戦後日本における海外移住政策 誌名 農林業問題研究 ISSN 03888525 著者 伊藤, 淳史 巻/号 46巻2号 掲載ページ p. 177-186 発行年月 2010年9月 農林水産省 農林水産技術会議事務局筑波事務所 Tsukuba Office, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Council Secretariat [ 17 7 J E m i g r a t i o nP o l i c yi nP o s t w a r] a p a n :AnA s p e c to fA g r i c u l t u r a l P o l i c ya n dH i s t o r i c a lC o n t e x to f ] a p a n e s eB r a z i l i a nI m m i g r a t i o n A t s u s h i1 t o * 戦後日本における海外移住政策 農業政策としての側面と日系ブラジル移民の史的脈絡… 伊政淳史(京都大学良学研究科) 本航では,戦後日本における海外移住政策について, 従来ほとんど検討されていなかった農林省サイドの動 向に焦点をあてて考察を行った その結果,農林省サ イドの海外移住政策には人的系譜・政策の位段付け双 l i続性が見出され 方における満洲農業移民政策との i た 海外移伎を人口政策として捉えていた外務省サイ 9 6 0年代以降事業抗t i 笠の動機が失われるのに対 ドでは 1 して • I 民林省サイドでは時々の政策課題に応じた位位 付けが与えられた 加えて,海外移住は外務省にとっ て大東産省、発足にともなって新たに付加された卒業で E林省においては戦時期に重要因 あったのに対して、 l 策として取り組まれた経緯があった.戦後長期にわ たって海外移住が般進されたことを外務省サイドの動 向のみから説明することは附嫌である.民林省によっ て与えられた農業政策としての側面にお一目することが 必婆だろう また,現在 3 0万人以上におよぶ日系ブラジル人の「デ 9 9 0年の入管法改正に先立つ カセギ J現象について. 1 戦後移民の「還 1 m 形態が大きな影響を及ぼしている ことを指摘した 日系ブラジル人労働者に関する先行 研究ではほとんど言及されることはないが,戦後移民 の存在を抜きに現在の「デカセギ Jを説明することは 的洲移民研究・戦後移民研究・外 痢難である.従来. i 国人労働者研究は相互を参照することなく行われてき たが,今後は積極的な対話が認まれよう. F i r s t l , yi nf o r e i g nw o r k e rs t u d i e s,r e s e a r c h e sh a sf o c u s e d 1 . Introduction o nt h ep r e s e n ts i t u a t i o na n dn e v e rr e f e r r e dt os t u d i e s ] a p a n e s ee m i g r a t i o nt oB r a z i ls t a r t e di n1 9 0 8,a r y .Secondl , yi nh i s t o r i c a la p p r o a c h e s, o ne m i g r a t i o nh i s t o o c u so nt h eg o v e r n c e n t u r ya g o .I nt h i sa r t i c l e,wef p o s t w a re m i g r a t i o nwas e i t h e rn o td i s c u s s e da ta l l 's e m i g r a t i o np o l i c yi nt h ep o s t W o r l d War I I ment t a n l a w[ 3 7 ] )o rm e n t i o n e do n l yb r i e f l y ( T s u d a[ 4 4 ],S p e r i o d .Thep u r p o s e so ft h i ss t u d ya r et w o f o l d .F i r s t, L e s s e r[ 1 9 ] ) .Asi m p o r t a n te x c e p t i o n s, ( T s u c h i d a[ 4 3 ], wei n v e s t i g a t et h er e a s o nwhy“ N o r t h t oS o u t h "emi R e i c h l[ 3 3 ]a r g u e dr e g a r d i n gp o s t w a re m i g r a t i o n ; g r a t i o nh a dbeenp r o m o t e df o rmoret h a nf o r t yy e a r s . ,h i si n t e r e s t sc e n t e r e da r o u n dt h ei m p a c to f however 凶 田 wed e s c r i b ei nd e t a i lhowt h ec u r r e n ti m m i g r a S e c o n d, lI n t h enewa r r i v a l sont h e] a p a n e s eB r a z i l i a ni nB r a z i. 10wi si n f l u e n c e db yt h ee m i g r a t i o na n dc o l o n i z a t i o nf wee x a m i n et h ea f t e r e f f e c to f c o m p a r i s o nw i t hR e i c h J, . t i o np o l i c i e so ft h ep a st p o s t w a re m i g r a t i o ni nc o n t e m p o r a r y] a p a n .Y a s u o k a L o o k i n ga tt h巴 e a r l i e rs t u d i e so n] a p a n e s em i g r a t i o n, h e r e a s [ 4 9 ]d i s c u s s e de m i g r a t i o np o l i c yi nt h e1 9 5 0 s,w p o s t w a re m i g r a t i o nh a sr e c e i v e ds c a n ta t t e n t i o n . t h es c o p eo ft h i sa r t i c l ee x t e n d su n t i Jt h e1 9 9 0 s .I n 巴 i ti sgen 巴r a l l y c a s e swheresomem e n t i o ni smad G r a d u a t eS c h o o lo fA g r i c u l t u r e .K y o t oU n i v e r s i t y a c c e p t e dt h a t] a p a n ' se m i g r a t i o np o J i c ywasa b a n d o n e d (13) [ 178J 農林業問題研究(第 179号 ・ 2010年 9月) Tablε1. Thenumberofpostwaremigrants /F Y Y e a r TheT o t a lNumber o fE m i g r a n t s E m i g r a n t st o B r a z i l 1 9 4 5 5 0 677 1, 1 0 1 9 5 1 999 4, 1 3 5 S u b s i d i z e d E m i g r a n t s S u b s i d i z e d S u b s i d i z e dE m i g r a n t s ) E m i g r a n t st oB r a z i l t oB r a z i l( a g r i c u l t u τ a1 1 9 5 2 6, 16 1 , 1 4 8 1 5 4 5 4 1 9 5 3 1 9 5 4 6, 275 2, 0 4 9 1 , 4 8 0 9, 17 7 0 8 2 4, 1, 4 9 8 3, 7 4 1 524 3, 1 9 5 5 795 1 1, 4, 925 3, 5 1 2 657 2, 520 3, 2, 620 1 9 5 6 274 1 5, 5, 217 6, 1 6 8 4, 370 4, 335 1 9 5 7 1 6, 620 6, 2 1 8 7, 43 9 1 7 2 5, 5, 1 3 2 1 9 5 8 , 4 4 0 1 6 6, 506 7 , 6 0 6 312 6, 6, 2 5 1 1 9 5 9 1 4, 914 7, 1 3 4 7, 610 0 4 1 7, 6, 939 1 9 6 0 1 4, 6 4 3 7, 2 4 1 8, 386 6, 8 3 2 6, 6 9 1 1 9 6 1 1 2, 4 7 2 5, 826 6, 2 6 3 1 4 6 5, 5, 010 1 9 6 2 8, 3 7 2 7, 1 8 1 2, 6 3 1 2, 2 0 1 8 3 0 1, 1, 745 1 , 7 8 5 , 5 2 6 1 1 , 230 1 , 1 2 7 710 5, 9 3 1 1 , 10 5 7 5 1 4 4 5 1 9 6 5 4 , 867 7 5 3 818 5 3 1 2 0 1 1 9 6 6 590 5, 9 1 4 1 , 5 3 1 7 8 5 3 6 3 1 9 6 7 47 3 5, 8 3 3 1 , 5 4 3 6 3 8 268 1 9 6 8 4, 397 450 1 , 1 2 9 4 4 2 2 1 1 1 9 6 9 4, 390 438 1 , 14 6 4 3 4 2 1 7 1 9 7 0 849 4, 1 , 236 4 5 4 246 1 9 7 1 5 6 1 8, 377 9 5 1 1 , 098 4 5 6 284 1 9 6 3 1 9 6 4 5 4 1 , 4 64 1 9 7 2 326 7, 1 , 039 1 , 0 1 2 557 294 1 9 7 3 6, 405 7 9 1 6 3 1 1 5 5 1 9 7 4 5 3 1 5, 5 3 4 1 9 7 5 6, 15 8 819 1 , 2 7 9 3 8 3 2 9 7 299 1 1 1 1 9 7 6 5, 6 7 1 1 , 12 6 506 5 0 2 353 1 1 6 1 9 7 7 369 4, 6 8 2 467 283 8 1 1 9 7 8 1 9 7 9 3, 6 4 8 564 3, 5 8 4 298 1 1 2 5 0 0 483 549 230 8 7 1 9 8 0 6 5 3 3, 5 6 2 597 1 8 8 6 7 1 9 8 1 517 3, 417 600 1 6 1 1 9 8 2 8 2 2 2, 329 357 6 1 8 0 1 3 1 9 8 3 349 2, 289 217 8 4 1 9 8 4 4 4 5 2, 261 1 3 7 6 0 1 9 8 5 5 2 3 2, 258 1 0 9 4 5 1 9 1 9 8 6 8 1 8 2, 363 1 4 6 5 1 3 1 1 9 8 7 9 5 3 2, 2, 886 359 1 7 1 4 0 2 3 1 9 8 8 1 5 7 1 9 8 9 6 0 3 3, 4 1 6 7 4 4 3 3 24 1 3 88 7 8 5 8 4 4 1 9 1 9 9 0 n . a . n . a 4 1 2 3 7 1 9 9 1 n . a . n . a . 5 2 22 1 4 1 9 9 2 n . a . n . a n . a . n . a 38 3 1 1 6 1 9 9 3 1 0 7 4 T o t a l 078 2 6 2, 3 7 2 7 1, 7 3, 035 5 3, 6 5 7 5 5 6 4 8, S o u r c e :]ICA[ 1 4 ) . (1 4) [ 1 7 9 J , i n1 9 7 3( Y a m a n a k a[ 4 8 , ] B e f u[ 2 ],S a la g u c h i[ 3 4 ], o fA g r i c u l t u r a lE c o n o m i c sa tK y o t oI m p e r i a lU n i v e r s i t y ), S h i p p e r[ 3 6 ] ) .C o n t r a r yt ot h i se s t a b l i s h e de x p l a n a t i o n, a n do t h e r s .Al Io ft h ea b o v em e n t i o n e dmembersh a d i nf a c t,s u b s i d i z e de m i g r a t i o nl a s t e do f f i c i a l l yu n t i l 1 9 9 4 b e e nt h eb r a i n sb e h i n dt h ec o l o n i a lp o l i c yi nt h ep r e w a r ( d i s c u s s e db e ! o w ) .C o n s i d e r i n gt h ea n n u a lnumberso f a n dw a r t i m ep e r i o d s( s e ea l s oI t o[ 8 ] ) . 