Crop Diversity in 19th Century Japan
An Analysis of the Seikei Zusetsu agricultural encyclopedia
gifted to Philipp Franz von Siebold
On the cover is a picture of Taraxacum japonica
Crop Diversity in 19th Century Japan: An Analysis of the
Seikei Zusetsu agricultural encyclopedia gifted to
Philipp Franz von Siebold
Shantonu Abe
Registration Number: 910322003240
Supervisor: prof.dr.Tinde van Andel
Examiner: prof.dr. Eric Schranz
Course Code: BIS-80424 (2015-2016)
Credits: 24
Biosystematics Group
Wageningen University
Wageningen, The Netherlands
i
Preface
It was a series of happy coincidences that I started studying about plants in 19th century Japan.
Dissatisfied with the range of vegetables on offer and the options available to organic farmers, I was
eager to explore the range of crops that could be grown that fit the agroecological and ethnobotanical
context of Japan. Little did I know that it would lead me to do research on the Seikei Zusetsu
encyclopedia!
I would like to thank my supervisor, Tinde van Andel, for teaching me the essential skills of
Ethnobotany in her course at Wageningen University, and for introducing me to the rich treasure
trove of books at the Leiden University Special Collections. Professor Harm Beukers’ expertise was
indispensable in accessing the various information sources at the library. Professor Hiroaki Egashira
and WUR graduate Maeda Chisato both provided a lot of indispensable information through
interviews, and for this I am very grateful. Tinde also put me in touch with Jos van der Maesen and
Brigitta de Wilde, two experts who helped with identifications of the plants. And special thanks to
Tsai-Wei Chiang, whose knowledge was helpful in navigating the complex text of the Seikei Zusetsu.
I would also like to send my gratitude to all the scholars whose work I had the opportunity to follow
in, from all the different fields that this paper explores.
I would like to mention and thank the Japan Student Services Association, whose generous
scholarship made my research at Wageningen University possible.
Lastly, I thank my parents and my sister for their guidance and support. And my friends from
Droevendaal 107!
ii
Contents
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................................ iv
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................. 1
The Seikei Zusetsu .................................................................................................................................................. 1
Current Research and Gaps ..................................................................................................................................2
Agriculture in Japan ................................................................................................................................................ 3
Research questions and Hypothesis ....................................................................................................................... 4
Methods ....................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Results ............................................................................................................................................................................6
Discussion .................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................ 15
Appendices .................................................................................................................................................................. 17
Appendix 1: Overview of the Seikei Zusetsu ................................................................................................... 18
Appendix 2: Seikei Zusetsu Names with Dutch Translations ................................................................... 30
Appendix 3: Images of the Seikei Zusetsu ......................................................................................................33
Appendix 4: Explanation of Reading and Ordering of Images .................................................................. 36
Appendix 5: Comparison of MAFF data and the Seikei Zusetsu ............................................................... 37
Appendix 6: Areas Under Cultivation of Major Crops ................................................................................. 41
iii
Abstract
Improving crop diversity is increasingly being seen as a way to address the changing agenda of
agricultural production, which calls for more resilience to climatic changes and the ability to provide
better nutritional outcomes. On the other hand, current mainstream agriculture is characterised by a
steadily declining genetic diversity in the crops used in farming systems. This paper is a systematic
inventory of all crop species and cultivars mentioned in the Seikei Zusetsu, a Japanese agricultural
encyclopedia from the early 19th century, with an aim to gain understanding of the diversity of crops in
the farming systems of Edo-period Japan. A comprehensive list of all the plants with English
translations and current scientific names was created. Analysis showed that 109 distinct species were
recorded, with 25 species having more than 2 cultivars. Some species like Raphanus raphanistrum had as
many as 12 cultivars. Dutch names for 93 crops and products were also found as evidence of the
evolving research landscape in the late 18th century, and these names were translated into modern
Dutch. A comparison with current crop diversity was conducted. Official statistical data was
available for 50 of the 109 crop species mentioned in the Seikei Zusetsu, with the remaining 59
remaining undocumented. These underutilised crops may be harnessed in order to improve crop
diversity, and further research will allow for the preservation of ethnobotanical knowledge associated
with these plants.
iv
Introduction
The Seikei Zusetsu
The Seikei Zusetsu is an agricultural encyclopaedia that was commissioned by Shimazu
Shigehide (島津重豪), Daimyo of the Satsuma Domain1, of which the compilation began in the year
Kansei 5 (1793 CE) . The information for this encyclopaedia was compiled through a collaborative
2
effort by So Senshun (曽 占春, also known as Soan 曾槃), Kokugaku scholar Shirao Kunihashira
(白尾 国柱 ), Confucian3 scholar Mukai Tomoaki （
向井 友章）and Rangaku4 scholar Hori Monjuro
(堀 門十郎, also known as Aisei 愛生). Though the book was commissioned and produced for the
benefit mainly of the Satsuma Domain, it is reasonable to assume from the governance structures and
scholarly practices at that time that the information within the book is not limited by geographic
boundaries, allowing us a glimpse into the agricultural practices of Edo-period Japan. Although the
original consisted of a hundred volumes at the time of completion of the wooden printing blocks,
seventy of these were destroyed in two major fires, leaving only thirty volumes to be published. The
thirty volumes that were printed contain an encyclopedic explanation of the various crops, vegetables,
herbs, and trees, their properties and characteristics, their utility for humans, and the best system to
cultivate them (Marcon 2015). It demonstrates the change from Chinese-influenced Honzogaku (本草
学, herbal studies, limited to plants) to the Dutch-influenced Hakubutsugaku (博物学,natural
history, which included the study of plants, animals, birds and minerals). The Seikei Zusetsu is now
considered to be a prefectural treasure of Kagoshima, Japan. It was his conception that nature studies
were inseparable from the economic concerns that made Shigehide’s efforts so special (Matsui 1975;
Marcon 2015), and the reason why it may be of relevance for both scientists and the general public in
the 21st century.
A complete copy of this encyclopedia is available in the Leiden University Special Collection
Library as part of the Von Siebold Collection. The copy is signed by Katsuragawa Hoken, both with
his name and his Dutch name, Wilhelmus Botanicus, suggesting that it was a present from him to Von
Siebold. The commissioner of the book, Shigehide, also met with Von Siebold in April 1826, and talked
with him about his love for the study of natural history. The Dutch influence on the creation of the
Seikei Zusetsu cannot be underestimated. The Dutch East India Company (VOC) Trading Post in
Hirado was moved to Nagasaki 1641, allowing Satsuma to come into contact with European
1
The Satsuma Domain was a province in the South of Japan, ruled by the Shimazu clan during the period from 1601 till 1871.
Kokugaku(国学) was a Japanese nativist movement in academic studies during the Edo period.
3
Confucian studies represented the Chinese learning within academic circles
4
Rangaku (蘭学) translates literally as ‘Dutch Studies’ but was used to represent the broader category of western academic
knowledge.
2
1
scholarship through the VOC. Spanning over a period of 175 years, the Rangaku scholars of the
Satsuma domain had the opportunity to meet the surgeons and botanists accompanying the Dutch
mission, allowing them to create a new scholarship based on a fusion of Western Dutch and Chinese
scientific cultures. The success of these Rangaku scholars is theorized by researchers of Japanese
history to be one of the main underlying reasons why Japan would subsequently be able to modernize
at a rapid pace in the 20th century (Nakaoka 2013; Marcon 2015).
Philipp Franz Von Siebold, a German physician working on behalf of the VOC, arrived in
Japan in August 1823. During his period of stay, he was able to amass a collection of more than 1000
books and catalogues from Japan for the purpose of increasing the Dutch understanding of the
enigmatic Japanese nation. The utilitarian nature of the collection means that most of the items are
not only valuable because of their rarity, but also because they are a curated collection of state-of-theart knowledge in Japan at the time (Brown 1976). The Seikei Zusetsu is one of the items in this vast
collection.
Current Research and Gaps
To date, several studies have been carried out on the Seikei Zusetsu. An electronic
reproduction of a copy is freely accessible through the National Diet Library Digital Collection, Japan
(National Diet Library Digital Collections 2016). Federico Marcon, in his book ‘The Knowledge of
Nature and the Nature of Knowledge in Early Modern Japan’ (2015), discusses the various knowledge
systems embodied used to describe nature in this eclectic work. He also explains the significance of
this work in the context of contemporary events during the Tokugawa Shogunate, using this work as
an illustration of the ideas of its initiator, Shimazu Shigehide and his openness to ‘outside knowledge’
in a period marked by its closedness to outer influences. Fukuoka Maki’s work (Fukuoka 2012) looks
at the representations of the ‘truth’ (shin, 真) in pictorial representations from this period, and
provides insight into the science of visual representations during this period. In Japan, the Seikei
Zusetsu has been used for practical purposes albeit to a limited extent in the revival of several
‘traditional crops’ in Tokyo. A well-known example is the Shinagawa turnip (shinagawa kabu, 品川
カブ), which has been ‘found’ again by Otsuka Yoshio and Otake Michishige. These two scholars are
known for reviving and championing the category of traditional vegetables in Tokyo, and have written
several books about these vegetables (Michishige Otake 2009a).
What has not been done so far however, is the systematic inventory of all crop species and
cultivars mentioned in the Seikei Zusetsu with an aim to gain understanding of the diversity of crops
in the farming systems of Tokugawa Japan. Such an inventory will allow us to make comparisons
with present-day crop diversity on farms, and make use of underutilised crops in order to create an
agriculture more suited to the agroecological situation in Japan. The practical implications of this
2
knowledge in present conditions cannot be underestimated, especially in the Japanese context, but
there are also potential implications for global agriculture.
Agriculture in Japan
Japan’s distinctive geography and location allows for a wide range of climatic regions, all of which are
generally conducive to the cultivation of crops with favourable rainfall and seasonal patterns.
However, the mountainous nature of the archipelago means that flat land for cultivating crops is less
than 15% of the total area. Nevertheless, agriculture has been the basis of most of the economic
activity in Japan over the last two millennia (Ito and Hiraizumi 2008). Crop diversity played an
important role in ensuring that enough food was produced, and is most probably the result of
adaptation to variable climates in the mountainous regions (Brush 2008). Another factor driving crop
diversification was the system of taxation of land that was based on rice production and was
prevalent in feudal Japan. In order to avoid taxes but at the same time feed hungry mouths, farmers
were forced to diversify food crop production. Another interesting aspect of agriculture during the
Edo period was that it was labour-intensive but an ecologically stable system of production (Ito and
Hiraizumi 2008). This equilibrium ensured agriculture’s importance throughout the Meiji period,
right until the Second World War.
After WW2, the social setting changed drastically. The productivity of land fell as it was not
maintained with sufficient addition of inputs and hunger was common (Committee for the Japanese
Agriculture Session 1991). In order to combat this situation, post-war agriculture focused on
provisioning of quantity instead of quality, with agricultural policy based around the need to increase
the production of rice. This goal was achieved through the creation of ‘fertiliser-consuming’ rice
breeds that were able to convert increased applications of fertiliser into larger yields, along with farm
mechanisation (Hayami, Yamada, and Akino 1991). Mechanisation meant less people were working on
the farms, and the allure of rising wages from booming Japanese industries resulted in a steady
outmigration that decimated the workforce in the countryside. The number of people working in
agriculture fell from 15 million (38% of the work force) in 1955 to 6.7 million (13%) in 1975 (Ito and
Hiraizumi 2008), and to around 2.26 million in 2014 (MAFF 2015). This is not the only decline within
agriculture; the calorie self-sufficiency ratio is down to 39% in 2013 (MAFF 2015), from 79% in 1969
(Hayami, Yamada, and Akino 1991), a precipitous decline over in the time-span of three generations.
This has been explained by the steady westernisation of the Japanese diet (Committee for the
Japanese Agriculture Session 1991) and the associated rise in consumption of food sourced from
outside Japan. These trends are corroborated by Smil and Kobayashi in their fascinating book ‘Japan’s
Dietary Transition and Its Impacts’, where they chart this dietary transition using statistical data as
well as historical records, analysing the several unique aspects of this change (2012). They also
provide a definition for dietary transition- ‘a gradual shift from traditional, preindustrial diets
3
dominated by plant foods to a new pattern of intakes that includes more animal foodstuffs, more fats
more sugar, and a greater variety of processed foods’. This transition, along with the gradual
consolidation of areas producing only certain types of crops in monocrop systems are argued to be the
these factors causing genetic erosion (Brush 2008) within Japanese agriculture.
Research questions and Hypothesis
The following research questions are aimed at understanding crop diversity during the Edo period,
and explaining the current situation. There is a focus on the Seikei Zusetsu, but I also aim to provide
broader context for the purpose of the research.
1.
Which crop species, landraces and local names are mentioned in the Seikei Zusetsu?
2. How many of these plants are currently used in Japan? Are there any ‘forgotten vegetables’?
3. What is the utility of the Seikei Zusetsu crop plants in modern Japan?
The main hypothesis in this research project is that more than half of the plants identified in the
Seikei Zusetsu are expected to be no longer cultivated in significant amounts in present-day Japan. It
is thought that crop diversity in Japan will be subjected to the same forces that are leading to a global
decline in the genetic diversity of crops in mainstream agriculture. Typified by the Green Revolution,
the current paradigm in agriculture centred around intensive mono-cropping systems is a strong
selector for broadly adapted, high-yield crops to the exclusion of varieties adapted to local conditions
(Siebert 2011). This is seen as problematic for agriculture over a longer time span of decades, as it
contributes to the reduced capability of farm production systems to react to sub-optimal conditions
(climate change, low-inputs, sloping land) or unexpected shocks to the system (Lin 2011; Liebman
and Schulte 2015) .
