Microplex VMz Scientific References Compendium

Microplex VMz Compendium
Multi-Vitamin and Mineral Supplement
Research has shown that a diet adequate in essential vitamins and minerals will support
normal growth, functioning, and maintenance of cells. Studies also show that vitamins A, C,
and E are powerful antioxidants that prevent free radical damage. In addition, research shows
that a balanced diet supports healthy metabolism and cellular energy, while also providing
the body with the necessary nutrients to support the immune system and digestion. A diet
containing several of the ingredients discussed in this compendium will optimize bone
health. Regular use of the following ingredients, along with a healthy diet, regular exercise,
managing stress and rest, and managing exposure to harmful environmental stressors will
increase the likelihood of wellness and decrease the likelihood of the premature onset of
some conditions associated with aging.
Microplex VMz Compendium
Table of Contents
1. Vitamin A.................................................................... 3
2. Vitamin C..................................................................... 3
3. Vitamin D..................................................................... 4
4. Vitamin E..................................................................... 5
5. Vitamin K..................................................................... 5
6. Thiamin........................................................................ 6
7. Riboflavin..................................................................... 6
8. Niacin.......................................................................... 7
9. Vitamin B6................................................................... 8
10. Folate........................................................................ 8
11. Vitamin B12.............................................................. 9
12. Biotin......................................................................... 9
13. Pantothenic Acid..................................................... 10
14. Calcium................................................................... 11
15. Iron.......................................................................... 11
16. Magnesium............................................................. 12
17. Zinc.......................................................................... 13
18. Selenium................................................................. 13
19. Copper..................................................................... 14
20. Manganese............................................................. 14
21. Chromium................................................................ 15
22. P
roprietary Whole-Food Blend................................ 16
Broccoli
Spirulina
Oat Straw
Brewer’s Yeast
Kelp
23. Active Enzyme Blend............................................... 16
Amylase
Protease
Lactase
Lipase
24. Peppermint leaf....................................................... 17
25. Ginger root.............................................................. 17
26. Caraway seed extract............................................. 18
Microplex VMz Compendium
1. Vitamin A
Alternative names: Alpha and Beta Carotene
Key Scientific References:
1.Ma L., et al., C20-D3-vitamin A slows lipofuscin accumulation and electrophysiological retinal
degeneration in a mouse model of Stargardt’s disease. J Biol Chem. 2011; 286:7966-74.
2.Lewis N.A., et al., Late administration of antenatal vitamin A promotes pulmonary structural
maturation and improves ventilation in the lamb model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
Pediatr Surg Int. 2011; 27:119-24.
3.Sun Y.Y., et al., A combination of iron and retinol supplementation benefits iron status, IL-2 level
and lymphocyte proliferation in anemic pregnant women. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2010; 19:513-9.
4.Minicucci M.F., et al., Tissue vitamin A insufficiency results in adverse ventricular remodeling
after experimental myocardial infarction. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2010; 26:523-30.
5.Charles L.E., et al., Antioxidants and pulmonary function among police officers. J Occup Environ
Med. 2010; 52:1124-31.
6.Toki K., et al., CpG hypermethylation of cellular retinol-binding protein 1 contributes to cell
proliferation and migration in bladder cancer. Int J Oncol. 2010; 37:1379-88.
7.Grune, T., et al., Beta-carotene is an important vitamin A source for humans. J Nutr. 2010;
140:2268S-85S.
2. Vitamin C
Alternative names: L-ascorbic acid, L-ascorbate, calcium ascorbate, magnesium ascorbate
Key Scientific References:
1. Y in J., et al., Modulation of oxidative stress responses in the human retinal pigment epithelium
following treatment with vitamin C. J Cell Physiol. 2011; 226:2025-32.
2. Martinović J., et al., Oxidative Stress Biomarker Monitoring in Elite Women Volleyball Athletes
During a 6-Week Training Period. J Strength Cond Res. 2011; 25:1360-7.
3. Papoulidis P., et al., The role of ascorbic acid in the prevention of atrial fibrillation after elective
on pump myocardial revascularization surgery: a single center experience-pilot study. Interact
Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2011; 12:121-4.
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4.Rose F.J., Synergistic effects of ascorbic acid and thiazolidinedione on secretion of high
molecular weight adiponectin from human adipocytes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2010; 12:1084-9.
5.Peregoy J., and Wilder F.V., The effects of vitamin C supplementation on incident and progressive
knee osteoarthritis: a longitudinal study. Public Health Nutr. 2011; 14:709-15.