制 2 ) Cabinet Oecision about Coordination o f ) , t h eb u r e a u c r a t i c e m i g r a n t sa f t e rt h e1 9 6 0 s( T a b l e1 E m i g r a t i o nA仔' a i r s s e l f p r e s e r v a t i o na l o n ec a n n o tf u l l ye x p l a i nwhyem ト g r a t i o np o l i c yc o n t i n u e df o rs ol o n g .I nwh 註t wayswas e m i g r a t i o np o l i c yj u s t i f i e d ?Toe x a m i n et h i sq u e s t i o n, S u b s i d i z e de m i g r a t i o nresumedi nDecember1 9 5 2 . r e s p o n s i b i l i t yw呂sd i v i d e dbetweenMAF I nt h i sp e r i o d, t h eM i n i s t r yo fA g r i c u l t u r ・ ea n dF o r e s t r y( f r o m1 9 7 8 ( a p p l i c a n ts c r e e n i n g )a n dMOFA( s e n d i n gp r o c e s s ) .I n h eM i n i s t r yo fA g r i c u l t u r e,F o r e s t r ya n d o n w a r d,t 9 5 4,however ,K a i g a ik y o k a ir e n g o k a i( t h e ] a n u a ηT 1 a n dh e r e a f t e rc a l l e dMAF)a n di t sa f f i l i a t e d F i s h e r i e s, F e d e r a t i o no f] a p a nOv 己r s e a sA s s o c i a t i o n s,h e r e a f t e r e x t r a g o v e r n m e n t a lo r g a n i z a t i o n sa r et h 巴 s u b j e c to f h ee x t r a g o v e r n m e n t a lo r g a n i z a t i o n t h eF e d e r a t i o n ),t s p e c i a la t t e n t i o n .E x c e p tf o ry 註 ,s u o k a[ 4 9 ],e x i s t i n g o fMOFA,wase s t a b l i s h e d .T h e r e a f t e r ,ad i s p u t eo v e r s t u d i e son] a p a n e s ee m i g r a t i o np o l i c yh a v ef o c u s e d j u r i s d i c t i o nb r o k eo u tb e t w e e nMAF( o rt h eA s s o c i a c ¥u s i v e l yont h eM i n i s t r yo fF o r e i g nA f f a i r s( h e r e a f e x t i o n )a n dMOFA( o rt h eF e d e r a t i o n ) .I twasn o tu n t i la t e rMOFA)a n di t se x t r a g o v e r n m e n t a lo r g a n i z a t i o n s c a b i n e td e c i s i o nwasmadei n] u l y1 9 5 4t h a tt h er e s p o ル a k a t s u k i[ 4 5 ],Tomaru ( W a k a t s u k ia n dS u z u k i[ 4 6 ],W s i b i l i t ywasd e f i n e d .Thep r i m er o l eo fa d m i n i s t r a t i o n [ 4 2 ],Endoh[ 5 2 ] ) .T h i si sm a i n l yd u et ot h ef a c tt h a t wasv e s t e di nMOFA, w h i l er e c r u i t m e n t, s c r e e n i n ga n d 叩 巴da so n ep a r to ft h e e m i g r a t i o nh i s t o r yh a sb e e nr e g a r d i e l ds u r v e y t r a i n i n go fa g r i c u l t u r a le m i g r a n t s, 呂ndf h i s t o r yo ff o r e i g nr e l a t i o n s .Y e ti twasMAFa n di t s becamet h es p h e r eo fc o m p e t e n c eo fMAF(MOFA[ 2 4, e x t r a g o v e r n m e n t a lo r g a n i z a t i o n st h a t were c o n - p p .4 9 5 3 ],s e ea l s oY a s u o k a[ 4 9 ] ) . Fromt h e non, c e r n e dw i t ha g r i c u l t u r a le m i g r a n t s,a n dmosto ft h e n e v e r t h e l e s s,c o n f 1i c t sbetweent h etwom i n i s t r i e s s u b s i d i z e de m i g r a n t swerea g r i c u l t u r a l( T a b l e1 ) . l a s t e dw e l li n t ot h e1 9 5 0 s . 3 )C o t i aYouthE m i g r a t i o n 2 . PostwarEmigration:AnOverview I nt h ec a s eo fm i g r a t i n gt oB r a z i l,e a c hf a m i l ywas れ)C o n f l i c t sbetweenTwoM i n i s t r i e si nt h e1950s 1 )TheA s s o c i a t i o nf o rI n t e m a t i o n a lC o l l a b o r a t i o n o fFarmers P r i o rt ot h ee s t a b l i s h m e n to ft h eE m i g r a t i o nD i v i s i o n o fMOFAi n1 9 5 3, K o k u s a in o y uk a i( t h eA s s o c i a t i o n e r e a f t e r f o rI n t e r n a t i o n a lC o l l a b o r a t i o no fF a r m e r s,h t h eA s s o c i a t i o n ) was o r g a n i z e di n] a n u a r y1 9 5 2 . A c c o r d i n gt ot h ep r o s p e c t u s,t h eo b j e c to ft h eA s s o c i a t i o nwast omake“ ac o n t r i b u t i o nt o w a r di n t e r n a t i o n a l e x c h a n g ea n dmovemento fa g r i c u l t u r a l l a b o r "“ (Nogyo p .5 ] ) .L o o k i n ga tt h emakeupo ft h eb o a r d s e i n e n "[ 3 0, o fd i r e c t o r s, t h eP r e s i d e n twasNasuS h i r o s h i 註 ,f o r m e r P r o f e s s o ro fA g r i c u l t u r a lE c o n o m i c sa tt h eI m p e r i a l n dt h ed i r e c t o r swereI s h i g u r o U n i v e r s i t yo fT o k y o,a T a d a a t s u( af o r m e rv i c e m i n i s t e ro fA g r i c u l t u r ea n d i n i s t e ro fA g r i c u l t u r ea n dCommerce), F o r e s t r ya n de xm K o d a i r aG o n ' i c h i( af o r m e rv i c e m i n i s t e ro fA g r i c u l t u r e a n dF o r e s 仕y ), H a s h i m o t oDenzaemon( af o r m e rP r o f e s s o r 嶋 r e q u i r e dt oh a v et h r e el a b o rf o r c e so rmorei no r ・ d e rt o y .I n1 9 5 5, C o o p e r a t i v aAg r i c o l ad e r ε c e i v et h es u b s i d w h i c hh a db e e nf o u n db y ] a p a n e s巴 i m m i g r a n t si n C o t i a, 1 9 2 7,s e c u r e dp e r m i s s i o nf r o mt h eB r a z i l i a na u t h o r i t i e st ob r i n gi n1 , 5 0 0s i n g l el a b o r e r s .TheC o t i aC o o p e r a t i v ec o m m i s s i o n e dZ e n k o k un o g y ok y o d o k u m i a ic h u o k a i ( t h eC e n t r a lU n i o no fA g r i c u l t u r a lC o o p e r a t i v e s )t o s c r e e na p p l i c a n t s .I na c c o r d a n c ew i t ha p p l i c a t i o ng u i d e n l yy o u n g e rs o n so ff a r m e r sc o u l da p p l yf o r l i n e s,o “ C o t i ay o u t h "(MOFA[ 2 4,p p .1 1 5 6 ] ) .I nt h i sway , e m i g r a t i o nwasc o n n e c t e dw i t he m p l o y m e n tp r o b l e mo f r u r a ly o u t h .TheC o t i aC o o p e r a t i v eo b t a i n e dp e r m i s s i o n t w i c e, a n dby1 9 6 7, 2, 5 0 8y o u t h sh a dm i g r a t e dt oB r a z i l p .1 8 8 ],W a k a t s u k ia n d O a p a nE m i g r a t i o nS e r v i c e[ 1 0, S u z u k i[ 4 6, p p .1 4 8 5 0 ] ) . 4 )F e d e r a t i o no fA g r i c u l t u r a lCooperativesf o r C o l o n i z a t i o n e n k o k ut a k u s h o k un o g y ok y o d o k u m i a i I n1 9 5 6,Z (1 5) 回 ( 18 0 J 農林業問題研究(第 1 7 9号 ・ 2 0 1 0年 9月) r e n g o k a i(F e d e r a t i o no fA g r i c u l t u r a lC o o p e r a t i v e sf o r 1 n c i d e n t a l l ,y t h eNiPponmaru,t h el a s te m i g r a n ts h i p C o l o n i z a t i o n,h ε r e a f t e rt h eC o l o n i z a t i o nF e d e r a t i o n ) a n dt h ef i r s tw o r l dc r u i s es h i po fp o s t w a r] a p a n, s a i l e d waso r g a n i z e d .Ane n t h u s i a s t i cp r o m o t e ro ft h eC o l o n i f o rL a t i nA m e r i c ai n1 9 7 3( ] I C A[ 1 2,p .1 4 ] ) .T h e r e a f - 伽 z a t i o nF e d e r a t i o nwas H i r a k a w aMamoru,af o r m e r , a i r p l a n e swereu s e df o rt h et r a n s p o r t a t i o no fe m i t e r a d m i n i s t r a t i v 巴 ,v i c e M i n i s t e ro fA g r i c u l t u r ea n dF o r e s t r y . g r a n t s(MOFA[ 2 1, p .3 7 0 ] ) . t h e Ast h ep r o s p e c t u ss t a t e dt h a te m i g r a t i o n was “ ( 3 )P 0 5 i t i o no fE m i g r a t i o ni nMAFa f t e rt h e19605 mosti m p o r t a n te l e m e n tf o rs t a b i l i z a t i o na n dr a t i o n a l - wee x p l o r et h ep o s i t i o no fe m i g r a t i o n 1 nt h i ss e c t i o n, i z a t i o no ff a r m economy" (MOFA [ 2 4,p .6 2 ] ),t h e a f f a i r si nMAFbya n a l y s i n gt h eW h i t eBookonA g r i c u l - C o l o n i z a t i o nF e d e r