Methods
All colour illustrations of crops in the Seikei Zusetsu were
digitized as high resolution images (see Figure 1 for an example).
A database of all the plants illustrated in this manner in the
Seikei Zusetsu was created. More specifically, the plants consist
of those in the itsutsu-no-tanatsu-mono section (五穀部,five
cereal crops section), which groups the major cereal crops and
pulses together, and the sosai section ( 蔬 菜 部 ,vegetables
section), which groups all the other cultivated crops. There are a
Figure 1: An example of an illustrated page4from
the Seikei Zusetsu
total of 143 illustrated pages in these two sections, with 191 individual illustrations. Information from
each of the images was entered into an Excel spreadsheet, which can be seen in Appendix 1. The
following information was recorded from the original pictures: name in kanji characters as indicated
in the picture, katakana characters indicating pronunciation, Latin binomial names wherever
indicated, as well as the common English name of the plant as identified from the picture. In order to
make the results accessible, the meaning of each kanji character was given in English to facilitate the
understanding of the local nomenclature. A transliteration of the katakana was also provided to aid
pronunciation of the Japanese names. Dutch names transliterated in Japanese katakana script were
also recorded and translated into current Dutch, a working list of which is shown in Appendix 2.
Scientific names for each plant were retrieved from the internet and agricultural literature (Aoba 2013;
Aoba 1981; Michishige Otake 2009a), and where available, links to the English Wikipedia page or
other suitable links have been entered in the table. Plants belonging to the Cucurbitaceae and several
pulses were shown to botanical specialists at Naturalis Biodiversity Center. Each of the binomial
names was checked on the website Plantlist.org, in order to record the most up-to-date names. The
current family name of each of the crops was also recorded in a separate column. Information about
current use is limited to the plant part used, mainly relying on research by Takashi Aoba into
‘traditional vegetables’ (Aoba 2013). Finally, all the images used during this research have been added
as thumbnails in Appendix 3. Further information that is compiled will be disseminated through an
online platform, either a website in Linnaeus 2.0, an online database format created by Naturalis or
the format of the respository of the Special Collections of the Leiden University library, in which the
high-resolution images of the illustrations with accompanying explanations will be displayed.
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Figure 2: Number of cultivars mentioned per plant family in the Seikei Zusetsu
5
Results
After the datasheet was compiled, several analyses were carried out to understand the diversity
shown in the variety of crops that are illustrated. The Seikei Zusetsu has illustrations of crops from 29
different plant families, as shown in Figure 2. The vertical axis denotes the number of times a member
of each family is included. The most diverse families were the Poaceae family with 35 images and the
Brassicaceae with 29 images. Nine plant families just have one crop each.
A count of the number of species revealed that there are 109 distinct species, out of which 84 are
included with only one cultivar. Error! Reference source not found. shows the remaining 25 species,
along with the number of illustrations (or entries) per species. This number generally corresponds to
the number of cultivars that are recorded. In some cases however, such as for rice (Oryza sativa) and
lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), illustrations include different parts used, or interesting mutations. There is
not much difference in the number of cultivars recorded for Oryza sativa (9), Setaria italica (7) and
Panicum miliaceum (6), suggesting that these grains were of similar importance in the diet. Nelumbo
nucifera is an outlier here; the book goes into details about each part of the lotus plant that is
consumed, and less into the different cultivars available.
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Figure 3: Number of entries per species in the Seikei Zusetsu
We see that the daikon radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) has the highest number of cultivars with 12,
followed closely by turnips and leafy vegetables (Brassica rapa). When looking into the various names
of the radish and turnip cultivars, we learn more about their origins. Seven plants had local names
associated with them, indicating that they are likely to be landraces. There were four types of radish
and three types of turnips (Table 1). Some of these cultivar names are recognised even today, such as
the Sakurajima daikon (no. 1). Interestingly, the morphology of this radish has changed dramatically
6
from the image that is shown in the Seikei
Zusetsu, indicating that the process of the
creation of new cultivars has continued.
Figure 4: Sakurajima daikon radish as pictured in the Seikei
Zusetsu (left) and the modern cultivar (right) (picture from
Ourfood.nl (2015)
Table 1: Overview of Plants with Region Identifying Names
Kanji
Transliteration
Scientific Name
櫻島葍
Sakurajima Daikon
Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin
倉梯葍
Kurahashi radish
Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin
葛畑葍
Kazurahata radish
Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin
秦野葍
Hadano radish
Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin
品川蕪
Shinagawa turnip
Brassica rapa L.
難波蕪
Namba turnip
Brassica rapa L.
仲川蕪
Nakagawa turnip
Brassica rapa L.
There were 13 different plants with names that suggest foreign origin (Table 2). Some of them, like the
Bohai eggplant and maize (‘Bead Sichuan Sorghum’), might originate from specific areas, in this case
the surroundings of the Bohai sea (near Beijing) and the Sichuan area in China. Others indicate
general directions and varying degrees of foreign-ness.
Table 2: Overview of Plants with Names Indicating Foreign Origin
Kanji
Transliteration
Scientific Name
渤海茄
Bohai eggplant
Solanum melongena L.
南瓜
south gourd
Cucurbita pepo L.
胡蘿蔔
foreign radish turnip
Daucus carota L.
菠薐草
po lang' grass
Spinacia oleracea L
胡瓜
foreign gourd
Cucumis sativus L.
西瓜
west gourd
Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai
胡葱
foreign leek
Allium schoenoprasum L.
蕃椒
foreign pepper
Capsicum annuum L.
越瓜
Vietnam gourd
Cucumis melo L.
番南瓜
foreign (barbarian) south gourd
Cucurbita maxima Duchesne
胡麻
foreign hemp
Sesamum indicum L.
玉蜀黍
Bead Sichuan sorghum
Zea mays L.
7
The Chinese character ‘胡’ suggests areas to the North and the West of China. The character ‘番’ is often
used in Japanese as a way of denoting something of foreign , usually Western origin. The name of Spinacia
oleracea is thought to originate from Sanskrit, a language associated with the Indian subcontinent, possibly
indicating that the vegetable too, came from this region. The remaining names indicate cardinal
geographic directions like south and west. The directions of east and north are rarely used, given
Japan’s position in the Far East and that few crops grow north of Hokkaido. Some of the crops listed
in the Seikei Zusetsu are also accompanied by a mention within the text of the foreign name (hanmei,
蕃名), which is the Dutch name of the crop written down in katakana script. A total of 93 items have
been recorded in Dutch in the Seikei Zusetsu, most likely by Rangaku scholars working with Dutch
books on plants. They would have had at their disposal books like Rembert Dodoens’s ‘Cruijdeboeck’
(1660)5and knowledge shared by scholars like Thunberg6 as a source for consulting on the Dutch
names of the various plants in the Seikei Zusetsu (Marcon 2015). A comprehensive list of all Dutch
names is given in Appendix 4. Not all the 93 names are of crops, with some describing plant parts and
morphological characteristics, meaning that there is mention of 62 different species of plants. We
were able to translate a total of 77 of these names into modern Dutch, of which 64 can be connected
back to modern Dutch names. For six of the remaining 13 names, we were not sure, and five were
misidentifications probably due the fact that some Japanese plants were absent from the books of
reference.
Table 3: ‘Misidentified’ Dutch plant names recorded in the Seikei Zusetsu.
Scientific Name (Plant listed)
Original Katakana
English
Modern Dutch
Scientific Name
transliteration
アノニス
Anonisu
Ononis
Ononis spinosa L.
Lactuca sativa L.
シコレイエ
Shikoreie
Cichorei
Cichorium endivia L.
Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton
ヲセイミュム
Oseimyumu
Ocimum
Ocimum tenuiflorum L.
Eutrema japonicum (Miq.) Koidz.
ドロニキユム
Doronikiyumu
Doronicium
Doronicum orientale Hoffm.
Laphangium affine (D.Don) Tzvelev
ヲスセン トンゴ
Osusen Tongo
Ossentong
Anchusa officinalis L.
Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi &
H.Ohashi
A look at some of the Dutch names allows us to draw some interesting preliminary conclusions (Table
4). The scientific names on the right of the table indicate plants that were common in Europe in the
17th and 18th centuries, and were recorded in the various books on botany available at that time. A look
at Allium sativum suggests that the common garlic was considered to be a wild plant (wilde look). The
5
Other books include Petrus Nylandt’s Der Nederlandsche Herbarius,of Kruydt-boeck..(1670)
Carl PeterThunberg, a Swedish physician and naturalist, stayed in Japan for only 16 months. Marcon (2016) notes that
although it is known that intellectual exchange took place, it ‘hardly left any trace in Japan’, with no significant records by
either Thunberg or his Japanese counterparts.
6
8
common onion (Allium cepa) does not appear in the Seikei Zusetsu, but the spring onion (Allium
fistulosum) was erroneously matched to the onion.
Table 4 Dutch Names recorded in the Seikei Zusetsu that are matched to different species than in Europe.
No.
Scientific Name (Plant listed)
Original Katakana
Eng. transliteration
Modern Dutch
European plant
1
Amaranthus tricolor L.
ゴロートマエール
Gorooto Maeeru
Grote majer
Amaranthus blitum L.
2
Allium fistulosum L.
オイエン
Oien
Uien
Allium cepa L.
3
Allium schoenoprasum L.
ビースローク
Biisurooku
Bieslook
Allium schoenoprasum L.
4
Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng.
シアロット
shiarotto
Sjalot
Allium ascalonicum L.
5
Allium thunbergii G.Don
タムメローク
tamume rooku
Tamme Look
Allium sativum L.
6
Allium sativum L.
ウイルデローク
Uirude rooku
Wilde Look
Allium sativum L.
7
Allium macrostemon Bunge
ダスローク
dasu rooku
Daslook
Allium ursinum L.
Amaranthus tricolor is identified ‘grote majer’, most likely relying on an
illustration (Figure 5) from Dodoen’s Cruijdeboeck that indicates the name as
‘groot majer’ (Majer, Amaranthus Oleraceus 2016). The remaining 16 names for
which we could not find any close match in modern Dutch are considered to be
unidentified and future work is required to find out if these names were
accurate.
To answer the main research question of how many of Sekei Zusetsu’s crops
are currently being cultivated in Japan, a comparison was done with data
obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF), in
order to see whether these cultivars are still grown in significant amounts. A
crop was considered to be grown in significant quantities if data existed about
Figure 5: Illustration of
Amaranthus blitum from
the Cruijdeboeck
its cultivation area in the MAFF statistics at any point during from the year
1966 to the year 2014. Of the 109 crop species mentioned in the Seikei Zusetsu, 50 species fulfilled this
criteria, with 24 being classified as major crops and the remaining 26 as ‘regional’ (Chiiki tokusan 地
域特産) crops. This left 59 crops that were not covered by surveys, and can be considered as not
being grown in significant quantities for food. Not all of these 59 crops can be classified as ‘forgotten’;
some of them are not grown in Japan because of competition from cheaper imports from other
countries (e.g sesame, Sesamum indicum), or are known as wild plants but not cultivated (so-called
sansai, mountain greens). Nevertheless, many of these plants are indeed ‘forgotten’ food crops due to a
variety of causes. Several of the 19th century forgotten vegetables are now considered weeds: Capsella
bursa-pastoris, Chenopodium album, and Taraxacum japonicum are examples of such plants. Post-war
affluence in Japan has influenced consumption patterns, prompting a shift away from famine grains
like Setaria viridis and Panicum miliaceum. Verscheur and Cobcroft (2016) suggest that such grains were
9
considered to be poor people’s food, with milled rice being the most favoured source of dietary
carbohydrates. Changes in cultivation practices and land-use have led to the decline of marsh crops
like Trapa japonica and Eleocharis kuroguwai as swamps are drained and reclaimed to make more
cultivable soils.
Discussion
While it was shown that a little under half of the crops mentioned in the Seikei Zusetsu are still
cultivated in Japan, their future is not reassuring. Figure 6 is an overview of crops that are listed in the
Seikei Zusetsu with an area larger than 1000 hectares in 2010. These top 11 crops have gradual
downward trends showing that areas under cultivation for most vegetables is gradually declining,
with Brassica rapa the only plant to experience growth over the years.
Figure 6: Overview of Changes in Area Under Cultivation for crops with Areas of 1000 hectares or
more in 2010, over the period 1966-2012 (Data from MAFF)
The situation looks less stable for the lesser crops. Figure 7 shows the trends for crops that had areas
in the range of 200 hectares to 1000 ha in 2010, with many of them showing precipitous declines over
Figure 7: Overview of Changes in Area Under Cultivation for crops with Areas less than 1000 ha
but more than 200 ha in 2010, over the period 1966-2012 (Data from MAFF)
10
the years. Lagenaria siceraria areas, for example, have declined from around 3000 hectares in the years
following the end of WWII to just above 200 hectares in 2012. Crops like Perilla frutescens and Zingiber
mioga are unique to Japanese consumer preferences and can only be met by local production, given
their perishability.