6.Ruiz-Ramos M., et al., Supplementation of ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol is useful to
preventing bone loss linked to oxidative stress in elderly. J Nutr Health Aging. 2010; 14:467-72.
7.Abdollahzad H., et al., Effect of vitamin C supplementation on oxidative stress and lipid profiles
in hemodialysis patients. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2009; 79:281-7.
3. Vitamin D
Alternative name: Cholecalciferol
Key Scientific References:
1.Vaidya A., et al., Vitamin D and the vascular sensitivity to angiotensin II in obese Caucasians
with hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 2011; 25:672-8.
2.Speer G., [The role of vitamin D in the prevention and the additional therapy of cancers.] Magy
Onkol. 2010; 54:303-14.
3.Pilz S., et al., Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Testosterone Levels in Men. Horm Metab
Res. 2011; 43:223-5.
4.Pilz S., et al., Role of vitamin D in arterial hypertension. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2010;
8:1599-608.
5.Guillot X., et al., Vitamin D and inflammation. Joint Bone Spine. 2010; 77:552-7.
6.Zhu K., et al., A randomized controlled trial of the effects of vitamin D on muscle strength and
mobility in older women with vitamin D insufficiency. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010; 58:2063-8.
7.DeLong LK., et al., Vitamin D levels, dietary intake, and photoprotective behaviors among
patients with skin cancer. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2010; 29:185-9.
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Microplex VMz Compendium
4. Vitamin E
Alternative names: d-alpha-tocopherol, tocopherols, tocotrienols
Key Scientific References:
1.Aybek H., et al., Preventive Effects of Vitamin E against Oxidative Damage in Aged Diabetic Rat
Bladders. Urology. 2011; 77:508.
2.Ryan M.J., et al., Vitamin E and C supplementation reduces oxidative stress, improves
antioxidant enzymes and positive muscle work in chronically loaded muscles of aged rats. Exp
Gerontol. 2010; 45:882-95.
3.Javanbakht M.H., et al., Randomized controlled trial using vitamins E and D supplementation in
atopic dermatitis. J Dermatolog Treat. 2011; 22:144-50.
4.Yang C.S., et al., Inhibition of inflammation and carcinogenesis in the lung and colon by
tocopherols. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010; 1203:29-34.
5.Pazdro R., and Burgess J.R., The role of vitamin E and oxidative stress in diabetes complications.
Mech Ageing Dev. 2010; 131:276-86.
6.Landrier J.F., et al., Vitamin E decreases endogenous cholesterol synthesis and apo-AL-mediated
cholesterol secretion in Caco-2 cells. J Nutr Biochem. 2010; 21:1207-13.
5. Vitamin K
Alternative names: Koagulations vitamin, Koagulationsvitamin, Phylloquinone, Menaquinone, Menaphthone.
Key Scientific References:
1.Kidd P.M., Vitamins D and K as pleiotropic nutrients: clinical importance to the skeletal and
cardiovascular systems and preliminary evidence for synergy. Altern Med Rev. 2010; 15:199-222.
2.Iwamoto J., et al., Vitamin K(2) Prevents Hyperglycemia and Cancellous Osteopenia in Rats with
Streptozotocin-induced Type 1 Diabetes. Calcif Tissue Int. 2011; 88:162-8.
3.Fusaro M., et al., Vitamin K, bone fractures, and vascular calcifications in chronic kidney
disease: an important but poorly studied relationship. J Endocrinol Invest. 2011; 34:317-23.
4.Yamaguchi M., and Weitzmann M.N., Vitamin K2 stimulates osteoblastogenesis and suppresses
osteoclastogenesis by suppressing NF-kB activation. Int J Mol Med. 2011; 27:3-14.
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5.Ames B.N., Prevention of mutation, cancer, and other age-associated diseases by optimizing
micronutrient intake. J Nucleic Acids. 2010; 2010:1-11.
6.Sada E., et al., Vitamin K2 modulates differentiation and apoptosis of both myeloid and
erythroid lineages. Eur J Haematol. 2010; 85:538-48.
7. Fodor D., et al., Vitamin K and vascular calcifications. Acta Physiol Hung. 2010; 97:256-66.
6. Thiamin
Alternative names: Thiamine, Vitamin B1
Key Scientific References:
1. R
iaz S., et al., Effect of high dose thiamine on the levels of urinary protein biomarkers in
diabetes mellitus type 2. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2011; 54:817-25.