a t i o nt r e a t e de m i g r a t i o na b r o a da sa h i c hh a sb 巴e np u b l i s h e ds i n c e1 9 6 2 .I nt h e t u r e,w f t e rc o n s u l t a t i o n s p a r to fd o m e s t i ca g r i c u l t u r a lp o l i c y .A c h a p t e ro ft h e1 9 6 2e d i t i o nd e a l i n gw i t ht h em e a s u r e - w i t ht h eC o t i aC o o p e r a t i v e,t h eC o l o n i z a t i o nF e d e r a - g r i c u l t u r a l巴m l g r a mento ft h ea g r i c u l t u r a ls t r u c t u r e,a t i o np u r c h a s e da na r e ao fl a n di nB r a z i lf o rt h e t i o nwasd e s c r i b e da st h ed r i v et h a tw o u l di n c r e a s ej o b s e t t l e m e n to fnewm i g r a n t si n1 9 5 8(MOFA[ 2 4,p p . o p p o r t u n i t i e s .Threey e a r sl a t e r ,t h ef a r mr e t i r e m e n t 制 6 1 5 ],W a k a t s u k ia n dS u z u k i[ 4 6,p p .2 4 3 5 ] ) .MOFA s u b s i d yf o r ・r e c l a i m e dl a n dwasi n i t i a t e d .Therewasa f i r m l yo p p o s e ds e t t l e m e n tp r o j e c tb yt h eC o l o n i z a t i o n d i s t i n c t i o nb e t w e e nt h e呂mounto fs u b s i d yf o ri n t e r n a l F e d e r a t i o nb e c a u s ei tw o u l di n v i t ea d m i n i s t r a t i v ed i s - m i g r a t i o n¥ (4 5 0, 0 0 0p e rh o u s e h o l d )a n dm i g r a t i o n u n i t yo v e re m i g r a t i o na f f a i r s .I n t e r d e p a r t m e n t a lc o o r - (5 0 0, 0 0 0p e rh o u s e h o l d ) .1 nt h i swa , y emio v e r s e a s¥ d i n a t i o nmadel i t t l ep r o g r e s s, a n di twasi n1 9 6 1t h a ta n g r a t i o nm a t t e r swerer a n k e da sp a r to ft h ea g r i c u l t u r a l 呂t i v ev i c e m i n i s t e rl e v e la g r e e m e n twasCOIト a d m i n i s t r c l u d e d(MOFA[ 2 4, p p .1 8 6 9 2 ] ) 1 ) . s t r u c t u r ei m p r o v e m e n ti nt h e1 9 6 0 s( W a k a t s u k ia n d S u z u k i[ 4 6, p p .1 0 8 9 ] ) .A f t e rt h e1 9 7 0 s,howeveζthe ( 2 )E m i g r a t i o nA d m i n i 5 t r a t i o nbetweent h e19605 s t a t u so fe m i g r a t i o nh a dc h a n g e dm a r k e d l y .E m i g r a t i o n c o n s t r u c t i o no fr u r a l wasr e g a r d e da so n ep a r to f“ andt h e19705 h e number o fe m i g r a n t s From 1 9 6 1o n w a r d,t r e d u c e dd r a m a t i c a l l y( T a b l e1 ) .R e s p o n d i n gt ot h i ss i t u - w e l f a r e "( t h e1 9 7 3e d i t i o n ) “ ,e x p a n d i n go fa g r i c u l t u r e, f o r e s t r ,y andf i s h e r yi ns c a r c e l yp o p u l a t e da r e a s "( t h e a t i o n,t h eO v e r s e a sE m i g r a t i o nC o u n c i lp u b l i s h e da 1 9 7 8e d i t i o n ), o r“i n t e g r a t e dm a i n t e n a n c eo fh i l l yr u r a l r e p o r ti n1 9 6 2 .Ther e p o r tp o i n t e do u tt h ei n d i 妊e r e n c e a r e a s "( t h e1 9 9 0e d i t i o n ) .Thus,e m i g r a t i o nwass e e n o fMOFAt ot h ei s s u eo fe m i g r a t i o na n drecommended a sac o u n t e r m e a s u r ea g a i n s tr u r a ld e c l i n eb e t w e e nt h e t h a tt h ee m i g r a t i o nd e p a r t m e n ts h o u l da m a l g a m a t e “ ,p r o m o t i o no fe m i g r a 1 9 7 0 sa n d1 9 8 0 s .I nt h e1 9 9 0 s 旦n c i a ld e p a r t m e n t s(MOFA[ 2 2,2 4 ],] a p a n w i t ht h ef i n t i o na n di n t e r n a t i o n a le x c h a n g e "( t h e1 9 9 1e d i t i o n ) E m i g r a t i o nS e r v i c e[ 10 ,p p .2 4 2 5 0 ] ) 2 ) .A l t h o u g ht h e a l t e r e dt o “おr t h e r i n go fi n t e r n a t i o n a la g r i c u l t u r a l F e d e r a t i o na n dt h ef i n a n c i a ld e p a r t m e n t swerei n c o r p o n dt h u s,t h eword e x c h a n g e "i nt h e1 9 9 4e d i t i o n,a r a t e dt o g e t h e ra sR均 a ii j uj i g y o d a n( ] a p a nE m i g r a t i o n “ e m i g r a t i o n "h a dd i s a p p e a r e df r o mt h eW h i t eB o o k . S e r v i c e )i n1 9 6 3,t h enumbero fe m i g r a n t sh a ds t a g ( 4 )C l o 5 i n go fE m i g r a t i o nS e r v i c e 守 俗 n a t e d .1 n1 9 7 1, anewr e p o r tf r o mt h eC o u n c i lwasp u b - R i n j ig y o s e ic h o s a k a i( t h eA d h o cA d m i n i s 1 n1 9 8 3, l i s h e d .Thenewr 芭p o r tc o u n s e l e dp r o m o t i n ge m i g r a t i o n )r e p o r t e dt h a tt h ee m i t r a t i v eSystemS t u d yC o u n c il o fr u r a ly o u t ha sp註r to ft h eg e n e r a lp o l i c yo fa g r i c u l g r a t i o ns e r v i c es h o u l db er e s t r u c t u r e di nc o n j u n c t i o n t u r ea n dc o o p e r a t i o nw i t hI < . a i g α ,i g i j u おz lk y or ; 吋u j i g y 小 w i t ha d m i n i s t r a t i v er e f o r m s .1 nr e s p o n s et ot h i ss i t u a - 同 dan( O v e r s e a sT e c h n i c a lC o o p e r a t i o nA g e n c y )( ] a p a n t i o n, ]1CAc o m m i s s i o n e dt h r e ee x p e r t st oe v a l u a t et h e E m i g r a t i o nS e r v i c e[ 10 ,p p .2 5 1 5 ] ) 3 ) .A c c e p t i n gt h i s e m i g r a t i o ns e r v i c e ) .Thee v a l u a t i o nr e p o r t ,w h i c hwas a p a nE m i g r a t i o nS e r v i c ea n dO v e r 二 r e c o m m e n d a t i o n,] a i de m p h a s i sonc o n t i n u a t i o no f r e l e a s e di n1 9 8 4,l s e a sT e c h n i c a lC o o p e r a t i o nAgencywerec o n s o l i d a t e d e m i g r a t i o n,w h i l ea d v o c 呂t i n gc o o r d i n a t i o nw i t ht h e i n t oI < . o k u s a ik y o ηokuj i g y o d a n( ] a p a nI n t e r n a t i o n a l t e c h n i c a lc o o p 巴r a t i o np r o g r a m( ] 1 C A[ 1 5 ] ) .1 n1 9 9 4, , h e r e a f t e r] 1 C A )i n1 9 7 4 . C o o p e r a t i o nAgency however ,] ICA d i s b a n d e dt h et r a i n i n ga n ds e n d i n g (16) ( 181 ) s e r v i c e s,a n di tmeantt h a tp o s t w a re m i g r a t i o np o l i c y o u s l ya f f e c t e dbyt h es t a t u so ft h ee m i g r a t i o ns e r v i c ei n h a dcomet oa ne n da tt h ec 10 s eo ft h e1 9 9 3f i s c a ly e a r p .1 2 9 3 0 ] ) 5 ) .]ICAi sp r e s e n t l yc a r r y i n g GICA[ 1 3,p wasr e o r g a n i z e di n t ot h eM i n i s t r yo fG r e a t e rE a s tA s i a e a c hm i n i s t r y .Whent h eM i n i s t r yo fO v e r s e a sA f f a i r s o u ts u p p o r tp r o j e c t sf o r] a p a n e s ee m i g r a n t sa n dt h e i r m i g r a t i o ns e r v i c ea p a r tf r o m“G r e a t e rE a s t i n1 9 4 2,e d e s c e n d a n t s . A s i aC o p r o s p e r i t yS p h e r e "wasa b s o r b e di n t oMOFA7) . N o r t h 3 . Discussion1 :Reasonf o rPromoting“ B e c a u s ee m i g r a t i o nwas i m p o s e du p o nMOFA,t h e s t a t u so fe m i g r a t i o nh a db巴enm a r g i n a la n dt h ee m i g r a 句 t oSouth"Migration 鵬 t i o ns e r v i c ewas e v e n deemedt ob e “d i r t ywork" a p a n ' sp o s t w a re m i g r a t i o np o l i c y Ass t a t e da b o v e,] ( W a k a t s u k ia n dS u z u k i[ 4 6,p . 