Presentation slides - Regional Environmental Governance

RIHN E-E REG 2013.1.25
Toward sustainable society in monsoon Asia
―how to cope with complex problems
of natural disasters and human-induced environmental issues―
Tetsuzo Yasunari
Professor of Hydrospheric-Atmospheric
Research Center, Nagoya University
Chair, Japan National Committee for Global
Environmental Changes , SCJ
More than 60% of the world
population is occupied in monsoon
Asia
Population density of the world
世界の人口の60％以上が集中するモンスーンアジア
http://www2.ttcn.ne.jp/honkawa/9050.html
Q: how has this region enabled
to have this huge population and
traditional societies
with less poverty condition ?
A: Rice agriculture with paddy fields in
monsoon climate and ecosystem
Rice production within a limited area of monsoon Asia can
afford more than 60% of the world population (UN）
http://www.pref.aichi.jp/0000034108.html
http://stlab.iis.utokyo.ac.jp/~wataru/publication/pdf/agropedia2006.pdf
Rice paddy field distribution (MODIS)
Precipitation and moisture transport
in monsoon season (JJA)
A typicalhttp://blog.livedoor.jp/syoukaibu/?p=6
view of terrace rice paddy field (TANADA) in Japan
Terraced Rice paddy field in Nepal（ネパールの棚田）
http://blogs.yahoo.co.jp/taketake5295/folder/929079.html?m=lc&p=5
Monsoon Asia is a huge tectonic zone
on the earth
Tectonic zone (with frequent earthquakes,
land slides…..) of the world
http://www3.aa.tufs.ac.jp/~kmach/map.htm
Monsoon Asia
corresponds well with a huge tectonic zone
in Pacific-East Eurasia
⇒Tibet-Himalaya region produces moist monoon climate
over east-southeast-south Asia
⇒tectonic zone (mountains with numerous faults) provide
many alluvial terrains in valleys and plains
⇒all the rice pddy fields are reclaimed in these alluvial
terrains.
(Musiake, 2006)
Rice-paddy fields ~ alluvial areas
another important geomorphological characteristic
of monsoon Asia
The fertile alluvial plain and valleys in Japan islands were
formed after the last glacial period (20Ka~ present)
島根県出雲平野
愛知県四谷千枚田
Our ancestors have formed a
sustainable agricultural system and
associated traditional society in these
alluvial areas , coping with frequent
natural disasters (of floods, droughts,
earthquakes, landslides etc.)
The Great Earthquake and Tsunami in Eastern Japan 2011.3.11
Natural conditions for inducing
extreme events (disasters) are,
at the same time,
blessing of nature in monsoon Asia
People here have managed or tried to
harmonize their life with these natural
condition, to form a traditional humannature system called “風土(Fudo)”.
Monsoon Asia has become a major
center of world economic activity
Global GDP distribution (2005)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_GDP_per_region_2005.png
Asia
World GDP Density distribution 2007
http://www.econbrowser.com/archives/2007/01/sachs.png
Mega-cities in the world
（世界の巨大都市の分布）
http://www.megacities.uni-koeln.de/documentation/megacity/map/MC-2015-PGM.jpg
Monsoon Asia has become a hotspot region of the global
environmental issues
/emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosols and its
climate impacts
/ water and soil pollution
/ biodiversity loss
Optical thickness by sulfate aerosols
Pollution by Carbon Monoxide (CO)
一酸化炭素による汚染
Air pollution by sulfate aerosols
(硫酸塩エアロゾルによる大気汚染
Monsoon Asia is one
of the major emission areas of
Air and water pollutants.
（肥料使用による）窒素の負荷はすでに生命圏を壊しつつある
Impact of GHG increase
on hydro-climate and water cycle
is becoming serious over the
whole globe, but……
全大陸におけるHeavy rain（豪雨）が、総降水量に
占める割合（％）が増加している (1950-2005) (IPCC 2007)
22.5%
Indian monsoon rainfall （１９５１-２０００）
Very heavy and heavy rainfall days are increasing,
But moderate/weak rainfall days are decreasing.
Moderate rain
並雨（5<R<100mm/day)
Heavy rain
強雨（R>100mm/day)
Very heavy rain
豪雨(R>150mm/day)
Published by AAAS
East Asian monsoon (1960-2000)
(Endo, Yasunari and Ailikun, 2005 JMSJ)
•Yantze river basin: heavy rainfall is increasing
•Yellow river basin: drought is increasing
Heavy rainfall
減
増加
Annual Precipitation in Japan (1898-2009)
slightly deceasing, but increasing of variability
全国51地点月降水量データ
Trend values of rate-classfied (1 to 10) rainfall amounts
in the past 100 years in 4 regions of Japan
Strong rain（8,9,10）show increasing trends, but weak rain (1-5)
Show decreasing trends.
Northern Japan
Eastern Japan
Western Japan
Southwest islands
Change of 20-year return values of annual 24-hour maximum
precipitation (%) associated with GHG increases (to 2100)
SREX-2012 (IPCC, 2012)
A hydro-climate issue in monsoon Asia
(SREX 2012)
The Asian Challenges
• This region is located in the midst of world tectonic zone
and monsoon climate, which cause high frequency of
complex natural disasters (e.g., massive earthquakes,
Tsunamis, landslides, typhoons, floods and droughts).
• The region as a whole is characterized by rapid
population, economic growth and urbanization, which
are vulnerable to the potential impacts of climate change,
particularly of extreme regimes.
• Associated with this rapid population & economic
growth, this region has also become a huge hot-spot of
air and water pollutions, damaging human wealth and
eco-climate system of regional to global scale.
⇒To cope with these Asian challenges is a key not only for
regional but also global sustainability

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