2. Katare R.G., et al., Vitamin B1 analog benfotiamine prevents diabetes-induced diastolic
dysfunction and heart failure through Akt/Pim-1-mediated survival pathway. Circ Heart Fail.
2010; 3:294-305.
3. K
looster A., et al., Tissue thiamine deficiency as potential cause of delayed graft function after
kidney transplantation: thiamine supplementation of kidney donors may improve transplantation
outcome. Med Hypotheses. 2007; 69:873-8.
4.Shimizu T., et al., Anti-fatigue effect of dicethiamine hydrochloride is likely associated with
excellent absorbability and high transformability in tissues as a Vitamin B(1). Eur J Pharmacol.
2010; 635:117-23.
5.Muller I.B., et al., The vitamin B1 metabolism of Staphylococcus aureus is controlled at
enzymatic and transcriptional levels. PLoS One. 2009; 4:e7656.
6.Yadav U.C., et al., Protective role of benfotiamine, a fat-soluble vitamin B1 analogue, in
lipopolysaccharide-induced cytotoxic signals in murine macrophages. Free Radic Biol Med.
2010; 48:1423-34.
7. Riboflavin
Alternative name: Vitamin B2
Key Scientific References:
1.Tavares N.R., et al., Riboflavin supplementation and biomarkers of cardiovascular disease in the
elderly. J Nutr Health Aging. 2009; 13:441-6.
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2.Ma A.G., et al., Retinol and riboflavin supplementation decreases the prevalence of anemia in
Chinese pregnant women taking iron and folic Acid supplements. J Nutr. 2008;138:1946-50.
3.Mazur-Bialy A.l., et al., Strain-specific effects of riboflavin supplementation on zymosan-induced
peritonitis in C57BL/6J, BALB/c and CBA mice. Life Sci. 2011; 88:265-71.
4.Henriques B.J., et al., Role of flavinylation in a mild variant of multiple acyl-CoA dehydration
deficiency: a molecular rationale for the effects of riboflavin supplementation. J Biol Chem.
2009; 284:4222-9.
5.Figueiredo J.C., et al., Vitamins B2, B6, and B12 and risk of new colorectal adenomas in a
randomized trial of aspirin use and folic acid supplementation. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers
Prev. 2008; 17:2136-45.
6.Gariballa S., and Ullegaddi R., Riboflavin status in acute ischaemic stroke. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007;
61:1237-40.
7.McNulty H., et al., Riboflavin lowers homocysteine in individuals homozygous for the MTHFR
677C-> T polymorphism. Circulation. 2006; 113:74-80.
8. Niacin
Alternative names: Vitamin B3, Niacinamide, Nicotinic acid, Nicotinamide
Key Scientific References:
1.Giammona L.M., et al., Nicotinamide (vitamin B3) increases the polyploidisation and proplatelet
formation of cultured primary human megakaryocytes. Br J Haematol. 2006; 135:554-66.
2.Hoane M.R., et al., Treatment with vitamin B3 improves functional recovery and reduces GFAP
expression following traumatic brain injury in rats. J Neurotrauma. 2003; 20:1189-99.
3.Kamat J.P., and Devasagayam T.P., Nicotinamide (vitamin B3) as an effective antioxidant against
oxidative damage in rat brain mitochondria. Redox Rep. 1999; 4:179-84.
4.Vaca P., et al., Nicotinamide induces both proliferation and differentiation of embryonic stem
cells into insulin-producing cells. Transplant Proc. 2003; 35:2021-3.
5.Jacobson E.L., et al., Evaluating the role of niacin in human carcinogenesis. Biochimie. 1995;
77:394-8.
6. Eapen D.J., et al., Raising HDL cholesterol in women. Int J Womens Health. 2010; 1:181-91.
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Microplex VMz Compendium
9. Vitamin B6
Alternative name: Pyridoxine, Pyridoxamine, Pyridoxal
Key Scientific References:
1.Grubman A., et al., Vitamin B(6) is Required for Full Motility and Virulence in Helicobacter pylori.
MBio. 2010;1:e00112-10.
2.Lin C.C., et al., Vitamins B status and antioxidative defense in patients with chronic hepatitis B
or hepatitis C virus infection. Eur J Nutr. 2011; 50:499-506.
3.Kelso B.G., et al., Pyridoxine Restores Endothelial Cell Function in High Glucose. Metab Syndr
Relat Disord. 2011; 9:63-8.
4.Manolescu B.N., et al., Homocysteine and vitamin therapy in stroke prevention and treatment: a
review. Acta Biochim Pol. 2010; 57:467-77.