7 2 1 ] ) .U n l i k eMOFA, l a s t e du n t i lt h e1 9 9 0 s,when a ni n f l u xo ff o r e i g n MAFh a dj u r i s d i c t i o no v e re m i g r a t i o ns i n c e1 9 3 8 .A t w o r k e r sbecamea ni s s u es i m u l t a n e o u s l y .Thef a c tt h a t t h a tt i m eMAFb e g a np r o v i d i n gs u b s i d i e sf o rM a n c h u r i a i tc o n t i n u e df o rs ol o n gwass i g n i f i c a n t l ya f f e c t e db y o s e it o k u b e t s uj o s e i( s p e c i a l c o l o n i z a t i o na so n ep a r to fk MAF'sp a r t i c i p a t i o ni np o l i c y m a k i n g .MOFAh a dc o n - a s s i s t a n c er e v i t a l i z a t i o np r o j e c t s )(Tama[ 3 9 ] ) .There s i s t e n t l yt r e a t e de m i g r a t i o na sam e a s u r ef o rd e a l i n g a f t e r ,e m i g r a t i o nh a dm a i n t a i n e di In k sw i t hMAF's 偽 w i t ht h ep o p u l a t i o np r o b l e m . τ bc i t ei n s t a n c e s,MOFA p r i m a r yp o l i c i e s :M a n c h u r i ac o l o n i z a t i o n(w 且r t i m e ), [ 2 6 ]e x a m i n e dt h r e em e a s u r e sa g a i n s tp o p u l a t i o np r e s - employment f o rr u r a ly o u t h( i nt h e1 9 5 0 s ),a n d u c ha sb i r t hc o n t r o l,l a b o ra b s o r p t i o nt h r o u g h s u r e,s a g r i c u l t u r a ls t r u c t u r ei m p r o v e m e n t( i nt h e1 9 6 0 s ) .F o r e c o n o m i cr e c o v e r y , a n de m i g r a t i o n .I nc o n c l u s i o n, e m i , Ft h es t a t u so fe m i g r a t i o nwasn o tm a r g i n a la ta I l8) , MA g r a t i o nwasp o s i t i v e l ye v a l u a t e df r o mt h ev i e w p o i n to f s oe m i g r a t i o nwas t a c k l e dbyl e a d i n gf i g u r e s( e . g t .MOFA[ 2 5 ]e m p h a s i z e dt h a te m i g r a i m m e d i a t ee f f e c I s h i g u r o,K o d a i r a,a n dH i r a k a w a ) .E x i s t i n gs t u d i e so n t i o nh a dg r e a ti m p o r t a n c eb e c a u s ei tw o u l dr e d u c e M a n c h u r i ac o l o n i z a t i o np o l i c y( W i l s o n[ 4 7 ], Young[ 5 0 ] ) p o p u l a t i o no fw o r k i n ga g e .T h e r e f o r e,m o t i v a t i o nt o e n dw i t hd e s c r i p t i o n so f] a p a n ' sd e f e a ta n dr e p a t r i a t i o n p r o m o t ee m i g r a t i o nwasp r o m p t l yl o s ti nt h ee a r l y , i nf a c t, p r o m o t e r so fa g r i c u ト o fe x c o l o n i s t s .However 1 9 6 0 sa n dt h ei n d i f f e r e n c eo fMOFA was o f f i c i a l l y t u r a lc o l o n i z a t i o nc o n t i n u e dt op a r t i c i p a t ei ne m i g r a - 但 勺 i n d i c a t e db yt h er e p o r tf r o mt h eO v e r s e a sE m i g r a t i o n t i o np o l i c y m a k i n gi nt h ep o s t w a rp e r i o d .I nt h ep r e w a r C o u n c i li n1 9 6 2 .MA , F ont h eo t h e rh a n d,r e g a r d e d 巴dt r a n s p l a n t i n g] a p a n e s ef a r m e r s p e r i o dNasua d v o c a t e m i g r a t i o na sam e a s u r ef o rd e a l i n gw i t ha g r i c u l t u r a l “t h el i f e l i n eo f] a p a n, "a so n ep a r to f t oM a n c h u r i a, u c ha sd i f f i c u l t yo ff i n d i n gemploymentf o r i s s u e s,s m e a s u r e sa g a i n s tr u r a ls u r p l u sp o p u l a t i o n(Na s u[ 2 8 ] ) . r u r a ly o u t h,d e v e l o p m e n to fr u r a la r e a( An o t i f i c a t i o n W i t hr e g a r dt op o s t w a re m i g r a t i o n, w h i l eh ea b a n d o n e d i s s u e dbyt h eD i r e c t o rG e n e r a lo fP r o m o t i o nB u r e a u a i n t a i n e dh i ss t a n d p o i n t g e o p o l i t i c a Iv i e w p o i n t,hem 註y ama P r e f e c t u r e[ 3 2,p p . 3 5 6 ] ),a n d i n1 9 5 9,Ok t h a te m i g r a t i o na b r o a dwasm e a s u r ea g a i n s td o m e s t i c a g r i c u l t u r a ls t r u c t u r e .B e c a u s et h i sm i s s i o nr e m a i n e d ; A .s c e n a r i of o rs e n d i n g a g r i c u l t u r a lp r o b l e m s( N a s u' 6 ) , MAF'sm o t i v a t i o nc o n t i n u e dt h r o u g h u n a c c o m p l i s h e d m i g r a n tf a r ml a b o r e r st ot h eU . S ., "D i p l o m a t i cR e c o r d s , i twast r u et h a tMAF'sp a r t i c i p a t h e1 9 6 0 s .However ] ' 1 . 1 .0 . 5 1 1 ) .I n1 9 6 1,t h eD i r e c t o rG e n e r a lo fE m i g r a 悔 t i o nc a u s e dd i s t u r b a n c e so v e re m i g r a t i o na f f a i r s .I n t i o nB u r e a u(MOFA)c r i t i c i z e dMAF'sv i e wa s“ t h e d m i n i s t r a t i v ei n s p e c t i o np o i n t e do u tt h a tcom1 9 6 0,a f a u l to fM a n c h u r i ac o l o n i z a t i o ns t y l e "( T a k a g i[ 3 8 ] ) . p l i c a t e da d m i n i s t r a t i v es y s t e mh a db a d l ya f f e c t e dt h e 百1 e m i g r a t i o nh a dv i r t u a l l ye n d e di n A l t h o u g ha g r i c u l t u r managemento fe m i g r a t i o n( “ ; A . d m i n i s t r a t i v ei n s p e c t i o n r o m o t e r so fa g r i c u l t u r a le m i g r a t i o n t h eI a t e1 9 6 0 s,p "D i p l o m a t i cR e c o r d s] ' 1 . 1 .0 . 1 3 ) . o fe m i g r a t i o ns e r v i c e, c 1a i m e dt h ei m p o r t a n c eo fe m i g r a t i o na s ap a r to f Fromt h e non,n e v e r t h e l e s s,MAFc o n f r o n t e dMOFA i n t e r n a t i o n a lc o o p e r a t i o n( N a s u" Ap l a no ft h eI g u a c u a b o u tt h eC o l o n i z a t i o nF e d e r a t i o na n dt h er o u t eo f R e c l a m a t i o nC o o p e r a t i v e, "D i p l o m a t i cR e c o r d s ] '1 . 1 .0 . 1, , p .6 5 ] ) . e m i g r a t i o ns u b s i d i e s(MOFA[ 2 4 H i r a k a w a[ 5 ] ) . Moreoveζthet w om i n i s t r i e s 'a t t i t u d e sweres e r i - (1 7 1 ] a p a n ' sp o s t w a rem ト I nc o n s i d e r a t i o no ft h ea b o v e, 農林業問題研究(第 1 7 9号 ・ 2 0 1 0年 9月) ( 18 2 J g r a t i o np o l i c yc a n n o tb ef u l l yg r a s p e di fi ti sd i s c u s s e d ( H i g u c h ia n dTannoμ, p .4 0 ] ) .The ,y t h eo r i g i n a t o r so f s e p a r a t e l yf r o mw a r t i m ec o l o n i z a t i o n( s e eMOFA[ 2 2 ], a dr e c o u r s et oe v e r ya v a i l a b l e m i g r a t i o nb r o k i n g,h I m i nk e n k y u k a i[ 7 ] )o ri ft h ef o c u si so n l yonMOFA 9 J. 