with xy wt% graphite fiber
Polyphenylene sulfide with xy% glass/graphite
High performance EP elastomeric resins
Thermoplastic composites
Polystyrene, PS-g-EPDM blends
Metallocene-made linear low-density polyolefin
with strictly controlled comonomer placement
Metallocene-made linear low-density polyolefin
with 1 % acidic groups, used for compatibilization
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, ABS
Butadiene rubber, BR; based on co-catalyst
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC
Polypropylene, PP
Polyisocyanate thermoplastics
Polyethylene laminated sheet, PE
TDI
TE-1004
Techniace TA
Techniace TB
Polyurethane, PU
Epoxy with metallic fillers, EP
Polyamide/ABS alloys
Poly(butylene terephthalate)/ABS alloys
Tafmer A
Thermofil, Inc.
Thermofil, Inc.
Thermofil, Inc.
Thermofil, Inc.
Thermofil, Inc.
Dow Chem. Co.
Exxon Chem.
Mitsui Toatsu
Mitsui
Petrochemicals
Mitsui
Petrochemicals
Taita Chem. Co.
Polysar/Bayer AG
Tallerand Chem.
Reichhold Chem., Inc.
Urylon Development
Hagihara Industries
Inc.
Dow
Dexter Corp.
Sumitomo Dow, Ltd.
Sumitomo Dow, Ltd.
(continued)
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Techster
Techster T
Techtron PPS
Tecnoflon
Tecnoprene
Tecoflex
Tecolite KM
Tediflex/Tedilast
ABS/polycarbonate alloys, T-series ¼ heat and
impact resistant, H-series ¼ high heat and impact
resistant, W-series ¼ weather and impact
resistant, F-series ¼ flame and impact resistant
Thermoplastic polyurethane/ABS alloys
Poly(p-phenylene diphenylether
terephthalamide)
Polyamide-66/elastomer, with filler or not, PA-66
Polyamide-66, 6/elastomer, with filler or not
Polyamide-6/elastomer, with filler or not
Polyamide-610/elastomer, with filler or not
Polyamide-6, polyamide-66, polyamide-610 impact
modified, glass fiber or mineral reinforced or not
Polyesters: PBT, PET, and blends
Poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT/elastomer blends
Polyphenylene sulfide, PPS rods or plates
Fluoroelastomers; PVDF/PHFP blends
Glass fiber-reinforced polypropylene
Polyurethane, PU
Phenolic-filled thermosets, PF
Polyurethane, PU, formulated systems
Tedipur
Polyurethane, PU, formulated systems
Teditherm/Tedirim
Polyurethane, PU, formulated systems
Tedlar
Polyvinyl fluoride, PVF, film
Tedur
Tefabloc/Tefaprene
Tefanyl
Teflon
Polyphenylene sulfide, PPS, with glass/mineral
Elastomers
Poly(vinyl chloride) compounds, PVC
Fluoropolymers; PTFE, PFA, FEP
Teflon FEP
Tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene, FEP
Teflon PFA
Fluorocarbon, perfluoroalkoxy resin, PFA
Teflon TFE
Polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE
Tefzel
Modified ethylenetetrafluoroethylene copolymer
Teijinconex
Teknor Apex
Telcar
Tempalloy
Temprene
TempRite
Poly(m-phenyleneisophthalamide), PPA
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC
PP/EPDM, TPO elastomeric blends
Polypropylene with fillers, PP
Poly(vinyl chloride)/nitrile rubber (15–40 phr)
Chlorinated PVC, CPVC
Techniace TC
Techniace TU
Technora
Technyl A
Technyl B
Technyl C
Technyl D
Technyl
2341
Sumitomo Dow, Ltd.
Sumitomo Dow, Ltd.
Teijin Ltd.
Rhoˆne Poulenc
Rhoˆne Poulenc
Rhoˆne Poulenc
Rhoˆne Poulenc
Rhoˆne Poulenc
Rhoˆne Poulenc
Rhoˆne Poulenc
Polymer Corp.
Enimont
Enimont
Thermedics, Inc.
Toshiba Chem. Prod.
ECP Enimont
Polymeri
ECP Enimont
Polymeri
ECP Enimont
Polymeri
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Bayer AG/Miles
Thermoplastiques C. T.
Thermoplastiques C. T.
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Teijin, Ltd.
Teknor Apex
Teknor Apex
Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Piltec Group
BF Goodrich
(continued)
2342
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Temprite LC
Tenac
Tenite
Tenite 000
Tenite 200
Tenite 300
Tenite 5000
Tenite Acetate
Tenite Butyrate
Tenite P7673
Tenite Pet
Tenite Polypropion
Tenite Propionate
Tenite PTMT
Tenite
Tenneco 2710
Tenneco
Teracol
Poly(vinyl chloride) compounds, PVC
Polyoxymethylene, POM
Polyolefins, cellulosics, CAB
Cellulose acetate, CA
Cellulose butyrate, CB
Cellulose propionate, CP
Polyallomer
Cellulose acetate, CA
Cellulose acetate-butyrate, CAB
Polyallomer
Thermoplastic polyesters, PET
Cellulose acetate-propionate, CAP
Cellulose propionate, CP
Polytetramethylene terephthalate, PTMT
PVAc, PVB, PVPr
Polyallomer
Poly(vinyl chloride)/EVA blends
Polyoxytetramethylene glycol
Terathane
Polyether glycol, PEO
Terblend B
Terblend S
Terblend
Terital
Teritherm
Terlenka
Terluran
Terluran
Terlux
ABS/polycarbonate, PC, blend
ASA/polycarbonate, PC, blend
Styrene copolymer blends
Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET
Polyesterimide, PEI
Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET
ABS blends with acrylic rubber
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymers, ABS
Clear methyl methacrylate-acrylonitrilebutadiene-styrene, MABS
Polyester film
Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET
Polyetheretherketone, PEEK
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) filled, PET
Polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE
Polyethylene, PE
Polyamide-6; PA-66, with filler or not, PA-6; PA-66
Poly(vinyl acetate)
Acrylic polyelectrolyte
Polyurethanes
Polycarbonate/polyester-PU, PC/TPU alloys
Polyester-PU alloys with PC
Fully or partially hydrogenated nitrile rubber,
NR, with AN ¼ 33–43 %
Terphane
Terylene
Tetra-Temp PEEK
Tetrafil J-1800
Tetrafluor
Tetralene UHMW
Texalon/Texapol
Texicote
Texigels
Texin
Texin 3000
Texin 4000
Therban/Tornac
Polyplastic
Asahi Chemical Ind.
Eastman Chem. Prod.
Eastman Chem. Prod.
Eastman Chem. Prod.
Eastman Chem. Prod.
Eastman Chem. Prod.
Eastman Chem. Prod.
Eastman Chem. Prod.
Eastman Chem. Prod.
Eastman Chem. Prod.
Eastman Chem. Prod.
Eastman Chem. Prod.
Eastman Chem. Prod.
Eastman Chem. Prod.
Tenneco Polymers
Tenneco Polymers
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
BASF Plastics
BASF Plastics
BASF Plastics
Montefibre, Italy
P. D. GeorgeE´. Co.
AKU, Netherlands
BASF Plastics
BASF Plastics
BASF Plastics
Rhoˆne Poulenc
ICI Adv. Mater.
Tetrafluor, Inc.
Akzo/DSM
Tetrafluor, Inc.
Tetrafluor, Inc.
Texapol Corp.
Scott Bader
Scott Bader
Bayer AG/Miles, Inc.
Bayer AG/Miles, Inc.
Bayer AG/Miles, Inc.
Polysar/Bayer A
(continued)
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Therban
Thermaflo
Thermaflo
Thermalloy
Thermid IP-600
Thermocomp
Thermocomp AF
Thermocomp BF
Thermocomp DL
Thermocomp PDX
Thermocomp RFL
Thermocomp RL
Thermolan 2000
Elastomers
Poly(vinyl chloride) footwear compounds, PVC
Thiorubber, TR, compound
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, ABS blends
Polyimide, PI, structural adhesive
Reinforced engineering polymer compounds with
either glass or carbon fibers
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, ABS, with fillers
Styrene-acrylonitrile cop., ABS, with fillers
Polycarbonate, PC/PTFE 13 %/silicone 2 %
PEEK/PTFE (20 %) alloys
Polyamide-66/silicone 5 % blends
Polyamide-66/PTFE 13 %/Rimplast
Polypropylene/EPDM blends
Thermolan 3000
EPDM/polypropylene blends
Thermomanto
Thermoset
Thiokol
Extruded EPS insulation boards
Epoxy resins with fillers, EP
Poly(ethylene chloride-co-sodium sulfide)
Thornel
THV-Fluoroplastic
Graphite yarn
Terpolymer of tetrafluoroethylene,
hexafluoropropylene and vinylidene fluoride
(processing at 130 C)
Polypropylene, PP
Poly(vinyl chloride); rigid, calendered, PVC
Ultrahigh molecular weight PE, UHMWPE
Polyurethane sheet, PU
Polyethylenes, filled or not, PE
TI-4000
Tinolex
Tivar (Series)
Tivar-Thane
Tonen Polyeth
Tool WDC
Topalloy
Topas
Toplex
Toprene
Toray PBT
Torelina
Torlon
Torlon 4000
Torlon 7000
Torolithes
Toso LCP
Epoxy resin with aluminum, EP
–
Cyclic, amorphous co-polyolefin, COC, optical
grade for compact disks (metallocene based)
Polycarbonate/ABS alloy
Poly(phenylene sulfide), PPS
Poly(butylene terephthalate), with glass or not,
PBT
Poly(phenylene sulfide), PPS
Polyamide-imide, PAI; modified PAI with PTFE,
for electrical connectors, valves, bushings, parts, etc.
Polyamide-imide + PTFE + graphite
Polyamide-imide + PTFE + glass/graphite fiber
Thermoset polyester resins, UP
Liquid crystal polyester, LCP
2343
Bayer
Evode Plastics Ltd.
Evode Plastics Ltd.
CdF Chimie
Nat. Starch @ Chem.
LNP Engineering
LNP Corp.
LNP Corp.
LNP Corp.
LNP Corp.
LNP Corp.
LNP Corp.
Mitsubishi
Petrochem.
Mitsubishi
Petrochem.
Dow Europe
Thermoset Plastics
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Union Carbide Co.
3M
Aristech Chem.
Tins Ind. Co. Ltd.
Menasha Corporation
Menasha Corporation
Tonen Petrochem./
TCA Plastics
Furane Products
TCA Plastics
Hoechst/Mitsui
Petrochemicals
Multibase, Inc.
Tonen Petrochem.
Toray Industries
Toray Industries
Amoco Chem. Co.
Amoco Chem. Co.
Amoco Chem. Co.
Routhan Soc. Nouv.
Toso
(continued)
2344
Total Butyl
Total Plast
Toyarac
Toyoflon
Toyolac
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Toyolac ASG20
TPO 900
TPP 10GB
TPR
TPX
Trans-4
Traytuf
Trefsin
Elastomers
Thermoplastic elastomers; EPDM/PO blends, etc.
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, ABS
Polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, ABS also
polycarbonate/ABS
Styrene-acrylonitrile, SAN with glass fiber
Polypropylene/EPDM blends
Polypropylene alloy with talc, paintable
Thermoplastic cross-linked rubber for PP
Polymethylpentene, PMP
trans-1,4-Polybutadiene
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) with TiO2, PET
Thermoplastic elastomers, TPR, PP/BR
Trespaphane
Biaxially oriented polypropylene film, BOPP
Trevira
Triax 1000
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) fiber, PET
Polyamide-6 or polyamide-66, PA-6 or PA-66
blends with acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, ABS
Polyamide-6/ABS blends
Polyamide-66/ABS ¼ 1:1 blends
Polyamide-6,66/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
PC/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, ABS
Poly(vinyl chloride)/a-methyl styrene-ABS
(available as Suprel SVA from Vista Chemical Co.)
