Androgen-Dependent Chemical Elements of Prostate

Zaichick and Zaichick, Androl Gynecol: Curr Res 2014, 2:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2327-4360.1000121
Andrology & Gynecology:
Current Research
Review Article
Androgen-Dependent Chemical
Elements of Prostate Gland
Vladimir Zaichick1* and Sofia Zaichick1,2
Abstract
To clarify androgen-dependence of chemical element mass fractions
in prostate gland, a quantitative measurement by five analytical
methods was performed. The intact prostate glands of 50 subjects
(European-Caucasian aged 0–30 years) was investigated by an
energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF), an instrumental
neutron activation analysis with high resolution spectrometry of
short-lived radionuclides (INAA-SLR), an instrumental neutron
activation analysis with high resolution spectrometry of long-lived
radionuclides (INAA-LLR), an inductively coupled plasma atomic
emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), and an inductively coupled
plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The prostates were obtained
at autopsy from subjects who died from sudden infant death
syndrome, acute pulmonary etiologies, and trauma. None of the
subjects had any symptoms of prostatic disease and all prostates
were classified as histological normal. The combination of nuclear
(EDXRF, INAA-SLR and INAA-LLR) and inductively coupled
plasma (ICP-AES and ICP-MS) analytical methods allowed
estimate the contents of no less than 67 chemical elements and
precise determined the mass fraction of 54 chemical element in
the tissue samples of pediatric and non-hyperplastic young adult
prostate glands. This work’s results reveal that there is a significant
tendency for an increase in Ca, Cd, K, Mg, S, and Zn mass fractions
in the prostate tissue of healthy individuals with age from birth up to
30 years. It implies that the Ca, Cd, K, Mg, S, and Zn mass fractions
in prostate tissue are the androgen-dependent parameters.
Keywords
Chemical elements; Paediatric and non-hyperplastic young adult
prostate gland; EDXRF; INAA; ICP-AES; ICP-MS; Age-related
changes; Androgen-dependence
a SciTechnol journal
completely understood. The findings of low Zn level in pediatric
prostate warranted the conclusion that androgens are the major
factors controlling the accumulation and maintenance of a high
content of Zn in the prostate [7-11]. However, some questions about
the androgen control and the involvement of other chemical elements
in prostatic reproductive function still remain unanswered. One
valuable way to elucidate the situation is to compare the values for the
prostatic mass fractions of chemical elements in pre-pubertal boys
with those during early puberty, post-puberty and young adulthood.
The data on chemical element mass fractions in pediatric prostate
is apparently extremely limited [7,8]. There are several studies
regarding chemical element content in prostate of adult males, using
chemical techniques and instrumental methods [12-33]. However,
the majority of these data are based on measurements of processed
tissue. In many studies tissue samples are ashed before analysis. In
other cases, prostate samples are treated with solvents (distilled water,
ethanol etc) and then are dried at high temperature for many hours.
There is evidence that certain quantities of chemical elements are lost
as a result of such treatment [34-36]. Moreover, only two of these
studies employed quality control using certified reference materials
(CRM) for determination of the chemical element mass fractions
[27,33]. The primary purpose of this study was to determine reference
values for chemical element mass fractions in the intact prostate of
subjects of different age from newborn to young adult males using
five analytical methods: an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence
(EDXRF), an instrumental neutron activation analysis with high
resolution spectrometry of short-lived (INAA-SLR) and long-lived
(INAA-LLR) radionuclides, an inductively coupled plasma atomic
emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), and an inductively coupled
plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The second aim was to evaluate
the quality of obtained results for chemical element mass fractions.
The third aim was to investigate changes of chemical element mass
fractions in prostates of males between the ages 0-30 years.
All studies were approved by the Ethical Committee of the
Medical Radiological Research Center, Obninsk.
Abbreviations:
Materials and Methods
EDXRF: Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis; INAASLR: Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis with High Resolution
Spectrometry of Short-Lived Radionuclides; INAA-LLR:
Samples of the human prostate were obtained from randomly
selected autopsy specimens of 50 males (European-Caucasian) aged
0 to 30 years. Age ranges for subjects were divided into two groups,
with group 1, 0-13 years (3.3 ± 0.09 years, M ± SEM, n=29), and
group 2, 14–30 years (24.4 ± 1.0 years, M ± SEM, n=21). These age
groups were selected to reflect the situation before puberty (group
1 - infant, childhood, and peripubertal periods) and during and after
puberty (group 2 - adolescent and young adult periods). The available
clinical data were reviewed for each subject. None of the subjects had
a history of an intersex condition, endocrine disorder, neoplasm or
other chronic disease that would affect the normal development of
the prostate. None of the subjects was receiving medications known
to affect prostate morphology and/or prostatic chemical element
contents. The typical causes of death in most of these patients
included sudden infant death syndrome, acute pulmonary etiologies,
and trauma. All prostate glands were divided (with an anteriorposterior cross-section) into two portions using a titanium scalpel.
One tissue portion was reviewed by an anatomical pathologist while
Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis with High Resolution
Spectrometry of Long-Lived Radionuclides; ICP-AES: Inductively
Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry; ICP-MS:
Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
Introduction
The prostate gland is known to accumulate high levels of some
chemical elements, including Zn [1-6]. The reason for the unusually
high chemical element content in normal prostate gland is not
*Corresponding author: V. Zaichick, Professor, Medical Radiological Research
Centre, Korolyeva St. 4, Obninsk 249036, Kaluga Region, Russia, Tel: (48439)
60289; Fax: (495) 956 1440; E-mail: [email protected]
Received: February 17, 2014 Accepted: March 28, 2014 Published: April 03,
2014
International Publisher of Science,
Technology and Medicine
All articles published in Andrology & Gynecology: Current Research are the property of SciTechnol, and is protected by
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Citation: Zaichick V, Zaichick S (2014) Androgen-Dependent Chemical Elements of Prostate Gland. Androl Gynecol: Curr Res 2:2.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2327-4360.1000121
the other was used for chemical element determination. Only the
posterior part of the prostate, including the transitional, central, and
peripheral zones, was investigated. A histological examination was
used to control the age norm conformity as well as the absence of any
micro-adenomatosis and/or latent cancer.
