ICSS-Asia 2009, Session 3 “Urban-Rural” (16:30-18:30, Nov.23, 2009) Urban-Rural Development and Associated Changes in Ecosystem Services in Japan Osamu Saito Waseda Institute for Advanced Study Waseda University Outline I. Satoyama and its Ecosystem Services II. How Satoyama has changed? III.Urban-Rural Linkage: Risks, Opportunities, and Trade-offs IV.Some Leading Actions: 1. Furano, Hokkaido 2. Nasu, Tochigi 3. Motegi, Tochigi V. Implications for Urban-Rural Sustainability 2 I. Satoyama and its Ecosystem Services Satoyama can be defined as dynamic social-ecological coupled landscapes comprising of a mosaic of different ecosystem types producing synergy of a bundle of ecosystem services for human wellbeing. Characteristics of Satoyama are followings: - Satoyama is a mosaic composed of various types of ecosystems including farmlands, forests, irrigation ponds and ditches, grasslands and pasture. - From Satoyama, local dwellers have traditionally harvested various resources (ecosystem services) in a sustainable way. - Biodiversity in Satoyama is key elements to provide a bundle of ecosystem services. - The spatial structure and patterns in the mosaics are diverse with each social, economic, and ecological contexts. 3 4 Ecosystem Services: The benefits people obtain from ecosystems (MA, 2003) Focus: Consequences of Ecosystem Change for Human Well-being MA Framework Human Well-being and Poverty Reduction Basic material for a good life Health Good Social Relations Human Security Freedom of choiceWell-being and action Indirect Drivers of Change Demographic Economic (globalization, trade, market and policy framework) Sociopolitical (governance and Indirect framework) institutional Science and Technology Drivers Cultural and Religious Direct Drivers of Change Ecosystem Services Changes in land use Species introduction or removal Direct Technology adaptation and use Drivers External inputs (e.g., irrigation) Resource consumption Climate change Natural physical and biological drivers (e.g., volcanoes) Sub-Global Assessments (SGA) •Multi-scale assessment – Includes information from 33 sub-global assessments Japan (2007-10) Ecosystem Services from Satoyama Provisioning Services Regulating Services - - Climate control (in - Nutrient cycling Japan) - Groundwater - Local air quality supporting control - Carbon storage, etc. - Flood control - Erosion control - Landslide control - Water quality control - Water filtration - Control of wild animals Population - Pest control - Habitat for migrating birds - Pollination control - Buffering against acid rain and dust, etc. - Rice Sake Fish Wild edible plants Charcoal Bamboo shoots (takenoko) Mushrooms (e.g. Matsutake, Shitake) Genetic resources Medicinal plants Berries Bush meat Timber Water, etc. Based on the PPT slide prepared for Sub-global Assessment of Satoyama and Satoumi in Japan by UNU-IAS (18 November 2008) Supporting Services Cultural Services - Eco-tourism - Traditional knowledge - Symbols and heritage of Japanese culture - Spiritual monuments and objects (e.g. temples, mountains) - Folklore - Festivals II. How Satoyama has changed? People 45,000 Population index (2000=100) Population (1,000 people) 40,000 35,000 U.S.A. Tertiary Industry 140 120,000 N.Z. NorwayTotal Population 120100,000 30,000 U.K. 80,000 