Research
Journal
Paper
Life Cycle
Inventory
Analysis
of Rice Produced
of JSAM
by Local
67(1) : 6167,
2005
Processes
Poritosh ROY*1,Naoto SHIMIZU*2, Toshinori KIMURA*2
Abstract
Rice processing
is one of the most important
energy
and is responsible
for environmental
agro-industry.
It consumes
a considerable
pollution.
Life cycle inventory
analysis
performed
on rice (parboiled
and fresh) produced
by different
production
boiler, medium-boiler
and untreated)
to find an environmentally-friendly
The inventory
decreased
from
untreated)
results
(energy
the small-boiler
and there
consumption,
atmospheric
to the untreated
process
is no waterborne
emission
amount of
has been
processes
(vessel, smallrice production
process.
emission
and solid waste)
gradually
(small-boiler>vessel>medium-boiler>
in the case of the untreated
process.
The untreated
process was found to be more environmentally-friendly
compared
to the others, however due to the
lowest head rice yield (whole kernels after milling), it consumes
greater resources
(paddy).
Among
the parboiling
processes
the medium-boiler
was found to be better, which has a lower energy
inventory,
atmospheric
emission and solid waste compared
to the others. This study also reveals that
fuel switching
only for cooking (biomass to electricity
; electricity
was assumed to be generated
from
biomass
by IGCC technology)
conserved
primary
energy
(biomass)
and reduced
atmospheric
emission
(CO2, CO, CH4, TSP, NOR, and SOX) significantly.
[Keywords] rice, processing, life cycle, inventory analysis
I.
Introduction
The food industry is one of the world's largest industrial sectors. While food processing is not considered to be amongst the most environmentally
hazardous industries, nevertheless, they can cause severe
organic pollution if designed or operated with insufficient attention to the environment (Ramjeawon, 2000).
Use of energy resources is a major source of environmental pollution. Biomass is the major source of
energy in most developing countries and biomass
burning has been identified as a major source of atmospheric pollution (Crutzen and Andreae, 1990). In
Bangladesh, 63% of the total energy consumption is
met by biomass fuel and 37% is commercial fuels
(BBS, 1993). Households sectors consume 80% of total
biomass energy and rural households use it almost
exclusively for cooking (Bani et al., 1998). The emission from its use depends on the quantities of fuels
consumed and on the design of combustion system
1999). Therefore, efficient utilization of energy resources is very important to conserve it and to reduce
environmental
pollution.
Rice is the staple food in some developing countries
including Bangladesh.
Different types of rice have
been consumed all over the world, such as parboiled
and untreated rice (fresh rice). In Bangladesh, about
90% of rice is processed as parboiled (Tariq, 2002).
Parboiled rice has been produced by both traditional
and modern methods.
Modern methods are energy
and capital intensive, and are not suitable for smallscale operation at the village level (Au and Ojha, 1976;
Bhattacharya,
1990). It has also been reported that
more than 80% of the rice is processed in villages and
less than 20% is processed in commercial rice mills. In
the rural areas, various methods are being used to
(Bhattacharya et al., 2000). It is reported that biomass
combustion
contributes
as much as 20 to 50% of
produce rice and consume different amounts of
energy.
With the growing concern about environmental pollution and health risks, it is very important
to find the most environmentally-friendly
rice processing method.
Therefore, this study attempts to
evaluate the environmental
effects of different rice
global greenhouse gas emission of which one-third
May come from households, which has an adverse
effect on human health and the environment (Smith,
processing methods (traditional) and find the most
suitable one, using LCA (life cycle assessment) methodology.
*1
JSAM
*2
305-8572,
Japan
JSAM
Member
305-8572,
Student
Japan
Member
, Graduate
, Doctoral
School
Program
of Life
in
and
Agricultural
Environmental
Sciences,
Sciences,
University
University
of
Tsukuba,
of Tsukuba,
1-1-1
1-1-1
Tennodai,
Tsukuba,
Ibaraki
Tennodai,
Tsukuba,
Ibaraki
‡U
62
Journal
of the Japanese
Society
of Agricultural
Machinery
Pijnenburg,
.