After the samples intended for chemical element analysis were
weighed, they were transferred to an environment with temperature
at -20°C and stored there until the day of transportation to the
Medical Radiological Research Center (MRRC), Obninsk. At the
MRRC all samples were freeze-dried and homogenized. The pounded
sample weighing about 8 mg was applied to a piece of adhesive tape,
which served as a sample backing for EDXRF analysis. The sample
weighing about 100 mg was used for chemical element measurement
by instrumental NAA-SLR. The samples for INAA-SLR were sealed
separately in thin polyethylene films washed with acetone and
rectified alcohol beforehand. The sealed samples were placed in
labeled polyethylene ampoules. The sample weighing about 50 mg
was used for chemical element measurement by instrumental NAALLR. The samples for NAA-LLR were wrapped separately in a highpurity aluminum foil washed with rectified alcohol beforehand and
placed in a nitric acid-washed quartz ampoule.
The samples weighing about 100 mg for ICP-AES and ICP-MS
were decomposed in autoclaves; 1.5 mL of concentrated HNO3
(nitric acid at 65%, maximum (max) of 0.0000005% Hg; GR, ISO,
Merck) and 0.3 mL of H2O2 (pure for analysis) were added to prostate
tissue samples, placed in one-chamber autoclaves (Ancon-AT2, Ltd.,
Russia) and then heated for 3h at 160-200 °C. After autoclaving,
they were cooled to room temperature and solutions from the
decomposed samples were diluted with deionized water (up to 20
mL) and transferred to plastic measuring bottles. Simultaneously, the
same procedure was performed in autoclaves without tissue samples
(only HNO3+H2O2+ deionized water), and the resultant solutions
were used as control samples.
For quality control, samples of the certified reference materials
IAEA H-4 Animal muscle from the International Atomic Energy
Agency (IAEA), and also samples INCT-SBF-4 Soya Bean Flour,
INCT-TL-1 Tea Leaves and INCT-MPH-2 Mixed Polish Herbs from
the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology (INCT, Warszawa,
Poland) were analyzed simultaneously with the investigated prostate
tissue samples. All samples of CRM were treated in the same way as
the prostate tissue samples. Detailed results of this quality assurance
program were presented in earlier publications [1-6,37].
The mass fractions of Br, Fe, Rb, Sr, and Zn were measured by
EDXRF, the mass fractions of Br, Ca, Cl, K, Mg, Mn, and Na – by
NAA-SLR, the mass fractions of Ag, As, Au, Ba, Br, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr,
Cs, Eu, Fe, Gd, Hf, Hg, La, Lu, Nd, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, Sr, Ta, Tb, Th,
U, Yb, Zn, and Zr – by NAA-LLR, the mass fractions of Al, B, Ba,
Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Si, Sr, and Zn – by ICP-AES, and
the mass fractions of Ag, Al, As, Au, B, Be, Bi, Br, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr,
Cs, Dy, Er, Eu, Ga, Gd, Hf, Hg, Ho, Ir, La, Li, Lu, Mn, Mo, Nb, Nd,
Ni, Pb, Pd, Pr, Pt, Rb, Re, Sb, Se, Sm, Sn, Ta, Tb, Te, Th, Ti, Tl, Tm,
U, Y, Yb, Zn, and Zr – by ICP-MS. Details of the analytical methods
and procedures used here such as nuclear reactions, radionuclides,
gamma-energies, wavelength, isotopes, spectrometers, spectrometer
parameters and operating conditions were presented in our earlier
publications concerning the chemical elements of human prostate
gland [1-6].
A dedicated computer program of INAA mode optimization
Volume 2 • Issue 2 • 1000121
was used [38]. Using the Microsoft Office Excel program to provide
a summary of statistical results, the arithmetic mean, standard
deviation, standard error of mean, minimum and maximum values,
median, percentiles with 0.025 and 0.975 levels were calculated
for all the chemical element mass fractions obtained. For elements
investigated by two or more methods the mean of all results was used.
The reliability of difference in the results between two age groups
was evaluated by Student’s parametric t-test. For the construction of
“chemical element mass fraction versus age” diagrams the Microsoft
Office Excel program was also used.
Results
Table 1 depicts the results obtained for 67 elemental mass
fractions (arithmetic mean ± standard deviation, upper limit of the
mean, detection limit) pediatric and non-hyperplastic young adult
prostate glands of males in the age ranges 0-30 years measured by
means of the five analytical methods described above.
To analyze the effect of age on the chemical element mass
fractions in the prostate we examined the two age groups, described
above. Tables 2 and 3 present basic statistical parameters (arithmetic
mean, standard deviation, standard error of mean, minimal and
maximal values, median, and percentiles with 0.025 and 0.975 levels)
of the Ag, Al, Au, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Br, Ca, Cd, Ce, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu,
Dy, Er, Fe, Gd, Hg, Ho, K, La, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nb, Nd, Ni, P,
Pb, Pr, Rb, S, Sb, Sc, Se, Si, Sm, Sn, Sr, Tb, Th, Ti, Tl, Tm, U, Y, Yb,
Zn, and Zr mass fraction (mg/kg, dry mass basis) in pediatric and
nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands of males in the age range
0-13 years (group 1) and 14-30 years (group 2), respectively. The
contents of these 54 elements were measured in all or a major portion
of prostate tissue samples. The ratios of means and the reliability of
difference between mean values of chemical element mass fraction in
the age group 2, compared to the values of the same parameters of the
age group I are presented in Table 4.
Figure 1 shows individual data sets for the Ca, Cd, K, Mg, Se, and
Zn mass fraction (mg/kg, dry mass basis) in the non-hyperplastic
prostate gland of males aged between 0-30 years and their trend lines
with equations of best fit. In our study the best fit in the proportion
variance accounted for (i.e. R2) sense maximizes the value of R2 using
a linear, exponential, logarithmic, power or polynomial law.