5.Garg M.B., and Ackland S.P., Pyridoxine to protect from oxaliplatin-induced neurotoxicity without
compromising antitumour effect. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2011; 67:963-6.
6.Mydlík M., and Derzsiová K., Vitamin B6 and oxalic acid in clinical nephrology. J Ren Nutr. 2010;
20:S95-102.
7.Dick T., et al., Vitamin B6 biosynthesis is essential for survival and virulence of Mycobacterium
tuberculosis. Mol Microbil. 2010; 78:980-8.
10. Folate
Alternative name: Folic acid
Key Scientific References:
1.Kim H., et al., Association of maternal folate nutrition and serum C-reactive protein
concentrations with gestational age at delivery. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2011; 65:350-6.
2.Singh R., et al., Beneficial Effects of Folic Acid on Enhancement of Memory and Antioxidant
Status in Aged Rat Brain. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2011; 31:83-91.
3.Figueiredo C.P., et al., Folic Acid Plus α-Tocopherol Mitigates Amyloid-β-Induced Neurotoxicity
through Modulation of Mitochondrial Complexes Activity. J Alzheimers Dis. 2011; 24:61-75.
4.Majumdar S., et al., Antiapoptotic efficacy of folic acid and vitamin B(12) against arsenicinduced toxicity. Environ Toxicol. 2010; 27:351-63.
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5.Lasisi A.O., et al., Age-related hearing loss, vitamin B12, and folate in the elderly. Otolaryngol
Head Neck Surg. 2010; 143:826-30.
6.Morgan S.L., and Baggott J.E., Folate supplementation during methotrexate therapy for
rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2010; 28:S102-9.
7.Hwang S.Y., et al., Folic acid supplementation inhibits NADPH oxidase-mediated superoxide
anion production in the kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2011; 300:189-98.
11. Vitamin B12
Alternative names: Cobalamin, Cyanocobalamin, Methylcobalamin
Key Scientific References:
1. Selhub J., et al., B vitamins and the aging brain. Nutr Rev. 2010; 68:S112-8.
2.Voegtlin M., et al., Prevalence of anaemia in inflammatory bowel disease in Switzerland: a crosssectional study in patients from private practices and university hospitals. J Crohns Colitis.
2010; 4:642-8.
3.Hathout L., and El-Saden S., Nitrous oxide-induced B(12) deficiency myelopathy: Perspectives on
the clinical biochemistry of vitamin B(12). J Neurol Sci. 2010; 301:1-8.
4.Okumus M., et al., The relationship between serum trace elements, vitamin B12, folic acid and
clinical parameters in patients with myofascial pain syndrome. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil.
2010; 23:187-91.
5.Piyathilake C.J., et al., Indian women with higher serum concentrations of folate and vitamin
B12 are significantly less likely to be infected with carcinogenic or high-risk (HR) types of human
papillomaviruses (HPVs). Int J Womens Health. 2010; 2:7-12.
6.Almeida O.P., et al., B-vitamins reduce the long-term risk of depression after stroke: The
VITATOPS-DEP trial. Ann Neurol. 2010; 68:503-10.
12. Biotin
Alternative names: Vitamin B7, Vitamin H
Key Scientific References:
1.Kuroishi T., et al., Biotin deficiency up-regulates TNF-alpha production in murine macrophages.
J Leukoc Biol. 2008; 83:912-20.
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2.Kuroishi T., et al., Biotin status affects nickel allergy via regulation of interleukin-1beta
production in mice. J Nutr. 2009; 139:1031-6.
3.Scheinfeld N., et al., Vitamins and minerals: their role in nail health and disease. J Drugs
Dermatol. 2007; 6:782-7.
4.Singer G.M., and Geohas J., The effect of chromium picolinate and biotin supplementation
on glycemic control in poorly controlled patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a placebocontrolled, double blinded, randomized trial. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2006; 8:636-43.
5.Revilla-Monsalve C., et al., Biotin supplementation reduces plasma triacyglycerol and VLDL
in type 2 diabetic patients and in nondiabetic subjects with hypertriglyceridemia. Biomed
Pharmacother. 2006; 60:182-5.
6.Wiedmann S., et al., Clusters of biotin-responsive genes in human peripheral blood mononuclear
cells. J Nutr Biochem. 2004; 15:433-9.
13. Pantothenic Acid
Alternative name: Vitamin B5
Key Scientific References:
1.Leung L.H., Pantothenic acid deficiency as the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. Med Hypotheses.
1995; 44:490-2.