Materials
and
assessment
(LCA)
2001
life
used
to
uct,
cycle
evaluate
process,
or
lifetime,
which
analysis.
The
of
or
of
where
ment
for
of
be
in
and
(4)
study
be
The
definition
goal
the
of
study,
of
the
life
cycle
made.
This
These
impacts
are
carried
with
are
the
life
:
out
and
to
of
process
of
soaking,
steaming,
However,
de-husking
cycle
this
defined.
exclude
cides,
statements
study
was
the
goal
study
to
of
to
to
rice
rice
rice.
includes
milling
boundary
only.
of
and
of
fresh
1 shows
processing
this
study
is
the
encircled
by
a
of
been
production
(Cederberg
reported
that
agricultural
processes
buildings,
and
of
and
medicine
roads
Mattsson,
Fig.
LCAs
2000;
1
Life
often
and
because
cycle
Iepema
local
and
of rice and
ing
the
system
the
the
envi-
investigaas
rice.
the
Head
head
paddy
are
the
rice
and
rice
which
expressed
of
whole
analysis
and
system
being
entering
of
rice
to
was
parboiled
leaving
listed
and
(local
quan-
parboiling
evaluate
the
rice.
also
In
outputs
were
parboiled
re-
evaluated.
and
processes
rice
quantifies
environmental
The
evaluated
environproducand
com-
rice.
consumption
is
consumed
The
in
use
important
rice
rice
boundary
and
process.
are
for
is
vessel
of this
the
(0.5-1.2
study
parboiling
energy
in
devices
The
stages
for
industry
processes
devices
different
energy
sectors
parboiled
parboiling
the
of
processing
where
parboiling
a lack
the
the
fresh
cycle.
most
provide
yield={(weight
use,
inputs
from
Energy
the
to
defined
of
of
investigated
of
with
tries
insectiof
were
the
in
in
from
data
of
head
(LCI)
energy
the
impacts
life
of
rice
parboiling
process
rice
is
on
been
quantity
processes
Energy
methods.
a
paddy)}•~100.
with
all
Three
(1)
(FU)
aims
has
inventory
use,
production
pared
consists
cycle
associated
tion
not
analysis
life
mental
milling.
rice
Figure
different
production
: pre-steaming,
de-husking
process
under
The
large
is
which
depends
unit
head
of
Inventory
tified.
1 ton
a
i.e.,
study,
e.g.,
the
of
impact
and
FU
of
three-
case
inventory
FU
the
from
resources
the
facil-
estimate
the
used
consumption
unit
category
kernels)/weight
this
impacts
them
an
the
used,
the
of
at
considered.
which
product,
or
operated
functional
study,
a percentage,
the
not
of
rice
transport
in
also
the
and
market
main
environmental
also
of
paddy
energy
the
to
produced
leases
processes
compare
is
drying,
en-
because
manually
are
the
impact
this
the
local
However,
Definition
is
The
investigate
environmental
study
study,
construction
the
The
are
unit
be
2.
nearby
areas.
were
process)
this
this
considered
Therefore,
purpose
of
will
in
the
and
In
and
Usually,
transports
reference
rice
data.
local
transportation
in
made
different
and
production
machines,
data
practice.
can
reference
The
the
the
by
as-
line.
has
common
yield
the
environmental
since
produced
and
of
system
It
of
parboiled
the
dashed
other
mass
making.
product
of
be
processes
decision
life
to
In
the
not
purposes
normalized.
LCA
to
were
rickshaw-vans.
capacity,
a
product
and
the
important
evaluate
respective
The
The
rice
expected
a
all
to
goal
of
the
which
according
The
quantify
itate
these
The
first
of
Furthermore,
to
very
stage
conditions,
has
is
cycle
the
at
the
transportation
assess-
only
of
in
tion.
study,
1993).
related,
phase.
the
the
unit),
definition
this
marketed
analysis,
Improvement
scoping
boundary
(SETAC,
(functional
scope
are
wheeled
scoping
and
purpose
sumption
be
and
definition
defines
unit
unavailability
ronmental
Goal
the
the
for
steps.