To compare our results with published data for the chemical
element mass fractions in the prostate gland of adults we examined
the age group of adult males aged 20-30 years. The comparison of our
results with published data for the Ag, Al, Au, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Br, Ca,
Cd, Ce, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Dy, Er, Fe, Gd, Hg, Ho, K, La, Li, Mg, Mn,
Mo, Na, Nb, Nd, Ni, P, Pb, Pr, Rb, S, Sb, Sc, Se, Si, Sm, Sn, Sr, Tb, Th,
Ti, Tl, Tm, U, Y, Yb, Zn, and Zr mass fraction (mg/kg, dry mass basis)
in the prostate of adult males is shown in Table 5. Because a number
of values for chemical element mass fractions were not expressed on a
dry mass basis in the above works, we recalculated these values using
published data for water - 83% [39] and ash - 1.0% [40] content in the
prostate of adult men.
Discussion
The use of five analytical methods allowed us to estimate the
mass fractions of 67 elements in pediatric and non-hyperplastic
young adult prostate glands of males in the age ranges 0-30 years.
Good agreement (Table 1) was found between the results obtained
with non-destructive (EDXRF, NAA-SLR, and NAA-LLR) and
• Page 2 of 9 •
Citation: Zaichick V, Zaichick S (2014) Androgen-Dependent Chemical Elements of Prostate Gland. Androl Gynecol: Curr Res 2:2.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2327-4360.1000121
Table 1: Arithmetic means [M ± SD] or possible upper limits of the means [≤M] of elemental mass fractions [mg/kg, dry mass basis] in pediatric and non-hyperplastic
young adult prostate glands of males between ages 0-30 years [n=50] obtained by means of five analytical methods.
Element
EDXRF
NAA-SLR
NAA-LLR
ICP-AES
ICP-MS
Derived value
Ag
-
-
0.071 ± 0.057
-
0.051 ± 0.042
0.062 ± 0.049
Al
-
-
-
77 ± 96
80 ± 98
79 ± 98
As
-
-
<0.1 [DL]
-
≤0.069
≤0.069
Au
-
-
<0.01 [DL]
-
0.092 ± 0.0133
0.092 ± 0.0133
2.5 ± 5.1
B
-
-
-
1.4 ± 1.5
6 ± 17
Ba
-
-
<100 [DL]
4.0 ± 6.5
4.0 ± 6.5
4.0 ± 6.5
Be
-
-
-
-
0.0034 ± 0.0051
0.0034 ± 0.0051
0.018 ± 0.052
Bi
-
-
-
-
0.018 ± 0.052
Br
38 ± 23
38 ± 26
-
-
26 ± 18
35 ± 20
Ca
-
1542 ± 1179
-
1473 ± 1222
-
1536 ± 1226
Cd
-
-
<2 [DL]
-
0.26 ± 0.26
0.26 ± 0.26
Ce
-
-
<0.1 [DL]
-
0.049 ± 0.066
0.049 ± 0.066
Cl
-
13414 ± 5112
-
-
-
13414 ± 5112
Co
-
-
0.035 ± 0.027
-
0.036 ± 0.025
0.035 ± 0.025
Cr
-
-
0.47 ± 0.44
-
0.53 ± 0.48
0.49 ± 0.45
Cs
-
-
<0.05 [DL]
-
0.036 ± 0.026
0.036 ± 0.026
Cu
-
-
-
12.3 ± 11.8
12.3 ± 11.8
12.3 ± 11.8
Dy
-
-
-
-
0.0072 ± 0.0099
0.0072 ± 0.0099
0.0040 ± 0.0060
Er
-
-
-
-
0.0040 ± 0.0060
Eu
-
-
<0.001[DL]
-
≤0.0012
≤0.0012
Fe
115 ± 73
-
100 ± 71
132 ± 77
-
116 ± 69
Ga
-
-
-
-
≤0.071
≤0.071
Gd
-
-
<0.02 [DL]
-
0.0065 ± 0.0099
0.0065 ± 0.0099
Hf
-
-
<0.2 [DL]
-
≤0.049
≤0.049
Hg
-
-
0.026 ± 0.016
-
0.034 ± 0.028
0.031 ± 0.027
Ho
-
-
-
-
0.0013 ± 0.0020
0.0013 ± 0.0020
Ir
-
-
-
-
≤0.00054
≤0.00054
K
-
11483 ± 3208
-
11704 ± 2740
-
11547 ± 3032
La
-
-
<0.5 [DL]
-
0.034 ± 0.036
0.034 ± 0.036
Li
-
-
-
0.064 ± 0.048
0.064 ± 0.049
0.064 ± 0.049
Lu
-
-
<0.003 [DL]
-
≤0.00063
≤0.00063
Mg
-
984 ± 587
-
861 ± 497
-
922 ± 532
Mn
-
1.95 ± 0.85
-
1.68 ± 0.85
1.69 ± 0.84
1.88 ± 0.87
Mo
-
-
-
-
0.54 ± 0.70
0.54 ± 0.70
Na
-
9927 ± 3069
-
9753 ± 2443
-
9834 ± 2631
Nb
-
-
-
-
0.013 ± 0.020
0.013 ± 0.020
Nd
-
-
<0.1 [DL]
-
0.025 ± 0.034
0.025 ± 0.034
Ni
-
-
-
-
4.1 ± 3.0
4.1 ± 3.0
P
-
-
-
6741 ± 1865
-
6741 ± 1865
Pb
-
-
-
-
1.3 ± 1.3
1.3 ± 1.3
Pd
-
-
-
-
≤0.014
≤0.014
Pr
-
-
-
-
0.0058 ± 0.0079
0.0058 ± 0.0079
Pt
-
-
-
-
≤0.0029
≤0.0029
Rb
15.7 ± 6.4
-
12.6 ± 5.5
-
16.2 ± 5.5
15.0 ± 5.2
Re
-
-
-
-
≤0.0047
≤0.0047
Rh
-
-
-
-
<0.01 [DL]
<0.01 [DL]
S
-
-
-
8034 ± 1396
-
8034 ± 1396
Sb
-
-
0.058 ± 0.043
-
0.044 ± 0.042
0.051 ± 0.038
Sc
-
-
0.013 ± 0.010
-
-
0.013 ± 0.010
Se
-
-
0.48 ± 0.21
-
0.59 ± 0.26
0.54 ± 0.22
Si
-
-
-
199 ± 186
-
199 ± 186
Sm
-
-
<0.01 [DL]
-
0.0055 ± 0.0082
0.0055 ± 0.0082
Sn
-
-
-
-
0.22 ± 0.27
0.22 ± 0.27
Sr
1.48 ± 0.92
-
-
1.40 ± 1.04
1.40 ± 1.04
1.44 ± 1.08
Ta
-
-
<0.01 [DL]
-
≤0.010
≤0.010
Tb
-
-
<0.03 [DL]
-
0.0012 ± 0.0021
0.0012 ± 0.0021
Te
-
-
-
-
<0.003 [DL]
<0.003 [DL]
Th
-
-
<0.05 [DL]
-
0.0076 ± 0.0110
0.0076 ± 0.0110
Volume 2 • Issue 2 • 1000121
• Page 3 of 9 •
Citation: Zaichick V, Zaichick S (2014) Androgen-Dependent Chemical Elements of Prostate Gland. Androl Gynecol: Curr Res 2:2.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2327-4360.1000121
Ti*
-
-
-
-
2.8 ± 2.9
2.8 ± 2.9
Tl
-
-
-
-
0.0032 ± 0.0048
0.0032 ± 0.0048
Tm
-
-
-
-
0.0006 ± 0.0009
0.0006 ± 0.0009
U
-
-
<0.07 [DL]
-
0.0024 ± 0.0020
0.0024 ± 0.0020
V
-
-
-
≤0.24
-
≤0.24
Y
-
-
-
-
0.036 ± 0.054
0.036 ± 0.054
0.0037 ± 0.0062
Yb
-
-
<0.03 [DL]