100 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 Projection Germany 60,000 Secondary Industry 80 Japan 40,000 60 34% Over 65 yeas old 20% 20,000 5,000 5% 2035 1965 1960 1955 1950 Primary Industry 0 Population Ratio of Over 65 Yeas Old (2005) 1940 1930 10% 1950 1955 1970 1960 1920 1965 1975 1930 1970 1940 1980 1975 1950 1980 1985 1960 1985 1990 1970 1990 1975 1995 1995 1980 2000 2000 2005 1985 2010 1990 2005 2015 1995 2020 2000 2025 2005 2030 2010 2035 2015 2040 2020 2045 2025 2050 2030 40 0 1920 The number of employed persons (1,000 persons) Population change and projection Trend of employed persons by industry Population change and projection of Japan 160 (1920-2005) 140,000 (Source) UN, World Population Prospects: The 2006 http://www.stat.go.jp/data/kokusei/2005/kihon1/00/02.htm 10 Globalization Trend of Japanese self-sufficiency ratio 100 80 62 60 Fishery products 41 40 Food (calorie basis) 24 Timber 20 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1995 1990 1985 1980 1975 1970 1965 0 1960 Japanese self-sufficiency ratio (%) 120 11 Land 日本の農地面積の推移 Trend of Farmland in Japan 200 7,000 150 6,000 100 Total farmland Farmland utilizaiton ratio 5,000 50 4,000 Annual expansion of farmland 0 3,000 -50 2,000 農地の拡張面積 農地のかい廃面積 -100 耕地面積計 Total farmland (1,000ha） 農地の拡張・かい廃面積 (1,000ha/year) ・ 耕地利用率 Annual expansion and conversion of framland - Utilization ratio （農林水産省，2009） 1,000 耕地利用率 Annual conversion of farmland 耕地面積計 2006 2004 2002 2000 1998 1996 1994 1992 1990 1988 1986 1984 1982 1980 1978 1976 1974 1972 1970 1968 1966 1964 1962 1960 1958 0 1956 -150 1.耕地利用率は、耕地面積に対する作付け延べ面積の割合である。 2.拡張・かい廃面積は、各年次とも、前年の調査日から当年の調査日の前日までの間に生じたものである。 12 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 農地面積 Arable land (1,000ha) Land 5,000 2,000 日本の耕地種類別の面積推移 Trend of arable land by type of field （農林水産省，2009） 7,000 6,000 Pasture Orchard 4,000 Field 特殊田：水稲以外のたん水を必要とする作目（レンコン等）の栽培を状態とする田 45% 3,000 牧草地 樹園地 普通畑 特殊田 普通田 Rice paddy 55% 1,000 0 13 耕作放棄地面積の推移 Trend of abandoned former arable land （農林水産省・農林業センサス） Unit:10,000ha 10% of the total arable land 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 14 Abandoned arable land by region type 農業地域類型別の耕作放棄地面積 Region Type Total arable land (ha) 農業地域類型 経営耕地 総面積(ha) Abandoned arable land (ha) Ratio (%) 耕作放棄地面積計 耕作放棄率 (ha) 全国 (National total) (%) (%) 3,693,026 385 791 100.0 10.4 525,695 79 975 20.7 15.2 Flat rural area 平地農業地域 1,771,409 98 272 25.5 5.5 Intermediate rural area 中間農業地域 1,027,105 146 798 38.1 14.3 Mountainous rural area 山間農業地域 368,817 60 747 15.7 16.5 Urban area 都市的地域 （農林水産省，2008） (注） 耕作放棄率＝耕作放棄地面積／経営耕地総面積 15 Dominant causes for biodiversity loss in Japan 90 82 Development of lake, river and pond 80 70 60 50 Coastal and marine development 67 47 Alien species Road construction Coniferous plantation Dam construction 44 49 41 40 37 32 30 28 26 28 34 29 25 22 18 20 18 10 10 6 10 6 7 4 0 森 林 伐 採 人 工 林 へ の 転 換 湖 沼 沿 岸 ・ の 河 開 川 発 ・ 湿 原 の 開 発 Clearing forest 草 地 の 開 発 都 市 開 発 ゴ ル フ 場 ・ ス キ ー 場 の 造 成 観 光 開 発 道 路 建 設 ダ ム 建 設 園 芸 狩 猟 森 林 ・ ・ の 観 漁 管 賞 獲 理 放 ・ 薬 棄 用 の 捕 獲 採 取 草 地 の 管 理 放 棄 耕 作 放 棄 狩 猟 圧 の 低 下 動 物 に よ る 食 害 外 来 生 物 の 影 響 農 薬 水 質 ・ 汚 化 濁 学 物 質 に よ る 汚 染 Woodland and grassland abandonment 窒 素 の 蓄 積 地 球 温 暖 化 そ の 他 要 因 （ 環・ 境負 省荷 指 ・ 自標 然に 研関 、す 一 五る 〇有 人識 者 分 ア 、ン ５ 択ケ ）ー ト16 Expansion of golf