往 時: o v e r n m e n t a lo r g a n i z a t i o n s L a s 均r e 伊r d a n di t se x n e t w o r k,s u c ha sp r 己f e c t u r a la s s o c i a t i o n s,t h eC o t i a i n g“ t h e1 9 7 3d o c 仕i n e, "i ti sc e r t a i nt h a tsomes c h o l a r s t r a i n i n gb y ] a p a nE m i g r a t i o nS e r v i c e( T a n n o[ 4 0, p .5 6 m i s i n t e r p r e t e dt h el a s te m i g r a n ts h i pi n1 9 7 3a st h e n .1 6 J,s e ea l s oF u j i s a k i[ 3,p p .7 8 9 J, 日i r o t a[ 6 ] ) .I n i g r a t i o n( B e f u[ 2 ] ) .O t h e r sseemt om i s c o n s t r u e l a s t巴m h o s e who c o u l d work i n] a p a n were t h i sp e r i o d,t a n da l u m n ia s s o c i a t i o n sf r o mp r e d e p a r t u r e C o o p e r a t i v e, t h ed e m i s eo ft h e] a p a nE m i g r a t i o nS e r v i c e,n a m e l y h ef i r s tands e c o n dg e n e r a t i o n sw i t h r e s t r i c t e dt ot r e o r g a n i z a t I o ni n t o]ICAi n1 9 7 4,a st h ea b o l i t i o no f y .Howeve ,r t h ea r n e n d r n e n to ft h e ] a p a n e s en a t i o n a l i t e m i g r a t i o np o l i c y . I r n r n i g r a t i o nC o n t r o la n dR e f u g e eR e c o g n i t i o nA c t 4 . Discussion2 :Re-examinationofJapanese B r a z i l i a nImmigrationStudies 呂f t e rt h eI r n r n i g r 百t i o nC o n t r o lA c t )i n1 9 9 0 ( h e r e b r o u g h tar n a s s i v ei n f l u xo f] a p a n e s eB r a z i l i a n supt o t h et h i r dg e n e r a t i o nandt h e i rs p o u s e sw i t h o u t ] , a戸anese n a t i o n a l i か ' .TodayB r a z i l i a n sr a n ks e c o n dt oC h i n e s ei n ( 1 )H i s t o r i c a lContexto fJapaneseB r a z i l i a n t e r r n so ft h ε n u r n b e ro ff o r e i g nr e s i d e n t si n] a p a n,i f Immigration ] a p a n e s ed i r e c ti n v e s t m e n ti nB r a z i lwasa ti t sp e a k o n ed i s c o u n t st h en u r n b e ro fK o r e a n sw i t ht h es t a t u so f f r o mt h e1 9 5 0 st ot h e1 9 7 0 s .N e v e r t h e l e s s, m i g r a t i o n “ s p e c i a lp e r r n a n e n tr e s i d e n t, "whichi sa p p l i c a b l et o a sar e a c t i o nt oc a p i t a li n v e s t m e n t, n e v e rt o o k t o] a p a n, “i r n p e r i a ls u b j e c t s "o ft h ep a s ta n dt h e i rd e s c e n d a n t s p l a c e(Tannoμ0,p .4 4 ] ) .R a t h e ,r m i g r a t i o n f r o m] a p a n ( F i g .1 ) .I ti sw o r t h yo fc l o s ea t t ε n t i o nt h a tB r a z i l i a n wasp r o m o t 巴dd u r i n gt h i sp e r i o d .I nt h emid1 9 8 0 s, “ new c o r n e r s "h a v eb e e ne n g a g e de x c l u s i v e l yi n whent h eB r a z i l i a neconomyc o l l a p s e dw h i l e] a p a n e s e f a c t o r yworki nl o c a lc i t i e s( F i g u r e s2a n d3 ) .T h i si s , f a c t o r i e ss u f f e r e df r o m as e v e r es h o r t a g eo fl a b o r c a u s e d by w i d e ω r a n g i n gd e v e l o p r n e n t so fr n i g r a t i o n r e t u r nm i g r a t i o n企' o mB r a z i lt o] a p a nb e g a nt oi n c r e a s e b r o k i n g( H i g u c h ia n dTanno [ 4 J,K a j i t a,Tanno,a n d ( F u j i s a k i[ 3,p p .6 0 3 ] ) .Oncew o r k i n gi n] a p a n,s u c h H i g u c h i[ 1 7 J, T a n n o[ 4 0 ] ) .Hereap a t hd e p e n d e n c ec a n r e t u r nm i g r a n t swere a s k e dbyt h e i re m p l o y e r st o b ef o u n di nt h ef o r r no ft h eb r o k i n gs y s t e r n( K a j i t a, r e c r u i to t h e r] a p a n e s em i g r a n t sa sf a c t o r yw o r k e r s T a n n o,a n dH i g u c h i[ 1 7 ] ),a n di twasr e t u r nr n i g r a t i o n 6 0 0 . 0 抽 ー金一 吋会- Korea Korea( e x c l u d i n gS p e c i a l PennanentR e s i d e n t ) China 引 . . . 5叩 . 0 0 0 1 9 8 6 +宇 400, 000 1 9 8 8 抑 1 9 9 2 1 9 9 4J 9 9 51 開 6¥ 9 9 71 開 819 押 2 0 剖 2 回 12 曲 22 回 32 0 0 42 0 0 52 開 62 剖 72 凹8 F i g .1 . N u r n b e ro fr e g i s t e r e df o r e i g nr e s i d e n t sb yn a t i o n a l i t y S o u r c e :] a p a nI r n r n i g r a t i o nA s s o c i a t i o n[ 1 1 ] . (18) ( 18 3 J o ff o r e i g nworkersi n] a p a n, eveni ft h enumbero fe m i - 6 0, 0 0 0 g r a n t sd u r i n gt h Isp e r i o di ss m a l l e rt h a nt h enumbero f 5 0, 0 0 0 p r e w a re m i g r a n t sll). Postwar e m i g r a n t se s t a b l i s h e d , 0 0 0 4 0 e s c e n d a n t so f戸rewar e m i g r a n t s c h a n n e l i z a t i o n,andd 3 0 , 0 0 0 f o l l o wt h ep a t h . ( 2 )I n t e n to fthe Revised Immigration Control 0 0 0 2 0, ActandUnintendedConsequence 10 , 000 l o n g t e r mr e s i d e n t "s t a t u s, Thee s t a b l i s h m e n to f“ S o u t hKan t o Tokyo whichi sa p p l i c a b l et o] a p a n e s ed e s c e n d a n t supt ot h e T o k a i F i g, 2, Thenumbero ff o r e i g nw o r k e r sbyr e g i o n, 2005 S o u r c e s :M i n i s t r yo f H e a l t h,L a b o u ra n dW e l f a r e[ 2 η, T o k y o i s f r o mT o k y oL a b o u rB u r ε a u[ 4 1 ] . N o t e s :1 )So担 t hKanto:S a i t a m a,C h i b a, TokyoandKanag おも' a T o k a i :G i f u, S h i z u o k a, A ic h ia n dM i e . 2 )9 4, 1 4 3( 6 0 . 7 % )o ft h e1 5 5, 0 0 9b u s i n e s se s t a b l i s h m e n t sr e s p o n d e dt ot h es u r v e y . c 1u d i n gi n d i r e c te m p l o y m e n t . 3 )N o ti n t h i r dg e n e r a t i o nandt h e i rs p o u s e sw i t h o u tanyr e s t r i c - ,t r i g g e r e dag r e a ti n f l u xo f] a p a n e s e t i o nonworking h e B r a z i l i a nl a b o r e r s .I nE n g l i s h l a n g u a g ea r t i c l e s,t e x p l a n a t i o nh a sbeenp r o p o s e dt h a tt h i sv i s as t a t u swas c o n s t r u c t e dt oi n t r o d u c ef o r e i g nworkers(Yamanaka [ 4 8 ], S h i p p e r[ 3 6 ] ) .However , i nf a c t, i twasp r o v e dt h a t s u c haphenomenonwasa nunintendedc o n s e q u e n c e f o rt h e] a p a n e s e government . Based on i n t e r v i e w s 0 0 0 6 0, K a j i t a[ 1 6 ]r e v e a l e d w i t ha d m i n i s t r a t i o np o l i c y m a k e r s, oOthcrs 5 0, 0 0 0 回 4 0, 0 0 0 3 0, 0 0 0 2 0, 0 0 0 。 S o u t hK a n t o p e c i a lpermanentr e s i d e n t "s t a t u s, andi n i t i a l l y w i t h“s ロS a l e s, t o o k sa n d 、 , v a i t e r s 八 , v a i t r e s s e s 巴n d a n t si nC h i n aa n dS o u t h i n t e n d e df o r] a p a n e s ed e s c P r o f e s s i o n a l s, T e c i lO u : : i a n sa n d 齢 1 : a n a g e r s h er e v i s e dI m m i g r a t i o nC o n t r o l 4 ] ) .Ofc o u r s e,nowt 田 , 0 0 0 1 0 t h a tt h i sv i s as t a t u swase s t a b l i s h e da sah a r m o n i z a t i o n M : m u f < ¥ c t u r i n g r V o r k e r s P r o c e s s九 Tanno, andH i g u c h i[ 1 7, c h . E a s tA s i a( s e ea l s oK a j i t a, A c th a sf u n c t i o n e da st h e de f a c t op o l i c yf o rt h e Tokyo T o k a i 2 l.Y e ti ti sn o t i m p o r t so fl a b o r e r sf r o mL a t i nAmerical F i g .3 . Thenumbero ff o r e i g nw o r k e r sbyo c c u p a t i o n a l , 2005 c a t e g o r y S o u r c e s :M i n i s t r yo fH e a l t h,L a b o u ra n dW e l f a r e[ 2 7 ] .T o k y oi s u r e a日 μ1J f r o mTokyoLabourB a i t a m a, C h i b a, T o k y oa n dK a n a g a w a . N o t e s :1 )S o u t hKanto:S S h i z u o k a, A i c h ia n dM i e . T o k a i :G i f u, 2 )9 4 , 1 4 3( 6 0 . 