For the 19 crops that were only grown on areas of less than 200 hectares in 2010 (Figure 8), the
situation is the gravest. It is possible that their areas decline as more cultivated land is used for the
major crops. Some of these plants are consumed only in Japan, like Sagittaria trifolia, an indispensable
part of traditional Japanese cooking for New Year’s. Wasabi (Eutrema japonica) is known across the
world in its role as the pungent accompaniment of sushi, but much of the wasabi that is consumed
today is actually horse-radish (Armoracia rusticana) coloured green to look like its rarer counterpart
(Smil and Kobayashi 2012).
Figure 8: Overview of Changes in Area Under Cultivation for crops with areas less than 200 ha in 2010, over the
period 1966-2012
Gradual decline is also seen in the major crops (see Appendix 6 for further details), but there is less
danger of these vegetables becoming forgotten. Instead, the danger lies elsewhere: the increasing
reliance on imports to support the demand for these crops. The Observatory for Economic
Complexity (2014) reports that Japan imported vegetable products worth 19.8 billion USD, with the
top 5 imports being corn (17% of total value), wheat (8.7%), soybeans, coffee and rapeseed (see Error!
Reference source not found.). Frozen and dried vegetables together account for 5.5% of the total
value of imports ( 2014).
The effects of this consumption are felt across the globe, as Japan seeks to satiate its appetite for food
by importing, most notably from China and the US. Almost 90% of soybeans used in Japan, for
example, come from the US (63%), Brazil (18%) and Canada (16%).
Some of the highly diverse crops in Seikei Zusetsu, such as the Brassicaceae, indicate that they were
an important aspect of Japan’s agriculture. Agroecologically, turnips and radishes are a useful risk
11
mitigation crop, following rice in a crop rotation scheme and thus able to augment any shortages that
might arise from a bad harvest. Some of them have a delayed maturation, allowing them to overwinter
in the field, providing a source of nutrition in the early spring (Aoba 2013). They store well if dried
properly, and can be used in various pickles (tsukemono) to be used in lean periods. They are conducive
to open pollination, and can be used to create landraces that bear characteristics that make them
highly adapted to the local situation. They are also one of the first crops to be planted in swidden
agriculture, owing to their high adaptability: turnips were grown in almost all of the mountainous
areas in Japan during the Edo Period (Watanabe 2012). The array of different grain crops allowed for
survival in the different climatic regions that prevailed in Japan. Although rice was the preferred grain,
these different millets and barley were essential components of the diet (Verschuer and Cobcroft
2016; Smil and Kobayashi 2012). Their uses were mainly for augmenting rice, added to porridges with
a vegetable soup as a flavour base. The persistence of some vegetables can only be explained by social
preferences: Sagittaria trifolia has fallen out of use in most other societies where they were included in
the diet (Garibaldi and Turner 2004), but in Japan, their use in ceremonial dishes has ensured that
they are is still a demand for these vegetables. Not all plants were as lucky, and end up becoming
forgotten, fading out of existence or persisting as ‘useless weeds’ . Some of the crops mentioned in the
Seikei Zusetsu are thriving elsewhere. Plants like the proso millet and sorghum are being touted as
grains that will help increase productivity in arid areas. Celtuce is considered a delicacy in China,
while kales are well-known in juice bars across Europe. The various legumes mentioned here are
important components in efforts to sustainably intensify cropping systems across sub-Saharan Africa
(N2Africa, 2016)
This research also shows that high levels of genetic diversity were a defining characteristic of
agriculture in Tokugawa Japan, a period that can be considered as being ‘traditional’ . This has led
them to be called traditional vegetables, which are associated with low yields and crops with
variability in shape and size, making them unsuitable for mass-marketing (Watanabe 2012). This
association creates the impression that these genetic varieties are impractical and of only sentimental
value, and lead to the conclusion that such varieties, if conserved at all, should be stored ex situ.
However, the efficacy of this kind of emergency approach is still to be seen (Kosaka and Tomiyoshi
2015). It can also obscure the reasoning ‘that maintaining diversity is an active and purposeful part of
farm management’ in order to deal with the uncertainty and randomness associated with
environmental conditions on the farm (Brush 2008). Genetic erosion is an inevitable part of the way
in which plant resources are used in mainstream agriculture. ‘The narrow segment of modern society
that is involved in crop breeding focuses on the creation of marketable seed stocks that will grow
under controlled, uniform conditions over wide geographic areas’ (Oldfield and Alcorn 1991).
12
In contrast to the narrow definition of crop resources that is protected through ex situ seed banks,
crop resources can also be defined in a broader way, incorporating ‘co-evolutionary relationships
between different types of populations (e.g., crop, pathogen, human), indigenous knowledge, and
farmer seed management’ (Brush 2008). Such crop resources are recognised as ‘living cultural
treasures’ in the Yamagata prefecture, in the north of Japan. Through the efforts of researchers like
Takashi Aoba (Aoba 1981) and Hiroaki Egashira (Watanabe 2012), nearly 160 varieties of landraces
have been identified here, all of them adapted to the long winters that characterise this region.
Research in other areas of Japan has yielded several groups of heirloom varieties that are widely
known. Examples of these groups include Edoyasai ( 江 戸 野 菜 , vegetables from Old
Tokyo)(Michishige Otake 2009b), and Kyoyasai (京野菜, vegetables from Kyoto area ). The effect of
these crops has been a revival of interest in agriculture, of local identity, and the value of the
knowledge and practices surrounding the production of food. Indeed, these vegetables are acting as a
catalyst in the revival of agriculture in the regions where they were originally found (Michishige
Otake 2009b; Tomoko Otake 2009). Such in situ conservation efforts are better able to meet the
objectives of seed conservation, for the real value of diversity is realised only when put into action and
kept as opportunities and resources for future generations (Oldfield and Alcorn 1991). Brush (2008)
suggests that conservation methods can succeed if they ‘add incremental value to landraces in selected
environments and farming systems rather than posing… as an alternative to modern crops for all
farmers’. Identifying crops in the Seikei Zusetsu may help in the identification of similarly valuable
crops. Different processing methods mentioned in the texts can also provide a glimpse into the usage
of these crops, which may seem exotic to the current generations in Japan. They may serve as the focal
point around which new agroecological practices are based, as well as a source of cultural pride.
There is scope for future research within the Seikei Zusetsu. Each plant was also accompanied by long
lists of regional names, including names from mainland China. These were beyond the scope of this
research project, but future in-depth agronomic and linguistic research can help unearth the common
agricultural heritage of China and Japan. The Seikei Zusetsu is not limited to plants; the first 15
volumes deal with topics like agricultural practices and food preparation and ceremonies associated
with foods, as well as the different agricultural implements that were in use. Research into landraces
and open pollination are also urgently required. The Seikei Zusetsu does not make distinctions
between cultivars and species, recording information without distinguishing between these two. It is
important to learn from this approach the importance afforded to cultivars, and recognise them for
the repositories of practice and knowledge that they are. A formal record or registry for cultivars is
urgently required, one that does not belong solely to seed companies that are able to patent their own
cultivars. This would recognise the contribution of farmers to crop diversity produced through open
pollination, and provide a record of landraces cultivated across Japan. These vegetables also provide
the gateway to local practices regarding cultivation, preservation and preparation (Watanabe 2012).
13
The profusion of confusing and overlapping categories like heirloom varieties, forgotten vegetables,
traditional vegetables and landraces pose a challenge for those intending to make use of these
vegetables to promote agriculture. Kohsaka and Tomiyoshi (2015) voice concerns over the process of
formalisation of these categories, and how they would be safeguarded. Cultivars exist in a delicate
balance between uniformity and diversity, and this creates confusion within laws that protect the
creators’ rights but also try to spur innovation. Further research would benefit smallholder farmers
who plan to utilise these vegetables, as well as consumers keen to be part of conservation efforts.
Conclusion
The utility of the Seikei Zusetsu crops has been discussed extensively in the discussion section above,
but it is worth reiterating here that they serve as a repository of valuable knowledge, and also act as a
gateway to further inquiries into the nature of the agricultural systems we promote in the 21 st century.
They can serve as a focal point around which efforts to create a new agrarianism are made.
Ecologically smarter farming systems and the marketing of high-value crops are viable strategies that
will interest anybody keen on ensuring the survival of distinctive food cultures.
One of the main hypotheses in the research into this encyclopedia was that more than half of the
plants in the Seikei Zusetsu were no longer cultivated in Japan. With records for 50 out of the 109
crop species, this hypothesis has proven to be correct, but by a narrower margin than expected. One
reason for this is that counts of cultivars were left out. It was difficult to include a comparison of
cultivars as there was not one repository or register that could be consulted to ascertain the current
diversity in cultivars. At the same time, the significance of the fact a span of two centuries is enough
to lead to a situation where more than half of the species that were once considered to be crops are
not cultivated in significant amounts. Efforts should be made to rehabilitate these ‘forgotten
vegetables’ in order to raise the productivity and adaptability of agricultural land, as well as to
support agriculture in marginal areas. As with other species, once lost, we will not be recovering these
treasures again.
14
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Verschuer, Charlotte von, and Wendy Cobcroft
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The documentary is available with English subtitles on request to the director, Satoshi Watanabe.
Appendices
17
Appendix 1
id no
Overview of Seikei Zusetsu
SZ book no. pg. no img file no.
Common Eng. Name
Appendix
of the Seikei
1
151: Overview
22 SZ15_p022.tif
rice Zusetsu
SZKanji
SZtranslation
SZKatakana
SZpronunciation
SZLatin name
両穂稲
double-headed rice
-
-
-
2
16
2 SZ16_p002.tif
rice
中稲
middle (duration) rice
-
-
-
3
16
2 SZ16_p002.tif
rice
早稉
fast hardening (rice)
-
-
-
4
16
16 SZ16_p016.tif
rice
株稲
Bunching Rice
モチ・シネ
mochi-shine
-
5
16
28 SZ16_p028.tif
rice
陸稲
Land rice (upland rice)
-
-
-
6
16
33 SZ16_p033.tif
rice
秈
indica rice
アカ・ゴメ
aka-gome
-
7
16
33 SZ16_p033.tif
rice
陸秈
land indica rice (upland indica rice)
ノトボシ
notoboshi
-
8
16
40 SZ16_p040.tif
rice
穭
secondary growth of rice
-
-
-
9
16
40 SZ16_p040.tif
rice
稲孫
grand child of the rice
-
-
-
10
17
3 SZ17_p003.tif
barley
大麦
big barley
-
-
-
11
17
4 SZ17_p004.tif
barley
千本麦
thousand parts barley
-
-
-
12
17
4 SZ17_p004.tif
barley
赤稞麦
red hull-less barley
-
-
-
13
17
4 SZ17_p004.tif
大麦奴
big barley imposter
-
-
-
14
17
14 SZ17_p014.tif
小麦
small wheat
-
-
-
15
17
14 SZ17_p014.tif
麦奴
wheat imposter
-
-
-
16
17
14 SZ17_p014.tif
hullless barley
穬麦
horizontal, sideways wheat
-
-
-
17
17
27 SZ17_p027.tif
buckwheat
蕎麦
pointed wheat
-
-
polygonum fagopyrum
18
18
2 SZ18_p002.tif
soybean
大豆
Big bean
-
-
Dolichos Soja
19
18
9 SZ18_p009.tif
soybean sprouts
豆芽
Bean sprout
オヤシ
oyashi
-
20
18
17 SZ18_p017.tif
Adzuki beans
赤小豆
Red small bean
-
-
-
21
18
18 SZ18_p018.tif
Adzuki beans
赤小豆蔓種
red small bean vine type
-
-
-
22
18
23 SZ18_p023.tif
soybeans
穭豆
second growth bean
-
-
-
23
18
24 SZ18_p024.tif
Mung bean
緑豆
green bean
-
-
-
24
18
26 SZ18_p026.tif
Faba bean
蠶豆
silk-worm bean
-
-
Vicia Faba
25
18
28 SZ18_p028.tif
green gram
燕豆
swallow (bird) bean
-
-
Vicia
26
18
31 SZ18_p031.tif
cowpea
豇豆
cowpea bean
-
-
Dolichos unguiculatus
27
18
31 SZ18_p031.tif
cowpea
白不老
White non-ageing
-
-
-
28
18
31 SZ18_p031.tif
Sweet peas
豌豆
pea bean
-
-
-
29
18
28 SZ18_p028.tif
Lablab
稨豆
flat beans
-
-
Dolichos ensiformis flor. purpur
30
18
38 SZ18_p038.tif
Lablab
白花稨豆
white flower flat beans
-
-
Dolichos ensiformis flor. purpur
31
18
39 SZ18_p039.tif
Lablab
白稨豆
white flat beans
-
-
-
32
18
40 SZ18_p040.tif
Lablab
白稨豆 一種
white flat beans one type
-
-
-
wheat
18
Appendix 1
id no
Overview of Seikei Zusetsu
SZ book no. pg. no img file no.
Common Eng. Name
SZKanji
SZtranslation
SZKatakana
SZpronunciation
SZLatin name
33
18
42 SZ18_p042.tif
Sword bean
刀豆
sword bean
-
-
Dolichos Incurvus, Th.
34
18
43 SZ18_p043.tif
Mucuna pruriens
黎豆
numerous beans
-
-
Dolichos lineatus thun.
