THE PROBLEM WITH ALGAE…

1/10/2014
ALGAE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLF COURSE
PUTTING GREENS
JOHN E. KAMINSKI, PH.D.
PENN STATE UNIVERSITY
PROKARYOTIC CYANOBACTERIA
BLUE-GREEN ALGAE
& OSCILLATORIA
CHLOROPHYLL
PHORMIDIUM
RELEASE OXYGEN AND PHOTOSYNTHESIZE
TREDWAY ET AL., 2006
LIKELY MANY SPECIES INVOLVED
VISUAL
& MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION IS TRICKY
THE PROBLEM WITH ALGAE…
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SUBSURFACE SLIM MATS
DEVELOPS IN OR BELOW CANOPY
MUCILAGE PRODUCTION
PROTECTION AND H2O CONSERVATION
ALGAL CRUSTS FORM IN THINNED TURF
SCARIFICATION REQUIRED
IMPERMEABLE TO H2O
PROMOTE INFILTRATION AND SEEDLING GERMINATION
© LP Tredway
BLACK LAYER
ANAEROBIC BACTERIA
YELLOW SPOT
& HYDROGEN SULFIDE GAS
ASSOCIATED WITH ALGAE GROWTH
(TREDWAY ET AL., 2006)
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YELLOW SPOT
& ALGAE
MANY QUESTIONS REMAIN UNANSWERED
CONDITIONS PROMOTING ALGAE…
WATER, WATER, WATER…
SHADE OR OVERCAST SKIES
EXCESSIVE AND/OR AT INOPPORTUNE TIME
ALMOST GUARANTEED TO DEVELOP ALGAE
POOR DRAINAGE
CREATING STANDING WATER, EXCESSIVE MOISTURE
POOR SOILS
FROM CONSTRUCTION OR SELF IMPOSED
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WEAK OR THINNED TURF
MECHANICAL STRESS, DISEASES, CHEMICALS, ETC.
ALL CONDITIONS TOGETHER
MAY OR MAY NOT SEE ALGAE
Fertility | Phosphites | Fungicides MANAGING ALGAE POPULATIONS
NITROGEN SOURCES
APPLICATIONS OF AMMONIUM SULFATE, UREA, NITRATES, OTHERS
ALGAE DEVELOPMENT ON A PUTTING GREEN FOLLOWING
20-20-20
REPEATED FERTILIZER APPLICATIONS, UMD 2003
a
Untreated
a
20‐20‐20
a
Mn
b
Calcium Nitrate
b
Urea + Mn
b
Urea
Fertilizers were applied (5‐24 kg N/HA) every two weeks from June 2002 to November 2003
b
Potassium Nitrate
b
Ammonium Sulfate
0
5
10
15
20
25
Percent blue‐green algae
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Ammonium
Sulfate
Ammonium Sulfate
ALGAE DEVELOPMENT ON A PUTTING GREEN FOLLOWING
IMPACT OF FERTILITY SUMMARY
REPEATED FERTILIZER APPLICATIONS, UMD 2003
• Nitrogen Sources
a
Untreated
20‐20‐20
a
Mn
a
– Ammonium Sulfate = Near Complete Suppression
– Others = Moderate Suppression
– 20‐20‐20 = No Reduction
b
Calcium Nitrate
20‐20‐20
b
Urea + Mn
b
Urea
b
Ammonium Sulfate
• Impact of Phosphorous
Fertilizers were applied (5‐24 kg N/HA) every two weeks from June 2002 to November 2003
b
Potassium Nitrate
0
5
10
15
20
– No Impact in 2009‐2010 UConn Study
25
Percent blue‐green algae
DEVELOPMENT OF BLUE/GREEN ALGAE ON A SHADED PUTTING
GREEN, 21 AUGUST 2006
PHOSPHATE VS PHOSPHITE
• Phosphate = Fertilizer
Untreated
Flutolanil
– Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4)
Pyraclostrobin
• Ex. K3PO4
Flutolanil + Revolution
Pyraclostrobin + Revolution
• Phosphite ≠ Fer lizer
Revolution
– Phosphorous Acid (H3PO3)
Pyrclostrobin + Alude
• Ex. K2HPO3
Alude
0
10
20
30
40
50
Percent blue/green algae
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PREVENTIVE SUPPRESSION OF ALGAE ON A GOLF COURSE
CHLOROTHALONIL FUNGICIDE
PUTTING GREEN, UCONN 17 AUGUST 2010
a
Untreated
H3PO4/KOH
Magnum (PhosFT)
Magellan (PhosFG)
Phosphite 30 (PhosFT)
Fairphyte (PhosFT)
H3PO3/KOH
Alude (PhosFG)
Vital (PhosFG)
Terracyte (FG)
Daconil Ultrex (FG)
Protect (FG)
a
b
b
bc
bc
bc
bc
bc
c
c
c
0
H3PO4 = Phosphate
H3PO3 = Phosphite
Phos = Phosphite‐Based
FT = “Fertilizer”
FG = “Fungicide”
5
10
15
20
25
Daconil
3.4 fl oz
14‐day
30
Percent blue/green algae
PHOSPHITE FUNGICIDE
SUMMARY OF PHOSPHITE TRIALS
• Traditional Fungicides Hard to Beat
– Chlorothalonil (Daconil Ultrex, others)
– Mancozeb (Protect, Fore, etc.)
• Phosphites Appeared to Suppress
– Regardless of Intended Use
• Preventive Better Than Curative
Alude
7.4 fl oz
14‐day
• Impact of Phosphite Rates?
RATE EFFECT OF PHOSPHONATES ON ALGAE INCIDENCE IN
PUTTING GREEN TURF—UCONN, 2010
Algae Incidence (%)
20
17 August
15
10
5
0
**
*
**
*
0.06
0.11
0.17
**
*
0.22
0.28
** **
* *
0.33
lbs of H3PO# 1000 ft‐2
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Summary of Phosphite Trials
• Preventive Suppression Possible With Phosphites
(≤0.22 lbs H3PO3/1000 sq ft)
– Moderate Curative Suppression
– Excellent Control with Chlorothalonil/Mancozeb
• Improve Turf Density With Adequate N‐Fertility
– Impact of Phosphate Conflicting
– Acidifying Fertilizers May Directly Reduce Algae
• Topdress (block light & promote drying)
ALGAE ON PUTTING GREENS
• Difficult to Control
– Underlying Issues
• Impacts of Other Nutrients
– 20‐20‐20 Clearly Increased
– Phosphorous Had Little Impact
– Various Products Commonly Applied
• Programmatic Approach
– Fungicides, Phosphites, Fertilizers, Cultural Practices
IMPROVE LIGHT PENETRATION
IMPROVE DRAINAGE/GAS EXCHANGE
SELECTIVE OR CLEAR CUT TREE REMOVAL
REDUCE EXCESSIVE MOISTURE/BLACK LAYER
CHEMICAL SUPPRESSION
TOPDRESSING
FUNGICIDES, PHOSPHITES, AMMONIUM SULFATE, WETTING AGENTS
PROMOTE DRY SURFACE, BURY ALGAE
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ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS?
@ITWEETTURF
@TURFDISEASES
SCARIFICATION REQUIRED
PROMOTE INFILTRATION AND SEEDLING GERMINATION
Tri‐State Turfgrass Association
MetGCSA
CAGCS
NEGCSA
NHGCSA
USGA
Aquatrols
Cleary Chemical
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