1.
2001).
related
facilities
mill-gate
product
the
Inventory
deals
or
com-
certain
steps.
(2)
and
This
comparison
of
four
scoping,
assessment
Dijik,
impacts
parboiling
grave'
services;
can
categorized
cycle
be:
a
parts
life
be
prod-
to
or
cycles
a
cradle
can
improvement
(SETAC).
two
of
life
definition
Impact
LCA
can
of
its
`from
processes
greatest
can
Goal
(3)
an
; identification
concept
(1)
of
that
effect
as
purpose
alternative
the
a tool
throughout
known
produces,
service
is
environmental
activity
is
alternative
parison
of
the
; Van
methods
vironmental
The
Vol 67, No. 1 (2005)
are
commonly
t/batch),
the
is
one
consumption
developing
staple
of
coun-
food.
Various
being
used
used
parboil-
small-boiler
in
a
ROY,
SHIMIZU,
KIMURA:
Life Cycle
Inventory
Analysis
of Rice
Produced
by Local
Processes
63
(2-4t/batch)
and medium-boiler
(5-10t/batch).
The
paddy is poured on the vessel and fires are lit underneath of it. In boiler processes,
steam is generated
in
the
boiler
and
applied
to the
paddy
hoppers through
the connecting
pipes.
show the studied
parboiling
processes.
consumption
in these
ured at Gazole under
in the
conical
Figures 2 to 4
The energy
parboiling
processes
was measMalda district in West Bengal,
India (Roy et al., 2003 b). In the local parboiling
(traditional) processes,
sun drying is the common
practice,
i.e., no energy
has been used
of parboiled
paddy.
However,
in the drying
in this study,
process
energy
consumption
during
drying
of parboiled
paddy was
derived
from literature
(Palipane
et al., 1988). The
energy consumption
during
de-husking
and milling
were
measured
in our laboratory.
According
Fig. 2
Vessel
process
to our
own studies, the head rice yield was considered
to be
67% and 60% for parboiled
rice and fresh rice, respectively (Roy, 2003). The energy consumption
in cooking of milled rice was also taken from our own study
(Roy et al., 2004). Table 1 shows the energy forms and
estimated
energy consumption
per ton of head rice at
different
stages of rice life cycle.
Then the material
and energy
balances
were established
for each unit
process.
De-husking,
milling
and cooking
energy
were considered
to be the same for parboiled
rice
produced
by different
processing
methods.
these materials
and energy
balance,
an
analysis was done for energy.
Based on
inventory
Fig. 3
Small
boiler
process
It was assumed
that the energy requirement
in the
life cycle of rice was met by the biomass energy and
biomass
(rice husk) as the source of primary
energy
for all types of energy consumed
in the rice life cycle,
except
diesel
energy.
The biomass
and electricity
generation
dustrial
use of biomass
used in parboiling
is considered
to be the inand an improved
domestic
cook-stove
was used for cooking.
Different processes
are being used to generate
electricity
from biomass.
These are : steam
turbine,
circulating
fluidized
bed
gasifier
and integrated
gasification
combine
cycles
(IGCC). Among these, the IGCC system is reported
to
be more efficient than the others.
Also the efficiency
of the systems depends on the capacity.
The electrici-
Table
1
* Derived
Energy
forms
from the literature
and estimated
(Palipane
energy
et al ., 1988)
consumption
Fig.
per
ton
of head
4
rice
Medium
in different
boiler
stages
process
of rice
life cycle
64
ty
Journal
efficiency
plant
of
capacity
be
an
of
by
is
plan
using
(ASTRA)
is
1999).
sumption
To
emission
from
the
(3)
the
SOX,
factors
for
In
the
a
little
was
also
Solid
complete
al.,
varied for different processing
the vessel, small-boiler
and
fossil fuel was used,
medium-boiler
process,
or
not
for
water.
of
after
the
considered
BOD,
in
and
COD
emission.