35
19
3 SZ19_p003.tif
foxtail millet
黄粟
yellow millet
-
-
-
36
19
3 SZ19_p003.tif
millet
長穂粱
long eared sorghum
〇・〇・アワ
_--awa
-
37
19
3 SZ19_p003.tif
millet
青粟
blue(green) millet
-
-
-
38
19
3 SZ19_p003.tif
millet
白粟
white millet
-
-
Panicum italicum
39
19
4 SZ19_p004.tif
millet
濵照
shore illuminate
-
-
-
40
19
4 SZ19_p004.tif
millet
黒粟
black millet
-
-
-
41
19
4 SZ19_p004.tif
wild foxtail millet
粟奴
millet imposter
-
-
Panicum italicum
42
19
8 SZ19_p008.tif
sorghum
青秫
blue sorghum
-
-
-
43
19
8 SZ19_p008.tif
sorghum
黒秫
black sorghum
-
-
-
44
19
8 SZ19_p008.tif
sorghum
黄秫
yellow sorghum
-
-
Panicum italicum
45
19
9 SZ19_p009.tif
finger millet
猿手秫
Monkey hand sorghum
-
-
-
46
19
9 SZ19_p009.tif
millet
狗尾粟
dog tail millet
-
-
-
47
19
9 SZ19_p009.tif
millet
真黍
true millet
-
-
-
48
19
11 SZ19_p011.tif
proso millet
黍
sorghum
-
-
sorghum vulgars
49
19
17 SZ19_p017.tif
sorghum
蜀黍
Sichuan* sorghum
-
-
Sorchium Saccharafum
50
19
19 SZ19_p019.tif
maize
玉蜀黍
Bead Sichuan* sorghum
-
-
Zea Mais
51
20
3 SZ20_p003.tif
japanese barnyard millet
稗
darnel (ryegrass)
-
-
Eleusine
52
20
6 SZ20_p006.tif
finger millet
穇
finger-millet
-
-
Eleusine
53
20
11 SZ20_p011.tif
sesame
胡麻
foreign hemp
-
-
Sesamum orientale
54
20
11 SZ20_p011.tif
Coix lacryma-jobi
薏苡
job's tear barley
-
-
-
55
20
13 SZ20_p013.tif
Coix lacryma-jobi
薏苡(異種） job's tear barley (different type) -
-
Coix
56
20
14 SZ20_p014.tif
sweet potato
木菫藷
hibiscus potato
ボケ・イモ
boke-imo
Convoluvulus Batatas
57
20
14 SZ20_p014.tif
sweet potato
白藷
white potato
シロ・イモ
shiro-imo
Convoluvulus Batatas a
58
20
14 SZ20_p014.tif
sweet potato
赤藷
red potato
アカ・イモ
aka-imo
Convoluvulus Batatas b
59
20
14 SZ20_p014.tif
sweet potato
度奴久和宇藷
? potato
トヌクワウ・イモ
tonukuwau-imo
-
60
20
14 SZ21_p014.tif
sweet potato
二色藷
two colour potato
-
-
Convoluvulus Batatas c
61
21
14 SZ21_p014.tif
mustard greens
菘
leaves of bell-shaped plant
アヲナ
ao-na
-
62
21
15 SZ21_p015.tif
Japanese greens
水菜
water leaves
ミヅ・ナ
midzu-na
-
63
21
15 SZ21_p015.tif
napa cabbage
白莖菜
white stem leaves
シラ・クキ・ナ
shira-kuki-na
-
64
21
16 SZ21_p016.tif
green curly kale
牡丹菜
male red leaves
ボタン・ナ
botan-na
-
19
Appendix 1
id no
Overview of Seikei Zusetsu
SZ book no. pg. no img file no.
Common Eng. Name
SZKanji
SZtranslation
SZKatakana
65
21
20 SZ21_p020.tif
Daikon radish
宮重葍
Miyashige* radish
ミヤ・シゲ・ダイコン miya-shige-daikon -
SZpronunciation
SZLatin name
66
21
21 SZ21_p021.tif
Daikon radish
櫻島葍
Sakurajima* Daikon
サクラ・シマ・〇
sakura-shima-
-
67
21
21 SZ21_p021.tif
Daikon radish
紫葍
Purple radish
ムラサキ・〇
murasaki-
-
68
21
21 SZ21_p021.tif
Daikon radish
倉梯葍
Kurahashi* radish
クラ・ハシ・〇
kura-hashi-
-
69
21
22 SZ21_p022.tif
Daikon radish
辛葍
Spicy radish
カラミ・〇
karami-
-
70
21
22 SZ21_p022.tif
Daikon radish
葛畑葍
Kazurahata* radish
クス・ハタ・〇
kusu-hata-
-
71
21
22 SZ21_p022.tif
Daikon radish
鼠葍
Mouse radish
ネスミ・〇
nesumi-
-
72
21
22 SZ21_p022.tif
Daikon radish
秦野葍
Hadano*
ハダ・ノ・〇
hada-no-
-
73
21
22 SZ21_p022.tif
Daikon radish
章魚葍
Octopus radish
タコ・〇
tako-
-
74
21
22 SZ21_p022.tif
Daikon radish
夏葍
Summer radish
ナツ・〇
natsu-
-
75
21
23 SZ21_p023.tif
Daikon radish
蓑原葍
Minobaru* Daikon
ミノ・ハル・〇
mino-haru-
-
76
21
23 SZ21_p023.tif
Daikon radish
三月葍
March radish, three month radish
-
-
-
77
21
33 SZ21_p033.tif
turnips
近江蕪
Oumi* turnip
〇・カブラ
-kabura
-
78
21
33 SZ21_p033.tif
turnips
品川蕪
Shinagawa* turnip
シナ・カハ・〇
shina-kaha-
-
79
21
34 SZ21_p034.tif
turnips
難波蕪
Namba* turnip
ナニ・ハ・〇
nani-ha-
-
80
21
34 SZ21_p034.tif
turnips
仲川蕪
Nakagawa* turnip
ナカツ・カハ・〇
nakatsu-kaha-
-
81
21
34 SZ21_p034.tif
turnips
大蕪
Big turnip
オホ・〇
oho-
-
82
21
35 SZ21_p035.tif
turnips
子蕪
Small turnip
コ・〇
ko-
-
83
21
35 SZ21_p035.tif
turnips
紫長蕪
Purple long turnip
アカ・ナガ・〇
aka-naga-
-
84
22
5 SZ22_p005.tif
taro
紫芋
Purple tuber
アカ・イモ
aka-imo
Caladium esculendum willer
85
22
6 SZ22_p006.tif
taro
衣被芋
veil wearing tuber
キヌ・カツキ・〇
kinu-katsuki-
-
86
22
6 SZ22_p006.tif
taro
斞芋
chief/large potato
オンダウ・イモ
ondau-imo
-
87
22
6 SZ22_p006.tif
taro
芋苗英
tuber sapling flower
ズイキ
zuiki
-
88
22
6 SZ22_p006.tif
taro
早芋
early tuber
ワサ・イモ
wasa-imo
-
89
22
7 SZ22_p007.tif
taro
赤鹯芋
red sparrowhawk tuber
ヤツ・カシラ・イモ
yatsu-kashira-imo -
90
22
7 SZ22_p007.tif
taro
芋卵
tuber egg
シモ・イモ
shimo-imo
-
91
22
8 SZ22_p008.tif
Indian taro
白芋
white tuber
ハス・イモ
hasu-imo
-
92
22
11 SZ22_p011.tif
field taro
水芋
water tuber
ミヅ・イモ
midzu-imo
-
93
22
11 SZ22_p011.tif
Giant Taro
海芋
sea tuber
イシ・イモ
ishi-imo
-
94
22
21 SZ22_p021.tif
chinese yam
薯蕷
potato yam
ヤマ・イモ
yama-imo
Dioscorea Japonica, Th
95
22
21 SZ22_p021.tif
japanese mountain yam
蔓芋
vine tuber
ツクネ・イモ
tsukune-imo
D opposita, Th.fl.J.
96
22
31 SZ22_p031.tif
air potato
黄獨
yellow solitary
ケ・イモ
ke-imo
Dioscorea
20
Appendix 1
id no
Overview of Seikei Zusetsu
SZ book no. pg. no img file no.
Common Eng. Name
SZKanji
SZtranslation
SZKatakana
SZpronunciation
SZLatin name
97
22
32 SZ22_p032.tif
hodo (apios fortunei)
土芋
soil tuber
ホド
hodo
-
98
22
32 SZ22_p032.tif
potato
香蕷
fragrant yam
ハッシュ・イモ
hasshu-imo
Solanum Tuberosum
99
23
3 SZ23_p003.tif
greater burdock
牛蒡
cow burdock
ゴボウ
gobou
-
100
23
3 SZ23_p003.tif
carrot
胡蘿蔔
foreign radish turnip
ニンジン
ninjin
-
101
23
9 SZ23_p009.tif
chyrsanthemum greens
茼蒿
chrysanthemum mugwort
シュン・キク
shun-kiku
-
102
23
9 SZ23_p009.tif
opium poppy
罌粟
vase millet
ケシ
keshi
-
103
23
9 SZ23_p009.tif
common poppy
麗春
beautiful spring
ヒメ・ケシ
hime-keshi
-
104
23
19 SZ23_p019.tif
chard
沗菜
105
23
19 SZ23_p019.tif
asparagus lettuce 萵苣
106
23
24 SZ23_p024.tif
Spinach
107
23
24 SZ23_p024.tif
108
23
24 SZ23_p024.tif
109
23
110
23
111
112
?Leaves
フダン・サウ
fudan-sou
-
lettuce chicory
チサ
chisa
-
菠薐草
po lang' grass
ハウ・レン・サウ
hau-ren-sau
-
chard
紫苣
purple chicory
アカ・チサ
aka-chisa
-
new zealand spinach
番杏
foreign apricot
ツル・ナ
tsuru-na
-
24 SZ23_p024.tif
water spinach
蕹菜
ipomea aquatica vegetable
ウムツアイ
umutsuai
-
24 SZ23_p024.tif
amaranthus tricolor
赤莧
red amaranth
アカ・ヒユ
akahiyu
-
23
24 SZ23_p024.tif
amaranthus tricolor
人莧
people amaranth
ヒユ
hiyu
-
24
7 SZ24_p007.tif
welsh onion
楼葱
tower leek
タウ・ネギ
tau-negi
allium
113
24
7 SZ24_p007.tif
welsh onion
葱
leek
ネギ
negi
-
114
24
8 SZ24_p008.tif
Spring onion
細葱
thin leek
セン・モト
sen-moto
-
115
24
8 SZ24_p008.tif
Asatsuki
胡葱
foreign leek
アサツキ
asatsuki
-
116
24
19 SZ24_p019.tif
chives
韭
chives
ニラ
nira
-
117
24
19 SZ24_p019.tif
chives
山韭
mountain chives
ヤマ・ニラ
yama-nira
-
118
24
20 SZ24_p020.tif
Rakkyo
薤
onion ( chinese type)
ラッキャウ
rakkyau
-
119
24
25 SZ24_p025.tif
Korean wild chive
蒜
garlic
ヒル
hiru
-
120
24
25 SZ24_p025.tif
garlic
大蒜
big garlic
オホ・ビル
oho-biru
-
121
24
26 SZ24_p026.tif
Nobiru
山蒜
mountain garlic
ノ・ビル
no-biru
-
122
24
26 SZ24_p026.tif
allium ochotense
茖蒜
mountain leek garlic
ヤマ・ビル
yama-biru
-
123
24
36 SZ24_p036.tif
ginger
薑
ginger
シャウガ
shauga
amomum
124
24
37 SZ24_p037.tif
myoga
蘘荷
ginger leaves
メウガ
meuga
-
125
25
3 SZ25_p003.tif
Field Mustard
蕓薹
rapeseed (separately, rue plant + sedge plant)
アブラ・ナ
abura-na
-
126
25
4 SZ25_p004.tif
yellow mustard
芥
mustard plant
カラシ
karashi
Sinapis
127
25
9 SZ25_p009.tif
Shiso
紫蘇
purple resurrection
シソ
shiso
O crispum, Th.
128
25
9 SZ25_p009.tif
Shiso
青蘇
blue(green) resurrection
アヲ・シソ
ao-shiso
Ocymum
21
Appendix 1
id no
Overview of Seikei Zusetsu
SZ book no. pg. no img file no.
Common Eng. Name
SZKanji
SZtranslation
SZKatakana
SZpronunciation
SZLatin name
129
25
10 SZ25_p010.tif
Water-pepper
青蓼
blue(green) polygonum
アヲ・タデ
ao-tade
Polyonum
130
25
10 SZ25_p010.tif
Asiatic waterpepper
馬蓼
horse polygonum
イヌ・タデ
inu-tade
Polyonum
131
25
10 SZ25_p010.tif
Knotweed
香蓼
fragrant polygonum
カヲ・タデ
kaotade
Polyonum
132
25
10 SZ25_p010.tif
Oriental Persicary 荭艸
herb grass
オホ・ケ・タデ
Oho-ke-tade
Polyonum
133
25
18 SZ25_p018.tif
Udo
獨活
solitary living
ウド
Udo
-
134
25
18 SZ25_p018.tif
Chilli
蕃椒
foreign pepper
Capsicum annuum
26
5 SZ26_p005.tif
calabash
瓠瓜
calabash gourd
タウ・ ガラシ
ナガ・ ヒサゴ
tou-garashi
135
naga-hisago
cucurbita lagenaria var β
136
26
e-hisago
cucurbita lagenaria var γ
137
138
6 SZ26_p006.tif
calabash
懸瓠
hanging gourd
エ・ ヒサゴ
26
6 SZ26_p006.tif
calabash
苦瓠
bitter calabash
ニガ・ ヒサゴ
niga-hisago
C Lagenaria. Linn
26
17 SZ26_p017.tif
winter gourd
冬瓜
winter gourd
カモ・ウリ
kamo-uri
C hispida, Th.