Polyimide/polytetrafluoroethylene, PI/PTFE
Poly(phenylene sulfide)/polytetrafluoroethylene
Cellulose acetate, CA
Silicone-based paints and coatings
–
Poly(vinyl chloride) alloys, PVC
Polyamide resins, PA
Polyamide-63-T, PA-63-T
Poly(trimethylhexamethylene terephthalamide)
Polyethylene, PE
Cellulose ether
Cellulose nitrate, CN
Phenol-formaldehyde resins, PF
Polystyrene, PS
Phenolic resins
Phenolic-based binder
Poly(vinyl chloride), rigid or plasticized, PVC
Poly(vinyl chloride), foamed, PVC
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC
Triax 1120
Triax 1125
Triax 1180
Triax 2000
Triax CBE
Tribolon
Tribolon XT
Tricel
Triplus TPR 178
Typlax
Trivin
Trogamid
Trogamid
Trogamid T
Trolen
Trolit AE
Trolit F
Trolitan
Trolitul
Trolon
Trolon
Trosiplast
Trovicel
Trovidur
Total Chim.
Total Chim.
Toyo, Japan
Toyo, Japan
Toray Industries
Toray Industries
Reichhold Chem., Inc.
Ferro Corp.
Uniroyal Chemical
Mitsui Petrochem.
Phillips
Goodyear
Advanced Elastomer
Systems
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hoechst
Monsanto Chem. Co.
Monsanto Chem. Co.
Monsanto Chem. Co.
Monsanto Chem. Co.
Monsanto Chem. Co.
Monsanto Chem. Co.
Tribol. Ind. Inc.
Tribol. Ind. Inc.
Bayer AG/Miles
GE Plastics
Typlax
Vi-Chem
Kingsley & Keith
H€
uls AG
Dynamit Nobel
Dynamit Nobel
Dynamit Nobel
Dynamit Nobel
Dynamit Nobel
Dynamit Nobel
H€
uls AG
Dynamit Nobel
Dynamit Nobel
H€
uls AG
Dynamit Nobel
(continued)
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Trovitherm
Trubyte
Tuffak
Tuffax
Tuflin
Tufpet
Tufprene
Tufrex VB
Twaron
Tybrene
Tylac
Poly(vinyl chloride) sheets, PVC
Acrylic-based IPN for artificial teeth
Polycarbonate sheet, PC
Polycarbonate, PC
Second-generation Unipol-type LLDPE
Poly(ethylene terephthalate)
Triblock SBS thermoplastic elastomer
ABS/Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC alloys
Poly(p-phenyleneisophthalamide), PPA
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC/BR blends
Tylose
Tynex
Cellulose ether
Polyamide-6,6, PA-66
Typlax
Tyril
Tyrin
Tyvek
Thermoplastic Elastomers
Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, SAN
Chlorinated PE elastomers and resins, CPE
Spunbonded olefin fiber, PO
U
U-Polymer
U-polymer
U-xyFG
Ube
Ube 3000
Ube Alloy CA700
Ube Nylon
Ube Polypro
Ube, Ubec
Ucardel P4174
Ucecoat
Ucecryl
Ucefix
Uceflex
Udel
Udel GF
Udel P
Udel P-1700
Udel-X
Ugikral
UHMWPE 900
Polyarylate, amorphous
Polyarylate
Polyurethane with xy wt% glass fiber, PU
–
Polyamide-12, modified, PA-12
Polypropylene/polyamide, PP/PA blend
Polyamide-6 or polyamide-66, modified, PA-6,
PA-66
Polypropylene, PP
Polyethylenes, PE
Polysulfone/SAN blend
Polyurethane, PU
Acrylates and methacrylates
Polyurethane, PU
Polyurethane, PU
Bisphenol-A polysulfone, PSF (or PSO)
Polysulfone with glass fiber, PSF
Bisphenol-A polysulfone, PSF
PSF + 10 % anhydride-terminated PSF + 50 %
PA-6 (or PA-66), with PA being the matrix
PSU/PA-6 or PA-66 experimental alloys, with
10 wt% anhydride-terminated PSU
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, ABS
Ultrahigh molecular weight PE, UHMWPE
2345
Dynamit Nobel
Dentsply International
Rohm and Haas
Rohm and Haas
Union Carbide
Toyobo Corp.
Asahi
Mitsubishi-Monsanto
Akzo NV
Dow Chem. Co.
Standard Brands
Chemicals
Kalle, Germany
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Typlax Products
Dow Chem. Co.
Dow Chem. Co.
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Unitika
Unitika
Thermofil, Inc.
Ube Industries Inc.
Ube Industries Inc.
Ube Industries Inc.
Ube Industries Inc.
Ube Industries Inc.
Ube Industries Inc.
Amoco Performance
UCB Soc. Com.
UCB Soc. Com.
UCB Soc. Com.
UCB Soc. Com.
Amoco Chem. Co.
Amoco Chem. Co.
Amoco Chem. Co.
Amoco Chem. Co.
Amoco Chem. Co.
GE Plastics
Himont
(continued)
2346
Ultem
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Ultramid Terluran
Ultranyl
Ultrapas
Ultrapek
Ultrason E
Ultrason S
Ultrason E
Ultrason
Ultrason S
Ultrastyr OSA
Polyetherimide, PEI, and its blends, e.g., with PC,
TP
Polyetherimide with glass fiber, PEI
Polyetherimide copolymer, PEI
Polyetherimide copolymer, PEI
Polyetherimide/polycarbonate alloy, PEI/PC
PEI/PC blends (unreinforced)
PEI/PC blends (unreinforced)
PEI/PPC blends (unreinforced)
PEI blends with polyphenylene ether
Polyethylene, PE
ASA/PBT blend
PET or PBT/PC/elastomer blends
PBT/SAN, ABS, or ASA blends, with up to
30 wt% glass fiber
Poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT, and impactmodified PBT
Polyoxymethylene, POM, acetal
Polyoxymethylene/thermoplastic polyurethane,
POM/TPU, alloys, with 10–30 wt% TPU
Polyurethane sheet, PU
Polyamide-66, PA-66/elastomer, with glass fiber,
mineral filler or not
Polyamide-6, PA-6/elastomer; with glass fiber,
mineral filler or not
Copolyamide-6/66, PA-6,66/elastomer; 15 or
30 wt% mineral filled
Polyamide, PA-66/ASA alloys
PA-6, PA-66, PA-610; blends, reinforced
Polyamide-610; with glass fiber or not
Semi-aromatic polyamide-6/66, PA-66 T, or
PARA with elastomer; 30 wt% glass fiber or
mineral filled
Polyamide, PA-66/ABS alloys
PA-66/PPE alloys, reinforced or not
Melamine-based molding compound
Polyaryletherketone, PAEK (PEKEKK, PEK)
Polyether sulfone, PES
Polysulfone, PSF (or PSO)
Polyethersulfone, 30 wt% glass fiber, PES
Polyethersulfone, PES, alloys
Polysulfone, 30 wt% glass fiber, PSU
SAN-EPDM/ABS or PC alloys
Ultrastyr
Special styrene copolymers
Ultem 2000
Ultem 5000
Ultem 6000
Ultem 8000
Ultem LTX
Ultem ATX
Ultem HTX
Ultem PEI/PPO
Ultra-Wear
Ultrablend
Ultrablend KR
Ultrablend S
Ultradur B
Ultraform
Ultraform
Ultralastic
Ultramid A
Ultramid B
Ultramid C
Ultramid Lurans
Ultramid
Ultramid S
Ultramid T
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
Polymer Corp.
BASF Plastics
BASF Plastics
BASF Plastics
BASF Plastics
BASF
BASF Plastics
Menasha Corporation
BASF Plastics
BASF Plastics
BASF Plastics
BASF Plastics
BASF Plastics
BASF Plastics
BASF Plastics
BASF Plastics
BASF Plastics
Dynamit Nobel
BASF Plastics
BASF
BASF
BASF Plastics
BASF Plastics
BASF Plastics
ECP Enimont
Polymeri
ECP Enimont
Polymeri
(continued)
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Ultrathene
Ultrax
Ultryl
Ultzex
Unichem
Unidene
Union Carbide
Unipol PP
Unirez
Unitika
Unival DMDA
UP
Upilex
Uradil
Urafil J
Uraflex
Uralac
Uralite
Uramex
Uramul
Uravin
Urecoll
Ureol
Urepan
Urochem
Urtal
Urylon
US0028
Uvecryl
V
V440
Vacrel
Valox
Valox 200
Valox 300
Valox 400
Valox 500
Valox 700
Valox 800
Valox 815
Valox 9000
2347
Ethylene-vinyl acetate, reinforced or not, EVAc
USI Chemicals Co./
Quantum
Liquid crystal polymers, LCP
BASF Plastics
Poly(vinyl chloride)
Phillips
Ethylene-4-methylpentene-1 copolymer
Mitsui Petrochem
Poly(vinyl chloride); with glass fiber or not, PVC Colorite Plastics
Elastomers
Enimont
Polyethylenes; with carbon fibers or not
Union Carbide Co.,
Inc. Corp.
Polypropylene, PP
Shell Chem. Co.
Polyacrylic resin emulsions
Unocal
Polyamide-6, filled or not, PA-6
Unitika Co.
Polyethylene; PE
Union Carbide Co.,
Inc. Corp.
Polyarylate/Poly(ethylene terephthalate) blend
Unitika
Polyimide films; PI
ICI Films
Polyester resins for paints (aqu. dispersions), UP DSM
Polyurethane; glass or carbon fiber filled, PU
Akzo/DSM
Polyester resins for paints, UP
DSM
Polyester resins for paints, UP
DSM
Polyurethane prepolymer resin, PU
Kingsley & Keith
Polyester resins for paints, UP
DSM
Poly(vinyl acetate) latices for paints, PVAc
DSM
TPU/PVC alloy
Vi-Chem
Urea-formaldehyde, UF
BASF Plastics
Polyurethane resins, PU
Ciba-Geigy Ltd.
Polyurethane, PU
Bayer
Urea-formaldehyde resins, UF
C.P.R.I.
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, ABS Montepolimeri
Polyisocyanate thermoplastic, PPI
Urylon Development
Polyurethane; filled or not, PU
Dexter Corp.
Acrylic and methacrylic resins
UCB Soc. Com.
Poly(vinyl chloride) compounds, PVC
Photopolymer film soldermask
PBT or PET or PCT, resins or blends
Poly(butylene terephthalate); unreinforced, PBT
Poly(butylene terephthalate); unreinforced, PBT
Poly(butylene terephthalate); glass reinforced, PBT
PBT/PET alloy; glass reinforced
Poly(butylene terephthalate); glass/mineral filled
Poly(butylene terephthalate) alloy; glass reinforced
PBT/PET alloy; with glass fiber or not
Poly(ethylene terephthalate); glass reinforced, PBT
Vi-Chem Corp.