The
waterborne
emission
literature
water
has
also
is
been
90.6
and
17.4%
reported
83.0%
respectively
amount
of
the
ash
that
for
the
industry
waste
husk
(ash)
however
diesel
by a shallow
in the case of the
energy
was used to
tube-well.
Water
parboiled
method
rice
was
Results
inventory
results
but
from
energy
and
others. The energy inventory
was the lowest
fresh rice among all types of rice.
an
this
of
study
environmental
consumption,
air
an
the
and steaming).
The energy consumption
during presteaming
treatment
was found to be 1501.6, 1823.1 and
901.0MJ/t
for vessel, small-boiler
and medium-boiler,
respectively.
During
the steaming
process
it was
1568.5MJ/t
for vessel,
process, respectively.
small-boiler
The energy
consumption
during
pre-steaming
process
indicates
that there may be room to improve
the small-boiler
process.
Parboiled
rice consumes
a lower amount of
energy compared
to fresh rice in the dehusking
process, but it consumes
and cooking
process.
greater
energy in the milling
The energy
consumption
in
was 90.3, 94.6
for parboiled
rice, respectively.
The rice processing
industry
consumes
gy and at the same time, it produces
the forms of byproducts
or waste.
of the rice processing
some
Rice
industry,
some
which
of
water
list
parameters
point
emission,
view
emission
are
and
waste.
1.
Energy
In
the
energy
consumption
life
have
cooking
as
dehusking
cycle
been
processes,
the
final
and
In
of
this
rice,
consumed.
the
energy.
milling,
study,
different
For
types
thermal
However,
mechanical
energy
of
parboiling,
consumption
in
final
drying
energy
has
the
energy
has
in
been
case
the
of
been
par-
Fig.
5
Inventory
results:
energy
ener-
energy in
husk is a
rate
exhaustive
only
for the
rice, energy
inventory
process
(pre-steaming
discussion
consist
in
is sup-
energy
inventory,
the
lower compared
to the
was
oxidization
conwas
plied through
a manually
operated
hand-tube-well
for
both the vessel and small-boiler
processes.
Figure 5
shows the energy
inventory
results
of this study.
byproduct
(Bhattacharya
solid
rice
of
of
In the case of
processes,
no
dehusking,
milling and cooking process
and 3999.6 and 120.0, 48.0 and 3600MJ/t
(Ramalingam
it produces
methods.
untreated
content.
discussed
used.
waterborne
It
The
parameters,
used
the
considering
The
and
was
factors
rate
‡V
.
solid
soak
in terms
in terms of electrical
energy.
Energy
at different
phases of rice processing
2376.1, 2290.4 and
and medium-boiler
negli-
drainage
Phenol,
cook-stove,
determined
of
excess
is
was measured
biomass energy.
On the other hand, energy consumed
in the dehusking,
milling and cooking
process
was
and fresh
1980).
2000).
ash
which
been
1996).
oxidization
and
also
during
it
combustion
improved
al.,
drainage
has
method
reported
the
2003
waste
et
husk
in
(boilers),
of
the
soaking
et al.,
process
In the case of parboiled
varied only in the parboiling
processes.
(Roy
water
vessel
the
produced
study
amount
from
from
Vol. 67, No. 1 (2005)
and drying
Among
the
medium-boiler
derived
the
process,
of
for
Raj,
For
water
nitrogen,
derived
(4)
(Singh
CO,
The
2000).
from
own
Therefore,
emission
Anthoni
al.,
caused
processes
not
considered
and
CO2,
parboiling
excess
the
Amino
were
the
excess
case
process.
following
is
steaming
to
water
were
al.,
con-
were
et
our
of
the
study.
et
of
from
the
in
steaming
et
considered.