139
26
17 SZ26_p017.tif
cucumber
胡瓜
foreign gourd
キ・ウリ
ki-uri
Cucumis sativa
140
26
23 SZ26_p023.tif
loofah
絲瓜
thread gourd
ヘチマ
hechima
Luffa foetida; Cucumis anguinus. Gas.
141
26
23 SZ26_p023.tif
bittergourd
苦瓜
bitter gourd
c. verucosa, Th. H.J; Momordica charantia , Linn
26
27 SZ26_p027.tif
eggplant
茄子
eggplant fruit
ニガ・ コウリ
ナス・ ビ
niga-kouri
142
nasu-bi
-
143
26
27 SZ26_p027.tif
eggplant
水茄
water eggplant
ナガ・ ナス・ビ
naga-nasu-bi
-
144
26
27 SZ26_p027.tif
eggplant
渤海茄
Bohai* eggplant
タマゴ・ ナス
tamago-nasu
-
145
27
4 SZ27_p004.tif
Korean melon
甜瓜
sweet gourd
マクハ・ウリ
makuha-uri
-
146
27
4 SZ27_p004.tif
melon
越瓜
Vietnam* gourd
シロ・ウリ
shiro-uri
cucumis conomon
147
27
14 SZ27_p014.tif
melon
晩瓜
late (+ripening) gourd
アヲ・ウリ
awo-uri
-
148
27
14 SZ27_p014.tif
melon
瓞瓝
fairy gourd
ヒメ・ウリ
hime-uri
-
149
27
17 SZ27_p017.tif
Squash
南瓜
south gourd
アコダ・ウリ
akoda-uri
Cucurbita pepo var C maxima
150
27
17 SZ27_p017.tif
pumpkin
番南瓜
foreign(barbarian) south gourd
カボチャ
kabocha
C pepo var γ
151
27
17 SZ27_p017.tif
spaghetti squash? 金冬瓜
gold winter gourd
C pepo var β
152
27
18 SZ27_p018.tif
Pumpkin leaves
番南瓜花葉
foreign(barbarian) south gourd flower
キン・タウ・グワ
kin-tau-guwa
カボチャ・ノ・ ハナ・ ハ kabocha-no-hana-ha
153
27
18 SZ27_p018.tif
Watermelon
西瓜
west gourd
カツ・ウリ
katsu-uri
C citrullus & C anguria Duch.
154
28
3 SZ28_p003.tif
Lotus
芙蓉
hibiscus hibiscus
ハナ・ハチス
hana-hachisu
Nelumbuim Speciosum
155
28
4 SZ28_p004.tif
Lotus
小蓮
small lotus
chawanremu
-
156
28
12 SZ28_p012.tif
Lotus seeds
蓮子
lotus seed
チャワンレム
ハス・ノ・ ミ
hasu-no-mi
-
157
28
13 SZ28_p013.tif
edible parts of lotus
蓮房
lotus chamber
ハス・ フサ
hasu-fusa
-
158
28
13 SZ28_p013.tif
edible parts of lotus
藌
beehive
ハス・ノ・ワカ・ネ
hasu-no-waka-ne -
159
28
13 SZ28_p013.tif
edible parts of lotus
藕
lotus rhizome
ハチス・ノ・ネ
hachisu-no-ne
-
160
28
23 SZ28_p023.tif
rare lotuses
雙頭蓮
two headed lotus
フタ・マタ・ハチス
futa-mata-hachisu
-
C pepo var β
22
Appendix 1
id no
Overview of Seikei Zusetsu
SZ book no. pg. no img file no.
Common Eng. Name
SZKanji
SZtranslation
SZKatakana
SZpronunciation
SZLatin name
161
28
23 SZ28_p023.tif
rare lotuses
千葉蓮
thousand leaf(petal) lotus
クワンニオン・レム
kuwannion-remu
-
162
28
24 SZ28_p024.tif
water caltrop
芰
water caltrop
ヒシ
hishi
Trapa
163
28
24 SZ28_p024.tif
Japanese parsley
水芹
water celery
セリ
seri
-
164
29
4 SZ29_p004.tif
aginashi
剪刀艸
scissor sword grass
ハナ・クワイ
hana-kuwai
saggitaria
165
29
4 SZ29_p004.tif
eleocharis kuroguwai
烏芋
crow tuber
クロ・クワイ
kuro-kuwai
-
166
29
11 SZ29_p011.tif
Kuwai
慈姑
benevolent mother
シロ・クワイ
shiro-kuwai
saggitaria
167
29
11 SZ29_p011.tif
Water-shield
蓴　brasenia
シュンサイ
shunsai
villarsia peltata
168
29
20 SZ29_p020.tif
wasabi
山葵
mountain wasabi
ワサビ
wasabi
-
169
29
20 SZ29_p020.tif
horse radish
岳芥
peak (of a mountain) wasabi
タケ・カラシ
take-karashi
-
170
29
20 SZ29_p020.tif
Watercress
辣米菜
pungent rice vegetable
カハダカ・ナ
kahadaka-na
-
171
30
4 SZ30_p004.tif
giant butterbur
款冬
(could be money, item) winter
フッキ
fukki
Tufsilago
172
30
8 SZ30_p008.tif
Mitsuba
鴨兒芹
duck offspring celery
ミツ・バ・セリ
mitsu-ba-seri
-
173
30
10 SZ30_p010.tif
bracken
蕨
bracken
ワラビ
warabi
-
174
30
17 SZ30_p017.tif
Lily
百合
lily, hundred meeting (of the bulbs)
ユリ
yuri
-
175
30
17 SZ30_p017.tif
Lily
黄山丹
yellow mountain red
キサ・ユリ
kisa-yuri
-
176
30
17 SZ30_p017.tif
Lilium longiflorum 倒仙百合
prostrate hermit lily
リウキウ・ユリ
riukiu-yuri
Lilium Speciosum
177
30
17 SZ30_p017.tif
Lily
為朝百合
Tametomo* lily
タメトモ・ユリ
tametomo-yuri
L. Longiflorum
178
30
18 SZ30_p018.tif
Kamchatka lily
黒百合
black lily
クロ・ユリ
kuro-yuri
-
179
30
18 SZ30_p018.tif
Lily
山丹
mountain red
ヒメ・ユリ
hime-yuri
-
180
30
18 SZ30_p018.tif
Lily
袂百合
sleeve lily
タモト・ユリ
tamoto-yuri
-
181
30
26 SZ30_p026.tif
Tiger lily
巻丹
curled red
オニ・ユリ
oni-yuri
Lilium tigrinum
182
30
27 SZ30_p027.tif
Japanese lily
麑百合
fawn lily
カノコ・ユリ
kanoko-yuri
Lilium Speciosum
183
30
30 SZ30_p030.tif
Aster yomena
雞兒膓
chicken offspring intestine
オハギ
ohagi
-
184
30
30 SZ30_p030.tif
Gnaphalium affine 鼠麴艸
mouse yeast grass
ハハ・コ・グサ
haha-ko-gusa
-
185
30
30 SZ30_p030.tif
Bassia scoparia
地膚苗
earth skin sapling
ニハ・クサ・ノ・ナヘ niha-kusa-no-nahe
-
186
30
41 SZ30_p041.tif
Shepherd's-purse
薺
capsella
ナヅナ
nadzuna
-
187
30
41 SZ30_p041.tif
purslane
馬齒莧
horse teeth amaranth
ウマ・ヒユ
uma-hiyu
-
188
30
41 SZ30_p041.tif
fat-hen
灰藋
ash fat-hen(herb)
アヲ・アカザ
ao-akaza
-
189
30
41 SZ30_p041.tif
fat-hen
藜
fat-hen(herb)
アカザ
akaza
-
190
30
55 SZ30_p055.tif
Japanese Dandelion
蒲公英
reed masculine flower
フヂ・ナ
fudzi-na
-
191
30
55 SZ30_p055.tif
Common Horsetail 筆頭菜
brush head vegetable
ツクヅクシ
tsukudzukushi
-
23
Appendix 1
Overview of Seikei Zusetsu
Curr. Use katakana
Pronunciation
Curr. Use plant part
Family name
Binomial name
WWikipedia
WPlantlist
1
コメ
Kome
ripe grains
Poaceae
Oryza sativa L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryza_sativa
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-426698
2
コメ
Kome
ripe grains
Poaceae
Oryza sativa L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryza_sativa
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-426698
3
コメ
Kome
ripe grains
Poaceae
Oryza sativa L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryza_sativa
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-426698
4
モチゴメ
Mochigome
ripe grains
Poaceae
Oryza sativa L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryza_sativa
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-426698
5
リクトウ
Rikutou
ripe grains
Poaceae
Oryza sativa L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryza_sativa
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-426698
6
アカマイ
Akamai
ripe grains
Poaceae
Oryza sativa L. subsp. indica
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryza_sativa
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-426698
7
タイマイ
Taimai
ripe grains
Poaceae
Oryza sativa L. subsp. indica
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryza_sativa
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-426698
8
ヒツジ
Hitsuji
ripe grains
Poaceae
Oryza sativa L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryza_sativa
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-426698
9
ヒツジ
Hitsuji
ripe grains
Poaceae
Oryza sativa L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryza_sativa
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-426698
10
オオムギ
Oomugi
ripe grains
Poaceae
Hordeum vulgare L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-419563
11
オオムギ
Oomugi
ripe grains
Poaceae
Hordeum vulgare L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-419563
12
オオムギ
Oomugi
ripe grains
Poaceae
Hordeum vulgare L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-419563
13
ヒトツブコムギ
Hitotsubukomugi
not used
Poaceae
Triticum monococcum L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einkorn_wheat
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-448821
14
コムギ
Komugi
ripe grains
Poaceae
Triticum aestivum L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_wheat
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-448365
16
ハダカムギ
Hadakamugi
ripe grains
Poaceae
Hordeum vulgare L. var nudum
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_barley
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-419190
17
ソバ
Soba
ripe grains
Polygonaceae
Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckwheat
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2807310
18
ダイズ
Daizu
immature pods, dried seeds
Leguminosae
Glycine max (L.) Merr.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybean
http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-2760
19
ダイズモヤシ
Daizumoyashi
whole
Leguminosae
Glycine max (L.) Merr.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean_sprout
http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-2760
20
アズキ
Azuki
dried seeds
Leguminosae
Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & H.Ohashi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adzuki_bean
http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-3442
21
タケアズキ
Takeazuki
dried seeds
Leguminosae
Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi & H.Ohashi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigna_umbellata
http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-3585
22
ダイズのヒツジ
Daizunohitsuji
immature pods, dried seeds
Leguminosae
Rhynchosia volubilis Lour.
http://www.shigei.or.jp/herbgarden/album_tankirimame.html
http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-38957
23
リョクトウ
Ryokutou
dried seeds
Leguminosae
Vigna radiata (L.) R.Wilczek
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mung_bean
http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-29556
24
ソラマメ
Soramame
immature pods, dried seeds
Leguminosae
Vicia faba L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicia_faba
http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-7811
25
リョクトウ
Ryokutou
dried seeds
Leguminosae
Vigna radiata (L.) R.Wilczek
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mung_bean
http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-29556
26
ササゲ
Sasage
immature pods, dried seeds
Leguminosae
Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowpea
http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-3589
27
ササゲ
Sasage
immature pods, dried seeds
Leguminosae
Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowpea
http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-3589
28
エンドウ
Endou
immature pods, dried seeds
Leguminosae
Pisum sativum L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pea
http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-7792
29
フジマメ
Fujimame
immature pods, dried seeds
Leguminosae
Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lablab
http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-2773
30
フジマメ
Fujimame
immature pods, dried seeds
Leguminosae
Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lablab
http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-2773
31
フジマメ
Fujimame
immature pods, dried seeds
Leguminosae
Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lablab
http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-2773
32
フジマメ
Fujimame
immature pods, dried seeds
Leguminosae
Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lablab
http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-2773
id no
15
Ustilago nuda (C.N. Jensen) Rostr.
