第11回

生命環境史７大事変の実態と原因の解明
真実を知り、未来を予測する
2-6. Bioevent 6: Mass Extinction of Dinosaurs and others
Diversity of marine invertebrate during the Phanerozoic
Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic
K/Pg
Number of families
800
600
O/S
F/F
P/T
T/J
400
200
Ediacaran
fauna
Cambrian
fauna
Modern fauna
Paleozoic fauna
0
600
P N
200
400
200
Geologic time （1 million years ago: 1 Ma）
0
Present
Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary (65 Ma) at
Gubio, Italy
Iridium anomaly: Evidence of asteroidal impact
Shocked quartz
K/P boundary off Florida
Ir anomary
Microspherules rich
Where is an impact crater？
Cretaceous
Cretaceous
Caravaca,
Southern Spain
Paleogene
Kaiho et al., 1998
Reworked
Methods
奇数偶数比を
熟成度指標に
利用
続成
燃焼
Kaiho et al. 2016
Global climate model calculation 15 years
成層圏すす量
気温（陸上）
表面光量
降水量（陸上）
Latitude
60°N–75°N January
60°N–75°N July
45°N–60°N January
45°N–60°N July
30°N–45°N January
30°N–45°N July
15°N–30°N January
15°N–30°N July
0–15°N January
0–15°N July
0–15°S January
0–15°S July
15°S–30°S January
15°S–30°S July
30°S–45°S January
30°S–45°S July
45°S–60°S January
45°S–60°S July
60°S–75°S January
60°S–75°S July
Temperature (°C) and precipitation (mm/day)
0 Tg BC
500 Tg BC
1500 Tg BC
2600 Tg BC
*
#
+
+
+
+
Temp
Preci Temp Preci Temp Preci Temp+ Preci+
-25– -15 0.5-1.2 -39– -29
0.7 -44– -34
0.5 -44– -34
0.5
12–15 0.8-1.8
-1–1
0.3
-7–4
0.1
-8– -5
0.1
-15– -0 1.2-1.7 -24– -9
0.7 -28– -13
0.6 -29– -14
0.6
15–18 1.8-2.4
3–6
0.5
-5– -2
0.2
-7– -4
0.2
0–10 1.2-1.8
-7–3
0.7
-10–0
0.4 -12– -2
0.4
18–25
10–25
25
25–28
25
25–28
2.4-2.8
0.4-1.2
2.8-6.0
0.4-7.2
5.2-8.4
6.0-7.2
5–12
3–18
15
21–24
19
23–26
0.7
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.6
2.6
-2–5
0.5
-2–13
0.5
6 0.2
13–16 0.13
13 0.12
15–18
0.2
-6–1
-3–12
3
10–13
9
13–16
0.5
0.5
0.2
0.13
0.12
0.2
20–25 0.5-4.5
25–28 1.0-6.0
13–18
20–23
0.2
2.1
6–11 0.13
12–15
0.8
3–8
10–13
0.13
0.7
15–20
18–25
5–15
15–18
0–5
13–15
0.8-1.7
0.8-3.2
1.7-4.1
1.2-3.0
2.0-4.1
0.5-1.5
7–12
10–17
-1–9
10–13
-3–2
13–15
0.7
1.3
1.3
1.7
1.8
0.1
2–7
0.4
5–12
1
-4–6
0.9
8–11
1
-9–4
0.7
12–14 0.08
0–5
3–10
-6–4
7–10
-9– -4
11–13
0.4
0.8
0.6
1.2
0.9
0.1
-15–0 0.7-2.0
-23– -8
0.7 -26– -11
0.6
0.5 -25– -10
Kaiho et al. 2016
水深別海水温
Seawater temperature changes
caused by the black carbon (BC)
injection
Kaiho et al. 2016
The habitat depths of ammonites changed with ontogenetic stage
(juveniles, middle phase, and adults; Lukeneder et al., 2010). The
highest temperature during ontogeny may be used to classify
ammonites into three groups: cool water type (16–20°C ), mild
water type (21–25°C ), and warm water type (26–32°C ).
Amount of BC ejected
Latitude/Water depth (m)
30°N–45°N January
30°N–45°N July
15°N–30°N January
15°N–30°N July
0–15°N January
0–15°N July
0–15°S January
0–15°S July
15°S–30°S January
15°S–30°S July
30°S–45°S January
30°S–45°S July
2
13–18
17–22
17–24
21–26
23–28
26–28
27–29
24–26
0 Tg BC*
50
100 200
14–19 14–19 13–18
10–15 10–15 8–13
17–24 17–24 13–20
18–23 16–21 13–18
23–28 20–25 14–19
25–27 22–24 16–18
25–27 22–24 15–17
24–26 21–23 14–16
400
11–16
6–11
8–15
8–13
8–13
10–17
9–11
9–11
21–26
18–21
15–20
15–17
18–23
18–21
11–16
14–16
7–12
8–11
8–13
10–12
16–21
17–20
11–16
14–16
13–18
14–17
9–14
14–16
2
9–14
10–15
13–20
16–21
20–25
23–25
24–26
21–23
Seawater Temperature (°C)
500 Tg BC#
1500 Tg BC#
50
100 200 400
2
50
100 200
11–16 11–16 11–16 10–15 8–13 9–14 9–14 9–14
7–12 7–12 6–11 4–9 7–12 5–10 6–11 4–9
13–20 14–21 11–18 7–14 10–17 10–17 11–18 9–16
14–19 13–18 11–16 7–12 12–17 11–16 10–15 9–14
21–26 18–23 13–18 7–12 16–21 16–21 16–21 11–16
23–25 20–22 15–17 9–16 18–20 18–20 18–20 13–15
23–25 20–22 14–16 8–10 19–21 18–20 18–20 13–15
22–24 19–21 13–15 8–10 17–19 17–19 17–19 12–14
400
9–14
4–9
7–14
6–11
7–12
9–16
8–10
8–10
16–21
14–17
10–15
11–13
14–19
14–17
7–12
10–12
6–11
7–10
5–10
7–9
13–18
14–17
8–13
11–13
11–16
12–15
6–11
11–13
7–12
8–11
6–11
8–10
12–17
11–14
7–12
9–11
11–16
11–14
5–10
8–10
10–15
11–14
6–11
8–10
10–15
11–14
5–10
10–12
2
7–12
6–11
8–15
10–16
13–18
16–18
16–18
14–16
2600 Tg BC#
50
100 200
8–13 8–13 8–13
4–9 4–9 3–8
8–15 9–16 7–14
9–14 8–13 7–12
14–19 14–19 11–16
16–18 15–17 13–15
16–18 16–18 12–14
15–17 15–17 11–13
400
8–13
3–8
6–13
6–11
7–12
8–15
8–10
8–10
10–15
10–13
5–10
8–10
9–14
10–13
4–9
7–9
6–11
7–10
5–10
7–9
9–14
10–13
5–10
7–9
8–13
9–12
4–9
9–11
Thick-framed areas show the survival area estimated. Thin-framed areas show that
migration was required for survival.
The deep-dwelling cool-water ammonites first suffered from the cessation of
photosynthesis and then from the decrease in seawater temperature. They may
have survived the temperature change but not the lack of photosynthesis and
resulting lack of a food source.
Kaiho et al. 2016

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