comes
parboiling
compared
excess
were
components
from
amount
However,
and
these
amount
during
gible
the
biomass
emission
VOC
mainly
taken
local
reported
this
atmospheric
and
drained
The
of
in
cook-stove
total
boiling
supply
emission
water
was
a).
dispersed
(Bhattacharya
the
(Bhattacharya
water
process
generate
emission
excess
process.
to
Machinery
measured
sumption
Bangladesh
improved
30%
factors
waterborne
The
be
bio-
emission
NOx,
Water
polluted
in
be
an
the
from
possible
can
of
to
literature
The
with
determined.
determine
CH4,
be
of Agricultural
It might
technology
and
these
Atmospheric
TSP,
43%
electricity
would
efficiency
on
was
(2)
it
reported
Based
be
Society
(Gustavsson,1997).
biomass
The
to
produce
IGCC
that
from
areas.
reported
to
the
expected
electricity
local
is
35MWth
ambitious
mass
and
IGCC
of the Japanese
consumption
is a
ROY,
SHIMIZU,
KIMURA
: Life
Cycle
Inventory
source of biomass energy and considered to be consumed by the system itself. In this study, biomass is
considered to be the source of primary energy for
different stages of the rice life cycle and the life cycle
inventory was analyzed for two options. These are:
option-1 (biomass is used for cooking) and option-2
(electricity generated from biomass is used for cooking). Table 2 shows the energy balance in the life
cycle of rice produced under different processes and
options. It shows that all the processes have a shortage of energy. The energy shortage was found to be
the highest for the small-boiler and was the lowest
was for the untreated process. The untreated process
produced the highest amount of energy compared to
the other processes because of the difference in head
rice yield (60% and 67% for untreated and parboiled
rice, respectively).
It indicates that the untreated
process consumed
a greater amount of resource
(paddy) compared
to the treated (parboiled) rice.
Among the parboiled rice, the energy shortage was
lowest for the parboiled rice produced under the
medium-boiler
process compared to the other processes. If fresh rice is considered to be a sustainable
energy consumption option (energy shortage may be
met by agri-residues, animal wastes, tree-leaves and
twigs) then the other processes might be responsible
for deforestation.
However, about 22 to 29% of primary energy can be conserved in the rice life cycle by
fuel switching only for the cooking process (biomass
to electricity) because of the improved end use energy
efficiency. The conservation of biomass energy would
reduce the intensity of deforestation.
Considering the
head rice yield and energy consumption, it would be
wise to recommend the medium-boiler process to produce parboiled rice even though it consumes a greater
amount energy compared to the untreated process.
2. Atmospheric emission
The atmospheric emission is directly related to the
energy consumption patterns.
Among the rice production processes CO2, CO, CH4, TSP, NON, and SOX
were the highest in the case of the small-boiler process
and the lowest for the untreated process (Figs. 6 and 7)
because of the difference in energy consumption
patterns.
option-2
The air emission varied from option-1 to
mainly because of the types of end use
Table
Option-1:
biomass
was
used
2
Energy
for
cooking;
balance
Option-2:
Analysis
of Rice
Produced.
by
Local
Processes
65
energy (option-1: biomass; option-2: electricity) for
cooking.
Electricity generating
technology (steam
turbine, circulating fluidized bed gasifier and IGCC)
might also be responsible for the difference in air
emissions. In this study, it was assumed that IGCC
technology has been used for electricity generation
from biomass (option-2). The VOC emission was observed only in the case of the medium-boiler process,
because of the fossil fuel (diesel) consumption and it
was estimated to be 0.77g/t. The atmospheric emis-
Fig. 6
Inventory
results
: atmospheric
emission
atmospheric
emission
(CO2 and CO)
Fig. 7
Inventory
results:
(CH4, TSP, NOx, SOX, VOC)
in the life cycle
electricity
was
of rice
used
for
cooking
66
Journal
sion
inventory
indicated
switching
to
be
parboiling
best
to
atmospheric
SOx)
can
sion.
17%
and
tively.