course construction in the Tokyo MA n nn n n nn n n n n n nn n n nn n nn n nn nnn n nn n nn n n nn nn n n nn n n nn n nnn n n nn n nn n n nn n n nnn n nn nnn nnn n n n n nnn nn n nnn n n nn nn nn n nnn nn n nn n n nn n n nnn nnn n nnn nnnnn nn nnn n n nnn nnn n n n n n n n n n n n nn nn nnn n nnn nnn n nnnnnnn n n nn nnnnnn n nnn nnn n nnnn nn nn n n n n n n n n n n nnnn nn nn n nn nn n nnn nnn n n nnnn n n n n n n n nn nn nn nnn n n nnn nn nn n nn nn n nnn nnnnn nnn nnnn nn n nn n n n n n n n nnnnn nn n n n n n nnn nnnnn n n n n n n n n nnnn n nnnn nnnn n nnn nn n nn n nnn nnnn nn n n n nnnnn nnn n n nnn nn n nn nnnnnn nn n nn n n n nnn nn n n n n n n n n nn nnn n nnnn nn n n n nn nnn nnn n nn n n n n n n n n n n n n nn n n n n n n n n n nn nn n nn n nnnn nn nnnnnn nnnn nn n nnn nn n n nn nn n nnn nnnn nn nnnn nnn nnn nn nn nn n nn n n nnnnnnn n n nnnn n nnn nnn nnnn n nn n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n nn nnnn n nn nnn nnn nnn nn nnn nnnn nn nn n nnn nnnnnnnn nn nnnn n nn nnn n nn nnn nn nn nnn nn nn nnn n nn nnnn nn nnnn n nnnnn n nnnn n nn n nnn nnnnn nn nnn nnn n n nn n n n n n n n n n nn n n n n n nnnnn nnn n n n nn n nn nn nn n nn n n n nnn n nn n n nnn n n nnnnnn n nnnnnnn nn nn nnnnnn nnn nn n nn nnn n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n nnn nnnnnn n nn n nn n n nn nnnnn nnn nnnn nn nnn nnn nnnn nn n nnn nnnn n nn n nn nn nn n n n n nn nn nn nn nnnnn nnn nnnn nn nnnn n nn nnnn nn nn n n n nnnnn nnn nn nnnnn nnnn n n nnn nnn n n nn nn n n n nn n n n n n n n nn n nn n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n nn nn nn nnn n n n n n n nn n n n nn n n nn nn nnnn nnn nnn nnn n nnn nnn nnn n n nnn nnn nnn nn n nn nnnnnnnnnnn n nnn n n nnn nnnn nn n nn nnn n nn nnn n nnn nn n nn nn n nn n n nn nn nnnn nn nn nnn nn n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n nn n n n nn nnn n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n nn n n n n n n n n n n n n nnn nn nn n n nnnnn nn nn nn nn nnnn nn n n n n n n n n n n n nn nnnnnn nn nnnn nnn nn nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn n nnn nnn n n n nnn n nn nn nnn nnn nnnnnn n nn nnnnnnnnnn nn nnnnnn n nnnnnn n n n nnnnnnnnnnn nn nnnnnn nnn nnn nnnn n nnnnnnnnn nn nnn nnn nn nnn nn nnnn n nnn n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n nn n n n n n n n n n n n n n n nnnnnn nn nn nn nnn nn nnnn n nnn nnn nnn nn nnnnnnn n nnnn nnn nnnnnnn nn nnn nn nnnnn nnn nn nnn nn nn nn nn nn nnnnn nnnnn nnnnn nnnn nnnnnn n n nnn n nn n n n n n nnnnnn n nnnn nn n nn nnn nn nn nnnn nnnnn n n nnnnnnnnn nn nnnnn n n n n n nn nnn n nnn nnnnnnn n n n nnn n n n nnnnn n n n n n n nn nn n nnnn nnnnnnn n nn n n n n n n n n n nnn n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n nnnnnnnnn nnn nn nnn nn n nnn n nnn n nn nn nn n nn nn nn nnn n nn nn n n n nnnn nn n n n n n n n n nn nnn nnnnn nnnnnn n nn n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n nn n n n nn nnn nnn n nn nnn nnnnn nn nnnn n n n n nnn n n n nn nn n n nnnnnnnn n n nnn nnn n n nnnnn nnnnn nnn n n nnn n n n nn n n n n n n n n n nnnn n nn nn n n n n nn n n n n nnnnnnnn nnnnn nn nnn n nnnnn nnn n n nnnnnn nnnn nnnnnn n nnn n nn nnnnnnnn n nnn nnnnn nnnnn n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n nnn n nn nnn n nnnn n nnnn n n n nnnn nn