-
0.0037 ± 0.0062
Zn
330 ± 277
-
273 ± 221
277 ± 226
277 ± 226
302 ± 248
Zr
-
-
<0.3 [DL]
-
0.16 ± 0.21
0.16 ± 0.21
Mean- Arithmetic Mean; SD- Standard Deviation; ≤M- Possible Upper Limit Of The Mean Value; DL- Detection Limit; EDXRF- Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence;
NAA-SLR- Neutron Activation Analysis With High Resolution Spectrometry Of Short-Lived Radionuclides; NAA-LLR- Neutron Activation Analysis With High Resolution
Spectrometry Of Long-Lived Radionuclides; ICP-AES- Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry; ICP-MS- Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass
Spectrometry; Derived Value- For Elements Investigated By Two Or More Methods The Mean Of All Results Was Used;
*- Titanium tools were used for sampling and sample preparation.
destructive methods (ICP-AES and ICP-MS) for main electrolytes
(K and Na), minor (Ca and Mg) and trace elements (Ag, Br, Co, Cr,
Fe, Mn, Rb, Sb, Se, Sr, and Zn) indicating complete digestion of the
prostate samples (for ICP techniques) and correctness of all results
obtained by the various methods (Tables 2 and 3). The fact that the
elemental mass fractions (mean ± SD) of the standard and certified
reference materials obtained in the present work were in good
agreement with the certified values and within the corresponding
95% confidence intervals [1-6,37] suggests an acceptable accuracy of
the measurements performed on in prostate tissue samples.
The mass fractions for 54 chemical elements listed in Tables 2 and
3 (Ag, Al, Au, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Br, Ca, Cd, Ce, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Dy, Er,
Fe, Gd, Hg, Ho, K, La, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nb, Nd, Ni, P, Pb, Pr, Rb,
S, Sb, Sc, Se, Si, Sm, Sn, Sr, Tb, Th, Ti, Tl, Tm, U, Y, Yb, Zn, and Zr)
were measured in the total or in a major portion of the investigated
prostate samples. This allowed calculation of the mean values and
selected statistical features for these elements for both age groups.
In the histologically normal prostates, we have observed a
decrease in mass fraction of the Ag, Al, Au, B, Ba, Be, Br, Ce, Cl, Co,
Cr, Cu, Dy, Er, Fe, Gd, Hg, Ho, La, Li, Mn, Mo, Nb, Nd, Ni, Pb, Pr, Sb,
Sc, Si, Sm, Sn, Sr, Tb, Th, Ti, Tl, Tm, U, Y, Yb, and Zr with age from
the time of birth up to 30 years, accompanied by an increase in mass
fraction of Ca, Cd, K, Mg, P, S, Se, and Zn (Table 4). The statistically
significant changes were found only for the Ag, Al, Au, Ba, Be, Br, Ca,
Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Dy, Fe, K, La, Li, Mg, Nb, Nd, Pb, S, Sc, Se Si, Sn, Th,
Ti, Tm, U, and Zn mass fractions (Table 4). In particular, a strongly
pronounced tendency of age-related increase in Ca (p ≤ 0.0076), Cd
(p ≤ 0.00026), K (p ≤ 0.0016), Mg (p ≤ 0.0044), S (p ≤ 0.017), and
Zn (p ≤ 0.00000031) mass fraction was observed in prostate (Table 4
and Figure 1). For example, in prostate of adolescent and young adult
(age group II), Ca, Cd, K, Mg, S, and Zn mass fraction was 2.07, 5.19,
1.27, 1.72, 1.16, and 3.95 times, respectively, greater than in prostate
of children before puberty (age group I). An increase of Cd, K, Mg,
and Zn mass fraction in the prostate tissue with age from the time of
birth up to 30 years is more ideally fitted by an exponential law, but
an increase of Ca and Se mass fraction - by a polynomial law (Figure
1). This work result reveal that during puberty and postpuberty,
when there is a significant increase in circulating androgens, the
mean values of Ca, Cd, K, Mg, S, and Zn mass fraction in the prostate
tissue of healthy individuals are also increased. It means that among
all chemical elements investigated in this work only Ca, Cd, K, Mg, S,
and Zn mass fractions in prostate tissue are the androgen-dependent
parameters. Thus, it is possible to speculate that these elements are
involved in the specific function of prostate gland and their contents
in prostate tissue can be used as the biomarkers of normal and
Volume 2 • Issue 2 • 1000121
pathological state of this organ.
The values obtained for the almost all chemical element mass
fractions in young adult non-hyperplastic prostate glands (20-30
years) as shown in Table 5, agree well with median of means cited
by other researches for the normal prostate tissue of adult males,
including samples obtained from persons who died from different
diseases. The means of K and S are only somewhat higher, and the
means of Co, Hg, Sc, Sn, U, and Y are somewhat lower than the
maximum and minimum mean values of previously reported data,
respectively.