2.Ames B.N., et al., Mineral and vitamin deficiencies can accelerate the mitochondrial decay of
aging. Mol Aspects Med. 2005; 26:363-78.
3.Leung L.H., Pantothenic acid as a weight-reducing agent: fasting without hunger, weakness and
ketosis. Med Hypotheses. 1995; 44:403-5.
4.Yamamoto T., et al., Effects of pantothenic acid on testicular function in male rats. J Vet Med
Sci. 2009; 7:1427-32.
5.Depeint F., et al., Mitochondrial function and toxicity: role of the B vitamin family on
mitochondrial energy metabolism. Chem Biol Interact. 2006; 163:94-112.
6.Tahiliani A.G., and Beinlich C.J., Pantothenic acid in health and disease. Vitamin Horm. 1991;
46:165-228.
7.Aprahamian M., et al., Effects of supplemental pantothenic acid on wound healing: experimental
study in rabbit. Am J Clin Nutr. 1985; 41:578-89.
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14. Calcium
Latin name: Calx
Chemical Symbol: Ca
Key Scientific References:
1.National Institutes of Health., Calcium and Vitamin D: Important at Every Age. NIH Osteoporosis
and Related Bone Diseases National Resource Center. 2009.
2.Williams D.M., et al., Associations of vitamin D, parathyroid hormone and calcium with
cardiovascular risk factors in US adolescents. Heart. 2011; 97:315-20.
3.Schepens M.A., et al., Supplemental antioxidants do not ameliorate colitis development in
HLA-B27 transgenic rats despite extremely low glutathione levels in colonic mucosa. Inflamm
Bowel Dis. 2011; 14:2065-75.
4.Kumar R., and Thompson J.R., The Regulation of Parathyroid Hormone Secretion and Synthesis.
J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011; 22:216-24.
5.Ahearn T.U., et al., A randomized clinical trial of the effects of supplemental calcium and vitamin
D3 on markers of their metabolism in normal mucosa of colorectal adenoma patients. Cancer
Res. 2011;71:413-23.
6.Fleet J.C., and Schoch R.D., Molecular mechanisms for regulation of intestinal calcium
absorption by vitamin D and other factors. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 201; 47:181-95.
15. Iron
Latin name: Ferrum
Chemical symbol: Fe
Key Scientific References:
1. Cuellar N.G., et al., The Relationship With Iron and Health Outcomes in Persons With Restless
Legs Syndrome. Clin Nurs Res. 2011; 20:144-61.
2. Besarab A., and Coyne D.W., Iron supplementation to treat anemia in patients with chronic
kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2010; 6:699-710.
3. Calarge C., et al., Serum ferritin and amphetamine response in youth with attention-deficit/
hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2010; 20:495-502.
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4.Pittori C., et al., A pilot Iron Substitution Programme in female blood donors with iron deficiency
without anaemia. Vox Sang. 2011;100:303-11.
5.Vardhan H., et al., Higher expression of ferritin protects Chlamydia trachomatis infected HeLa
229 cells from reactive oxygen species mediated cell death. Biochem Cell Biol. 2010; 88:835-42.
6.Ma A.G., et al., Supplementation of iron alone an combined with vitamins improves haematological
status, erythrocyte membrane fluidity and oxidative stress in anaemic pregnant women.
Br J Nutr. 2010; 104:1655-61.
16. Magnesium
Latin name: Magnesia
Chemical symbol: Mg
Key Scientific References:
1.Rondón L.J., et al., Magnesium attenuates chronic hypersensitivity and spinal cord NMDA receptor
phosphorylation in a rat model of diabetic neuropathic pain. J Physiol. 2010; 588:4205-15.
2.Matsuzaki H., et al., Dietary magnesium supplementation suppresses bone resorption via
inhibition of parathyroid hormone secretion in rates fed a high-phosphorous diet. Magnes Res.
2010; 23:126-30.
3.Barbagallo M., et al., Oral magnesium supplementation improves vascular function in elderly
diabetic patients. Magnes Res. 2010; 23:131-7.
4.Hadjistavri L.S., et al., Beneficial effects of oral magnesium supplementation on insulin sensitivity
and serum lipid profile. Med Sci Monit. 2010; 16:CR307-312.
5.Yu J., et al., Magnesium modulates amyloid-beta protein precursor trafficking and processing.
J Alzheimers Dis. 2010; 20:1091-106.