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
(continued)
2348
Valox 9700
Valox HV7000
Valox VCT
Valtel, Valtec
Valtra
Valtra 7023
Valtra HG-200
Vamac
Vandar
VB-510
VC
VE
Vector 6000
Vectra A
Vectra B950
Vectra V140
Vedril
Vekton 6
Vekton 11
Vekton 66
Velponyl/Velporex
Venyl
Versamid
Versamid
Versicol
Verton
Verton DF
Verton KA
Verton NF
Verton OF
Verton PF
Verton QA
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Polycyclohexyleneterephthalate; glass reinforced
Poly(butylene terephthalate) alloy; mineral filled
PBT or PET toughened with elastomer
Polypropylene, PP
Polystyrene, PS, and blends
Rubber-modified styrenic blends
Styrenic copolymer for injection molding
Ethylene-acrylic elastomer, curable with diamines
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
Himont
Chevron Chemicals
Chevron Chemicals
Chevron Chemicals
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co.
PBT/acrylic alloys, reinforced or not
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Polypropylene with talc, PP
Reichhold Chem., Inc.
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC
Borden Chem.
Unsaturated vinyl ester, with glass or carbon fiber ICI/Fiberite
SB, SBS, SI, and SIS block copolymers
Dexco Polymers
Liquid crystal polymer, LCP; reinforced or not a Hoechst Celanese
copolyester from hydroxy benzoic acid with
Corp.
hydroxynaphthoic acid
LCP copolymer comprising 20 mol% of
Hoechst Celanese
terephthalic acid, 20 mol% 4-aminophenol, and Corp.
60 mol% of 2-hydroxy-6-naphthoic acid
LCP/PPS blends for electrical/electronic parts
Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Poly(methyl methacrylate)s powder, sheets, PMMA Montedison SpA
Polyamide-6; filled or not, PA-6
Norton Performance
Polyamide-11, PA-11
Norton Performance
Polyamide-66; filled or not, PA-66
Norton Performance
Printing resins
DSM
Polyamides; reinforced or not, PA
Vecoplas
Polyamide; vegetable oils condensed with amines General Mills
Polyamides, PA
Henkel Corp
Acrylic polyelectrolyte
Allied Colloids
Long fiber reinforced resins
ICI Materials – Plast./
LNP
Long fiber reinforced polyamide-66
ICI Materials – Plast./
LNP
Long fiber reinforced polyoxymethylene, POM ICI Materials – Plast./
LNP
Long fiber reinforced SMA
ICI Materials – Plast./
LNP
Long fiber reinforced poly(phenylene sulfide),
ICI Materials – Plast./
PPS
LNP
Long fiber reinforced polyamide-66, PA-66
ICI Materials – Plast./
LNP
Long fiber reinforced polyamide-610
ICI Materials – Plast./
LNP
(continued)
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Verton RF
Long fiber reinforced polyamide-66
Verton TF
Long fiber reinforced polyurethane, PU
Verton WF
Verton YA
Long fiber reinforced poly(butylene
terephthalate)
Long fiber reinforced polycarbonate, PC
Verton YF
Long fiber reinforced polyester
Vespel ST
Super-tough polyimide with high-impact strength
Vespel-SP
Polyimide (polypyromellitimide); electrical parts
Vestamelt
Vestamid
Vestamid D; X
Vestamid L
Vestenamer
Vestoblend
Vestodur
Vestolen A
Vestolen BT
Vestolen EM
Vestolen P
Vestolit
Vestopal
Vestoplast
Vestopren
Vestoran
Vestosint
Vestypor
Vestyron
VFR-10248
Vibraspray
Vibrathane
Copolyesters
Polyamide-12, polyamide-6,12, PA-12 elastomer
Polyamide-612; filled or not, PA-612
Polyamide-12; filled or not
Trans-polyoctenamer, thermoplastic elastomer
Polyamide/PPE alloys, reinforced or not
Poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT; reinforced or not
High-density polyethylene, HDPE
Polybutene, PB
EPR- or EPDM-modified polypropylene, PP,
containing talc, CaCO3, glass fibers, mineral, or not
Polypropylene, PP
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, rigid and flexible
Unsaturated polyester resins, UP
Amorphous olefin copolymers, TPO
Polyolefin impact modifier, PO
PPE blends with HIPS and elastomer
Polyamides, PA
Expandable polystyrene, EPS
GP-PS, HIPS
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) with TiO2, PET
Elastomers
Urethane prepolymers, TS
Vibrin
Viclan
Vicotex 260
Vicotex
Victrex D
Polyester resins, UP
Vinylidene chloride copolymers, PVDC
Phenolic prepreg resins
Epoxy preimpregnates, EP
Polyetheretherketone, with glass or carbon fiber
Victrex J
Victrex PEEK
Polyethersulfone, PES; filled
Polyetheretherketone, PEEK; reinforced or not
2349
ICI Materials – Plast./
LNP
ICI Materials – Plast./
LNP
ICI Materials – Plast./
LNP
ICI Materials – Plast./
LNP
ICI Materials – Plast./
LNP
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
H€
uls AG
H€
uls AG
H€
uls AG
H€
uls AG
H€
uls AG
H€
uls/Nuodex Inc.
H€
uls AG
H€
uls AG
H€
uls AG
H€
uls AG
H€
uls AG
H€
uls AG
H€
uls AG
H€
uls AG
H€
uls AG
H€
uls AG
H€
uls AG
H€
uls AG
H€
uls AG
Goodyear
Safic-Alcan
Uniroyal Chemical
Ltd.
Fiberglas Canada
ICI
Ciba-Geigy
Brochier
ICI Materials –
Plastics/Victrex
ICI/LNP Eng. Plastics
ICI/LNP Eng. Plastics
(continued)
2350
Victrex PES
Victrex SRP
Victrex VKT
Victrex VST
Vidar
Vifnen VN
Vilit
Vinapas
Vinavil
Vinavol
Vinex
Vinidur
Vinika
Viniproz
Vinnapas
Vinnol
Vinoflex
Vinoflex
Vinuran
Vipla
Viplast
Viscose
Vista
Vistaflex
Vistalon 404
Vistalon 2504
Vistanex
Vistel
Vithane
Viton A
Viton B
Viton
Vitrofi
Vituf
Vivypak/Lighter
Vixrex PES
Vodcum
Volara
Volex 410
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Polyethersulfone, PES; filled, lubricated
Liquid crystal polyester, LCP
Polyetheretherketone, PEEK/PTFE blend
Polyethersulfone, PES/PTFE blends
Poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVDF coating powders
AAS/Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC alloys
Poly(vinylidene chloride) copolymers, PVDC
Poly(vinyl acetate), PVAc
Poly(vinyl acetate), PVAc
Poly(vinyl alcohol), PVAl
Poly(vinyl alcohol), PVAl
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, and impact-modified
PVC with 5–15 wt% acrylate-graft copolymer
Poly(vinyl chloride)-based elastomers, PVC
Poly(vinyl chloride)/PMMA alloys
Poly(vinyl acetate), PVAc
Poly(vinyl chloride), homo, g and r copolymer.,
PVC
Poly(vinyl chloride), suspension grade, PVC
Vinyl chloride-vinyl ether copolymer, PVCAc
MBS modifier for poly(vinyl chloride)
Poly(vinyl chloride) paste polymers, PVC
Poly(vinyl chloride) compositions, PVC
Fibers from cellulose
Poly(vinyl chloride); filled or not, PVC
Thermoplastic elastomers, TPO, PP/EPDM
ICI/LNP Eng. Plastics
ICI Materials – Plast.
ICI Materials – Plast.
ICI Materials – Plast.
Solvay & Cie SA
Hitachi Chem.
H€
uls A.-G
Wacker Chemie
Montecatini
Hoechst AG
Air Products & Chem.
BASF Plastics
A. Schulman, Inc.
USSR
Wacker-Chemie
Wacker-Chemie
BASF Plastics
BASF Plastics
BASF Plastics
European Vinyls Corp.
European Vinyls Corp.
(generic name)
Vista Chem. Co.
Advanced Elastomer
System
Ethylene-propylene copolymer, EPM
Exxon Chem.
EPDM terpolymer
Exxon Chem.
Polyisobutene, PIB
Exxon Chem.
Rigid PVC blends for injection molding
Vista Chemical Co.
Polyurethanes, PU
Goodyear
Vinylidene fluoride/fluoridehexafluoropropylene E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
PTFE/PHFP/PVDF
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Fluoroelastomers
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Vetrotex trademark for tissue
Vetrotex International
Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET; with TiO2
Goodyear
Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET bottle grades ECP EniChem
Polymeri
Polyethersulfone, PES; glass/mineral filled
LNP Engineering
Phenolic resin, PF
Cain Chem. Inc.
EVA/PP or PE blends
Seiksui/Voltek
Poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT; glass/mineral Comalloy Intl. Corp.
(continued)
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Volex 440
Volex 600
Voloy 100
Voloy 680
Voltalef 300
Voralast
Voranol
Vulcaprene
Vulkollan
Vulta Foam
Vultex
Vybak
Vydyne
Vydyne M
Vydyne R
Vygen
Vynathene
Vyncolite
Vynite
Vyram
Vythene
W
W-xyFG
W-xyNF
Wacke VAE
Wacker PU
Wellamid
Wellamid 22 LHI
Wellamid FR
Wellamid GF
Wellamid MR
Wellamid MR
Wellite
Wellpet GF
Welvic
Wingtack
Witcast
Witcothane
Wofatit
WRM
WRS
Wydyne
Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET; glass/mineral
Polyamides-6, polyamide-66, polyamide-612,
PA; with glass/mineral
Polypropylene; with glass/mineral, PP
Polyamide-6,6; with glass/mineral, PA-66
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene, PCTFE
Tailored PU elastomers
Polyether PU elastomers
Polyurethanes, PU
Polyurethanes, PU
Rigid urethane foam, EPU
Latex and compounds
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC
Polyamide-66 or polyamide-69
Polyamide-66, PA-66
Polyamide-66 with glass or mineral, PA-66
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC
Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, EVAc
Phenol-formaldehyde resins, PF
Poly(vinyl chloride)/nitrile rubber alloy
PP/diene – TPE elastomeric blends
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC/PU alloy
Polyetherimide with xy wt% glass fiber, PEI
Polyetherimide with xy wt% graphite fiber, PEI
Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, EVAc
Polyurethane or silicone elastomers, PU
Polyamide-6, polyamide-66, PA-66
Polyamide-66/elastomer, PA-66 blend
Polyamide-66 with glass spheres, PA-66
Polyamide-6 or polyamide-66 with glass fiber,
PA-6, PA-66
Polyamide-6 or polyamide-66 with glass or
mineral, PA-66
Polyamide-66/polyamide-6, PA-6 alloys
Poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT; with glass
Poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT; with glass
Poly(vinyl chloride) compositions, PVC
Synthetic polyterpene
Polyurethane elastomers, PUR
Polyurethane elastomers, PUR
Ion-exchange resin
Elastomers
Polypropylene, PP
Polyamides; reinforced or not, PA
2351
Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Elf Atochem
Dow Chem. Co.
Dow Chem. Co.
ICI
Bayer AG/Miles
General Latex
General Latex
Bakelite Xylonite
Monsanto Chem. Co.
Monsanto Chem. Co.
Monsanto Chem. Co.
Vygen Corp.
Quantum Chem.
Vynckier
Dexter Corp.
Advanced Elastomers
Dexter Corp.
Thermofil, Inc.
Thermofil, Inc.
Wacker Chimie A.-G.
Arnaud Promecome
Wellman Inc.
Wellman Inc.
Wellman Inc.
Wellman Inc.
Wellman Inc.
Wellman Inc.
Wellman Inc.
Wellman Inc.
European Vinyls Corp.
Goodyear Chem. Eur.
Witco
Witco
VEB Farbenfabrik
Safic-Alcan
Shell Chem. Co.