The means of the Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Na, P and Zn mass fractions
obtained for the prostate tissue of infants and children (age group I)
as shown in Table 2, agree well with range of mean values reported by
Heinzsch et al. [7] and Leissner et al. [8]. No published data referring
to the other chemical element mass fractions in pediatric prostate
glands was found.
This work’s result for age-dependence of Cu, Fe, K, Na, and
Zn mass fraction is in accordance with earlier findings [7,8]. For
example, Heinzsch et al. [7] found that the K and Zn mass fraction
in the normal prostate was higher after the age of 10 (as is so in
our age group 2) than before, by approximately 1.3 and 1.7 times,
respectively, and that the Cu, Fe and Na mass fraction in the prostate
gland of males aged 11-30 years was lower than that in infant prostate
by approximately 0.26, 0.54 and 0.83, respectively. In accordance with
Leissner et al. [8] the mean of Zn mass fraction in prostate tissue of
20-29 year old men was 4.9 times greater than in prostate of 0-5 year
old subjects.
Conclusion
The combination of nuclear and inductively coupled plasma
analytical methods allows estimate the contents of no less than
67 chemical elements and precise determine the mass fraction of
54 chemical element in the tissue samples of pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands.
This work’s results reveal that there is a significant tendency for
an increase in Ca, Cd, K, Mg, S, and Zn mass fractions in the prostate
tissue of healthy individuals with age from birth up to 30 years. It
implies that the Ca, Cd, K, Mg, S, and Zn mass fractions in prostate
tissue are the androgen-dependent parameters.
All the prostates studied, had normal morphology and were
obtained from subjects without systematic or chronic disorders.
Thus, our data for the Ag, Al, Au, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Br, Ca, Cd, Ce, Cl, Co,
Cr, Cs, Cu, Dy, Er, Fe, Gd, Hg, Ho, K, La, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nb,
Nd, Ni, P, Pb, Pr, Rb, S, Sb, Sc, Se, Si, Sm, Sn, Sr, Tb, Th, Ti, Tl, Tm,
• Page 4 of 9 •
Citation: Zaichick V, Zaichick S (2014) Androgen-Dependent Chemical Elements of Prostate Gland. Androl Gynecol: Curr Res 2:2.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2327-4360.1000121
Table 2: Basic statistical parameters of chemical element mass fraction [mg/kg, dry mass basis] in the non-hyperplastic prostate gland of males between ages 0-13
years [the age group 1].
Element
M
SD
SEM
Min
Max
Median
P0.025
P0.975
Ag
0.077
0.051
0.011
0.0149
0.209
0.0617
0.0160
0.196
Al
119
123
32
16.2
478
77.5
16.7
407
Au
0.0148
0.0171
0.0044
0.000900
0.0636
0.0100
0.00104
0.0546
B
3.7
6.6
1.8
0.410
24.7
1.10
0.503
19.1
Ba
6.9
8.5
2.3
0.440
30.0
3.60
0.580
26.8
Be
0.0058
0.0065
0.0017
0.000700
0.0200
0.00260
0.000805
0.0197
Bi
0.032
0.070
0.019
0.00210
0.270
0.00865
0.00246
0.202
Br
41.9
21.9
4.6
10.8
103
40.0
12.1
86.8
Ca
1053
619
126
295
2590
906
300
2452
Cd
0.085
0.051
0.013
0.0240
0.230
0.0660
0.0328
0.199
Ce
0.073
0.084
0.022
0.0120
0.290
0.0420
0.0131
0.269
Cl
14572
5582
1316
4500
32600
14100
6498
27075
Co
0.0440
0.0301
0.0061
0.00360
0.108
0.0378
0.00423
0.101
Cr
0.68
0.51
0.11
0.0100
1.80
0.700
0.0348
1.76
Cs
0.0365
0.0357
0.0092
0.00900
0.160
0.0300
0.0118
0.122
Cu
15.3
16.1
4.2
5.30
65.2
8.70
5.51
55.4
Dy
0.0108
0.0125
0.0032
0.00110
0.0500
0.00640
0.00142
0.0406
0.0241
Er
0.0060
0.0077
0.0020
0.000520
0.0300
0.00300
0.000608
Fe
133
85
16
18.7
353
131
23.4
323
Gd
0.0099
0.0128
0.0033
0.00130
0.0500
0.00430
0.00148
0.0409
Hg
0.0345
0.0360
0.0079
0.00290
0.170
0.0264
0.00455
0.118
Ho
0.00191
0.00265
0.00071
0.000180
0.0100
0.000950
0.000183
0.00838
17275
K
10298
3119
650
5500
18100
10300
5610
La
0.049
0.044
0.011
0.00900
0.130
0.0270
0.00935
0.130
Li
0.085
0.059
0.015
0.0150
0.170
0.0745
0.0150
0.170
1640
Mg
678
420
99
226
1860
527
251
Mn
2.03
1.05
0.25
0.660
4.00
1.80
0.688
3.88
Mo
0.79
0.91
0.24
0.140
3.20
0.440
0.144
2.82
Na
9680
2871
599
3200
15800
9400
4571
14828
Nb
0.0225
0.0251
0.0065
0.00400
0.0800
0.0100
0.00470
0.0800
Nd
0.038
0.043
0.011
0.00490
0.160
0.0230
0.00634
0.139
Ni
4.5
3.9
1.0
0.600
12.0
2.95
0.730
11.4
P
6181
1915
494
3236
10455
6023
3390
9746
Pb
1.81
1.47
0.38
0.190
6.30
1.60
0.323
5.08
Pr
0.0085
0.0101
0.0026
0.000700
0.0360
0.00490
0.00116
0.0322
Rb
15.0
6.2
1.2
4.60
25.4
15.6
4.73
25.1
S
7405
1668
431
4397
10883
7112
4880
10405
Sb
0.058
0.048
0.010
0.00630
0.175
0.0373
0.00856
0.152
Sc
0.0162
0.0124
0.0028
0.00110
0.0525
0.0154
0.00181
0.0423
Se
0.452
0.202
0.040
0.0500
1.06
0.432
0.0763
0.823
Si
294
232
62
58.5
846
273
67.9
791
Sm
0.0084
0.0105
0.0027
0.00110
0.0410
0.00500
0.00128
0.0337
Sn
0.342
0.318
0.082
0.0590
1.00
0.200
0.0664
1.00
Sr
1.70
1.35
0.36
0.510
4.80
1.40
0.569
4.74
Tb
0.00187
0.00276
0.00071
0.000170
0.0110
0.00100
0.000198
0.00859
0.0393
Th
0.0128
0.0134
0.0034
0.00120
0.0400
0.00630
0.00141
Ti*
4.14
3.38
0.87
0.400
10.4
3.00
0.610
10.0
Tl
0.0049
0.0063
0.0016
0.00100
0.0240
0.00310
0.00104
0.0209
Tm
0.00097
0.00116
0.00030
0.000100
0.00460
0.000450
0.000100
0.00369
U
0.00338
0.00244
0.00070
0.000700
0.00900
0.00305
0.000783
0.00851
Y
0.055
0.068
0.018
0.00400
0.250
0.0250
0.00459
0.211
Yb
0.0056
0.0082
0.0022
0.000560
0.0320
0.00255
0.000684
0.0253
Zn
161
167
31
58.8
981
121
59.6
474
Zr
0.247
0.244
0.063
0.0260
0.760
0.0850
0.0414
0.697
M- Arithmetic Mean, SD- Standard Deviation, SEM- Standard Error Of Mean, Min- Minimum Value, Max- Maximum Value, Med- Median, P0.025- Percentile With 0.025
Level, P0.975- Percentile With 0.975 Level, DL - Detection Limit, * Titanium tools were used for sampling and sample preparation.