7 % )o f t h e1 5 5 , 0 0 9b u s i n e s se s t a b l i s h m 巴n t s r e s p o n d e dt ot h es u r v e y . c 1u d i n gi n d i r e c te m p l o y m e n . tThet o t a ln u m 3 )N o ti n b e ro fi n d i r e c te m p l o y 巴巴sw a s1 4 4, 8 9 1,o fw h i c h 1 3 1, 5 6 2( 9 0 . 8 % )w e r ee n g a g e di nm a n l l おc t 日n ng i n d u s t r y . 巴m i g r a t i o nt oL a t i nAmeric 註b u tc o l o n i z a t i o nbyImpe- r i a l] a p a nt h a ta f f e c t e dt h eamendmentp r o c e s s .From t h ep e r s p e c t i v eo fl a ws t u d i e s, Schuckβ5, p p .2 4 2 3 ] p o i n t e do u tt h en e c e s s i t yt od i s t i n g u i s hbetween“ t h e l a wa sf o r m a l l ye n a c t e d "a n d“ t h el a wa sa c t u a l l yi m p l e .2 8 7 ] ) .P r e v i o u ss t u d i e s mented"( s e ea l s oTanno[ 4 0,p seemt obec o n f u s e dr e g a r d i n gt h e s etwoa s p e c t s . 5 . Conclusion E x i s t i n gs t u d i e son] a p a n e s eB r a z i l i a nd i s c u s sexch ト 0 む e m i g r a n t s1 )t h a te s t a b l i s h e dc h a n n e l i z a t i o n ofpostw s i v e l ypreware m i g r a t i o nandt o d a y ' si m m i g r a t i o n, and between] a p a n e s eB r a z i l i a n s and] a p a n e s ei n d u s t r y . d i r e c t l yc o n n e c tt h e two e v e n t s( s e e,f o r example, I n t 巴r e s t i n g l ,y Brazilianimmigrantsi nNewY o r khave おu d a[ 4 4 ] ),where 証st h i sa r t i c l ed e m o n s t r a t e st h 巴 neverbecomei n v o l v e di nf a c t o r ywork( M a r g o l i s[ 2 0, f o l l o w i n gf a c t s .F i r s t, t h ec o n t i n u a t i o no fp o s t w a rem ト p .1 4 8 ] ) .Onlya f t e rc o n s i d e r i n gh i s t o r i c a lc o n t e x tc a n g r a t i o nwast h er e s u l to fa na s p e c to fa g r i c u l t u r a lp o l i c y , wei n t e r p r e tt h i sc o n t r a s tbetweent h eU . S .and] a p a n . a n dp o s t w a re m i g r a t i o np o l i c yh a dm a i n t a i n e dc o n t i n u i t y I nc o n s i d e r a t i o no ft h ea b o v e, i ti sc l e a rt h a tp o s t w a r c u r r e n ti m m i g r a f r o mManchuriac o l o n i z a t i o n .Second, e m i g r a t i o ni s呂 s i g n i f i c a n tfactorthatformsthepattem h i c hi sm a i n l yr e l a t 己dt ot 注ctoryworki nl o c a l t i o n,w (19) [ 18 4 J 農林業開題研究(第 1 7 9号 ・2 0 1 0年 9月) c i t i e s,h a sb e e na f f e c t e dbyt h emodeo ft h e“ r e t u r n "o f p o s t w a re m i g r a n t s .Why ,t h e n, h a sp o s t w a re m i g r a t i o n Acknowledgments b e e nf o r g o t t e n ?Therea p p e a rt ob et w or e a s o n s . E a r l i e rv e r s i o n so ft h i sp a p e rwered i s c u s s e da t 蝿 i v i d i n gl i n e s between p a r t i c u l a rf i e l d so f F i r s t,d v a r i o u sd i s c i p l i n e ss h o u l db ei n d i c a t 巴d .Thesea r ea s t h e6 t hI n t e r n a t i o n a lC o n f e r e n c eo ft h eE a s t A s i a n R e p u b l i co fK o r e a, 2 0 0 6 ), A g r i c u l t u r a lH i s t o r y(Suwon, / p o s t w a r( i nh i s t o r y ), A s ia / L a t i n f o l l o w s :p r e w a r / w a r t i me t h e7 t hI n t e r n a t i o n a lC o n f e r e n c 巴 o ft h eE a s tA s i a n A m e r i c a( i na r e as t u d i e s ),c o l o n i z a t i on / m i g r a t i o n( i n A g r i c u l t u r a lH i s t o r y( Y a n g l i n g,P e o p l e ' sR e p u b l i co f a n dMAF !MOFA( i na d m i n i s t r a t i o n m i g r a t i o ns t u d i e s ), 0 0 7 ),a n dt h e8 t hI n t e r n a t i o n a lC o n f e r e n c eo f C h i n a,2 働 s t u d i e s ) .C o n v e n t i o n a l l ,y Manchuriae m i g r a t i o ni sr e 伊r d e d t h eE a s t A s i a nA g r i c u l t u r a lH i s t o r y( M i y a z a k i, ] a p a n, a sar e s e a r c ha r e af o rt h o s ewhos p e c i a l i z ei np r e w a r 2 0 0 8 ) .T h i sr e s e a r c hwass u p p o r t e db yaG r a n t i n A i d s i a,c o l o n i z a t i o n,o rMAF ( M i n i s t r yo f ( w a r t i m e ),A f o rYoungS c i e n t i s t s(B)f r o mt h e] a p a nS o c i e t yf o rt h e G r e a t 色1 ・E a s tA s i a ),w h i l ep o s t w a re m i g r a t i o ni sa P r o m o t i o no fS c i e n c e( G r a n t# 1 9 7 8 0 1 6 9 ) . s p e c i a l i z e df i e l di np o s t w a r ,L a t i nA m e r i c a,m i g r a t i o n, o rMOFA. I na d d i t i o n,s c h o l a r si nf o r e i g nw o r k e r Notes s t u d i e sr a r e l ys u r v e yb o t hf i e l d s Asaf u t u r ea g e n d a, 圃 wec l e a r l yn e e dt of 詑 eo u r s e l v e sf r o mt h e s e“b o x e s . " Next, t h eq u e s t i o no fwhyt h o s ewhoa r g u e da g a i n s t t h ei m a g eo fmodern] a p a na sahomogeneouss o c i e t y h a dm i s u n d e r s t o o dp o s t w a re m i g r a t i o nr e q u i r e sc a r e f u l c o n s i d e r a t i o n .A l t h o u g hI y o t a n i[ 9, p p .1 8 2 3 ]c l a i m e d t h a ts p e c i a la t t e n t i o ns h o u l dbep a i dt ot h ef a c tt h a t ] a p a nh a db e e nar e c e i v i n g / s 己n d i n gc o u n t r yo fm i g r a n t s, h e was n e v e r t h e l e s sa r g u i n go n l yw i t hr e g a r dt o r e l a t i o n s h i p sw i t hA s i aa n dn e v e rm e n t i o n e dL a t i n ,p .1 4 2 ],ont h eo t h e rh a n d, A m e r i c a .S a k a g u c h i[ 3 4 e m p h a s i z e dt h a twhatwas n e e d e dwas ap r o f o u n d a w a r e n e s st h a t] a p a nh a db e e nas e n d i n gc o u n t r yo f m i g r a n t sf o rmoret h a nf i f t yy e a r s,n a m e l yf r o mt h 巴 1 9 2 0 st o1 9 7 3 .Hows h o u l dwei n t e r p r e tt h i sa m n e s i a a b o u tp o s t w a re m i g r a t i o n ?T h i sseemst od 邑r i v ef r o m w h a tAn d e r h i s t o r i c a l( u n ) c o n s c i o u s n e s so fn a t i o n s t a t e, s o n[ 1,c h .1 1 ]t e r m e d“ r e m e m b e r / f o r g e t , "c o n c e r n i n g p o s t w a r] a p a n . Thei m p l i c a t i o no ft h i sa r t i c l ef o rm i g r a t i o ns t u d i e s a g r i c u l t u r a l i st h ei m p o r t a n c eo fs p e c i f i cc o n t e x t s( e . g ., p o l i c y ) .I ti so f t e np o i n t e do u tt h a tm i g r a t i o ns t u d i e s p a yl e s s e ra t t e n t i o nt os e n d i n gc o u n t r i e s .F o rs u c h m i g r a t i o nt r a n s i t i o n "i n c o u n t r i e st h a te x p e r i e n c e d“ t h er e c e n tp a s t, however , t h ec h a r a c t e r i s t i c so fe m i g r a 叩 t i o np o l i c yh a v ee x e r t e daf a r r e a c h i n gi n f l u e n c eon t o d a y ' si m m i g r a t i o n . ( 2 0) iw a se x p e c t e dt h a t3 7 5 1 ) A c c o r d i n gt ot h eo r i g i n a lp l a n,t h o u s e h o l d sw o u l di m m i g r a t e( l l 3h o u s e h o l d sf r o mt h e C o t i aC o o p e r a t i v ea n d2 6 2h o u s e h o l d sf r o m] a p a n ) . ,o n l y1 0 7h o u s e h o l d sf r o m] a p a nh a ds e t t l e d H o w e v e r .1 9 4 ] ) . t h e r eb yM a r c h1 9 6 4( M O F A[ 2 4,p 2 ) P r e s i d e n to ft h eC o u n c i lw a sT o b a t aS e i i c h i,P r e s i d e n to f o r m e rP r o f e s t h eI n s t i t u t eo fD e v e l o p i n gE c o n o m i e s,af s o ro fA g r i c u l t u r a lE c o n o m i c sa tt h eU n i v e r s i t yo fT o k y o . l N a s ua n dH i r a k a w aw e r em e m b e r so ft h eC o u n c i. 3 ) N a s ua n dH i r a k a w aw e r es t i l lm e m b e r so ft h ec o u n c i la t t h a tt i m e . 