24
Appendix 1
id no
Curr. Use katakana
Overview of Seikei Zusetsu
Pronunciation
Family name
Binomial name
WWikipedia
WPlantlist
immature pods, dried seeds
Leguminosae
Canavalia gladiata (Jacq.) DC.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canavalia_gladiata
http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-3630
immature pods, dried seeds
Leguminosae
Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucuna_pruriens
http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-2863
Awa
ripe grains
Poaceae
Setaria italica (L.) P.Beauv.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxtail_millet
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-442451
Awa
ripe grains
Poaceae
Setaria italica (L.) P.Beauv.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxtail_millet
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-442451
アワ
Awa
ripe grains
Poaceae
Setaria italica (L.) P.Beauv.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxtail_millet
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-442451
アワ
Awa
ripe grains
Poaceae
Setaria italica (L.) P.Beauv.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxtail_millet
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-442451
39
アワ
Awa
ripe grains
Poaceae
Setaria italica (L.) P.Beauv.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxtail_millet
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-442451
40
トウジンキビ
Toujinkibi
ripe grains
Poaceae
Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_millet
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-432725
41
エノコログサ
Enokorogusa
ripe grains
Poaceae
Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setaria_viridis
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-442790
42
キビ
Kibi
ripe grains
Poaceae
Panicum miliaceum L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proso_millet
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-429269
43
キビ
Kibi
ripe grains
Poaceae
Panicum miliaceum L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proso_millet
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-429269
44
キビ
Kibi
ripe grains
Poaceae
Panicum miliaceum L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proso_millet
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-429269
45
シコクビエ
Shikokubie
ripe grains
Poaceae
Panicum miliaceum L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proso_millet
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-429269
46
アワ
Awa
ripe grains
Poaceae
Setaria italica (L.) P.Beauv.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxtail_millet
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-442451
47
キビ
Kibi
ripe grains
Poaceae
Panicum miliaceum L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proso_millet
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-429269
48
キビ
kibi
ripe grains
Poaceae
Panicum miliaceum L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proso_millet
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-429269
49
モロコシ
Morokoshi
ripe grains
Poaceae
Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorghum_bicolor
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-443283
50
トウモロコシ
Toumorokoshi
ripe kernels, dried kernels
Poaceae
Zea mays L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-450362
51
ヒエ
Hie
ripe grains
Poaceae
Echinochloa esculenta (A.Braun) H.Scholz
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinochloa_esculenta
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-410270
52
シコクビエ
Shikokubie
ripe grains
Poaceae
Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleusine_coracana
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-410607
53
ゴマ
Goma
ripe grains
Pedaliaceae
Sesamum indicum L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2588550
54
ハトムギ
Hatomugi
ripe grains
Poaceae
Coix lacryma-jobi L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job%27s_tears
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-405633
55
ジュズダマ
Juzudama
ripe grains
Poaceae
Coix lacryma-jobi L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job%27s_tears
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-405633
56
サツマイモ
Satsumaimo
ripe roots, young leaves
Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_potato
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ tro-8500721
57
サツマイモ
Satsumaimo
ripe roots, young leaves
Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_potato
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ tro-8500721
58
サツマイモ
Satsumaimo
ripe roots, young leaves
Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_potato
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ tro-8500721
59
サツマイモ
Satsumaimo
ripe roots, young leaves
Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_potato
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ tro-8500721
60
サツマイモ
Satsumaimo
ripe roots, young leaves
Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_potato
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ tro-8500721
61
カブ
Kabu
stem and leaves
Brassicaceae
Brassica rapa L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassica_rapa
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2682652
62
ミズナ
Mizuna
stem and leaves
Brassicaceae
Brassica rapa L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassica_rapa
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2682652
63
ハクサイ
Hakusai
stem and leaves
Brassicaceae
Brassica rapa L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassica_rapa
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2682652
64
リョクヨウカンラン
Ryokuyoukanran
stem and leaves
Brassicaceae
Brassica oleracea L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassica_oleracea
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2682457
33
ナタマメ
Natamame
34
ハッショウマメ
Hasshoumame
35
アワ
36
アワ
37
38
Curr. Use plant part
25
Appendix 1
id no
Curr. Use katakana
Overview of Seikei Zusetsu
Pronunciation
Family name
Binomial name
WWikipedia
WPlantlist
whole plant
Brassicaceae
Raphanus raphanistrum (L.) Domin subsp. sativus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daikon
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2870724
whole plant
Brassicaceae
Raphanus raphanistrum (L.) Domin subsp. sativus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daikon
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2870724
Daikon
whole plant
Brassicaceae
Raphanus raphanistrum (L.) Domin subsp. sativus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daikon
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2870724
Daikon
whole plant
Brassicaceae
Raphanus raphanistrum (L.) Domin subsp. sativus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daikon
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2870724
ダイコン
Daikon
whole plant
Brassicaceae
Raphanus raphanistrum (L.) Domin subsp. sativus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daikon
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2870724
ダイコン
Daikon
whole plant
Brassicaceae
Raphanus raphanistrum (L.) Domin subsp. sativus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daikon
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2870724
71
ダイコン
Daikon
whole plant
Brassicaceae
Raphanus raphanistrum (L.) Domin subsp. sativus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daikon
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2870724
72
ダイコン
Daikon
whole plant
Brassicaceae
Raphanus raphanistrum (L.) Domin subsp. sativus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daikon
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2870724
73
ダイコン
Daikon
whole plant
Brassicaceae
Raphanus raphanistrum (L.) Domin subsp. sativus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daikon
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2870724
74
ダイコン
Daikon
whole plant
Brassicaceae
Raphanus raphanistrum (L.) Domin subsp. sativus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daikon
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2870724
75
ダイコン
Daikon
whole plant
Brassicaceae
Raphanus raphanistrum (L.) Domin subsp. sativus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daikon
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2870724
76
ダイコン
Daikon
whole plant
Brassicaceae
Raphanus raphanistrum (L.) Domin subsp. sativus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daikon
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2870724
77
カブ
Kabu
whole plant
Brassicaceae
Brassica rapa L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassica_rapa
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2682652
78
カブ
Kabu
whole plant
Brassicaceae
Brassica rapa L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassica_rapa
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2682652
79
カブ
Kabu
whole plant
Brassicaceae
Brassica rapa L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassica_rapa
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2682652
80
カブ
Kabu
whole plant
Brassicaceae
Brassica rapa L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassica_rapa
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2682652
81
カブ
Kabu
whole plant
Brassicaceae
Brassica rapa L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassica_rapa
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2682652
82
カブ
Kabu
whole plant
Brassicaceae
Brassica rapa L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassica_rapa
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2682652
83
カブ
Kabu
whole plant
Brassicaceae
Brassica rapa L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassica_rapa
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2682652
84
サトイモ
Satoimo
corms, leaves, petioles
Araceae
Colocasia esculenta ( L.) Schott
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colocasia_esculenta
http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-46275
85
サトイモ
Satoimo
corms, leaves, petioles
Araceae
Colocasia esculenta ( L.) Schott
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colocasia_esculenta
http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-46275
86
サトイモ
Satoimo
corms, leaves, petioles
Araceae
Colocasia esculenta ( L.) Schott
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colocasia_esculenta
http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-46275
87
サトイモ
Satoimo
corms, leaves, petioles
Araceae
Colocasia esculenta ( L.) Schott
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colocasia_esculenta
http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-46275
88
サトイモ
Satoimo
corms, leaves, petioles
Araceae
Colocasia esculenta ( L.) Schott
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colocasia_esculenta
http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-46275
89
ヤツガシライモ
Yatsugashiraimo
corms
Araceae
Colocasia antiquorum Schott
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colocasia_esculenta
http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-46266
90
サトイモ
Satoimo
corms
Araceae
Colocasia antiquorum Schott
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colocasia_esculenta
http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-46266
91
ハスイモ
Hasuimo
petiole
Araceae
Colocasia gigantea (Blume) Hook.f.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colocasia_gigantea
http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-46286
92
タイモ
Taimo
corms, leaves, petioles
Araceae
Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott
https :/ / ja.wikipedia.org/ wiki/ %E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A2
http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-46275
93
インドクワズイモ
Indokuwazuimo
corm
Araceae
Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G.Don
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alocasia_macrorrhizos
http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-6775
94
ナガイモ
Nagaimo
tubers
Dioscoreaceae
Dioscorea polystachya Turcz.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_yam
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-240732
95
ヤマイモ
Yamaimo
tubers
Dioscoreaceae
Dioscorea japonica Thunb.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscorea_japonica
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-240312
96
ニガカシュウ
Nigakashuu
tubers
Dioscoreaceae
Dioscorea bulbifera L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscorea_bulbifera
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-239891
65
ダイコン
Daikon
66
ダイコン
Daikon
67
ダイコン
68
ダイコン
69
70
Curr. Use plant part
26
Appendix 1
id no
Curr. Use katakana
Overview of Seikei Zusetsu
Pronunciation
97
ホドイモ
Hodoimo
98
ジャガイモ
Jagaimo
Curr. Use plant part
Family name
Binomial name
WWikipedia
WPlantlist
tubers
Fabaceae
Apios fortunei Maxim.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apios_fortunei
http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-38893
tubers
Solanaceae
Solanum tuberosum L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ tro-29600334
99
ゴボウ
Gobou
roots
Asteraceae
Arctium lappa L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctium_lappa
http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/gcc-52146
100
ニンジン
Ninjin
roots
Apiaceae
Daucus carota L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrot
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2757936
101
シュンギク
Shungiku
stem, leaves and flowers
Compositae
Glebionis coronaria (L.) Cass. ex Spach
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glebionis_coronaria
http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/gcc-28875
102
ケシ
Keshi
dried seeds, latex
Papaveraceae
Papaver somniferum L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaver_somniferum
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2561497
103
ヒナゲシ
Hinageshi
not used
Papaveraceae
Papaver rhoeas L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaver_rhoeas
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2561554
104
105
フダンソウ
ステムレタス
106
ホウレンソウ
Hourensou
107
フダンソウ
Fudansou
108
ツルナ
109
ヨウサイ
110
111
Fudansou
stem and leaves
Amaranthaceae
Beta vulgaris L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chard
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2675613
Stemuretasu
stem
Compositae
Lactuca sativa L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtuce
http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/gcc-89778
stem and leaves
Amaranthaceae
Spinacia oleracea L
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinach
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2483900
stem and leaves
Amaranthaceae
Beta vulgaris L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chard
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2675613
Tsuruna
stem and leaves
Aizoaceae
Tetragonia tetragonioides (Pall.) Kuntze
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetragonia_tetragonioides
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2445492
Yousai
stem and leaves
Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea aquatica Forssk.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipomoea_aquatica
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ tro-8500040
ハゲイトウ
Hageitou
stem and leaves
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthus tricolor L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaranthus_tricolor
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2633132
ハゲイトウ
Hageitou
stem and leaves
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthus tricolor L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaranthus_tricolor
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2633132
112
ヤグラネギ
Yaguranegi
stem and leaves
Amaryllidaceae
Allium fistulosum L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium_fistulosum
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-295569
113
ネギ
Negi
stem and leaves
Amaryllidaceae
Allium fistulosum L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium_fistulosum
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-295569
114
ワケギ
Wakenegi
stem and leaves
Amaryllidaceae
Allium fistulosum L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium_fistulosum
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-295569
115
アサツキ
Asatsuki
stem and leaves
Amaryllidaceae
Allium schoenoprasum L.
https :/ / ja.wikipedia.org/ wiki/ %E3%82%A2%E3%82%B5%E3%83%84%E3%82%AD
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-296525
116
ニラ
Nira
stem and leaves
Amaryllidaceae
Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium_tuberosum
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-296861
117
ヤマラッキョウ
Yamarakkyou
stem and leaves
Amaryllidaceae
Allium thunbergii G.Don
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium_thunbergii
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-296796
118
ラッキョウ
Rakkyou
stem and leaves
Amaryllidaceae
Allium chinense G.Don
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium_chinense
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-295288
119
ヒメニラ
Himenira
stem and leaves
Amaryllidaceae
Allium monanthum Maxim.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium_monanthum
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-296042
120
ニンニク
Ninniku
stem and leaves
Amaryllidaceae
Allium sativum L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-296499
121
ノビル
Nobiru
stem and leaves
Amaryllidaceae
Allium macrostemon Bunge
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium_macrostemon
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-295955
122
ヤマビル
Yamabiru
stem and leaves
Amaryllidaceae
Allium ochotense Prokh.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium_ochotense
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-296132
123
ショウガ
Shouga
rhizome and young stems
Zingiberaceae
Zingiber officinale Roscoe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger　http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-273361
124
ミョウガ
Myouga
flower buds and young stems
Zingiberaceae
Zingiber mioga (Thunb.) Roscoe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoga　http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-273338
125
ナノハナ
Nanohana
young stems and leaves, dried seeds
Brassicaceae
Brassica rapa L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassica_rapa
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2682652
126
カラシナ
Karashina
young stems and leaves, dried seeds
Brassicaceae
Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassica_juncea
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2682298
127
アカジソ
Akajiso
leaves, dried seeds
Lamiaceae
Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perilla_frutescens
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-150299
128
アオジソ
Aojiso
leaves, dried seeds
Lamiaceae
Perilla frutescens ( L.) Britton
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perilla_frutescens
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-150299
27
Appendix 1
Overview of Seikei Zusetsu
id no
Curr. Use katakana
129
ヤナギタデ
Yanagitade
130
イヌタデ
Inutade
131
ニオイタデ
132
オオケタデ
133
134
Pronunciation
Curr. Use plant part
Family name
Binomial name
WWikipedia
WPlantlist
leaves
Polygonaceae
Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persicaria_hydropiper
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2572559
not used
Polygonaceae
Persicaria longiseta (Bruijn) Kitag.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persicaria_longiseta
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ tro-26001933
Nioitade
not used
Polygonaceae
Polygonum viscosum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don
http:/ / www.efloras .org/ florataxon.as px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200006739
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ tro-26002426
Ooketade
not used
Polygonaceae
Persicaria orientalis (L.) Spach
http:/ / www.gardening.cornell.edu/ homegardening/ s ceneb320.html
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2572578
ウド
Udo
young shoots
Araliaceae
Aralia cordata Thunb.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aralia_cordata
http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-14013
トウガラシ
Tougarashi
fruits and seeds
Solanaceae
Capsicum annuum L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsicum_annuum
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2698415
135
ヒサゴ
Hisago
fruits
Cucurbitaceae
Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabash
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2342950
136
ヒサゴ
Hisago
fruits
Cucurbitaceae
Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabash
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2342950
137
ヒサゴ
Hisago
fruits
Cucurbitaceae
Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabash
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2342950
138
トウガン
Tougarashi
fruits
Cucurbitaceae
Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_melon
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2673135
139
キュウリ
Kyuuri
fruits
Cucurbitaceae
Cucumis sativus L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucumber
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2747062
140
ヘチマ
Hechima
fruits
Cucurbitaceae
Luffa cylindrica (L.) M.Roem.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luffa_aegyptiaca
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2338909
141
ゴーヤ
Gooya
fruits
Cucurbitaceae
Momordica charantia L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momordica_charantia
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2372864
142
ナス
Nasu
fruits
Solanaceae
Solanum melongena L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggplant　http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ tro-29600121
143
ナガナス
Naganasu
fruits
Solanaceae
Solanum melongena L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggplant　http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ tro-29600121
144
シロナス
Shironasu
fruits
Solanaceae
Solanum melongena L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggplant　http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ tro-29600121
145
マクワウリ
Makuwauri
fruits
Cucurbitaceae
Cucumis melo L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskmelon
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2746992
146
シロウリ
Shirouri
fruits
Cucurbitaceae
Cucumis melo L.