Volume 2 • Issue 2 • 1000121
• Page 5 of 9 •
Citation: Zaichick V, Zaichick S (2014) Androgen-Dependent Chemical Elements of Prostate Gland. Androl Gynecol: Curr Res 2:2.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2327-4360.1000121
Cd
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1,2
y = 5,2016x2 - 91,6x + 1213,3
R2 = 0,3299
mg/kg dry tissue
mg/kg dry tissue
Ca
y = 0,059e0,0704x
R2 = 0,6359
1
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
5
10
years
mg/kg dry tissue
2500
15000
10000
y = 9803,5e0,0098x
R2 = 0,1586
5000
0
30
20
25
30
y = 560,24e0,0239x
R2 = 0,2134
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
5
10
15
years
years
Se
Zn
1,2
1200
1
1000
mg/kg dry tissue
mg/kg dry tissue
25
Mg
20000
0,8
0,6
0,4
y = -0,0001x2 + 0,0134x + 0,4095
R2 = 0,2464
0,2
0
0
20
years
K
mg/kg dry tissue
15
5
10
15
years
20
25
y = 112,01e0,0553x
R2 = 0,6028
800
600
400
200
0
30
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
years
Figure 1: Individual data sets for the Ca, Cd, K, Mg, Se, and Zn mass fraction in the non-hyperplastic prostate gland of males between ages 0-30
years and their trend lines.
Volume 2 • Issue 2 • 1000121
• Page 6 of 9 •
Citation: Zaichick V, Zaichick S (2014) Androgen-Dependent Chemical Elements of Prostate Gland. Androl Gynecol: Curr Res 2:2.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2327-4360.1000121
Table 3: Basic statistical parameters of chemical element mass fraction [mg/kg, dry mass basis] in the non-hyperplastic prostate gland of males between ages 14-30
years [the age group 2].
Element
M
SD
SEM
Min
Max
Median
P0.025
P0.975
Ag
0.0421
0.0396
0.0096
0.00800
0.124
0.0183
0.00880
0.118
Al
37.8
28.5
7.6
6.80
115
29.6
9.21
99.7
Au
0.0040
0.0043
0.0011
0.00100
0.0149
0.00220
0.00100
0.0142
B
1.02
0.83
0.26
0.400
3.20
0.850
0.414
2.77
Ba
1.20
0.86
0.22
0.410
3.62
1.00
0.424
3.26
Be
0.00110
0.00051
0.00013
0.000700
0.00260
0.00100
0.000700
0.00230
Bi
0.00404
0.00190
0.00053
0.00180
0.00750
0.00400
0.00183
0.00738
Br
26.6
14.2
3.3
6.00
48.6
27.9
6.50
47.1
Ca
2180
1530
361
688
7328
1647
800
5957
Cd
0.441
0.270
0.072
0.0800
1.00
0.390
0.122
0.977
Ce
0.0241
0.0217
0.0058
0.00600
0.0750
0.0150
0.00633
0.0718
Cl
11518
3719
1121
4500
19900
11400
5575
18500
Co
0.0247
0.0091
0.0020
0.0135
0.0454
0.0244
0.0139
0.0428
Cr
0.246
0.183
0.042
0.0470
0.687
0.202
0.0484
0.633
Cs
0.0360
0.0111
0.0030
0.0240
0.0550
0.0335
0.0240
0.0544
Cu
9.22
2.75
0.71
5.20
16.2
9.50
5.27
14.8
Dy
0.00326
0.00338
0.00090
0.000400
0.0120
0.00171
0.000595
0.0108
Er
0.00186
0.00214
0.00057
0.000160
0.00710
0.000875
0.000215
0.00656
Fe
92.7
28.5
6.4
50.0
147
90.3
53.8
145
Gd
0.00284
0.00290
0.00078
0.000300
0.0100
0.00160
0.000430
0.00909
Hg
0.0282
0.0127
0.0028
0.0162
0.0712
0.0252
0.0164
0.0574
Ho
0.00060
0.00065
0.00017
0.000090
0.00210
0.000315
0.000106
0.00199
K
13060
2153
494
9100
17984
13745
9595
16720
La
0.0172
0.0116
0.0032
0.00800
0.0490
0.0140
0.00860
0.0436
Li
0.0424
0.0259
0.0069
0.0150
0.0970
0.0360
0.0150
0.0918
Mg
1166
529
125
452
2380
998
476
2202
Mn
1.70
0.57
0.15
0.950
2.80
1.60
0.999
2.70
Mo
0.279
0.133
0.035
0.110
0.580
0.265
0.117
0.538
Na
9671
2774
636
4900
15622
9300
5526
15297
Nb
0.00329
0.00329
0.00088
0.00100
0.0110
0.00200
0.00100
0.0100
Nd
0.0124
0.0107
0.0029
0.00400
0.0350
0.00700
0.00400
0.0340
Ni
3.65
1.78
0.48
0.200
6.80
3.85
0.623
6.31
P
7266
1711
428
4857
10729
7363
5026
10557
Pb
0.75
0.88
