Blutkreislauf und Herzen Branchiostoma Blutkreislauf Carotide Cardinalvene Kiemenbogengefäße Endostylarterie V. hepatica Ductus cuvieri Vena portae Sinus venosus Aorta dorsalis Caudalvene Kapillarnetz des Darmes Blutkreislauf bei kiemenatmendem Fisch Double Circulation Single Circulation from: Hicks 2002. News Physiol. Sci., 17:241–245. Blutkreislauf bei Säugetier Aortic arches and circulation of African lungfish. Frosch-Herz Blutkreislauf bei Squamata => central shunting Aortic arches of birds and mammals compared. Herz Herz Thorax-Situs Hund Herz-Situs Hund Aorta thoracica Art. subclavia sinistra Art. brachiocephalica Truncus pulmonalis Zwerchfell Hundeherz - Ultraschallanatomie Binnenräume des Herzens Truncus brachiochephalicus Arcus aortae Lungenarterien Vena cava cranialis Arcus aortae rechter Vorhof linker Vorhof linker Vorhof Chordae tendinae linker Ventrikel linke Hälfte rechter Ventrikel Septum interventriculare linker Ventrikel rechte Hälfte Double Circulation Single Circulation Cardiovascular Circuits in Sauropsids Campen and Starck 2012. in McCue (Ed) Intermittent feeding. Springer Verlag External anatomy of a Python heart left systemic artery pulmonary artery left lung right systemic artery left pulmonary artery common carotid Vena cava right atrium right lung Cavum pulmonale Cavum arteriosum muscular ridge Cavum venosum horizontal septum Cardiovascular Circuits in Sauropsids Campen and Starck 2012. in McCue (Ed) Intermittent feeding. Springer Verlag Central caradiac shunt in squamates and turtles from: Hicks 2002. News Physiol. Sci., 17:241–245. Webb‘s functional hypothesis Systole Diastole LA LA RA RA RAo LAo Pul RAo LAo Pul atrio-ventricular valve CV CA CP Modified from: Webb et al. 1971. J. Morphology 134, 355 - 350 Longitudinal ultrasonograph right caudal cranial left CP CV CA RA LA CP CV RA CA LA Interventricular canal and muscular ridge Openings of major arteries common trunk of pulmonary arteries left systemic right systemic CIV early diastole CP right atrium CV CP CA CA right atrium CV CIV late diastole CP CP CV CV CIV early systole CP CV CP CA CV CA CIV middle systole CP CP CA CA CV CV CIV late systole lAo CP rAo CV CA lAo CP rAo CV CA Squamata und Testudines Cardiac shunt Functional hypotheses • • • • R-L R-L R-L R-L Pulmonary bypass saves cardiac energy reduces CO2 flux into lungs faciliates warming triggers hypometabolism Systemic bybass • L-R faciliates CO2 elimination in lungs • L-R improves systemic O2 transport • L-R myocardial oxygenation Central cardiac shunt Hypotheses and Predictions • No shunt => Qpul = Qsys => Qpul/Qsys 1 • R-L shunt => Qpul < Qsys => Qpul/Qsys < 1 • L-R shunt => Qpul > Qsys => Qpul/Qsys > 1 right atrium right systemic artery ventricle left atrium pulmonary artery left systemic artery Right systemic artery Krokodil Cardiovascular Circuits in Sauropsids Campen and Starck 2012. in McCue (Ed) Intermittent feeding. Springer Verlag Foramen of Panizza • Foramen Panizzae* • Bicuspidalklappen > < Axelson et al. 1996. JEB 199; 359 – 365. Foramen of Panizza Axelson et al. 1996. JEB 199; 359 – 365. Axelson et al. 1996. JEB 199; 359 – 365. KrokodilHerz Ultraschall anatomie ventral caudal cranial dorsal Entering diving bradycardy ventral caudal cranial dorsal Diving bradycardy (4 min) ventral caudal cranial dorsal right aorta (air breathing) ventral caudal cranial dorsal Right aorta (diving) Crocodylus – cardiac output Right aorta per beat minute volume 80 3000 70 65 60 55 2500 cardiac output [ml / minute] cardiac output [ml / systole] 75 2000 1500 1000 50 500 45 0 HF (breathing) = 30 – 40 bpm; HF (diving) = 2 – 4 bpm ventral caudal cranial dorsal left aorta (air breathing) ventral caudal cranial dorsal left aorta (diving) Crocodylus – cardiac output left aorta per beat minute volume 2000 26 22 20 18 16 14 cardiac output [ml / minute] cardiac output [ml / systole] 24 1500 1000 500 12 10 0 HF (breathing) = 30 – 40 bpm; HF (diving) = 2 – 4 bpm ventral caudal cranial dorsal Truncus pulmonalis (air breathing) ventral caudal cranial dorsal Truncus pulmonalis (diving) Crocodylus – cardiac output Truncus pulmonalis per beat minute volume 2500 65 2000 55 50 45 40 35 cardiac output [ml /minute] cardiac output [ml / systole] 60 1500 1000 500 30 25 0 HF (breathing) = 30 – 40 bpm; HF (diving) = 2 – 4 bpm dorsal caudal cranial ventral Foramen Panizzae (air breathing) dorsal caudal cranial ventral Foramen Panizzae (diving) Fluss durch Foramen Panizzae Atmend Tauchend Cardiovascular Circuits in Sauropsids Campen and Starck 2012. in McCue (Ed) Intermittent feeding. Springer Verlag Farmer et al. 2008. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 81. DOI: 10.1086/524150 Farmer et al. 2008. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 81. DOI: 10.1086/524150
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