Monsanto
(continued)
2352
X
X-28057
Xantar
XB-4000
Xenoy
Xenoy 1000, 5000
Xenoy 2000
Xenoy 3000
Xenoy 6125
Xenoy DX6302
XL-030
XP-50
XT
XT 3055
XT Polymer
Xtcon
XTPE
XTPL NFR-6000
XU
XU61513
Xycon
Xydar
Xydar FC
Xydar FSR-315
Xydar RC
Xylok
Xylon
Xyron 200
Xyron A
Xyron G
Y
Y-xyFG
Y1-xyFG
Yukalon
Z
Zemid
Zenite
Zenite
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Epoxy resins with mineral, EP
Polycarbonate, PC
Polyamide-6 with or without glass, PA-6
PC/PBT/MBA alloys, reinforced or not
Polycarbonate, PC:PBT ¼ 1:1 alloys
Polycarbonate, PC/PET/MBA alloys
Polycarbonate, PC/TPE alloy
PET/PC, impact mod.; 0–30 wt% glass fiber
Polycarbonate/polyester alloy with carbon fiber
Polypropylene, PP
Poly(p-methylstyrene-co-isobutylene)-based
compatibilizing system
Acrylic-based multipolymer blends
Polyamide alloys, PA
Acrylic-based transparent, high-impact blend
Polyester/polyurethane hybrid resin
Cross-linkable elastomers and olefins
ICI/Fiberite
DSM
Allied Signal Corp.
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
GE Plastics
Aristech Chem.
Exxon Chem. Co.
Polystyrene with xy wt% glass fiber, PS
Polystyrene with xy wt% glass fiber, PS
Polyethylenes, PE
Thermofil, Inc.
Thermofil, Inc.
Mitsubishi
Petrochem.
Cyro Industries
EMS-American Grilon
Cyro Industries
Amoco Chem. Co.
Quality Service
Technology
Thermoplastic elastomer, TPE
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
TPU/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, ABS alloys Dow Chem. Co.
Polyethylene, PE
Dow Chem. Co.
TPEs/TPU alloys
Amoco Chem. Co.
Liquid crystal polymer, LCP
Amoco Performance
Products
Liquid crystal polymer, LCP; glass/mineral
Amoco Chem. Co.
Liquid crystal polymer, LCP; 50 % talc
Amoco Chem. Co.
Liquid crystal polymer, LCP; glass/mineral
Amoco Chem. Co.
Aralkyl thermoset resins
O.F.A.C.I.
Polyamide-66 with a filler, PA-66
Akzo/DSM
Poly(phenylene ether) PPE/HIPS alloys
Asahi Chem. Ind.
Polyamide/PPE/alloys, reinforced or not
Asahi Chem. Ind.
Polyamide/poly(phenylene ether) PPE alloys
Asahi Chem. Ind.
–
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Polyamide-66, with glass fiber, PA-66
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Wholly aromatic polyester, LCP, HDT ¼ 295 C E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
(continued)
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Zeo-karb
Zeonex
Zeonex
Zetpol PBZ
Zitex G
Ion-exchange resin
Polymethylpentene, PMP
Polyolefin, amorphous, transparent for optical
applications: disks, lenses, prism, LCD films, etc.
Polyether elastomer
Polystyrene, PS/PMMA alloys
Plastic clad metal for fiber optic cables
Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, EVAc
Hydrogenated, nitrile elastomer (HNBR), highly
saturated for fuel and solvent resistance
HNBR/PVC blends
PTFE porous films
Zylar
High transparency acrylic terpolymers
Zylar ST
SAN/polybutadiene high transparency alloy
Zytel
Polyamide-6,10, PA-610
Zytel 71G
Polyamide-66/ionomer, PA-66 alloys
Zytel 77G
Polyamide-6,12/ionomer, PA-612 alloys
Zytel 101
Polyamide-66, PA-66
Zytel 105
Polyamide-66, with carbon black, PA-66
Zytel 150
Polyamide-6,12, PA-612
Zytel 300, 400
Polyamide-6,6/ionomer, PA-66 alloys
Zytel 3100
Polyamide-6/polyamide-66 alloys
Zytel FN
Flexible polyamide alloys
Zytel GRZ
Glass fiber-reinforced PA-66 or PA-612
Zytel ST
Impact-modified PA-6 or PA-66
Zytel ST-350
Polyamide-612/elastomer, PA-612 alloys
Zeospan
Zerlon
Zetabond
Zetafin
Zetpol
2353
Permutit Co.
Nippon Zeon
Nippon Zeon Co.,
Ltd.
Nippon Zeon Co., Ltd.
Dow Chem. Co.
Dow Europe
Dow Chem. Co.
Nippon Zeon Co., Ltd.
Nippon Zeon Co., Ltd.
Norton Performance
Plast.
Novacor Chemicals
Inc.
Novacor Chemicals
Inc.
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Appendix V: Commercialization Dates of
Selected Polymers
Year
1868
1900
1909
1915
1926
Code
NC
CS
PF
PS
AK
Polymer
Cellulose nitrate; Nixon
Casein; Galalith
Phenol-formaldehyde; Bakelit
Polystyrene; Trolitul
Alkyd resins; Glyptal
1927 CA
Cellulose acetate fibers; Lumarith
1927 PMA
1928 PVAc
Poly(methyl acrylate)
Poly(vinyl acetate); Elvacet
1928
1928
1929
1929
Poly(vinyl chloride-co-vinyl acetate)
Poly(methyl methacrylate), Plexiglas
Styrene-butadiene rubber; Styrolux
Urea/formaldehyde resins; Pollopas
PVC/Ac
PMMA
GRS/SBR
UF
1930 PAN
1930 CR
Polyacrylonitrile
Chloroprene rubber; Neoprene
1930 TR
Polysulfide rubbers; Thiokol
1931
1931
1931
1932
1932
Poly(vinyl chloride); Trovidur, Vestolit
Poly(ethylene glycol)
Poly(vinyl alcohol)/formaldehyde fibers
Styrene-butadiene rubber
Acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber
PVC
PEG
PVAl
Buna-S
Buna-N
L.A. Utracki, C.A. Wilkie (eds.), Polymer Blends Handbook,
DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-6064-6,
# Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014
Producer
Hyatt Bros.
Kritische (France)
Bakelit Gesellschaft
I. G. Farbenindustrie
General Electric
Company
Canadian Celanese/
Eastman
O. Ro¨hm
Shawinigan Chemical
Ltd.
I. G. Farbenindustrie
Ro¨hm and Haas
I. G. Farbenindustrie
Stein Hall Mfg.
Company
I. G. Farbenindustrie
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co.
Thiokol Chemical
Corporation
I. G. Farbenindustrie
I. G. Farbenindustrie
I. G. Farbenindustrie
I. G. Farbenindustrie
I. G. Farbenindustrie
(continued)
2355
2356
Appendix V: Commercialization Dates of Selected Polymers
Year Code
1932 UM
Polymer
Urea/melamine
1933
1933
1933
1934
1934
Poly(ethyl methacrylate)
Ethyl cellulose; Methocel
Aniline/formaldehyde resins; Cibanite
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene; Hostaflon
Poly(vinyl formal)
PEMA
EC
AF
PCTFE
PVFO
1935 PVBO
Poly(vinyl butyral)
1936 ABS-A
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene; Royalite
1936 MF
1937 PA-66
Melamine/formaldehyde resins
Polyamide-66; Nylon
1937 SAN
1937 TPU
1937 TS
Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer; Luran
Thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers
Thermoset polyesters
1937 PVK
Poly-N-vinylcarbazole; Luvican
1938 MF
1938 CAB
Melamine-formaldehyde resin; Resart
Cellulose acetate butyrate; Tenite
1938 PA-6
1938 PA-66
Poly-e-caprolactam; Perlon
Polyhexamethyleneadipamide; Nylon
1939 LDPE
1939 PVDC
Low-density polyethylene; Alketh
Poly(vinylidene chloride); Saran
1939 PVP
1939 PU
Poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone
Polyurethane fibers, Perlon U
1940 DAC
1942 UP
Diallyl glycol carbonate; CR-38
Unsaturated polyester; Vestopal
1942 PTFE
Polytetrafluoroethylene; Teflon TFE
1943 EP
1943 BR
Epoxy; Araldite
Butyl rubber
1943 HDPE
1943 PDMS
High-density polyethylene; Vestolen
Polydimethylsiloxane; Dow Corning
1943 PVAl
Poly(vinyl alcohol); Vinaviol
Producer
American Cyanamid
Company
Ro¨hm and Haas
ICI
Ciba
I. G. Hoechst
Shawinigan Chemical
Ltd.
Shawinigan Chemical
Ltd.
Naugatuck Chemical
Company
Ciba
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co.
I. G. Farbenindustrie
O. Bayer
Marco Chemical
Company
I. G. Farbenindustrie
(BASF)
Henkel AG
Eastman Kodak
Company
I. G. Farbenindustrie
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co.
ICI Ltd.
Dow Chemical
Company
Farbenindustrie
I. G. Farbenindustrie,
Wolfen
PPG Company
United States Rubber
Company
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co.
Ciba-Geigy
St. Claire Processing
Corporation
BASF A.-G.
Dow Corning
Corporation
Shawinigan Chemical
Ltd.
(continued)
Appendix V: Commercialization Dates of Selected Polymers
Year Code
1943 PVCAc
Polymer
Vinyl copolymers; Vinidur
1945
1947
1948
1948
Cellulose propionate; Forticel
Polyurethanes; Perlon U
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene latex
Acrylic elastomer; Hycar PA
CP
PU
ABS-G
ACM
1950 EVA
1950 CSR
Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer
Chlorosulfonated PE; Hypalon
1950 PCTFE
1952 OPET
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene
Oriented polyethyleneterephthalate film
1953 PET
1954 PVAc/Ph
Poly(ethylene terephthalate); Melinite
Poly(vinyl acetate)/phthalate
1955 PA-11
1956 PC
Polyamide-11; Risilan
Bisphenol-A polycarbonate; Macrolon
1956 PCME
1957 PEG
Polydichloromethyltrimethylene ether; Penton
Poly(ethylene glycol); Carbowax
1957 PP
Isotactic Polypropylene; Pro-Fax
1958 DAP/
Allyl unsaturated polyester; Dapon
DAIP
1958 SMM
Poly(styrene-co-methylmethacrylate); Kamax
1958 UHMWPE Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene; Hostalen
GUR
1959 CPE
Chlorinated polyethylene; Hostapren
1959 POM
Polyoxymethylene (Acetal); Delrin
1959 POM
1959 TPU
1960 EVAc
Poly(oxymethylene/ethylene); Celcon
Thermoplastic polyurethane; Estane
Ethylene-vinyl acetate; Elvacet
1960
1960
1960
1960
1960
1961
Cellulose acetate propionate; Tenite
Chlorobutyl rubber; Exxon Butyl
Ethylene-propylene elastomer; Vistalon
Linear low-density polyethylene; Sclair
Chlorinated polyether; Penton
Polyamide-epichlorohydrin; Hydrin
CAP
CBR
EPR
LLDPE
–
–
1961 Aramid
Poly(m-phenyleneisophthalamide); Nomex
2357
Producer
Shawinigan Chemical
Ltd.
Celanese
Bayer A.-G.
Ro¨hm & Haas
B. F. Goodrich
Chemical Co.
ICI
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co.
Hoechst A.-G.
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co.
ICI
C. E. Frosst &
Company
Thann & Mulhouse
Bayer A.-G.; General
Electric Co.
Hercules
Union Carbide Canada
Ltd.