https :/ / ja.wikipedia.org/ wiki/ %E3%82%B7%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AA
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2746993
147
シロウリ
Shirouri
fruits
Cucurbitaceae
Cucumis melo L.
https :/ / ja.wikipedia.org/ wiki/ %E3%82%B7%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AA
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2746993
148
シロウリ
Shirouri
fruits
Cucurbitaceae
Cucumis melo L.
https :/ / ja.wikipedia.org/ wiki/ %E3%82%B7%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AA
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2746993
149
アコダウリ（キンシウリ）
Akodauri (Kinshiuri)
fruits
Cucurbitaceae
Cucurbita pepo L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpkin
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2747186
150
カボチャ
Kabocha
fruits
Cucurbitaceae
Cucurbita maxima Duchesne
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucurbita_maxima
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2747160
151
キンシウリ
Kinshiuri
fruits
Cucurbitaceae
Cucurbita pepo L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaghetti_squash
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2747186
152
カボチャ
Kabocha
fruits
Cucurbitaceae
Cucurbita maxima Duchesne
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucurbita_maxima
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2747160
153
スイカ
Suika
fruits
cucurbitaceae
Citrullus lanatus ( Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrullus_lanatus
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2723908
154
ハス
Hasu
Flower (ornamental)
Nelumbonaceae Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2384945
155
ハス
Hasu
Flower (ornamental)
Nelumbonaceae Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2384945
156
ハス
Hasu
Flower (ornamental)
Nelumbonaceae Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2384945
157
ハス
Hasu
Flower (ornamental)
Nelumbonaceae Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2384945
158
ハス
Hasu
Flower (ornamental)
Nelumbonaceae Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2384945
159
ハス
Hasu
rhizome
Nelumbonaceae Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2384945
160
ハス
Hasu
Flower (ornamental)
Nelumbonaceae Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2384945
28
Appendix 1
id no
Curr. Use katakana
161
ハス
162
ヒシ
163
164
Overview of Seikei Zusetsu
Pronunciation
Curr. Use plant part
Family name
Binomial name
Hasu
Flower (ornamental)
Nelumbonaceae Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.
WWikipedia
WPlantlist
Hishi
rhizome
Lythraceae
Trapa japonica Flerow
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2384945
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_caltrop
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2519048
セリ
Seri
stem and leaves
Apiaceae
アギナシ
Aginashi
Tubers
Alismataceae
Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oenanthe_javanica
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2390073
Sagittaria aginashii Makino
Infopage link
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-287220
165
クログワイ
Kuroguwai
tubers
Cyperaceae
166
オモダカ
Omodaka
tubers
Alismataceae
Eleocharis kuroguwai Ohwi
Wikipedia link
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-242569
Sagittaria trifolia L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittaria_sagittifolia
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-287453
167
ジュンサイ
Junsai
Stems
168
Cabombaceae
Brasenia schreberi J.F.Gmel.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasenia
http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-24045
Stem and leaves
Brassicaceae
Eutrema japonicum (Miq.) Koidz.
ワサビ
Wasabi
169
セイヨウワサビ
Seiyouwasabi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasabi
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2805492
Roots
Brassicaceae
Armoracia rusticana P.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseradish
170
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2652952
Leaves
Brassicaceae
Nasturtium officinale R.Br.
オランダガラシ
Orandakarashi
171
フキ
Fuki
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercress
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2381026
Young shoots
Asteraceae
Petasites japonicus (Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petasites_japonicus
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ gcc-121974
172
ミツバ
173
ワラビ
Mitsuba
Leaves
Apiaceae
Cryptotaenia japonica Hassk.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptotaenia_japonica
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2746577
Warabi
Fresh young shoots and roots
Dennstaedtiaceae
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteridium_aquilinum
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ tro-26600295
174
175
ヤマユリ
Yamayuri
Flower (ornamental)
Liliaceae
Lilium auratum Lindl.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilium_auratum
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-280708
ヒメユリ
Himeyuri
Flower (ornamental)
Liliaceae
Lilium concolor Salisb.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilium_concolor
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-279952
176
テッポウユリ
Teppouyuri
Flower (ornamental)
Liliaceae
Lilium longiflorum Thunb.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilium_longiflorum
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-280023
177
サクユリ
Sakuyuri
Flower (ornamental)
Liliaceae
Lilium auratum Lindl.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilium_auratum
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-280708
178
クロユリ
Kuroyuri
Flower (ornamental)
Liliaceae
Fritillaria camschatcensis (L.) Ker Gawl.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritillaria_camschatcensis
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-306541
179
スカシユリ
Sukashiyuri
Flower (ornamental)
Liliaceae
Lilium maculatum Thunb.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilium_maculatum
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-280039
180
サクユリ
Sakuyuri
Flower (ornamental)
Liliaceae
Lilium auratum Baker var. platyphyllum
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilium_platyphyllum
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-310537
181
オニユリ
Oniyuri
Roots
Liliaceae
Lilium lancifolium Thunb.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilium_lancifolium
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-279922
182
カノコユリ
Kanokoyuri
Flower (ornamental)
Liliaceae
Lilium speciosum Thunb.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilium_speciosum
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-280228
183
コヨメナ
Koyomena
not used
Compositae
Aster yomena (Kitam.) Honda
https :/ / ja.wikipedia.org/ wiki/ %E3%83%A8%E3%83%A1%E3%83%8A
http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/gcc-94814
184
ハハコグサ
Hahakogusa
not used
Compositae
Laphangium affine (D.Don) Tzvelev
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaphalium_affine
http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/gcc-31294
185
ホウキギ
Houkigi
Ripe fruits
Amaranthaceae
Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J.Scott
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassia_scoparia
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2670858
186
ナズナ
Nazuna
not used
Brassicaceae
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsella_bursa-pastoris
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2697999
187
スベリヒユ
Suberihiyu
not used
Portulacaceae
Portulaca oleracea L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portulaca_oleracea
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2566490
188
シロザ
Shiroza
not used
Amaranthaceae
Chenopodium album L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenopodium_album
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2716945
189
アカザ
Akaza
not used
Amaranthaceae
Chenopodium giganteum D.Don
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenopodium_giganteum
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ kew-2717345
190
タンポポ
Tanpopo
not used
Compositae
Taraxacum japonicum Koidz.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum_japonicum
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ gcc-102019
191
スギナ
Sugina
Fertile buds and stems Equisetaceae
Equisetum arvense L.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equisetum_arvense
http:/ / www.theplantlis t.org/ tpl1.1/ record/ tro-26602003
29
Appendix 2: Seikei Zusetsu Names with Dutch Translations
Appendix
2: Seikei
id no
Common
Name Zusetsu Names
SZ text with
katakanaDutch Translations
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
20
20
20
20
22
22
22
23
24
26
28
29
34
36
36
48
49
53
54
65
77
84
84
99
100
101
Unfilled rice grains (empty husk)
Sticky rice
Flowering rice
When the grains appear
Rice seed
Rice straw
Two headed rice
Rice
Early ripening rice
Late ripening rice
Sticky rice
Secondary growth of rice
Hitsuji
Upland rice
Adzuki bean
Adzuki bean flower
Adzuki bean leaf
Black Adzuki
Soy bean pod?
Soy bean
Soy bean sprout
Mung bean
Faba bean
Cowpea
Pea
Hyacinth bean
Mucuna pruriens
Millet
Millet
Millet
Sorghum
Sesame
Job's tears
Daikon radish
Kabura
Taro
taro stem
Burdock
Carrot
Edible chrysanthemum
ビンネ
レイスト
ブルーム　ハン　レイスト
アイル
サート　ハン　レイスト
ストロー
サーメングルウィエン　ハン　テゥエー　アイエン
レイスト
フルーグ　レイピゲ　レイスト
ラート　レイピゲ　レイスト
クークレイスト
ヘルグルーイエンデ　レイスト
ウイルデ　レイスト
アクケル　レイスト
ロヲイボヲン
ブルーム　ハン　ローイボーン
ブラーデレン　ハン　ローイボーン
アノニス
ボーンハルム
ボヲン
ヲイトシキイテンデボーン
カテイアンボーン
フウルボーン
ビュウレン
エルウェット
ロヲムスボヲン
スネイボーン
ギイルスト
クークギールスト
ソルグーサート
テュルクスコールン
レインサート
シンティヲビスタラアン
ラデイス
ラープ
カルフスフート　ハン　エゲイブテ
ケレイン　スペール　ウォルテル
ゴロート キリスセン
ゲール　ペーン　カロテーン
ロームセ　カミルレ　メット　ゲール　ブルーメン
Pronunciation
Binne
Reisuto
Buruumu han Reisuto
Airu
Saato han Reisuto
Sutoroo
Saamenguruien han twee aien
Reisuto
Furuugu Reipige Reisuto
Raato Reipige Reisuto
Kuukureisuto
Herugeruuiende Reisuto
Uirude Reisuto
Akukeru Reisuto
Rooiboon
Buruumu han Rooiboon
Buraaderen han Rooiboon
Anonisu
Boonharumu
Boon
Oitoshikiitendeboon
Kateianboon
Fuuruboon
Byuuren
Eruwetto
Roomusuboon
Suneiboon
Giirusuto
Kuukugiirusuto
Soruguusaato
tyurukusukoorun
Reinsaato
Shintiobisutaraan
Radeisu
Raapu
Karufusufuuto han egeibute
Kerein Supeeru Woruteru
Gorooto kirisusen
Geeru peen karoteen
Roomuse kamirure metto geeru buruumen
Dutch
?
Rijst
Bloem van Rijst
aar
zaad van rijst
stro
Samengroeiend van twee aaren
Rijst
Vroeg Rijpig rijst
Laat Rijpig Rijst
Koek rijst
hergroeiende rijst
Wilde Rijst
Akker rijst
Rood boon
Bloem van Rood boon
Bladeren van Rood boon
Ononis
Boon…..
Boon
Witte schietende Boon
…. Boon
Voer Boon
Erwt
Rooms Boon
Snijboon
Gierst
Koek gierst
Sorghumzaad
Turks Koren
Lijnzaad
Sint Jobs tranen
Radijs
raap
Kalfsvoet van Egypte
Kleine speer wortel?
