Japanese Morphology

Japanese Morphology
Japanese Lexicon
 Native vocabulary
 Yamato kotoba/Wago 大和言葉/和語
 Sino-Japanese
 Kango 漢語
 Foreign
 外来語
 Mimetic
 擬声語、擬態語
Native
‘shine’ kagayaku
‘dog’
inu
SJ
Mimetic
Foreign
-kou-
kira-kira
syain
-ken-
wan-wan doggu
Word 単語 and Morpheme 形態素
 Word 単語(たんご)
 Ex. 虎の子(とらのこ)
 Morpheme 形態素(けいたいそ)
 手抜き (て+ぬき)
 楽しさ (たのし+さ)
 Free morpheme 自立形態素 (じりつけいたい
そ) = 「手、抜き、楽し」
 Bound morpheme 従属的形態素 (じゅうぞく
てきけいたいそ) = 「さ」
 Analyze the following units:
(1)砂あそび、(2)砂、(3)すわりこむ、
(4)名古屋発、(5)読まない、(6)ビー玉、
 異形態 (いけいたい)
船 船足 船幽霊
 単純語 (たんじゅんご)
手、朝、しかし
Word Structure 語の構成(こうせい)
 Cannot be divided into smaller
meaningful units
形態素
単純語
 Can be divided into smaller meaningful
units
派生語 (はせいご)
複合語 (ふくごうご)
活用 (かつよう)
Derivation 派生
 change meaning or category
 Base 語基(ごき) and Affix 接辞(せつじ)
 Ex: hada ‘skin’ + su ‘bare’ = su-hada


kak ‘write’ + -(i)ta ‘want to’ = kakitai
hiro ‘wide’ + -sa = width
Inflection
 variants of the same word
 Ex: tabe ‘eat’ + ru = taberu



tabe + ta = tabeta
ooki ‘big’ + i = ookii
ooki + katta = ookikatta
AFFIXATION
 Prefixation 接頭辞(せっとうじ)
 mu ‘none’ + kansin ‘interest’ = mukansin
 Suffixation 接尾辞(せつびじ)
 hanasite ‘speaker’ = hanas + te
COMPOUNDING
 Compound words 複合語(ふくごうご)
 Native Compounds
 aki + sora = akizora ‘autumn sky’
 SJ Compounds
 ki + soku = kisoku ‘rule’
 Hybrid Compounds
 dai + tokoro = daidokoro ‘kitchen’
 garasu + mado = garasumado ‘glass
window’
COMPOUNDING
 刺し身→さし(stab)+み(body)
 本棚→ほん(book)+たな(shelf)
 Head 主要部(しゅようぶ)=right element
Compare: 水汲み(みずく) with 汲み水; 汲む
means pump (v)
Analyze: 映画音楽 and 音楽映画
Compound Verbs
 Sentence level
歩き続ける
 Vocabulary level
押しつける
(1)つっこむ、(2)まよいこむ、(3)むきあう、
(4)たべはじめる、(5)みすてる、(6)ふりつもる
Word Formation
 Affixation
 Compounding
 Reduplication
 Clipping
 Borrowing
Parts of Speech 品詞(ひんし)
 Noun 名詞(めいし)
 Verb






動詞(どうし)
Adjective 形容詞(けいようし)
Adverb 副詞(ふくし)
Postposition 助詞(じょし)
Case Particle 格助詞(かくじょし)
Adjectival Noun 形容動詞(けいようどうし)
Verbal Noun 動名詞(どうめいし)
NOUNS 名詞
 co-occur with demonstratives 指示語
(しじご)
 can take noun modifiers which take the
particle の
 can be linked using と
 associated with a conjugational
paradigm
VERBS 動詞
 conjugational endings 活用(かつよう)
 nozum
nozomu
nozomanai
nozonde
nozomoo
nozomeba
ADJECTIVES 形容詞
 conjugational endings 活用
 fusawashi
fusawashii
fusawashikunai
fusawashikatta
fusawashikunakatta
ADVERBS 副詞
 derived from adjectives
 tooku, atatakaku
 totemo, zettai
POSTPOSITIONS 助詞
 cannot stand independently; placed
after nouns
 で、へ、と、まで、から
CASE PARTICLES 格助詞
 Nominative が
 Accusative を
 Dative に
 Genitive の
ADJECTIVAL NOUN 形容動詞
 形容動詞 ‘adjectival verb’; ‘nominal
adjectives’
 have characteristics both of adjectives and
nouns
 modify the nouns that follow them
 can be modified by adverbs
 take the copula verb, unlike the regular
adjectives
形容動詞
 cannot possess the grammatical functions of
subject, object, etc.
 can be nominalized by the derivational affix –
sa
 cannot take the derivational suffix –rashii that
generates adjectives from nouns
 loan words modifying nouns tend to belong to
this category
VERBAL NOUN 動名詞
 many come from Sino-Japanese
compounds
 can occur with demonstratives
 require the dummy verb する in the
predicate function
 can function as subject or object
Additional 品詞
 形式名詞 (けいしきめいし)
 こと、はず、わけ、もの
 連体詞 (れんたいし)
 あの、いわゆる、大きな
 接続詞 (せつぞくし)
 また、そして、ところが
 感動詞 (かんどうし)
 まあ、はい、うん
 助動詞 (じょどうし)
 られる、ようだ、だろう、
Assignment
 問題1 Compare and analyze the forms 「通(と
お)り道(みち)」 and 「通(とお)る道(みち)」 at the
word level. Also, examine any change in the
pronunciation of each term.
 問題2 How would you differentiate 「関西(か
んさい)の方言(ほうげん)」 and 「関西(かんさい)
方言(ほうげん)」?
 問題3 Analyze the structure of the following
words: 走(はし)り方(かた)、スキー幅(ぼう)、お
水(みず)取(と)り、
おむつ換(か)え、毛生(けは)え薬(くすり)
 問題4 List 5 examples of affix which changes
the category of the word/meaning of the
word. For each affix, provide 2 derived words.
 問題5 The affix 「御(お)」 has two allomorphs: ご and
を. State the condition/s for the occurrence each
allomorph.
 問題6 Consider the forms 遊(あそ)び方(かた) and 遊
(あそ)び用(よう). Both are grammatical. However, if
you combine these forms with 水(みず), you will have
a grammatical 水(みず)遊(あそ)び用(よう) but *水(み
ず)遊(あそ)び方(かた) is ungrammatical. Find the
difference in the usage of 方(かた) and 用(よう).
What feature/s of words can you combine with these
forms? Provide examples.
 問題7 In the clause 「水槽(すいそう)中にプラン
クトンがいる」, there is a difference in meaning
if you read 中 as ちゅう or じゅう. Identify the
difference. If possible, provide other derived
words for each reading of 中.
 問題8 Compare and analyze the forms 「押
(お)し始(はじ)める」 and 「押(お)し付(つ)ける」.