4 ) T h em e m b e r so ft h ec o m m i s s i o nw e r eO g u r aT a k e k a z u( a むa t i v ev i c e M i n i s t e ro fA g r i c u l t u r ea n d f o r m e ra d m i n i s w a s eY o s h i r o( af o r m e rD i r e c t o rG e n e r a lo f F o r e s t r y ),I i n i s t r yo fF i n a n c e ),a n dN a k a n eC h i e F i n a n c eB u r e a u,M 山' e,t h eU n i v e r ( D i r e c t o ro ft h eI n s t i t u t eo fO r i e n t a lC u l t s i t yo fT o k y o ) 5 ) I nt h e]ICAAlIIl1la lR e t o r t“ e m i g r a n t s "w e r er e c o r d e d u n t i l1 9 9 5 .T h i si sd u et ot h ei n c l u s i o no ft h en u m b e ro f i n t e r n si nat o t a lc a l c u l a t i o n . .7 5 ],E a s tA s i ai sa n“a r e a 6 ) A c c o r d i n gt oN o d a[ 2 9,p 'sa g r i c u l t 山 a l i n c a p a b l eo fa c h i e v i n gt h eg o v e r n m e nt s t r u c t u r ei m p r o v e m e n tp o l i c y . " 7 ) I np r a c t i c ee m i g r a t i o n( n o tc o l o n i z a t i o n )h a dc o m et oa ne n d ♂a c i f i cW a ri n1 9 41 . j u s tb e f o r et h eo u t b r e a ko ft h eA s i a 8 ) T h es e c t i o no fe m i g r a t i o na 百 " ai r sb e l o n g e dt ot h eB u r e a u 5 5 …5 6,1 9 6 8 7 2 ),t h eB u r e a uo f o fA g r i c u l t u r a lL a n d(19 6 3 ),a n dt h eB u r e a uo fA g r i c u l t u r a l P r o m o t i o n( 1 9 56 6 3 6 8 ),a l lo fw h i c hw e r ew e i g h t y A d m i n i s t r a t i o n(19 b u r e a u si nMAE a t s 叫口 [ 4 5,p . 6 8 η p o i n t e do u t社l e“ a g r o m a n j a c " 9 ) 川匂 k f e a t u r eo ft h e] a p a n e s eg o v e r n m e n ti nc o m p a r i s o nw i t h 085J p o s れ . v a re m i g r a t i o nf r o mC h i n aa n dK o r e at oB o l i v i a .The a s p e c to fa g r i c u l t u r a lp o l i c ya p p e a r st ob eac r u c i a lf a c t o r [ 1 0 J] a p a nE m i g r a t i o nS e r v i c e,K a i g a ii j uj i g y o d a n1 0 n e n s h i ( T o k y o :] a p a nE m i g r a t i o nS e r v i c e,1 9 7 3 ) . : 1 1 J] a p a nI m m i g r a t i o nA s s o c i a t i o n,Z 剖r y ug a i k o k u j i nt o k e i i ne x p l a i n i n gt h i sp e c u l i a r i t y . 1 0 ) C o n s i d e r i n gt h eg e n e r a t i o nf a c t O l ;i tseemst h a tmosto f t h e“ r e t u r n e e s "werep o s t w a re m i g r a n t s .A l t h o u g hB e f u [ 2,p .2 1 ]c 1 a i m e dt h a t“ [ v ] i r t u a 1 1 ya 1 1o ft h eL a t i nAmer ト ( T o k y o :] a p a nI m m i g r a t i o nA s s o c i a t i o n, 間' r i o l l sy e a r s ) ( 1 2 )]ICAQapanI n t e r n a t i o n a lC o o p e r a t i o nA g e n c y ),K o k u s a i k y o r γ o k uj i g y o d a n2 5 n e n s h i( T o k y o :]ICA, 1 9 9 9 ) c a n si n] a p a na r eL a t i nA m e r i c a n b o r ns e c o n da n dt h i r d 骨 g e n e r a t i o n] a p a n e s er e s i d e n t s, "K i t a g a w a[ 1 8,p .2 0 0 ] r e v e a l st h a t7 2( 1 5 . 5 % )o ft h e466] a p a n e s eL a t i nA m e r i c a n si nO i z u m i, Gunma, weret h ef i r s tg e n e r a t i o ni n1 9 9 8 . 1 1 ) A c c o r d i n gt oa no f f i c i a lr e c o r d, t h et o t a lnumbero fp r e w a r [ 13 :]ICA,K o k u s a ik y o r y o k uj i g y o d a n nenpo 1 9 9 5( T o k y o : ]ICA, 1 9 9 5 ) . a i g a ii j ut o k e i : Showa 2 7 n e n d o H e i s e i5 n e n d o [ 1 4 J]ICA,K ( T o k y o :]ICA,1 9 9 4 ) . [ 1 5 J]ICA,E m i g r a t i o nP l a n n i n ga n d 立e s e a r c hD e p a r t m e n t, e m i g r a n t s( 1 8 6 8 1 9 4 1 ) was 7 4 3, 757,n o ti nc 1u d i n g “K a i g 剖 i j uj i g y oh y o k ac h o s am i s s h o nh o k o k u ",l j l l 270, 007M如 c h u r i a na g r i c u l t u r a le m i g r a n t s .W i t hr e f e r - K e n k Y l l, 22( 1 9 8 5 ), p p .1 1 8 e n c et oB r a z i l,t h e r ewere1 8 8, 986e m i g r a n t sf r o m1 9 0 8t o “K a i r is u r un a s h o n a r i z u m ut oe s u n i s i t i "i nK [ 1 6 JT .K a j i t a, 1 9 4 1(MOFA[ 2 3 ] ) .Ont h eo t h e rh a n d,t h et o t a lnumbero f A o i, A .T a k a h a s h ia n dK .S h o j i, e d s ., S h i m i n s e in oh e n ' y o p o s t w a re m i g r a n t s( 1 9 4 5 8 9 ) was 262, 0 7 8,o fw h i c h t oc h i i k is h a k a im o n d a i( C h i b a :AzusaS h u p p a n s h a,1 9 9 9 ), 7 1, 372e m i g r a n t sd e p a r t e df o rB r a z i l( s e eT a b l e1 ) .From 3, 586( 7 5 . 1 % )o ft h ee m i g r a n t st oB r a z i l 1 9 5 2t o1 9 8 9,5 p p .1 3 9 1 6 5 . [ 17 )T .K a j i t a,K .Tannoa n dN .H i g u c h i,Kaon om i e n a it e i j u k a ( N a g o y a :U n i v e r s i t yo fNagoyaP r e s s, 2 0 0 5 ) . weres u b s i d i z e dQICA[ 1 4 ] ) . 1 2 ) I n2008,t h et o t a lnumbero f“ l o n g t e r mr e s i d e n t s "was “ Oizum トc h ob u r a j i r u t a u nN i k k e i j i n' d e k a ( 1 8 )T .K i t a g a w a, 498,o fw h i c h1 3 7, 005( 5 3 % )wereB r a z i l i a n s .Ont h e 258. s e g i 'n ok o k u s a i s h a k a i g a k ut e k ib u n s e k i " , T o y りD a i g a k l l S J 昭 ,- o t h e rhand,t h enumbero fC h i n e s ewas3 3, 6 0 0( 1 3 % ) kai~αkubu K i y o, Vo l .36N o .3( 1 9 9 9 ), p p .1 5 5 3 3 3 . QapanI m m i g r a t i o nA s s o c i a t i o n[ l l ] ) . [ 1 9 J] .L e s s e r ,N e g o t i a t i n gN a t i o n a lI d e n t i t y( D u r h a m :Duke U n i v e r s i t yP r e s s,1 9 9 9 ) ( 2 0 JM.L .M紅 ' g o l i s,L i t t l eB r a z i l( P r i n c e t o n :P r i n c e t o nU n i v e r s i t yP r e s s,1 9 9 4 ) . References ]MOFA ( M i n i s t r yo fF o r e i g nA f f a i r s J,Waga g a i k on o : 21 : 1 ]B .An d e r s o n,I m a g i n e dC o m m u n i t i e s .r e v i s e de d i t i o n( L o n - k i n k y o : Showa 48nen b a n( T o k y o :M i n i s t r yo fF o r e i g n A f f a i r s,1 9 7 3 ) . d o n :V e r s o,1 9 9 1 ) . [ 2 :H .B e f u, “G l o b a l i z a t i o na s Human D i s p e r s a l . "i n] . S . [ 2 2 JMOFA,C o n s u l a ra n dE m i g r a t i o n A百' a i r s Department, .G i 1 1a n dH .B e f u,e d s .,G l o b a l i z a t i o na n dS o c i a l E a d e s,T Wagakokuminn ok a i g a ih a t t e n :Honpen( T o k y o :MOFA, Changei nContemporary]apan( M e l b o u r n e :計百n sP a c i f i c 1 9 7 1 ) o n s u l a ra n dE m i g r a t i o nA f f a i r s Department, ( 2 3 ]MOFA,C 田, 2 0 0 0 ),p p .1 7 -40 . P r e [ 3 :Y .F u j i s a k i,D e k a s e g iN i k k e ig a i k o k u j i nr o d o s h a( T o k y o : A k