Hoechst/Montecatini/
Hercules
FMC Corporation
Ro¨hm & Haas A.-G.
Hoechst A.-G./Himont
Hoechst A.-G.
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co.
Celanese
B. F. Goodrich
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co.
Eastman Kodak
Exxon
Exxon
DuPont-Canada
Hercules Inc.
Hercules Powder
Company
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co.
(continued)
2358
Appendix V: Commercialization Dates of Selected Polymers
Year Code
1961 FEP
Polymer
Fluorinated-ethylene propylene; Teflon FEP
1961 PVDF
Poly(vinylidene fluoride); Kynar
1962 SB
1962 ACM
Styrene-butadiene block copolymer
Acrylate rubber
1962 Phenoxy
1962 PI
Polyhydroxyether of bisphenol-A; Phenoxy
Polyimides; Kapton
1963 EPDM
Ethylene-propylene-diene; Nordel
1963 SMA
Styrene-maleic anhydride; Dylark
1963 IO
Ethylene copolymer ionomers; Surlyn
1964 EVAc
Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer; Elvax
1964 EVAc
Ethylene-vinyl acetate cop.; Ultrathene
1964 PIAN
Isoprene/acrylonitrile rubber
1964 PPE
Poly(phenylene ether); PPE
1964 PB
1965 PAI
Polybutylene, Vestolen BT
Polyamide-imide; Torlon
1965 PBIA
Polybenzimidazole
1965 PSF
Polysulfone of bisphenol-A; Udel
1965 SBS
Poly(styrene-b-butadiene); Kraton D
1965 EP
Poly(ethylene-b-propylene); Polyallomer
1965 (blend)
PU/polyester; Corfam
1965 PPX
Polyparaxylene; Parylene
1965 PMP
Poly-4-methyl pentene-1; TPX
1966 PPE blend Poly(phenylene ether); Noryl
1966 PA-12
Polyamide-12; Vestamid
1969 –
1969 PB
Amorphous, aromatic PARA; Trogamid
Polybutene-1; Duraflex
Producer
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co.
Pennwalt Chemical
Company
Phillips
Polymer Corp. Ltd.
(Polysar)
Union Carbide
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co.
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co.
Sinclair Petrochemicals
Company
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co.
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co.
U. S. Industrial
Chemicals
Polymer Corp. Ltd.
(Polysar)
General Electric
Company
H€
uls A.-G.
Amoco Chemical
Corporation
Naramco, Materials
Div.
Union Carbide Corp./
Amoco
Shell Chemical
Company
Eastman Chemical
Products
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co.
Union Carbide
Company, Inc.
ICI/Mitsui
Petrochemical Ind.
General Electric
Company
H€
uls A.-G./Emser
Werke
Dynamit Nobel
H€
uls A.-G.
(continued)
Appendix V: Commercialization Dates of Selected Polymers
Year
1969
1969
1970
Code
PBT
PBT
PO
Polymer
Poly(butylene terephthalate); Celanex
Poly(butylene terephthalate); Hostadur
Unipol process
1970 LCP
1970 BIIR
1970 PA-612
Poly(p-oxybenzoyl); Ekonol
Bromobutyl rubber
Polyamide-6,12; Zytel 150
1970 Aramid
Poly(p-phenyleneisophthalamide); Kevlar
1971 PASU
1971 PPS
Polyarylsulfone; Astrel
Poly(phenylene sulfide); Rayton R
1971
1972
1972
1972
1972
Polyarylether; Arylon T
Ethylene-vinyl alcohol; Elvanol
Liquid crystal polymers; Ekkcel I-2000
Polyethersulfone; Victrex
Perfluoro alkoxy polymer; Teflon PFA
PAE
EVAl
LCP
PES
PFA
1972 ETFE
Poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene); Tefzel
1972 SB
Styrene-butadiene blocks; K-resin
1972 SEBS
Poly(styrene-b-ethylene butylene); Kraton G
1973 PVDF
1973 PAr
1976 PPSU
1978 PEEK
1980 APEC
Poly(vinylidene fluoride); Dyflon
Polyarylate (mixture of i- and t-phthalic acid with
bisphenol-A); U-polymer
Polyphenylsulfone; BXL, Radel R
Polyetheretherketone; Victrex
Aromatic polyestercarbonate; Apec
1981 PEBA
1981 TPO
1982 PEI
Polyether-block-amide; Pebax
Dynamically vulcanized PO blend; Santoprene
Polyetherimide; Ultem
1983
1983
1985
1985
Polyarylsulfone; Radel
Polybenzimidazole; PBI
Polyarylether; Parylen
Melt-processable rubber; Acrylyn
PAS
PBI
PAE
MPR
1986 PISO
1987 PTES
Polyimidesulfone
Polythioethersulfone; Amoroon
1987 PA-46
1987 PPMB
Polyamide-4,6; Stanyl
Poly-p-methylenebenzoate
2359
Producer
Celanese
Hoechst A.-G.
Union Carbide
Company, Inc.
Carborundum
Polysar
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co.
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co.
3M Company
Phillips Petroleum
Company
Uniroyal
Kuraray Company Ltd.
Carborundum
ICI Ltd.
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co.
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co.
Phillips Petroleum
Company
Shell Chemical
Company
Dynamit Nobel
Unitika
Union Carbide/Amoco
ICI Ltd.
Chemical Werke
Albert; Bayer
Atochem
Monsanto Company
General Electric
Company
Amoco
Celanese Corporation
Union Carbide
E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co.
Celanese
Dainippon Ink &
Chemicals
DSM
Amoco
(continued)
2360
Year
1989
1991
1992
1994
Appendix V: Commercialization Dates of Selected Polymers
Code
sPS
PPA
sPP
PENi
1995 COPO
Polymer
Syndiotactic polystyrene
Polyphthalamide; Amodel
Syndiotactic polypropylene
Polyethernitrile
Ethylene-carbon monoxide copolymer
Producer
Idemitsu/Dow
Amoco
Sumitomo Chemical
Idemitsu Materials
Company
Shell Chemicals
Appendix VI: Notation and Symbols
The following list of commonly used notation and symbols is used in the Encyclopedia. They are based on those listed in American National Standard Abbreviations
for Use on Drawings and in Text (ANSI Yl.l), American National Standard Letter
Symbols for Units in Science and Technology (ANSI Y10), and The Society of
Rheology [J. Rheol., 28, 181 (1984)].
Abbreviations
A
a-c
abs
aq
av
BC
bcc
bct
bp
C
ca
cgs
CH
CMC
conc
cp
CPC
cryst
CST
CTM
Amorphous polymer
Alternating current
Absolute
Aqueous
Average
Block copolymer
Body-centered cubic
Body-centered tetragonal
Boiling point
Crystalline polymer
Circa (about as much)
Old units: centimeter-gram-second
Centrifugal homogenizer
Critical micelle concentration
Concentration
Chemically pure
Cloud point curve
Crystalline
Critical solution temperature
Cavity transfer mixer
L.A. Utracki, C.A. Wilkie (eds.), Polymer Blends Handbook,
DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-6064-6,
# Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014
2361
2362
d-c
dB
dec
detd
detn
dia
dil
dl -; DLDMA
DMF
DMG
DMSO
DP
dp
DPH
DR
DS
dsc
dta
ECU
ED
ed.
em
emf
emu
EP
EPB
epr
Eq
esca
esp
esr
est(d)
estn
esu
exp
ext(d)
fcc
fp
frz
FTIR
g-mol
gc
glc
Appendix VI: Notation and Symbols
Direct current, adj.
Decibel
Decompose
Determined
Determination
Diameter
Diluted
Racemic
Dimethylacetamide
Dimethylformamide
Dimethylglyoxime
Dimethyl sulfoxide
Degree of polymerization
Dew point
Diamond pyramid hardness
Draw ratio
Degree of substitution
Differential scanning calorimetry
Differential thermal analysis
Electrochemical unit
Effective dose
Edited, edition, editor
Electron microscopy
Electromotive force
Electron magnetic unit
Engineering polymer
Engineering polymer blends
Electron paramagnetic resonance
Equation
Electron-spectroscopy for chemical analysis
Especially
Electron-spin resonance
Estimate(d)
Estimation
Electrostatic unit
Experiment, experimental
Extract(ed)
Face-centered cubic
Freezing point
Freezing
Fourier transform IR
Gram-molecular weight
Gas chromatography
Gas–liquid chromatography
Appendix VI: Notation and Symbols
gpc
grd
hcp
hex
HPB
hplc
HRC
HV
hyg
ICT
ID
Im
im
intl.
ir
IU
IUPAC
l.c.
LALLS
LCB
LCD
LCST
LED
liq
ln
log
m
max
MEK
meq
mfd
mfg
mfr
MIBC
MIBK
min
mol
mol wt
mp
MPB
ms
MTT
MW
2363
In old terminology, gel-permeation chromatography; modern term,
size exclusion chromatography, sec, should be used instead
Ground
Hexagonal close-packed
Hexagonal
Homologous polymer blend
High-pressure liquid chromatography
Rockwell hardness (C scale)
Vickers hardness number
Hygroscopic
International Critical Table
Inside diameter
Imaginary part of a complex function
Immiscible
International
Infrared
International Unit
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
Lower case (in printing)
Low-angle laser light scattering
Long-chain branching
Liquid crystal display
Lower critical solution temperature
Light-emitting diode
Liquid
Logarithm (natural)
Logarithm (common)
Miscible
Maximum
Methyl ethyl ketone
Milliequivalent
Manufactured
Manufacturing
Manufacturer
Methyl isobutyl carbinol
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Minute; minimum
Mole
Molecular weight
Melting point (also Tm)
Miscible polymer blend
Mass spectrum
Melt titration technique
Molecular weight
2364
MWD
mxt
na
nat
NDB
neg
NG
NI
NIRT
nmr
no.
NRET
NTP
oOD
OM
pp-i-n
p., pp.
PAB
PDB
Pe
pH
phr
PICS
pm
pmr
PNDB
pos
ppb
pph
ppm
ppmv
ppmwt
PRC
pt
pwd
qv
r-f, rf
rad
rds
Re
Ref.
rh
Appendix VI: Notation and Symbols
Distribution of MW
Mixture
Not available
Natural
Negatively deviating blends
Negative
Nucleation-and-growth
Notched Izod impact strength
Notched Izod impact strength at room temperature
Nuclear magnetic resonance
Number
Non-radiative energy transfer
Normal temperature and pressure (25 C and 101.3 kPa or 1 atm)
Ortho
Outside diameter
Optical microscopy
Para
Positive-intrinsic-negative
Page, pages
Polymer alloys and blends
Positively deviating blends
Peclet number
Negative logarithm of the effective hydrogen ion concentration
Concentration in parts per hundred of resin
Pulse-induced critical scattering
Partially miscible
Proton magnetic resonance
Positively and negatively deviating blends (sigmoidal)
Positive
Parts per billion (109)
Parts per hundred
Parts per million (106)
Parts per million by volume
Parts per million by weight
Particular rheological composition
Point; part
Powder
Quod vide (which see)
Radio frequency; adj. and n., respectively
Radian
Rate-determining step
Real part of complex function
Reference
Relative humidity
Appendix VI: Notation and Symbols
rms
rpm
rps
RT
SANS
satn
SAXS
SCB
SCF
SD
SEC
SEM
SH
SI
SIS
sol
soln
soly
sp
sp gr
sr
std
TEM
tex
THF
tlc
trans
TREF
TW
UCST
uv
v sol
var
vol
vs.