n n nnn nn n nnnnnnn nnnnnnn n n nn nn nnn nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn nnn n n n nnn nnn n n nn n n nnnnnnnn nn n nn nnn n nn n nn n n nn nnnnn nn n n n nn n nnn n n n n n nnnn n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n nnn nnnnnn nnnn n n n nn nn nn n nnnnnn nnn n nn n nnn n n n nnnnnnnnnn n n n n n n n n nnn n n n n n n nnn n nnnn n nnn nn nn n nnn nn n nnn nn n nn n nn n nnnn nn n nnn nnn n n nn n n n nnn nn n nn nn nnnn nnn nn n nn n n nn n n n n nn n nnn nn nn n n n n n n n n nn nn n n n n n n n n n n nn n n n nnn n n n nn n nn nnn n nnn nn n nn n nn n n n n nn n n nn n nn n n nn n n n n nn n n nnn n nnn n nnn n n n nn nn n n n nnnn n n n n nn n n nnnn nnn nn n km nnn nnn n km nn nnnnnn n n km nnnn km km nnnnnn n nn n nnn 00 12.5 50 75 100 nn nnnn 12.5 25 25 50 75 100 . nnn n 12.5 25 25 00 12.5 n n n n n n n n n n n n 2008 1990 2000 1950 1970 1980 1960 50 75 50 75 50 75 Highway Highway Highway Highway Highway Shinkansen Shinkansen Shinkansen Shinkansen Shinkansen Prefectures Prefectures Prefectures Prefectures Prefectures 2008: Over 800 courses in Tokyo MA Highway Shinkansen Prefectures Golf courses 100 100 100 17 III. Urban-Rural Linkage: Risks, Opportunities, and Trade-offs Opportunities: Risks: • Losing vitality of rural communities • Expanding abandoned arable land and woodland • Degradation of ecosystem services and biodiversity loss • Expanding damage son agriculture and forestry by wild animals (deer, wild boar, etc) • Maintaining rural infrastructures including road, dam, tunnels, bridges, sewage, school, hospital, etc. Trade-offs: • Revitalizing rural communities through urban-rural interaction • Transforming to compact city • Nature restoration • Creating new industries for elderly (retired) population • Utilize abandoned farmland and forest stock for energy, material use and carbon stock • Sustainable tourism • Grass roots conservation activities • Urban-rural: Realize development of compact city at the expense of further depopulation of rural areas • Within region: Over exploitation and destruction of rural ecosystem by promoting green tourism, expanding renewable energy • Inter-regional: Widening regional differences. Only limited number of leading regions can maintain their vitality while the rest are losing it in the long run • International: Keep on depending on imported resources while there are abundant forest stock and arable land • Lags between social and ecological responses 18 Trade-offs of urban-rural interaction and development (U-WILL) Inter-regional to country scale 3 Regional (basin) scale Other Regions Other countries 1 4 Urban Area (Downstream) 5 2 Rural Area (Upstream) Lags between social and ecological responses 1. Urban-rural: Realize development of compact city at the expense of further depopulation of rural areas 2. Within region: Over exploitation and destruction of rural ecosystem by promoting green tourism, expanding renewable energy 3. Inter-regional: Widening regional discrepancy. Only limited number of leading regions can improve and maintain their vitality while the rest are losing it in the long run 4. International: Keep on depending on imported resources while there are abundant forest stock and arable land 5. Lags between social and ecological responses 19 