The
cycle
the
no
waste
in
in
The
life
life
the
and
parboiling
be
Fig. 9
only
formed
for
waste
of
is
to
rice
the
be
pollution.
this
hence
of
a
the
head
rice,
it
rice
would
found
to
this
waste
the
the
types
decision
of
rice
responsible
Thus,
the
consumption,
and
emission
ronment
and
health
The
environmental
of
pattern
solid
effect
that
in the
are
to
and
required
and
pollution,
process
rice
production
reduce
rice
the
to
the
water-
life
cycle.
most
en-
others.
awareness
for method
fuel
the
from
to be the
compared
method
all
pollution,
would
found
motivation
study
emission,
waste
was
vironmentally-friendly
incentive,
varies
en-
to the
This
reveals
atmospheric
and
nominal
it
substitution
process
the
environmental
for environmental
consumption
untreated
on
processes
makers.
the
of pollution
energy
global
information
production
to compare
and
reduce
Among
study
to
intensity
switching.
rice.
in
of solid
provide
of rice
process
The
process
consumes
parboiled
evaluated
the
borne
environmentally-
and
are
process.
proc-
to
effect
different
but
environmentally-friendly
produce
is
rice
it possible
processes
study
production
however
pattern
process
environ-
This
Considering
an
of
that
effects
rice.
rice
yield,
processes
medium-boiler
to
consumption
to
on
of
others,
paddy.
process
reveals
environmental
found
recommend
parboiling
on
vironmental
pro-
environmental
of
the
head
rice
effect
Production
production
solid
of
process
reduce
of
the
to
of
analysis
substitution
rice
lowest
wise
would
minimize
consumers
a negative
to
amount
yield
it
to
switching
29%
9).
lowest
makes
production
compared
greater
was
the
fuel
(Fig.
cycle.
intensity
the
required
the
from
to
lowest
others
it
pro-
energy
the
the
process
The
22
the
Therefore,
waste
inventory
untreated
the
solid
have
that
has
8.
rice
to
rice,
medium-boiler
rice
the
indicates
friendly
soak-water
untreated
produces
to
parboiled
rice.
cycle
on
The
of
about
processes
is
excess
the
Fig.
discussion
and
ess
of
different
rice
process.
the
the
General
depends
the
compo-
in
case
related
compared
parboiled
(1)
the
from
the
and
reported
from
directly
case
reduces
ment
be
the
of
of
duction
in
various
the
emission
emission.
Untreated
production
all
also
waste
adopt
cooking
in
Water
soaking
phenols
and
water
medium-boiler
to
process
on
parboil-
discharged
BOD,
production
solid
However,
the
the
emission
contained
COD,
no
is
results.
of
the
effect
the
water
calculated
is
methods
better
in
to
waste
inventory
for
15
respec-
no
soak-water
treatment
there
solid
amount
emis-
rice,
has
after
of
process
soaking
Solid
cessing
VOC
fresh
to
and
about
emitted
The
them
were
hence
The
source
rice.
among
nitrogen
4.
the
reduced
drains
main
parboiling
is
and
NOx,
Fig. 8
parboiled
and
rice,
is
fuel
24
only).
soak-water
the
of
amino
CH4,
cooking
it
The
about
CO,
and
for
the
was
emission
is
There
parboiled
because
excess
nents
be
(medium-boiler
treatment
from
TSP
can
switching
emission
Water
life
except
for
fuel
process
3.
(CO2,
emission
28%
The
VOC
emission.
process,
reduced,
TSP
was
process
atmospheric
Vol. 67, No. 1 (2005)
rice
among
the
Machinery
method
process
medium-boiler
cooking
of Agricultural
the
However,
emission
be
The
untreated
the
for
of
Among
option.
reduce
only
30%
ing
best
Society
necessity
emission.
the
the
processes,
switching
the
air
processes,
to
the
the
reduce
production
found
of the Japanese
A
of enviand
switching
deforestation
fuel
would
and
warming.
environmentally
References
friendly
compared
to
the
others.