0.24
0.250
3.72
0.520
0.270
2.87
Pr
0.00299
0.00279
0.00075
0.000700
0.00940
0.00155
0.000733
0.00898
Rb
15.1
3.8
0.9
7.70
24.0
14.7
8.22
22.0
S
8623
730
182
7550
10105
8636
7588
9864
Sb
0.0432
0.0231
0.0052
0.00900
0.0924
0.0456
0.00948
0.0878
Sc
0.0087
0.0051
0.0012
0.00240
0.0207
0.00930
0.00267
0.0192
Se
0.644
0.203
0.045
0.372
1.11
0.640
0.381
1.03
Si
116
65
16
39.2
231
100
40.6
223
Sm
0.00246
0.00246
0.00066
0.000500
0.00790
0.00145
0.000500
0.00745
Sn
0.096
0.096
0.025
0.0300
0.300
0.0450
0.0300
0.300
Sr
1.11
0.47
0.14
0.600
2.20
0.990
0.633
2.08
Tb
0.00041
0.00057
0.00015
0.000070
0.00210
0.000200
0.000070
0.00178
Th
0.00210
0.00211
0.00057
0.000500
0.00850
0.00115
0.000500
0.00684
Ti*
1.35
0.93
0.25
0.700
3.46
0.910
0.700
3.21
Tl
0.00140
0.00049
0.00013
0.000200
0.00240
0.00135
0.000493
0.00224
Tm
0.000299
0.000345
0.000092
0.000050
0.00120
0.000135
0.000053
0.00106
U
0.00164
0.00106
0.00028
0.000540
0.00406
0.00137
0.000589
0.00375
Y
0.0159
0.0199
0.0055
0.00200
0.0710
0.00700
0.00230
0.0617
Yb
0.00175
0.00214
0.000572
0.000100
0.00690
0.000850
0.000133
0.00632
Zn
498
204
45
151
1008
469
199
909
Zr
0.055
0.073
0.020
0.0100
0.250
0.0200
0.0100
0.223
M- Arithmetic Mean, SD- Standard Deviation, SEM- Standard Error Of Mean, Min- Minimum Value, Max- Maximum Value, Med- Median, P0.025- Percentile With 0.025
Level, P0.975- Percentile With 0.975 Level, DL - Detection Limit, * Titanium Tools were used for sampling and sample preparation.
Volume 2 • Issue 2 • 1000121
• Page 7 of 9 •
Citation: Zaichick V, Zaichick S (2014) Androgen-Dependent Chemical Elements of Prostate Gland. Androl Gynecol: Curr Res 2:2.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2327-4360.1000121
Table 4: Ratio of mean values [M] and the reliability of difference between mean
values of chemical element mass fractions in prostate glands of two age groups.
Parameter
Ratio M2/M1
Student’s t-test
Table 5: Median, minimum and maximum value of means of chemical element mass
fractions [mg/kg, dry mass basis] in prostate tissue of adult males according to data
from the literature in comparison with this works’ results for young adult males aged
20-30 years.
Ag
0,547
p≤0.020
Al
0,318
p≤0.025
Element Published data [References]
Au
0,270
p≤0.030
B
0,276
p≤0.177 [N.S.]
Ba
0,174
p≤0.026
Be
0,190
p≤0.0.14
Bi
0,126
p≤0.166 [N.S.]
Br
0,635
p≤0.0095
Ca
2,070
p≤0.0076
Cd
5,188
p≤0.000264
Ce
0,330
p≤0.045
Cl
0,790
p≤0.089 [N.S.]
Co
0,561
p≤0.0060
Cr
0,362
p≤0.00063
Cs
0,986
p≤0.96 [N.S.]
Cu
0,603
p≤0.17 [N.S.]
Dy
0,302
p≤0.038
Er
0,310
p≤0.064 [N.S.]
Fe
0,697
p≤0.029
Gd
0,287
p≤0.053 [N.S.]
Hg
0,817
p≤0.46 [N.S.]
Ho
0,314
p≤0.093 [N.S.]
K
1,268
p≤0.0016
La
0,351
p≤0.017
Li
0,499
p≤0.022
Mg
1,720
p≤0.0044
Mn
0,837
p≤0.27 [N.S.]
Mo
0,353
p≤0.051 [N.S.]
Na
0,999
p≤0.72 [N.S.]
Nb
0,146
p≤0.010
Nd
0,326
p≤0.043
Ni
0,811
p≤0.46 [N.S.]
P
1,176
p≤0.11 [N.S.]
Pb
0,414
p≤0.027
Pr
0,352
p≤0.061 [N.S.]
Rb
1,007
p≤0.94 [N.S.]
S
1,164
p≤0.017
Sb
0,745
p≤0.22 [N.S.]
Sc
0,537
p≤0.020
Se
1,425
p≤0.0027
Si
0,395
p≤0.014
Sm
0,293
p≤0.051 [N.S.]
Sn
0,281
p≤0.011
Sr
0,653
p≤0.15 [N.S.]
Tb
0,219
p≤0.064 [N.S.]
Th
0,164
p≤0.0083
Ti*
0,326
p≤0.0073
Tl
0,286
p≤0.051 [N.S.]
Tm
0,308
p≤0.047
U
0,485
p≤0.037
Y
0,289
p≤0.056 [N.S.]
Yb
0,313
p≤0.11 [N.S.]
Zn
3,093
p≤0.00000031
Zr
0,223
p≤0.0097
* M 1 - Values of mean in age group 1, M2 - Values of mean in age group 2, M Arithmetic mean, N.S. - Not significant.