6. Shechter M., Magnesium and cardiovascular system. Magnes Res. 2010; 23:60-72.
7.Kazaks A.G., et al., Effect of oral magnesium supplementation on measures of airway resistance
and subjective assessment of asthma control and quality of life in men and women with mild to
moderate asthma: a randomized placebo controlled trial. J Asthma. 2010; 47:83-92.
8.Cinar V., et al., Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Testosterone Levels of Athletes and
Sedentary Subjects at Rest and after Exhaustion. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2011; 140:18-23.
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17. Zinc
Latin name: Zincum
Chemical symbol: Zn
Key Scientific References:
1.Sun J., et al., Effect of Zinc Supplementation on N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine-induced
forestomach tumor development and progression in tumor suppressor-deficient mouse strains.
Carcinogenesis. 2011; 32:351-8.
2.Yang C.H., et al., Zinc in the treatment of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss.
Laryngoscope. 2011; 121:617-21.
3.Takuma Y., et al., Clinical trial: oral zinc in hepatic encephalopathy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther.
2010; 32:1080-90.
4.Cope E.C., and Levenson C.W., Role of zinc in the development and treatment of mood disorders.
Curr Opin CLin Nutr Metab Care. 2010; 13:685-9.
5.Park H., et al., The therapeutic effect and the changed serum zinc level after zinc
supplementation in alopecia areata patients who had a low serum zinc level. Ann Dermatol.
2009; 21:142-6.
6.Kelishadi R., et al., Effect of zinc supplementation on markers of insulin resistance, oxidative
stress, and inflammation among prepubescent children with metabolic syndrome. Metab Synd
Relat Disord. 2010; 8:505-10.
18. Selenium
Latin name: Selenium
Chemical symbol: Se
Key Scientific References:
1.Sitta A., et al., Evidence that L:-Carnitine and Selenium Supplementation Reduces Oxidative
Stress in Phenylketonuric Patients. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2011;31:429-36.
2.Latorre A.O., et al., Selenium reverses Pteridium aquilinum-induced immunotoxic effects. Food
Chem Toxicol.. 2011; 49:464-70.
3. Stone C.A., et al., Role of selenium in HIV infection. Nutr Rev. 2010; 68:671-81.
4.Duntas L.H., Selenium and the thyroid: a close-knit connection. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;
95:5180-8.
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5.Tara F., et al., Selenium supplementation and the incidence of preeclampsia in pregnant Iranian
women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol.
2010; 49:181-7.
6.Qi Y., et al., Selenium compounds activate ATM-dependent DNA damage response via the
mismatch repair protein hMLH1 in colorectal cancer cells. J Biol Chem. 2010; 285:33010-7.
19. Copper
Latin name: Cuprum
Chemical symbol: Cu
Key Scientific References:
1. Shike M., Copper in parenteral nutrition. Gastroeneterology. 2009; 137:S13-7.
2. Engle T.E., Copper and lipid metabolism in beef cattle: a review. J Anim Sci. 2011; 89:591-6.
3.Enli Y., et al., Cadmium intoxication of pregnant rats and retuses: interactions of copper
supplementation. Arch Med Res. 2010; 41:7-13.
4.Uriu-Adams J.Y., et al., Influence of copper on early development: prenatal and postnatal
considerations. Biofactors. 2010; 36:136-52.
5.Civelek S., et al., Advanced glycation end products and antioxidant status in nondiabetic and
streptozotocin induced diabetic rats: effects of copper treatment. Biometals. 2010; 23:43-9.
6.Tisato F., et al., Copper in diseases and treatments, and copper-based anticancer strategies.
Med Res Rev. 2010; 30:708-49.
7.Xie H. and Kang, YJ. Role of copper in angiogenesis and its medicinal implications. Curr Med
Chem. 2009; 16:1304-14.
20. Manganese
Latin name: Manganum
Chemical symbol: Mn
Key Scientific References:
1.Li S., et al., Dietary Manganese Modulates the Expression of Manganese-Containing Superoxide
Dismutase Gene in Chickens. J Nutr. 2011; 141:189-94.
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2.Bae Y.J., et al., Manganese Supplementation Reduces the Blood Cholesterol Levels in
Ca-Deficient Ovariectomized Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2011; 141:224-31.
3.Bansal A.K., and Kaur A.R., Cooperative functions of manganese and thiol redox system against
oxidative stress in human spermatozoa. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2009; 2:76-80.
4.Treiber N., et al., Overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase in human dermal
fibroblasts enhances the contraction of free floating collagen lattice: implications for ageing and
hyperplastic scar formation. Arch Dermatol Res. 2009; 301:273-87.