a s h iS h o t e n,1 9 9 1 ) Waga kokumin no k a i g a ih a t t e n :S h i r y o h e n( T o k y o : MOFA,1 9 7 1 ) .Tanno,‘'What 'sD r i v i n gB r a z i l ] a p a n : 4 JN .H i g u c h ia n dK M i g r a t i o n ? ", l l l t e m a t i o n al ] o z m z a l0 1 j a p a n e s eS o c i o l o g y ,1 2 ( 2 0 0 3 ),p p .3 3-47 . , AB u r e a uo fL a t i nA m e r i c aa n dE m i g r a t i o n,Sengo : 2 4 JMOF nok a i g a ii j ut oi j ugyomun oa t o( T y p e s c r i p t,1 9 6 6 ) . u r e a uo fE m i g r a t i o n,K剖 g a l巧uwaj i n k om o n d a i [ 2 5 JMOFA,B “ ,K a i g a ii j un ik a n s u r uk i h o n t e k is h o m o n d a i [ 5 JM.H i r a k a w a n it s u i t e ", Z e l l t a k u r e n j o J zo , 269( 1 9 7 9 ), p p .9 1 3 k a i k e t s un in a n i0k i y os u r uka/Ni h o nn oj i n k ok a j ot o k a i g a ii j un om o n d a i( 乃p e s c r i p t,1 9 5 6 ) . [ 6 JY .H i r o t a,E s u n i s i t it ot o s h is h i n p a n( T o k y o :Y u s h i n d o k o b u n s h a, 2 0 0 3 ) [ 2 6 JMOFA,EconomicA f f a i r sD i v i s i o n,B u r e a uo fAdmi刑 s l r a t i o n,N i h o n j i ni m i nn ik a n s u r us h o r a in omond 剖 ( T y p e - [ 7 Jl m i nk e n l 守山出, Nihonn oi m i nk e n k y u :d o k ot omokuroku ( T o k y o :N i c h i g a iA s s o c i a t e s,1 9 9 4 ) . 9 4 9 ) . s c r i p t,1 a b o u ra n dW e l f a r e,G a i k o l 叩j i nk o y o [ 2 7 JM i n i s t r yo fH e a l l h,L t o,“Nousons e i n e nt a i s a k ut o s h i t e n os e i n e n t a is o s C 8 JA .I 同 h i k i ", K e i z a i s l z iK e n k y u, 9( 2 0 0 5 ), p p .5 8 8 6 j o k y oh o k o k u :H e i s e i1 7 n e n6 g a t s u1 n i c h ig e n z a i .h t t p ・ / / w w w . m h l w . g o . j p ! bunya/ko y o u l g a i k o k u j i n 0 9 / i n d e x . h t m l [ 9 JT .l y o t a n i,G r o b a l Iz e s h o nt oi m i n( T o k y o :Y u s h i n d o k o b u n 2 0 0 1 ) s h a, “Manmoun o あ10 i m i n1 0wagaj i n k om o n d a i ", ( 2 8 JS .Nasu, N o g y oK e i z a iK e l l k y u, Vo . l8N o .2( 19 3 2 ), p p .2 1 7 2 3 2 (2 1) ( 186J 農林業問題研究(第 179サ ・ 2010年 9J l ) [ 2 9JK .Noda “ ,Nogyok i n d a i k ak a t e in on i h o nt e k it o k u s h i t s u ", K e i z a iR o n s o, Vo . l1 7 3N o .1( 2 0 0 4 ), p p .7 28 9 H e i s e i1 7 n e n6 g a t s u1 n i c h ig e n z a i . “Sengo n i h o nn ot o n a n ・a j i ai m i ns o s h u t s u [ 4 2 JJ . Tomaru, ザ [ 3 0 J“ Nogyo s e i n e nhakenj i g y o 50nen s h i " henshui i n k a i, Nogyo s e i n e nh a k e nj i g y o 50nen s h i( T o k y o :J a p a n k e i k a k ut oi g i r i s u ", R e k i s h i g a k uKeIlk Y l l,818( 2 0 0 6 ),p p . 1 8 3 4, 5 3 . ( 4 3 JM.T s u c h i d a, “ ' AH i s t o r yo fJ a p a n e s eE m i g r a t i o nf r o mt h e 0 0 2 ) . A g r i c u l t u r a lExchangeC o u n c i l,2 [ 31 ]N o r i nt o k e ik y o k a i,Z u s e t s un o g y oh a k u s h o( T o k y o :N o r i n t o k e ik y o k a i, v a n ' o l l sy e . αr s ) . 1 8 6 0 st ot h e1 9 9 0 s . "i nM.W e i n e ra n dT .Hanami,e d s ., TemporaryW o r k e r so rF u t u r eC i t i z e n s ?( B a s i n g s t o k e : [ 3 2 JOkayamaP r e f e c t u r ea n dOkayamaA g r i c u l t u r a lC o o p e r a t i v e sf o rC o l o n i z a t i o n, K a i g a inogyoi j us h i r y o(Okayama 1 9 9 8 ), p p .7 7 1 1 9 . M a c m i l l a n, [ 4 4 J τ :T s u d a, “WhenI d e n t i t i e sBecomeModern:J a p a n e s e OkayamaP r e f e c t u r ea n dOkayamaA g r i c u l t u r a lC o o p e r a - E m i g r a t i o nt oBr 百z i la n dt h eG l o b a lC o n t e x t u a l i z a t i o no f t i v e sf o rC o l o n i z a t i o n, 1 9 5 9 ) . I d e n t i t y ", E t l m i ca n dR a c i a lS t l l d i , 出2 4 ( 3 )( 2 1 ), p p .4 1 2- [ 3 3 JC . A .R e i c h l “ ,S t a g e si nt h eH i s t o r i c a lP r o c e s so fE t h n i c . i t y :TheJ a p a n e s ei nB r a z i l,1 9 0 8 1 9 8 8 . "Et J l 1 lo h i s t o , y r ∞ 4 3 2 . ( 4 5 JY .腕 k a t s u k i,H a t t e n t o j o k o k uenoi j un okenkyu( T o k y o : TamagawaU n i v e r s i t yP r e s s, 1 9 8 7 ) . Vol .4 2N o .1( 1 9 9 5 ), p p .3 1 6 2 . [ 3 4 JM.S a k a g u c h i “ ,l m i n s h ik e n k y un os h a t e i ", N i h O/ 日h iK e i l - k y u, 5 0 0( 2 0 0 4 ), p p .1 3 1 …1 51 . [ 4 6 JY .W a k a t s u k ia n d] .S u z u k i,K a i g a ii j us e i s a k us h i r o n ( T o k y o :FukumuraShuppan,1 9 7 5 ) . [ 3 5 JP .H .S c h u c k“ ,Lawandt h eS t u d y0 1M i g r a t i o n . "i nC .B . [ 4 7 ]S .W i l s o n“ ,TheιNewP a r a d i s e ' :J a p a n e s eE m i g r a t i o nt o , B r e t t e l landJ .F .H o l l i f i e l d,e d s .,M i g r a t i o nT h e o r y .2nd M a n c h u r i ai nt h e1 9 3 0 sa n d1 9 4 0 s ", η' e1 1 It e m a t i o J l a lHi ト edn(NewY o r k :R o u t l e d g e, 2 0 0 8 ), p p .2 3 9 2 5 7 . ωr yR e v i e山" 1 7 ( 2 )( 1 9 9 5 ),p p .2 4 9 2 8 6 .Shipper ,F i g h t i n gf o rF o r e i g n e r s( I t h a c a :C o r n e l l [ 3 6 JA .W U n i v e r s i t yP r e s s, 2 0 0 8 ) . [ 4 8 ]K . Yamanaka,' ' ' 1W i l l Go Home,But W h e n ? ' :L a b o r M i g r a t i o nandC i r c u l a rD i a s p o r aF o r m a t i o nbyJ a p a n e s e [ 3 7 JJ .S t a n l 出 . ' 1 , “] a p a n e s eE m i g r a t i o na n dI m m i g r a t i o n :From 呂田 i nJ a p a n . "i nM.D o u g l a s sa n dG,S .R o b e r t s, B r a z i l i t h eM e i j it ot h eM o d e r n . "i nN .A d a c h i,e d .,J a p a n e s e e d s ., J a p a na n dG l o b a lM i g r a t i o n(NewY o r k :R o u t l e d g e, 2 0 0 0 ), p p .1 2 3 1 5 2 . D i a s p o r a s(NewY o r k :R o u t l e d g e,2 0 0 6 ),p p .35-51 . [ 3 8 JH .T a k a g i, “ Chunanbeishokokut o n oi j uk y o t e it owaga ぺGaikoKikan,Vol .6N o .1 k u n ik a i g a ii j us e i s a k un it s u i t e ( 19 6 1 ), p p ‘7 3 8 3 . .Y a s u o k a, “Sengo n i h o nn o u s o nn o henyot ok a i g a i [ 4 9JK n o g y oi m i nj o s e t s u! l , ぬ' s e b a, 2 2( 2 0 0 9 ), p p .1 2 0 …1 4 5 . [ 5 0 JL .Young, ] a p a n ' sT o t a lEmpire( B e r k e l e y :U n i v e r s i t yo f [ 3 9 JS . Tama, “ Nichiman s h o k u r y oj i k y ut a i s e it o manshu n o g y oi m i n . "i nNodaK .e d ., S e n j it a i s e ik i( T o k y o :N o r i n t o k e ik y o k a i, 2 0 0 3 ) . C a l i f o r n i aP r e s s, 1 9 9 8 ) . [ 51 ]D i p l o m a t i cR e c o r d s (The D i p l o m a t i cR e c o r dO f f i c e, MOFA). [ 4 0 ]K . Tanno,Ekkyo s u r u koyo s i s u t e m ut og a i k o k u j i n [ 5 2 :T .Endoh, E x p o r t i n gJ 呂p a n( U r b a n a :U n i v e r s i t y0 1I l li n o i s 2 0 0 9 ) . P r e s s, 0 0 7 ) r o d o s h a( T o k y o :U n i v e r s i t yo fTokyoP r e s s,2 [ 4 1 JTokyo LabourBureau,G a i k o k u j i nk o y oj o k y oh o k o k u : (22) (受理E3:2009年 12月 22日)
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