Examples of tradeoff within region 2 Within region (a) Lose-Lose: Unrestrained ecotourism can lead to infrastructure and human traffic that degrades many ecosystem services, and ecotourism itself collapses. (b) Win-Win: Ecotourism develops with good management of biodiversity and ecosystem services, so that income flows from tourism, biodiversity is enhanced, and ecosystem services are not lost. (c) Win-Lose (tradeoff): Ecotourism develops and biodiversity is protected in nature reserves, but the increase in roads and hotels undermines water quality and fisheries, causing tradeoffs among ecosystem services and development. (Source) Tallis et al. (2008) 20 IV. Some Leading Actions 4-1 Furano, Hokkaido lead by NPO Forest restoration ×Green tourism × Environmental education and training 4-2 Nasu, Tochigi lead by Private company Pasturing in abandoned woodland × Valued-added dairy products × Forest products including non-timber forest products × Green tourism × Education and training 4-3 Motegi, Tochigi lead by Town Composting of food waste, wood residues and leaves ×Local resource circulation × Farmers market × Community revitalization 21 4-1. Environmental Program NPO C.C.C. Furano Field • In 2005 when Furano Prince Hotel golf course was closing down, Soh Kuramoto, the chair man of C.C.C. (Creative Conservation Club), proposed to return it to the former forest it once was. • Now, the club uses the site for two purposes - firstly, restoring the forest and secondly, promoting environmental education within the project site. 2005 2006 2007 2008 May 6 First tree planted in closed golf course Oct 15 Publicly announced to the Press and the Media Trees planted:1,087 Apr 3 NPO establishment registered Jun 1 Beginning of Environmental program Visitors:1,056 Trees planted:10,226 Visitors:3,205 Trees planted:10,399 Visitors:2,800 Trees planted:7,658 Total number of trees planted thus far:29,370 (Source) http://furano-shizenjuku.yosanet.com/english.html 22 (Source) http://furano-shizenjuku.yosanet.com/english.html 23 4-2. Creating “Natural Industry” in Nasu by Amita Corp. Woodland pasture Crops Milk Abandoned woodland Millet Farmland Milk Ice cream Consumers/ Supporters (Source) http://www.shinrinno.jp/contents/farm/nasu.html Cafe 24 4-3. Midori Compost Center in Motegi Wood residues To Midori Compost Center Household food waste Leaves of deciduous woodland Animal waste Sell compost to local farmers (Source)栃木県茂木町(2006)美しい土の里から. Sell agriproducts to local market 25 VI. Implications (ABCDE) for Urban-Rural Sustainability Avoid uniform and ad hoc management → Diverse, dynamic, and long-term commitment Balance between over-use (development) and under-use (abandonment) → Determine the appropriate management level through collaborative discourse-based planning in each rural area Create a new commons and players to take care of it Discover local resources and connect different sectors and various players Doing by leaning: Realize scientific assessment and monitoring and provide feedback to planning and management → Adaptive management Establish a standard set of measures and approaches for quantifying and monitoring ecosystem service levels and values (Tallis et al. 2008) 26 The End Woodland pasture in Nasu 27
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