5.Bae Y.J., and Kim M.H., Manganese supplementation improves mineral density of the spine and
femur and serum osteocalcin in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2008; 124:28-34.
6.Son E.W., et al., Effects of supplementation with higher levels of manganese and magnesium on
immune function. Arch pharm Res. 2007; 30:743-9.
21. Chromium
Latin name: Chromium
Chemical symbol: Cr
Key Scientific References:
1.Rains J.L., and Jain S.K., Hyperketonemia decreases mitochondrial membrane potential and
its normalization with chromium (III) supplementation in monocytes. Mol Cell Biochem. 2011;
349:77-82.
2.Chen W.Y., et al., Chromium attenuates high-fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in
KK/HIJ mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010; 397:459-64.
3.Aghdassi E., et al., In patients with HIV-infection, chromium supplementation improves insulin
resistance and other metabolic abnormalities: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled
trial. Curr HIV Res. 2010; 8:113-20.
4.Cefalu W.T., et al., Characterization of the metabolic and physiologic response to chromium
supplementation in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 2010; 59:755.
5.Dong F., et al., Chromium supplement inhibits skeletal muscle atrophy in hindlimb-suspended
mice. J Nutr Biochem. 2009; 20:992-9.
6.Hummel, M., et al., Chromium in metabolic and cardiovascular disease. Horm Metab Res. 2007;
39:743-51.
7.Miranda E.R., and Dey C.S., Effect of chromium and zinc on insulin signaling in skeletal muscle
cells. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2004; 101:19-36.
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22. Broccoli, Spirulina Algae, Oat Straw Powder, Brewer’s Yeast, Kelp Organic Trace Minerals
Key Scientific References:
1.Liu AG, Volker SE, Jeffery EH, Erdman JW. Feeding tomato and broccoli powders enriched with
bioactives improves bioactivity markers in rats. J Agric Food Chem. 2009;57(16):7304-7310.
2.Yang Y, Zhang X. In vitro antitumor activity of broccolini seed extracts. Scanning Vol.
2011;33(6):402-404.
3.Yu B, Wang J, Suter PM, et al. Spirulina is an effective dietary source of zeaxanthin to humans.
Brit J Nutr. 2012;108:611-619.
4.Dimpfel W, Storni C, Verbruggen M. Ingested oat herb extract (Avena sativa) changes EEG
spectral frequencies in healthy subjects. J Alt Comp Med. 2011;17(5):427-434.
5.Li YC. Effects of brewer’s yeast on glucose tolerance and serum lipids in Chinese adults. Biol
Trace Elem Res. 1994;41(3):341-347.
6.Kasama R.K., Trace minerals in patients with end-stage renal disease. Semin Dial. 2010;
23:561-70.
23. Amylase, Protease, Lactase, Lipase
Key Scientific References:
1.Gabrovska L., and Ganovski K.H., [Effect of different types of diet on various biochemical
aspects of digestive processes in sheep]. Vet Med Nauki. 1982; 19:57-62.
2.Marounek M., et al., Distribution of activity of hydrolytic enzymes in the digestive tract of
rabbits. Br J Nutr. 1995; 73:463-9.
3.Rubingh D.N. Protein engineering from a bioindustrial point of view. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 1997;
8:417-22.
4.Hockmeyer W.T., et al., Further characterization of Mycobacterium ulcerans toxin. Infect Immun.
1978; 21:124-8.
5.Sethuramalingam T.A., and Haniffa M.A., Effect of formulated diet on digestive enzymes of
Labeo rohita (Ham.). Indian J Exp Biol. 2002; 40:83-8.
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Microplex VMz Compendium
24. Peppermint Leaf
Latin name: Mentha piperita
Common names: Bo he, brandy mint, Chinese peppermint, corn mint, menthae, lamb mint, menta
piperita, menthae piperitae aetheroleum, menthae piperitae folium, menthe, menthe poivree, mint,
mint balm, paparaminta, western peppermint
Key Scientific References:
1.Ford A.C., et al., Effect of fibre, antispasmodics, and peppermint oil in the treatment of irritable
bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2008; 337:a2313.
2.Cappello G., et al., Peppermint oil (Mintoil) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a
prospective double blind placebo-controlled randomized trial. Dig Liver Dis. 2007; 39:530-6.
3.Inamori M., et al., Early effects of peppermint oil on gastric emptying: a crossover study using a
continuous real-time 13C breath test (BreathID system). J Gastroenterol. 2007; 42:539-42.