WAXS
yr
Root-mean square
Rotations per minute
Revolutions per second
Room temperature
Small-angle neutron scattering
Saturation
Small-angle X-ray scattering
Short-chain branching
Self-consistent field
Spinodal decomposition
Size-exclusion chromatography
Scanning electron microscope
Strain hardening
Le Syste`me International d’Unite´s (International System of Units)
Solvent-induced shift
Soluble
Solution
Solubility
Specific
Specific gravity
Steradian
Standard
Transmission electron microscopy
Tex, linear density
Tetrahydrofuran
Thin-layer chromatography
Isomer in which substituents are on opposite sides of double C ¼ C bond
Temperature rising elution fractionation
Glass temperature width ( C)
Upper critical solution temperature
Ultraviolet
Very soluble
Variable
Volume
Versus, against
Wide-angle X-ray scattering
Year
Notation: Roman Letters
A
a
2365
Chemical affinity
Drop curvature
2366
A2
a c, a T
A j, aj
as
B
B
B, Bo
C ¼ v/g_
coi
c 2, C
Cp
Cv
c 3, (3c)
Dc
D
D
D
D(t, sE)
d, di
Dc, De
DE
Dr
Ds(sE)
dv/s
E
Ei
E
e
E(t)
E(t, «)
E+
Ej
Eij
F
f
f(x)
fO
G
G
G
Gy
g
g*
Appendix VI: Notation and Symbols
Second virial coefficient
Concentration and temperature shift factors
Equation constants
Distance from spinodal condition; as ¼ 2[(wN)s–(wN)]
Thermodynamic interaction parameter; B ¼ w12RT/V1u
Mobility
Extrudate swell and its value for Newtonian liquid
Sprigg’s constant
Universal constants in WLF equation
Concentration (g/dl)
Heat capacity at constant pressure
Heat capacity at constant volume
Number of external degrees of freedom per macromolecular segment
Cahn-Hilliard diffusion constant
Droplet deformability; D ¼ (l–b)/(l + b)
Diffusion coefficient
Tensile compliance
Tensile creep compliance
Diameter, diameter of ith generation of particles in polydisperse
suspensions
Capillary and extrudate diameter, respectively
Droplet deformability in extensional flow
Rotational Brownian diffusion coefficient
Steady-state tensile compliance
Volume-to-surface average particle diameter
Elasticity of the interphase
Interaction energy
Tensile, or Young’s, modulus
Electron
Tensile relaxation modulus
Tensile stress relaxation modulus
Threshold energy of coagulation
Activation energy
Exchange energy of i-j contact
Helmholtz free energy (F ¼ E—TS)
Free volume fraction
Function of a parameter x
Onsager coefficient
Gibb’s free energy (G ¼ E — TS + pV ¼ H — TS)
Shear modulus (modulus of rigidity)
Gravitational constant, G ¼ 6.67 3 1011 N m2/kg2
Gray
Acceleration due to gravity; g ¼ 9.80621 m/s2 (see level, lat. 45 )
Concentration gradient at the interface
Appendix VI: Notation and Symbols
G’(v)
G0 y, G00 y
G(t)
G(t, g)
G00 (v)
G*(v)
H
H
h
H(t)
hc
~G
H
hg
HG(s)
hT
Hz
I
ID, IM
J
J
J0 (v)
J(t)
J(t, s)
J00 (v)
J*(v)
J, Jo, Jc°
Je
Js
Js(s)
K
K
kB
k
kH, kM
L
L(t)
L, L*
l, b
M
m
M, Mw, Mn
Me
Mn
Mv
Shear storage modulus
Yield values for G0 and G00
Shear relaxation modulus
Shear stress relaxation modulus
Shear loss modulus
Complex shear modulus
Enthalpy
Henry
Hydrodynamic shielding parameter
Relaxation spectrum
Critical separation distance for drop coalescence
Reduced Gross relaxation spectrum
Partial (or specific) molar enthalpy of component g
Gross frequency relaxation spectrum
Vertical time-temperature shift factor
Hertz
Scattering intensity ratio
Intensity of emission of the excimer and monomer
Hear compliance
Joule
Shear storage compliance
Shear creep compliance
Shear creep compliance
Shear loss compliance
Complex shear compliance
Creep compliance, its value at t ¼ 0 and at steady state
Equilibrium shear compliance
Steady-state shear compliance
Steady-state compliance
Bulk modulus
Kelvin
Boltzmann s universal constant
Rate constants
Huggins, Martin constants of solution viscosity
Length of a dispersed particle
Retardation spectrum
Lamellar thickness
Prolate drop half length and half width
Mobility constant
Strain ratio in asymmetric extension
Molecular weight and its weight and number averages
Entanglement molecular weight
Number-average molecular weight
Viscosity-average molecular weight
2367
2368
Appendix VI: Notation and Symbols
Mw
Ne
N
nD
i
n
Weight-average molecular weight
Number of polymer segments between entanglements
Newton (force)
Index of refraction (for 20 C and sodium light)
“Power law” exponent between melt viscosity and the deformation
rate
First and second normal stress difference, respectively
First normal stress growth function
First normal stress decay function
First normal stress relaxation function
Second normal stress relaxation function
Second normal stress growth function
Second normal stress decay function
Pressure
Probability
One-particle scatter function
Anisometric particle aspect ratio and its generalized value
Pascal (pressure)
Entrance-exit pressure drop in capillary flow
Heat received by the system
Wavevector
Radius, position variable radius
Universal gas constant; 8.31432 J/mol deg
Correlation coefficient squared, precision of data
Mean square end-to-end distance
Ecoil function, R(t, s) ¼ gr/s
Radial position of a particle and its critical value
Particle diameter-to-capillary diameter ratio
Reynolds number
Rao constant
Trouton ratio; ratio of the extensional to shear viscosity
Radius of gyration
Ultimate recoil function
Entropy
Siemens
Number of statistical segments per macromolecule
Second
Tensile recoil coefficient; S(t, sE) ¼ er/sE
Specific molar entropy of g
Initial slope of the stress growth function in uniaxial extension
Specific surface area of ith particle
Entropy per unit volume
Temperature
Time
N1, N2
_
N+1 ðt; gÞ
_
N1– ðt; gÞ
_
N1 ðt; gÞ
N2 ðt; g_ Þ
N+2 ðt; g_ Þ
N2– ðt; g_ Þ
P
P
P(q)
p, p*
Pa
Pe
Q
q
R, r
R
r2
kr2l
R(t, s)
r, rc
Rc
Re
RR
RT
Rg
R‘(s)
S
S
s
s
S(t, sE)
sg
Si
si
Sv
T
t
Appendix VI: Notation and Symbols
Tg
Tm, Tg
tp
U
V
v
vg
vi
VL, VS
W
w
wi
x
x1 or x
x2 or y
x3 or z
xi
z
2369
Glass transition temperature
Melting point; glass transition temperature
Period of rotation for anisometric particles
Total energy of the system
Volume
Specific volume
Partial molar (or specific) volume of g
Velocity in direction i
Ultrasonic velocity; transverse and shear
Heat flow (components Wi, i ¼ x, y, z)
Weight fraction
Weight fraction of specimen i
Variable
Direction of flow
Direction of velocity gradient
Neutral direction
Mole fraction
Coordination number
Greek Alphabet (Lower Case, Capital Letter)
a, B
b, Β
g, G
d, D
e, Ε
z, Ζ
Z, Η
y, (W), Y
k, K
l, L
m, M
alpha
beta
gamma
delta
epsilon
zeta
eta
theta
kappa
lambda
mu
n, Ν
x, X
p, P
r, Ρ
s, S
t, Τ
f, (o), F
w, Χ
c, C
o, O
Notation: Greek Letters
ai
2a
b12
Gij
Go
Thermal expansion coefficient
Convergence angle
Slip factor in Lin’s equation
Nonrandomness parameter for ij segment placement
Critical parameter for droplet breakup
nu
xi
pi
rho
sigma
tau
phi
chi
psi
omega
2370
g
g_ c , g_ y
gR
g_
gr(t, s)
g‘(s)
D
DEh
DGm, DGel
DHm
Dl
d
«
«
«_
«b
«max
«r ðt; «_ Þ
«‘(sE)
«B/«_ B
z
h
ho
h‘
hs
hr
hsp
[h]
[h]E, [h]E,d
hd, hm
hi, hsi, hei
happ
ho,M
h*(v)
h0 (v)
h00 (v)
_
h+(t, g)
_
h(t, g)
h+E ðt; «_ Þ
hE– ðt; «_ Þ
Appendix VI: Notation and Symbols
Shear strain
Critical value of g_ for onset of dilatancy or yield
Recoverable shear strain
Shear rate
Recoil strain
Ultimate recoil
Increment
Activation energy of flow
Gibbs free energy of mixing and an elastic contribution
Heat of mixing
Thickness of the interphase
Solubility parameter
Dielectric parameter
Tensile Hencky strain
Strain rate ( 0)
Maximum Hencky strain at break
Maximum filament shrinkage
Tensile recoil function
Ultimate tensile recoil
Biaxial strain/strain rate ( 0)
Correlation length; domain size
Viscosity
Limiting viscosity at zero shear rate, i.e., at the upper Newtonian
plateau
Limiting viscosity at infinite shear rate, i.e., at the lower Newtonian
plateau
Viscosity of solvent or of continuous medium
Relative viscosity (/s)
Specific viscosity (r–1)
Intrinsic viscosity
Emulsion and deformable droplet emulsion intrinsic viscosity,
respectively
Viscosity of dispersed and matrix liquid; also 1, 2, respectively
Interface viscosity and its shear and extensional components
Apparent viscosity
Maxwellian viscosity
Complex viscosity
Dynamic viscosity
Out-of-phase component of complex viscosity
Shear stress growth coefficient
Shear stress decay coefficient
Tensile stress growth coefficient
Tensile stress decay coefficient
Appendix VI: Notation and Symbols
hE
hB
h+B ðt; «_ B Þ
hB– ðt; «_ B Þ
Q
q
k
L
l
l ¼ hd/hm
m
mi
m
n
n, no
ns, ne
s
sij ij
sy, syc, syE
sc
sm
_
s+(t, g)
_
s (t, g)
s(t, g)
sE
s+B ðt; «_ Þ
sB– ðt; «_ Þ
s
E
sB
r
t
ty
tz
Fi
f, fm
fmo, fm‘
xij
C(t)
C1
C2
c +1 ðt; g_ Þ
c +2 ðt; g_ Þ
2371
Elongational or tensile viscosity
Biaxial extensional viscosity
Biaxial stress growth coefficient
Biaxial stress decay coefficient
Scattering angle
Distortion wavelength in capillary instability
Ratio of rheological to interface forces; capillarity factor k ¼ sd/n
Wavelength
Thermal conductivity
Viscosity ratio of the dispersed to the matrix phase liquids in
polymer blend flow
Chemical potential
Chemical potential of i
Poisson ratio
Interfacial tension coefficient
Dynamic interfacial tension coefficient and its equilibrium value
Side and interfacial energies of a polymeric crystal
Shear stress
component of the stress tensor