This work
Median [n]
Minimum
Maximum
M ± SD, n=16
Ag
0.049 [5]
<0.006 [16]
0.24 [13]
0.045 ± 0.042
Al
34.2 [6]
13 [16]
47 [15]
29 ± 17
Au
<0.7 [3]
0.0039 [5]
1.5 [13]
0.0040 ± 0.0041
B
0.81 [5]
<0.47 [16]
1.2 [13]
0.81 ± 0.32
Ba
1.04 [7]
0.1 [16]
212 [28]
1.04 ± 0.68
Be
0.00099 [1]
0.00099 [5]
0.00099 [5]
0.00095 ± 0.00032
Bi
<0.055 [2]
0.0209 [5]
<0.09 [16]
0.0039 ± 0.0017
Br
27.0 [8]
14.0 [24]
35.5 [2]
25 ± 14
Ca
1800 [17]
427 [20]
7500 [32]
2360 ± 1676
Cd
0.79 [21]
0.07 [33]
427 [26]
0.49 ± 0.27
Ce
0.028 [1]
0.028 [5]
0.028 [5]
0.019 ± 0.020
Cl
11600 [4]
4929 [31]
12670 [4]
11600 ± 4399
Co
<0.063 [6]
0.035 [5]
12 [15]
0.0246 ± 0.0094
Cr
≤0.64 [9]
0.042 [16]
29.4 [29]
0.26 ± 0.17
Cs
0.071 [3]
0.034 [5]
2.8 [22]
0.038 ± 0.011
Cu
9.5 [24]
1.37 [23]
1488 [25]
9.5 ± 3.1
Dy
0.0031 [1]
0.0031 [5]
0.0031 [5]
0.0021 ± 0.0018
Er
0.0018 [1]
0.0018 [5]
0.0018 [5]
0.0011 ± 0.0011
Fe
147 [23]
5.7 [17]
1224 [25]
91 ± 28
Gd
0.0030 [1]
0.0030 [5]
0.0030 [5]
0.0019 ± 0.0017
Hg
0.35 [2]
0.046 [5]
0.65 [18]
0.029 ± 0.014
Ho
0.00056 [1]
0.00056 [5]
0.00056 [5]
0.00038 ± 0.00037
K
11600 [13]
4360 [31]
12500 [6]
13039 ± 2304
La
0.074 [1]
0.074 [5]
0.074 [5]
0.016 ± 0.012
Li
0.040 [2]
0.040 [5]
0.040 [5]
0.040 ± 0.027
Mg
1029 [16]
498 [32]
2056 [20]
1130 ± 526
Mn
1.52 [15]
<0.47 [22]
106 [29]
1.45 ± 0.32
Mo
0.30 [3]
<0.19 [16]
1.8 [13]
0.28 ± 0.14
Na
9250 [11]
23 [32]
13700 [21]
9971 ± 2848
Nb
0.0051 [1]
0.0051 [5]
0.0051 [5]
0.0023 ± 0.0021
Nd
0.0132 [1]
0.0132 [5]
0.0132 [5]
0.0095 ± 0.0087
Ni
2.8 [6]
~0.14 [14]
14.1 [31]
3.9 ± 1.9
P
6450 [12]
2.06 [32]
11600 [22]
7736 ± 1681
Pb
1.2 [12]
0.15 [27]
9.4 [21]
0.73 ± 0.99
Pr
0.0033 [1]
0.0033 [5]
0.0033 [5]
0.0024 ± 0.0025
Rb
15.9 [7]
4.7 [15]
68.2 [21]
15.5 ± 4.2
S
7370 [3]
5300 [32]
8720 [6]
8811 ± 727
Sb
0.051 [4]
0.040 [5]
0.42 [18]
0.040 ± 0.021
Sc
0.020 [1]
0.020 [3]
0.020 [3]
0.0093 ± 0.0046
Se
0.91 [17]
0.32 [33]
18.8 [31]
0.68 ± 0.21
Si
100 [3]
51 [12]
111 [6]
100 ± 66
Sm
0.0027 [1]
0.0027 [5]
0.0027 [5]
0.0017 ± 0.0016
Sn
3.3 [5]
0.25 [5]
4.4 [13]
0.11 ± 0.10
Sr
1.05 [7]
0.75 [16]
1.94 [2]
1.05 ± .45
Tb
0.00043 [1]
0.00043 [5]
0.00043 [5]
0.00021 ± 0.00021
Th
0.0024 [1]
0.0024 [5]
0.0024 [5]
0.0015 ± 0.0010
Ti
8.9 [6]
<0.24 [16]
156 [31]
1.13 ± 0.86*
Tl
0.00141 [1]
0.00141 [5]
0.00141 [5]
0.00137 ± 0.00052
Tm
0.00030 [1]
0.00030 [5]
0.00030 [5]
0.00018 ± 0.00019
U
0.20 [2]
0.0049 [5]
0.4 [19]
0.0015 ± 0.0011
Y
<46 [3]
0.019 [5]
89 [22]
0.0087 ± 0.0080
Yb
0.0015 [1]
0.0015 [5]
0.0015 [5]
0.0010 ± 0.0013
Zn
503 [62]
101 [30]
3218 [25]
514 ± 198
Zr
0.044 [1]
0.044 [5]
0.044 [5]
0.054 ± 0.079
M - Arithmetic Mean, SD - Standard Deviation, [N] - No. of references contribution
to this value; *Titanium tools were used for sampling and sample preparation.
Volume 2 • Issue 2 • 1000121
• Page 8 of 9 •
Citation: Zaichick V, Zaichick S (2014) Androgen-Dependent Chemical Elements of Prostate Gland. Androl Gynecol: Curr Res 2:2.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2327-4360.1000121
U, Y, Yb, Zn, and Zr mass fractions in intact prostates of pediatric
and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands at least may serve
as indicative normal values for an urban population of the Russian
Central European region.
Acknowledgement
The authors are grateful to the late Prof. A.A. Zhavoronkov, Institute of
Human Morphology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, for
supplying prostate specimens. We are also grateful to Dr. Karandaschev V., Dr.
Nosenko S., and Moskvina I., Institute of Microelectronics Technology and High
Purity Materials, Chernogolovka, Russia, for their help in ICP analysis.
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Volume 2 • Issue 2 • 1000121
Author Affiliations
Top
Radionuclide Diagnostics Department, Medical Radiological Research
Centre, Koroleva St. 4, Obninsk 249036 Kaluga Region, Russia
2
Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Northwestern University, 302
East Superior street, Morton Building, Chicago, IL 60640, USA
1
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