4.Kligler B., and Chaudhary S., Peppermint oil. Am Fam Physician. 2007; 75:1027-30.
5.Grigoleit H.G., and Grigoleit P., Peppermint oil in irritable bowel syndrome. Phytomedicine. 2005;
12:601-6.
6.Kline R.M., et al., Enteric-coated, pH-dependent peppermint oil capsules for the treatment of
irritable bowel syndrome in children. J Pediatr. 2001; 138:125-8.
7.Liu J.H., et al., Enteric-coated peppermint-oil capsules in the treatment of irritable bowel
syndrome: a prospective, randomized trial. J Gastroenterol. 1997; 32:765-8.
8. Tate S., Peppermint oil: a treatment for postoperative nausea. J Adv Nurs. 1997; 26:543-9.
25. Ginger Root
Latin name: Zingiber officinale
Common names: African ginger, ardraka, black ginger, cochin ginger, gan jiang, gingembre, imber,
Indian ginger, Jamaica ginger, jiang, kankyo, kanshokyo, nagara, race ginger, rhizoma zingiberi,
rhizoma zingiberis, rhizoma zingiberis recens, shen jiang, sheng jiang, shoga, shokyo, shunthi,
srungavera, sunth, sunthi, vishvabheshaja, zingiberis rhizoma, zingiberis siccatum rhizoma,
zinzeberis, zinziber officinale, zinziber officinali
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Microplex VMz Compendium
Key Scientific References:
1.Nicoll R., and Henein M.Y., Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): a hot remedy for cardiovascular
disease? Int J Cardiol. 2009; 131:408-9.
2.Ozgoli G., et al., Comparison of Effects of ginger, mefenamic acid, and ibuprofen on pain in
women with primary dysmenorrhea. J Altern Complement Med. 2009; 15:129-132.
3.Ozgoli G., et al., Effects of ginger capsules on pregnancy, nausea, and vomiting. J Altern
Complement Med. 2009; 15:243-6.
4.Wu K.L., et al., Effects of ginger on gastric emptying and motility in healthy humans. Eur J
Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008; 20:436-40.
5.Pongrojpaw D., et al., A randomized comparison of ginger and dimenhydrinate in the treatment
of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. J Med Assoc Thai. 2007; 90:1703-9.
6.Willetts K.E., et al., Effect of a ginger extract on pregnancy-induced nausea: a randomised
controlled trial. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2003; 43:139-44.
7.Altman R.D., and Marcussen K.C., Effects of a ginger extract on knee pain in patients with
osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2001; 44:2531-8.
8.Arfeen Z., et al., A double-blind randomized controlled trial of ginger for the prevention of
postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1995; 23:449-52.
9.Fischer-Rasmussen W., et al., Ginger treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum. Eur J Obstet
Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1991; 38:19-24.
26. Caraway Seed extract
Latin name: Carum carvi
Common names: Anis des vosges, apium carvi, carraway, carvi fructus, cumin des pres, haravi,
jeera, jira, kala Jjra, karwiya, krishan jeeraka, krishnajiraka, kummel, kummich, roman cumin,
persian cumin, semen cumini pratensis, semences de carvi, shahijra, shiajira, Wiesen-Feldkummel,
wild cumin
Key Scientific References for Caraway & Caraway/Peppermint Combination:
1.Madisch A., et al., Management of functional dyspepsia: Unsolved problems and new
perspectives. World J Gastroenterol. 2005; 11:6577-81.
2.Goerg K.J., and Spilker T., Effect of peppermint oil and caraway oil on gastrointestinal motility in
healthy volunteers: a pharmacodynamic study using simultaneous determination of gastric and
gall-bladder emptying and orocaecal transit time. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003; 17:445-51.
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Microplex VMz Compendium
3.Micklefield G., et al., Effects of intraduodenal application of peppermint oil (WS(R) 1340) and
caraway oil (WS(R) 1520) on gastroduodenal motility in healthy volunteers. Phytother Res.
2003; 17:135-40.
4.May B., et al., Efficacy and tolerability of a fixed combination of peppermint oil and caraway oil
in patients suffering from functional dyspepsia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2000; 14:1671-7.
5.Micklefield G.H., et al., Effects of peppermint oil and caraway oil on gastroduodenal motility.
Phytother Res. 2000; 14:20-3.
6.Madisch A., et al., Treatment of functional dyspepsia with a fixed peppermint oil and caraway oil
combination preparation as compared to cisapride. A multicenter, reference-controlled doubleblind equivalence study. Arzneimittelforschung. 1999; 49:925-32.
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