Yield shear stress, its value in compression and extension
Critical shear stress for droplet break-up
Critical shear stress for melt fracture
Shear stress growth function
Shear stress decay function
Shear stress relaxation function
Net tensile stress
Tensile stress growth function
Tensile stress decay function
Tensile stress decay coefficient
Net stretching stress
Density
Relaxation time
Characteristic time of the yield cluster
Lifetime of the density fluctuation
Farris volume fraction of component i in the mixture
Volume fraction; maximum packing volume fraction
Maximum packing volume fraction at shear stress s ! 0 and s ! ‘
Thermodynamic interaction coefficient between species i and j
Retardation function
First normal stress coefficient
Second normal stress coefficient
First normal stress growth coefficient
Second normal stress growth coefficient
2372
Appendix VI: Notation and Symbols
c 1– ðt; g_ Þ
c 2– ðt; g_ Þ
V
V
v
First normal stress decay coefficient
Second normal stress decay coefficient
Distortion wavelength
Vorticity
Frequency (rad/s)
Subscripts
Apparent
Binodal
Uniaxial extension
Glass
Counting subscript, inversion or dispersed phase
Linear viscoelastic function
Mixing, melt, matrix
Reference variable
Strain hardening
Spinodal
Suspension
Yield
app, a
B
E
g
i
L
m
R
S
S
s
y
Superscripts
E
L
+
(tilde)
*
Excess value
Lattice gas model
Stress growth function
Decay function
Reduced variable
Complex or reducing variable
Mathematical Symbols
<>
P
p
S
Average
Multiplication
3.1415926536
Summation
Index
A
Acrylic blends, 1739, 1740, 1785–1789
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS),
1415–1425
blends, 1739, 1769, 1774, 1811–1813,
1824, 1827, 1852
Acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate (ASA) blends, 1845
Aerospace, 1444–1445, 1454
Aging
determination of, 1359–1360
miscible blends, 1371
two phase systems, 1386
Amorphous, 295–309, 311–315, 318, 319,
325, 326, 331, 338, 340, 343, 345–347,
349–356, 359, 360, 365–368, 371–411,
418, 420, 431, 434
Applications, 1433–1454
ASA. See Acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate (ASA)
blends
Automotive, 1435, 1437–1439, 1441,
1448–1452, 1454
Avrami, 325–327, 331, 333–335, 353, 365,
380, 392, 426
B
Barrier films, 1162–1163
Batch, 926, 951, 958, 960–961, 985, 986,
990, 998, 1000, 1011
Bent strip ESC test, 1170–1171
Binary blends, 450, 463, 485, 486
Binary polymer blend, 1330, 1333
Biodegradable applications, 1436–1437
Biodegradable polymer blends, 124, 125,
129, 527, 1868–1874
Biomedical, 686, 709, 711–714, 717
Block copolymer, 455–459, 461, 463–465,
470, 471, 481, 485, 488, 490, 492, 494,
498, 502, 503, 505
Breakup, 927–934, 937, 944, 945, 955, 956, 978
Broadband dielectric spectroscopy, 1299–1350
C
Carbon nanotube (CNT), 1532–1539,
1542–1547
Cavitation, 1214–1216, 1219–1221, 1225,
1227, 1230, 1231, 1234, 1236–1241,
1243, 1246, 1248, 1252–1257,
1260–1263, 1265, 1266, 1271,
1273–1275, 1277, 1282–1287
Chain dynamics, 1320, 1326, 1329, 1345
Charpy impact, 1054, 1057, 1129
Chlorinated polyethylene, 1402
Clay, 1487–1492, 1495–1497, 1500, 1502,
1503, 1507, 1509–1513, 1516–1523,
1540, 1542, 1546, 1547
CNT. See Carbon nanotube (CNT)
Coalescence, 761, 768–769, 791, 794,
797–799, 801, 802, 805–811, 816, 817,
821–823, 826–828, 841, 925, 933, 939,
941, 944–945, 948, 954–956, 958, 989,
1011, 1012
Co-continuous morphology, 879, 889,
891, 899, 902, 915
Co-crystallization, 296, 308, 310, 311,
324, 365, 427, 434
Co-crystallized polymer blends, 1918,
2101–2105
Commercial polymer blends, 20, 123
Commodity polymer resin blends, 71–73
Compatibility, 701, 712, 715
Compatibilization, 447–509, 920, 933,
942, 946, 997–1011, 1737–1744, 1746,
1752, 1761, 1773, 1774, 1776, 1778,
1794, 1801, 1802, 1804, 1810–1812,
1814–1816, 1834, 1837–1839, 1849,
1850, 1874, 1902, 1904
strategies, 520, 521, 529, 566, 605, 640
Compatibilized blends, 1050, 1073, 1091,
1103, 1129, 1165–1168
Compatibilized polymer blend, 522, 529,
532, 533, 536, 583
L.A. Utracki, C.A. Wilkie (eds.), Polymer Blends Handbook,
DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-6064-6,
# Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014
2373
2374
Compatibilizer, 521, 523, 529, 530, 532, 533,
556, 559, 562, 569, 570, 573, 582, 586,
587, 596, 597, 606–608, 638, 642
Composition asymmetry, 1344
Compressive strength, 1039–1040
Concentration fluctuations, 1335–1337,
1345, 1348
Concurrent crystallization, 296, 309,
311, 365, 434
Conduction, 1309, 1312–1313
Conductivity, 1035, 1043, 1105–1107, 1127,
1140–1143, 1146–1148, 1179, 1180
Confinement effects, 1301, 1343–1345
Continuous, 922, 926, 944, 956, 958–988,
990, 998, 1004, 1011
Cooperatively rearranging region, 1324, 1336
Copolymer, 942, 943, 950, 962, 985, 989,
992–995, 1004, 1005, 1007–1009
addition, 463, 465, 467, 470, 471, 481,
484, 487, 491, 498, 501, 506
characterization, 542, 551, 554, 560,
580, 612, 615, 639
formation, 519–521, 528, 531–639, 642
homopolymer blends, 457–460
Coupling reaction, 905–906, 911, 912
Cowie-Ferguson (C-F) model, 1365, 1376
Crazing, 1205–1210, 1212, 1213, 1219, 1220,
1225–1227, 1230–1233, 1236, 1238,
1241, 1245, 1252, 1253, 1263–1269,
1273, 1277, 1284–1287
Crosslinks/crosslinking, 680, 686–688,
692, 693, 695–698, 700–702, 704–706,
709, 713, 717
Crystalline, 295, 297–312, 314, 324,
326, 334–336, 340, 341, 344, 355,
360, 366–374, 376, 378, 379, 382,
383, 386, 390–394, 396, 398,
401, 402, 406, 407, 410, 411, 417, 420,
422–430
Crystallization, 291–439, 487, 493–496, 503
Crystals, 296, 304, 309, 311–314, 316, 325,
326, 332, 336–340, 344, 345, 347, 348,
350, 357, 359, 360, 377, 378, 391, 392,
399, 411, 412, 415, 416, 422, 423, 426,
427, 429, 430, 433
Curing, 349, 350, 354, 360–365, 434
Curing reaction, 892, 895
D
Damping, 686, 705–708, 710, 711,
714, 715, 717
Deformation, 923–925, 927–929, 931–934,
936–939, 949, 955, 961, 1002, 1011
Index
mechanisms, 1205, 1207, 1212, 1216, 1221,
1225–1227, 1232, 1244, 1252–1288
Degradation, 1888–1890, 1893, 1895, 1897,
1899–1902, 1905
Determination of Gc, 1058–1061
Developing opportunities, 1435–1441
Dielectric
relaxation, 1301, 1307–1312, 1320–1348
strength, 1144, 1150, 1178, 1304, 1306,
1311, 1322, 1325–1326, 1346
Differential scanning calorimetry, 306, 433
Dispersion, 922, 939–942, 945, 946, 948, 950,
952, 954, 956, 961, 967, 977, 987, 989,
993, 1006, 1012
Distribution, 922, 932, 938, 947, 951, 954,
956, 960, 964, 968, 975–981,
984, 997–1001, 1010
Drop, 921, 926–935, 937–946, 949, 953–958,
961–963, 989, 1012
breakup, 765–768, 799, 804, 806, 807,
816, 817
Dynamic asymmetry, 1343
Dynamic glass transition, 1311, 1322–1326,
1330–1343, 1346
Dynamic heterogeneity, 1333–1334, 1343,
1348
E
Elastomeric blends, 1740, 1759–1760,
1790–1800
Electrical, 1434, 1438, 1439, 1442, 1446–1450
Electronics, 1435, 1439, 1440, 1442,
1445–1447, 1449, 1450
Elongational flows, 765, 766, 799, 811,
815, 816, 847–852
Encapsulation, 817, 822, 831
Engineering polymer resin blends, 84
Enthalpy, 1464, 1479
relaxation, 1360–1380, 1386
Entropy, 173, 174, 176–178, 180, 197,
200, 203, 207, 208, 210, 219, 227, 231,
239, 267, 1467, 1479
Equation of state, 174, 177, 179–187,
189, 204–207, 239, 240, 278
Equilibrium melting temperature, 336–340
Experimental determination of interaction
parameters, 254, 256–262
Experimental techniques for interface, 483
Extension, 923, 924, 929, 936, 939, 954,
976, 988
Extrusion, 519–521, 525, 526, 530–532,
535, 536, 542–544, 546, 549, 551–553,
555, 558, 560–565, 567, 570–572,
Index
2375
577–579, 582, 584, 587, 590–593,
595, 607, 611, 612, 615, 618, 622, 623,
628, 629, 631, 632, 635–638, 640, 642,
933, 951, 955, 958, 959, 962–964,
966, 968, 969, 974, 975, 979, 981, 985,
988–990, 998–1003, 1005
F
Fatigue characteristics, 1042–1045
Fibrillation, 766–768, 810, 817, 822–824, 827
Fire retardancy, 1411, 1425
Flexural modulus, 1040, 1049, 1074, 1110, 1111
Flory–Huggins theory, 197–204, 239
Flow-induced orientation, 756–760
Fluid engineering, 1453
Fractionated crystallization, 393, 395–410,
418, 420, 421, 423–425, 430–435
Fracture, 1468, 1470, 1475–1477
Free energy, 173–175, 183, 194, 197, 204,
205, 207, 208, 231, 241–243, 247, 251,
255, 270, 274
of mixing, 877, 892
Frozen free volume, 184
G
Gas-lattice model, 207–209
Glass transition temperature (Tg), 1093–1095,
1113, 1115, 1129, 1463, 1464, 1466,
1472, 1917
measurements, 266–271
H
Healthcare, 1440–1444
Heat of mixing model/approach, 210–227,
239, 240
Heat stabilizers, 1403
High performance polymer, 1459–1481
History of polymers and their blends, 6
Hoffman Weeks, 336–340, 343, 345, 365
Horizontal burning test, 1128
I
Immiscibility, 1463, 1468, 1470, 1476, 1478
Immiscible, 876, 877, 880, 886–891,
896, 905
blends, 295, 366, 372, 373, 377, 378,
389, 402, 414, 418, 422, 434, 729–731,
738, 740–779, 784, 793–852
polymer blends, 450–455, 464, 467,
468, 484, 486
Impact modification, 1753, 1754, 1770,
1779, 1804, 1805, 1814, 1839,
1843, 1867
In situ-formed copolymer, 905–911, 915
Interface, 448–471, 476, 480–493, 495, 501,
506, 922–926, 934, 938, 942–943,
998, 1001, 1011, 1012, 1476
profile, 454, 465
Interfacial
polarization, 1313–1314, 1347–1348
tension, 449–452, 454, 456, 458, 460–467,
470–479, 482–487, 491, 492, 501
thickness, 451, 456, 470, 480–482,