Grote klissen
Geel peen karottem
Rooms Kamille met gele
30
Appendix 2: Seikei Zusetsu Names with Dutch Translations
id no
102
102
103
104
105
107
110
114
115
116
117
117
120
121
123
125
126
127
129
133
134
Common Name
Poppy
Opium
Common poppy
Lettuce
Celtuce
Chard
Amaranthus
Spring onion
Asatsuki
Nira
Allium thunbergii
Korean wild chive
Garlic
Allium macrostemon
Ginger
Field Mustard
yellow mustard
Shiso
Polygonaceae
Udo
Chillies
134
Chillies
134
Chillies
134
Chillies
134
Chillies
134
Chillies
134
Chillies
134
138
139
140
141
Chillies
Winter melon
Cucumber
Ridge Gourd
Bitter Gourd
SZ text katakana
マーンコップ
アーヒヨン
ウイルデ　ヒュール
サラート
シコレイエ
ゲメーンベーテ
ゴロート　マエール
オイエン
ビースローク
シアロット
モレイ
タムメローク
ウイルデローク
ダスローク
ゲムブル
フルーム　コーレン
モスタールト　コロイト
ヲセイミュム
ワートル　ペープル
ラーハス
ブラージリーン　ペープル　ヌレスシース
ゴロート　ロンデ　スピッツ　ヲップスターンデ
ブラージリーン　ペープル
ケレイン　ブラジリーン　ペープル　メッテ　ラン
ガ　ウォルピゲ　ハウウェン
ブラージリーン　ペープル　メッテ　ロンデ　ケレ
イネ　ハウウェン
ブラジリーン　ペープル　メッテ　ロンデ　キリー
クス　ケウェイセ　ハウウェン
ケレイン　ランガ　ウォルピゲ　スピッツ　レクト
ヲップスターンデ　ゲール　ブラジリーン　ペー
プル
ケレイン　ランガ　ウォルピゲ　スピッツ　レクト
ヲップスターンデ　ブラジリーンペープル
ブラジリーン　ペープル　メッテ　ランガ　ハウウ
ェン
エイゲントレイキ　メルトン
タムメ　コンコムメレン
スランゲ　コンコムメレン
エーセルス　コンコムメレン
Pronunciation
maankoppu
aahiyon
Uirude Hyuuru
Saraato
Shikoreie
Gemeenbeete
Gorooto Maeeru
Oien
Biisurooku
shiarotto
Morei
tamume rooku
Uirude rooku
dasu rooku
Gemuburu
Furuumu Kooren
Mosutaaruto Koroito
Oseimyumu
waatoru peepuru
raahasu
buraajiriin peepuru nuresushiisu
Gorooto Ronde Supittsu
Oppusutaande buraajiriin peepuru
Kerein Burajiriin Peepuru Mette Ranga Uorupige
Hauuen
Gorooto ranga uorupige rekuto oppusutaande
burajiriin peepuru
buraajiriin peepuru mette ronde kiriikusu
keweise hauwen
kerein ranga uorupige supittsu rekuto
oppusutaande geeru burajiriin peepuru
kerein ranga uorupige supittsu rekuto
oppusutaande burajiriin peepuru
burajiriin peepuru mette ranga hauwen
Eigentoreiki Meruton
Tamume Konkomumeren
Surange Konkomumeren
Eeserusu Konkomumeren
Dutch
maankop
amfioen
Wilde
salade
cichorei
gemene bieten
Grote majer
Uien
Bieslook
Sjalot
prei?
Tamme Look
Wilde Look
daslook
gember
Bloemkool
Mosterd Kruid
Ocimum (Latin)
Water Peper
asperge?
Braziliaanse peper …?
Groot ronde spits opstaande
Braziliaanse peper
Kleine Braziliaanse peper met
langwerpige hauwen
Grote langwerpige recht
opstaande Braziliaanse peper
Braziliaanse peper met ronde
kiriikusu gewijze hauwen
Kleine langwerpige spits recht
opstaande gele Braziliaanse
Peper
Kleine langwerpige spits recht
opstaande Braziliaanse Peper
Brazilien peper met lange
hauwen
Eigendlijke meloen?
Tamme Komkommer
Slangen Komkommer
Ijssels? komkommer
31
Appendix 2: Seikei Zusetsu Names with Dutch Translations
id no
142
142
144
145
145
149
150
154
164
166
168
171
172
174
175
178
Common Name
Eggplant
Long eggplant
white Eggplant
White gourd
Late ripening gourd
Squash
Pumpkin
Lotus
Aginashi
Kuwai
Wasabi
Giant butterbur
Mitsuba
Lily
Lily
Kamchatka lily
181
184
186
187
188
Tiger lily
Gnaphalium
Shepherd's purse
Portulaca oleracea
White Amaranth
SZ text katakana
ホクホクキイ
ランガ　ホクホクキイ
ベーデンギア
ウィッテ　シテュリュルレン
シテュリュルレン
プラッテ　ポンプーン
ケレイン　ロンデ　ポンプーン
タラート　ウォルトル
ゴロート　セルペンツ　トンゴ
ワートル　ロイトルス　コロイト
ドロニキユム
ウーフ　ブラーデレン
エッペ　ハン　ゴローテ　ブラーデレン
レーリー
ケレイン　マルタゴンス
カルハリーン　レーリー
ゴロート　マルタゴンス　メッテ　キリステルス　テュッセン　デ　ブラーデレン
ヲスセン　トンゴ
テスケンス
タムメ　ポルセレイン
メルデ
Pronunciation
Hokuhokukii
Ranga Hokuhokukii
Beedengia
Uitte Shityuryururen
Shityuryururen
Puratte ponpoon
Kerein Ronde Ponpoon
Taraato uworutoru
Gorooto Serupentsu Tongo
Waatoru Roitorusu Koroito
Doronikiyumu
Uufu Buraaderen
Eppe han goroote buraaderen
Reerii
kerein marutagonsu
Karuhariin Reerii
Gorooto marutagonsu mette kirisuterusu
tyussen de buraaderen
Osusen Tongo
Tesukensu
Tamume Poruserein
Merude
Dutch
??
Lange ??
Berengena
Witte ??
??
Platte Pompoen
Kleine Ronde pompoen
Straat? Wortel
Grote slangentong
Water Ruiters? Kruid
doronicium
hoefblad (blaaderen)
xxx? Van grote blaaderen
lelie
klein martagon
sachalin? lelie
grote martagon met (Kristal?)
tussen de blaaderen
Ossentong
taschenskruid
Tamme Postelein
Melde
32
Appendix 3: Images of the Seikei Zusetsu
Appendix 3: Images of the Seikei Zusetsu
33
Appendix 3: Images of the Seikei Zusetsu
34
Appendix 3: Images of the Seikei Zusetsu
35
Appendix 4: Explanation of Reading and Ordering of Images
Appendix 4: Explanation of Reading and Ordering of Images
A. Direction of Reading and Numbering
C.
B.
The arrows indicates the direction in which the book is
read, as well as the direction in which the images are
numbered. This is the direction that is followed
throughout this paper, and the order of numbering
when there are more than two illustrations on a page.
A.
B. Identification of Information Sources
The katakana letters provide
the commonly used Japanese
names for the vegetable in the
illustration.
The kanji characters indicate
the commonly used Chinese
names for the vegetable.
Some of the pages have been
annotated with binomial
names, most likely by von
Siebold or his students.
These annotations cannot be
found in other copies of this
encyclopedia.
36
Appendix 5: Comparison of MAFF data and the Seikei Zusetsu
Appendix 5: Comparison of MAFF data and the Seikei Zusetsu
List of crop species with data recorded by MAFF
no.
Family name
Scientific name
1
Amaryllidaceae
Allium sativum L.
2
Amaryllidaceae
Allium fistulosum L.
3
Araliaceae
Aralia cordata Thunb.
4
Asteraceae
Arctium lappa L.
5
Brassicaceae
Armoracia rusticana P.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb.
6
Amaranthaceae
Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J.Scott
7
Cucurbitaceae
Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.
8
Cabombaceae
Brasenia schreberi
9
Brassicaceae
Brassica oleracea L.
10
Brassicaceae
Brassica rapa L.
11
Brassicaceae
Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.
12
Solanaceae
Capsicum annuum L.
13
cucurbitaceae
Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai
14
Araceae
Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott
15
Apiaceae
Cryptotaenia japonica Hassk.
16
Cucurbitaceae
Cucumis melo L.
17
Cucurbitaceae
Cucumis sativus L.
18
Cucurbitaceae
Cucurbita maxima Duchesne
19
Cucurbitaceae
Cucurbita pepo L.
20
Apiaceae
Daucus carota L.
21
Dioscoreaceae
Dioscorea japonica Thunb.
22
Dioscoreaceae
Dioscorea polystachya Turcz.
23
Brassicaceae
Eutrema japonicum (Miq.) Koidz.
24
Polygonaceae
Fagopyrum esculentum Moench
25
Compositae
Glebionis coronaria (L.) Cass. ex Spach
26
Leguminosae
Glycine max (L.) Merr.
27
Poaceae
Hordeum aegiceras Nees ex Royle
28
Poaceae
Hordeum vulgare L.
29
Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.
30
Cucurbitaceae
Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.
31
Cucurbitaceae
Momordica charantia L.
32
Brassicaceae
Nasturtium officinale R.Br.
33
Nelumbonaceae
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.
34
Poaceae
Oryza sativa L.
37
Appendix 5: Comparison of MAFF data and the Seikei Zusetsu
35
Lamiaceae
Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton
36
Asteraceae
Petasites japonicus
37
Leguminosae
Pisum sativum L.
38
Dennstaedtiaceae
Pteridium aquilinum
39
Brassicaceae
Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin
40
Alismataceae
Sagittaria trifolia
41
Solanaceae
Solanum tuberosum L.
42
Solanaceae
Solanum melongena L.
43
Amaranthaceae
Spinacia oleracea L
44
Poaceae
Triticum monococcum L.
45
Poaceae
Triticum aestivum L.
46
Leguminosae
Vicia faba L.
47
Leguminosae
Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & H.Ohashi
48
Poaceae
Zea mays L.
49
Zingiberaceae
Zingiber mioga (Thunb.) Roscoe
50
Zingiberaceae
Zingiber officinale Roscoe
List of crops for which no data is not recorded by the MAFF
no.
Family name
Scientific name
1
Amaryllidaceae
Allium chinense G.Don
2
Amaryllidaceae
Allium macrostemon Bunge
3
Amaryllidaceae
Allium monanthum Maxim.
4
Amaryllidaceae
Allium ochotense Prokh.
5
Amaryllidaceae
Allium schoenoprasum L.
6
Amaryllidaceae
Allium thunbergii G.Don
7
Amaryllidaceae
Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng.
8
Araceae
Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G.Don
9
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthus tricolor L.
10
Leguminosae
Apios fortunei Maxim.
11
Amaranthaceae
Beta vulgaris L.
12
Leguminosae
Canavalia gladiata (Jacq.) DC.
13
Brassicaceae
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.
14
Amaranthaceae
Chenopodium album L.
15
Amaranthaceae
Chenopodium giganteum D.Don
16
Poaceae
Coix lacryma-jobi L.
38
Appendix 5: Comparison of MAFF data and the Seikei Zusetsu
17
Araceae
Colocasia antiquorum Schott
18
Araceae
Colocasia gigantea (Blume) Hook.f.
19
Dioscoreaceae
Dioscorea bulbifera L.
20
Poaceae
Echinochloa esculenta (A.Braun) H.Scholz
21
Cyperaceae
Eleocharis kuroguwai
22
Poaceae
Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.
23
Equisetaceae
Equisetum arvense L.
24
Liliaceae
Fritillaria camschatcensis (L.) Ker Gawl.
25
Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea aquatica Forssk.
26
Compositae
Kalimeris indica (L.) Sch.Bip.
27
Leguminosae
Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet
28
Compositae
Lactuca sativa L.
29
Compositae
Laphangium affine (D.Don) Tzvelev
30
Liliaceae
Lilium auratum Lindl.
31
Liliaceae
Lilium auratum var. platyphyllum Baker
32
Liliaceae
Lilium concolor Salisb.
33
Liliaceae
Lilium lancifolium Thunb.
34
Liliaceae
Lilium longiflorum Thunb.
35
Liliaceae
Lilium maculatum Thunb.
36
Liliaceae
Lilium speciosum Thunb.
37
Cucurbitaceae
Luffa cylindrica (L.) M.Roem.
38
Leguminosae
Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.
39
Apiaceae
Oenanthe javanica
40
Poaceae
Panicum miliaceum L.
41
Papaveraceae
Papaver rhoeas L.
42
Papaveraceae
Papaver somniferum L.
43
Polygonaceae
Persicaria longiseta (Bruijn) Kitag.
44
Polygonaceae
Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre
45
Polygonaceae
Persicaria orientalis (L.) Spach
46
Polygonaceae
Polygonum viscosum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don
47
Portulacaceae
Portulaca oleracea L.
48
Leguminosae
Rhynchosia volubilis Lour.
49
Alismataceae
Sagittaria aginashi
50
Pedaliaceae
Sesamum indicum L.
51
Poaceae
Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv.
52
Poaceae
Setaria italica (L.) P.Beauv.
53
Poaceae
Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench
54
Compositae
Taraxacum japonicum Koidz.
39
Appendix 5: Comparison of MAFF data and the Seikei Zusetsu
55
Aizoaceae
Tetragonia tetragonioides (Pall.) Kuntze
56
Lythraceae
Trapa japonica Flerow
57
Leguminosae
Vigna radiata (L.) R.Wilczek
58
Leguminosae
Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi & H.Ohashi
59
Leguminosae
Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.
40
Appendix 6: Areas Under Cultivation of Major Crops
Appendix 6: Areas Under Cultivation of Major Crops
Graphs showing areas of different major crops. While the x-axis remains the same with a dateline
from 1973 to 2012, the y-axis varies based on the range of the values for the area.
3000000
2500000
2000000
1500000
Oryza sativa
Triticum aestivum
1000000
500000
0
160000
140000
120000
100000
Solanum tuberosum
Fagopyrum esculentum
80000
Hordeum vulgare
Ipomoea batatas
60000
40000
Raphanus raphanistrum
Vigna angularis
20000
0
41
Appendix 6: Areas Under Cultivation of Major Crops
60000
50000
Zea mays (sweet)
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
Allium fistulosum
Spinacia oleracea
Daucus carota
Cucurbita maxima
Colocasia esculenta
Glycine max
Cucumis sativus
Citrullus lanatus
Oryza sativa (upland)
30000
25000
Solanum melongena
Arctium lappa
Cucumis melo
20000
Dioscorea japonica
Dioscorea polystachya
15000
Hordeum vulgare var nudum
Brassica rapa
10000
Pisum sativum
Nelumbo nucifera
5000
Zea mays
0
42

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