485, 490–491
Interfibrillar, 295, 297, 299–303, 364, 365,
402, 434
Interlamellar, 295, 297, 299–304, 306, 307,
312, 313, 315, 332, 356, 364, 365, 402,
434
Interlayer slip, 756, 796, 817, 828–833,
839, 846
Interpenetrating, 677–718
Interpenetrating polymer network (IPN),
678–683, 686, 687, 690–693,
697, 700–702, 704–709, 711, 713–717
Interphase, 447–509, 727, 729, 735–739,
741, 753, 761, 764, 768, 773, 778, 828,
830, 838, 839, 920, 941–944
Interpolymer complexes, 1916
Inverse gas chromatography, 1076, 1093, 1100
IPN. See Interpenetrating polymer network
(IPN)
Izod impact, 1050–1054, 1069–1071, 1074,
1076, 1077, 1168
J
J-integral techniques, 1061–1066
K
Kohlrausch, Williams, and Watts (KWW)
function, 1382
L
Lamellae, 299, 300, 304, 307, 314, 316,
325, 342, 344, 345, 347, 348,
378, 382, 383, 390, 394, 402,
406, 408, 410
Lamellar morphology, 1034, 1167, 1168
Latex interpenetrating polymer network
(LIPN), 701–708, 710
Laws of thermodynamics, 175–177
LCP. See Liquid crystal polymer (LCP)
LCST. See Lower critical solution temperature
(LCST)
Light scattering (LS), 192, 193, 239, 257,
261, 263, 264, 278
2376
LIPN. See Latex interpenetrating polymer
network (LIPN)
Liquid crystal polymer (LCP), 1462,
1467–1470, 1472, 1473, 1475
Localized fluctuations, 1300, 1330
Lower critical solution temperature (LCST),
877, 878, 880–885, 888, 893
behavior, 1916
Luminous transmittance, 1149
M
Mechanical, 1486, 1488, 1489, 1497, 1500,
1512, 1513, 1520, 1524, 1530, 1532,
1533, 1544–1547
properties, 1225–1290
relaxation, 1381–1385
Mechanisms of phase separation, 244–252
Melting, 291–439
Melt processing, 519, 522, 525, 528, 536, 541,
550, 584, 630, 642
Microrheology, 733, 741, 746, 762–769,
790, 794, 799–817, 821, 851
Microstructure, 296
Miscible, 877, 888, 890–892, 905, 914, 915
blends, 294–297, 300, 307–309, 313, 319,
324–325, 327, 329, 336–349, 351, 353,
360, 362, 363, 365, 375, 402, 434, 729,
730, 738–740, 779–793, 831, 1468,
1478
polymer blends, 1915–2105
Mixing, 920–964, 967–989, 998–1001,
1010–1012
Modulus, 1469, 1473–1475, 1477
Molecular composite, 1471, 1474, 1478
Morphology, 686–693, 697, 699–705,
707–710, 920, 922, 927, 933, 940–942,
947–958, 963, 967, 968, 977,
984, 985, 991–995, 1002, 1003,
1006, 1486–1490, 1492–1497,
1504, 1513, 1515, 1516, 1520–1522,
1525–1528, 1531, 1532, 1534–1539,
1543, 1546, 1547
control of polymer blend, 876, 915
development, 550, 551, 561, 562, 569, 572,
577, 580, 596, 621, 634, 642, 643
N
Nanocomposites, 1412, 1413, 1417
Nanoparticles, 430–434, 1485–1548
Networks, 677–718
NMR methods for polymer blends, 271
Noise reduction, 1156–1159
Non-Newtonian flows, 769–777
Index
Nucleating agent, 1117–1119, 1125–1127,
1152
Nucleation and growth (NG), 245, 250–252,
877, 899
O
Outlook, 1453–1454
Oxygen scavenger blends, 1741, 1849
P
PA. See Polyamides (PA)
Packaging, 1434, 1436, 1438, 1449,
1451–1453
PALS. See Positron Annihilation Lifetime
Spectroscopy (PALS)
Permeability coefficient (P), 1160–1162
Permittivity, 1143–1145, 1178
Petrie–Marshall (P-M) model, 1365, 1376
Phase, 681–683, 686–693, 696, 699–702,
704–707, 709, 711, 714–716
co-continuity, 730–735, 789
diagrams, 172, 180, 187, 189,
190, 197–200, 232, 233, 241–244,
252–258, 262–266, 268–270, 274, 1464
equilibria, 249, 254, 256, 263, 265
separation, 197, 203, 239, 241–255,
257, 262, 263, 265, 266, 274,
277, 295, 324, 344, 345, 349, 355, 357,
358, 360, 362–364, 768, 778–780,
782, 784, 786–793, 798, 804,
805, 831, 844
Phosphorus-based fire retardants, 1418, 1420
Physical aging, 1357–1391
PO. See Polyolefins (PO)
Polarization, 1302–1309, 1313–1314, 1319,
1335, 1347–1348
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA),
1399–1401
Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), 1396, 1398–1409
Polyamides (PA), 1396, 1422–1425
blends, 522, 542–580, 1740, 1751–1752,
1773–1774, 1776, 1800–1823,
1837, 1854
Polycarbonate blends, 1741, 1743, 1771–1772,
1819–1820, 1823–1834, 1842
Polyester blends, 545, 580–612
Polyetherimide blends, 588–589
Polyethylene (PE), 1402, 1410–1413,
1559–1716
Polymer, 677–718
alloys, 20, 26, 29, 36–37, 43
miscibility, 1301, 1327–1329, 1333,
1345, 1346
Index
nomenclature, 15–19
recycling, 127
Polymerization reaction, 892
Polymer reference interaction site model
(PRISM), 238–239, 278
Polyolefins (PO), 1396, 1398, 1409–1413,
1420, 1563, 1566, 1572, 1584,
1607–1608, 1610–1616, 1618,
1636, 1646, 1667–1669, 1671–1676,
1678, 1679, 1681–1716
blends, 527, 545, 547–558, 589–599,
612–613, 615–639, 1739, 1747–1763,
1793
Polyoxymethylene blends, 1835–1836
Polyphenylene ether (PPE) blends, 560–567,
601–605, 612–615, 621–622, 1738,
1741, 1743, 1818, 1820, 1836–1840
Polyphenylene sulfide blends, 568, 605,
614, 639
Polypropylene (PP), 1410–1413, 1423–1425,
1560, 1565, 1568, 1617, 1668–1670,
1672, 1674, 1676–1678, 1681, 1682,
1687, 1688, 1691, 1693–1703,
1705–1707, 1712, 1713
Polystyrene (PS), 1399, 1406–1409,
1413, 1414
Polystyrene or styrene copolymer blends,
573–580, 630–640
Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy
(PALS), 1368, 1369, 1379, 1385,
1386
PPE. See Polyphenylene ether (PPE) blends
PRISM. See Polymer reference interaction site
model (PRISM)
Pull-in, 905, 909–911
Pull-out, 905, 907–909
PVC. See Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)
PVT relationships, 179–187, 205
R
Reaction-induced phase separation (RIPS),
891–905, 914, 915
Reactive, 920, 942, 950, 955, 957–959,
972, 974, 975, 977–980, 983, 990,
997–1011
blend/blending, 642, 915
compatibilization, 517–647
Recycling, 1438, 1441, 1449, 1453, 1885–1909
Refractive index, 1066, 1067, 1098,
1149–1152, 1155, 1179
Reinforced, 1436, 1440–1441
Reinforcement, 1468, 1469, 1473, 1474
Relaxation rate, 1311, 1322–1327, 1333, 1339
2377
Renewable resources, 1436–1437, 1453
Resistivity, 1105, 1140–1148, 1150, 1180, 1181
Rheology, 725–857, 920, 922, 927, 994, 1002,
1003
RIPS. See Reaction-induced phase separation
(RIPS)
Rockwell hardness, 1040–1042, 1044, 1179
S
SANS. See Small angle neutron scattering
(SANS)
SD. See Spinodal decomposition (SD)
Segmental dynamics, 1306, 1323, 1340,
1343–1345, 1348
Self-concentration, 1328, 1335, 1337–1343,
1345, 1348
Semicrystalline morphology, 292, 295,
304–308, 354–356, 366, 372, 375, 386,
389–391, 393, 424, 427
Semi-interpenetrating network, 1470,
1476–1478
Separation of phase. See Phase, separation
Shear, 921, 923–929, 931–942, 944, 945,
947, 951, 953, 954, 959, 961,
968, 969, 973–982, 985, 986, 1002,
1006, 1011, 1012
flow, 741, 747, 749, 753, 756, 765,
766, 776, 788–790, 793, 794, 796, 799,
801, 803, 804, 806–808, 811, 816,
818, 822, 826, 830–847, 851, 852
flow effect for phase diagram, 891, 914
induced mixing, 880, 884, 885
yielding, 1205–1207, 1209–1213, 1215,
1216, 1220, 1226, 1227, 1229–1233,
1236, 1238, 1240, 1241, 1244, 1252,
1253, 1255, 1257–1261, 1265–1269,
1277, 1280, 1283–1288
Silica, 1525–1532, 1539–1540, 1544, 1545
Small angle neutron scattering (SANS),
196, 200, 201, 204, 209, 217, 218, 239,
254–259, 263
Solubility parameters, 174, 219, 227–238,
240, 255
Solvent, 948, 983, 989–997, 999, 1006
resistant polymer blends, 845
Specialty polymer blends, 1741, 1850–1857,
1874
Specialty polymer resin blends, 37, 75–76,
83–84, 87, 95–98
Specific interactions, 1916
Spherulites, 295–297, 299, 300, 304, 307,
309, 312–319, 322, 323, 333, 345,
347, 355, 357–360, 363–366,
2378
372, 373, 378–387, 389, 391–394,
397, 402, 411–414, 419, 426, 430
Spinodal decomposition (SD), 245–250,
877, 889, 890, 892, 914
Stress relaxation, 1374, 1382–1384, 1386
Strong interactions model, 209–210
Styrenic blends, 1739, 1763–1779, 1785, 1837
T
Tensile properties, 1037–1039, 1048–1050,
1052, 1074
Ternary polymer blends, 2072, 2078
Theoretical characteristics of interface, 450–471
Thermal degradation, 1398–1401, 1404, 1406,
1407, 1411, 1413, 1415, 1416, 1418,
1420–1422, 1425
Thermal properties of polymer blends
Thermodynamics, 726, 730, 735, 736,
738, 747, 749, 768, 777, 787–793,
796–800, 816, 830, 838, 852, 1463,
1470, 1476
potentials, 173–175
Thermoplastic, 680, 686, 692, 693, 698, 705,
709–711, 717
polyester blends, 1828–1833, 1840–1850
polymer blends, 57
Thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs), 1438–1440
Thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) blends, 1739,
1754–1758
Thermoplastic vulcanizate (TPV) blends,
1791–1800
Index
Thermoset blends, 1858–1868
Thermosetting, 349–356, 360–365, 434
Time–temperature superposition, 779–781,
784, 789, 842–844
Tool–Narayanaswamy–Moyniha (TNM)
model, 1363, 1369
Toughening, 1204, 1216, 1217, 1220–1253,
1255, 1261, 1266–1268, 1270,
1271, 1273, 1275–1278, 1281–1283,
1286, 1287
Toughness, 1488, 1495–1500, 1505–1507,
1510, 1511, 1513, 1516, 1517,
1520, 1522–1524, 1526, 1527,
1530, 1534, 1537, 1538, 1544,
1546, 1547
TPEs. See Thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs)
TPO. See Thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO)
blends
TPV. See Thermoplastic vulcanizate (TPV)
blends
Turbidity measurements, 254, 262–263
U
Upper critical solution temperature (UCST),
877, 878, 880, 885–886, 892, 893
behavior, 1916, 1918, 2077
V
Vertical burning test, 1128–1136
Vinyl resin blends, 1779–1785
Volume relaxation, 1379–1382

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