Au, N. and Ojha, T.P., 1976. Parboiling
.
The
life
cycle
inventory
Rice. "Post Harvest
nology", Edited by Araullo, E.V. et al IDRC. Ottawa,
163-204.
Conclusions
‡W
analysis
has
been
per-
TechCanada,
ROY,
Ban,
MN., Hall,
SHIMIZU,
KIMURA:
DO., Lucas,
Life Cycle
N. J.D. and Hossain,
Inventory
S.M.A. 1998.
Biomass Energy use at the Household Level in Two Villages
of Bangladesh : Assessment
of Field Methods. Biomass and
Bioenergy,
BBS, Statistical
Ministry
Bhattacharya,
15 (2), 171-180.
Yearbook, 1993. Bangladesh
Bureau
of Statistics,
Dhaka.
Technologies
for
Better Product Quality. Indian Food Industry, 23-26.
Bhattacharya,
S.C., Abdul Salem, P. and Sharma, M., 2000. Emisin some
selected
Energy
Con-
Cederberg, C. and Mattsson,
B., 2000. Life Cycle Assessment
of
Milk Production-a
comparison
of Conventional
and Organic
Farming. Journal of Cleaner Production,
8 (1), 49-60.
Crutzen, P.J. and Andreae, M.O., 1990. Biomass Burning
Tropics : Impact on Atmospheric
Chemistry
chemical Cycles. Science, 250, 1669-1678.
and
Gustavsson,
L., 1997. Energy Efficiency and Competitiveness
Biomass based Energy Systems. Energy, 22 (10), 959-967.
of
on Environmental
Impact, Animal Health and Animal Welfare. M.Sc. Thesis, University
of Wageningen,
The NetherW.R., Thorpe,
CR.,
Ilangantilleke,
S.G. and Senanayake,
UP., 1988. Fluidized Bed
Drying of Parboiled Rice. Sri Lankan Journal of Post Harvest
echnology, 1(1), 1-9.
Ramalingam,
N. and Anthoni
Raj, S., 1996. Studies
T
on the Soak
Water Characteristics
in Various Paddy Parboiling
Bioresource Technology,
55, 259-261.
Methods.
Ramjeawon,
T., 2000. Cleaner Production
in Mauritian
CaneSugar Factories. Journal of Cleaner Production,
8 (6), 503-510.
Roy, P., Shimizu, N., Furuichi, S. and Kimura, T. 2003 a. Improvement of Traditional
Parboiling Process. Journal of the Japanese Society of Agricultural
Roy, P., Shimizu, N. and Kimura,
in Local Parboiling
ety of Agricultural
Machinery, 65 (1),159-166.
T., 2003 b. Energy Consumption
Processes. Journal of the Japanese
Machinery, 65 (5), 133-141.
Roy, P., 2003. Improvement
al Parboiling
Process.
of Energy Requirement
PhD thesis, University
Japan (unpublished).
Roy, P., Shimizu, N. and Kimura, T., 2004. Energy
Wageningen
Framework
for Life-Cycle Impact
Report (February
1-7, 1992). The
Society of Environmental
Toxicology
and Chemistry, Pensacola, FL. Singh, R., Maheshwari,
R.C. and Ojha, T.P., 1980.
for Energy
and Global
Warming,
Programme
in Asia
University,
: 7. April. 2004
The Netherlands
Question
(unpublished).
time limit : 31. March. 2005)
「研 究 論 文 」
ロ ー カ ル プ ロ セ ス に よ り生 産 さ れ た 米 の ラ イ フ ・サ イ ク
ル ・イ ンベ ン ト リ分 析
ポ リ トシ
ロ イ*1・ 清 水 直 人*2・ 木 村 俊 範*2
要
米 の 加 工 プ ロ セ ス は,農
域 の 一 つ で あ り,相
旨
業 分 野 に お い て最 も重 要 な 領
当 な量 の エ ネル ギ を消 費 す る こ とか
プ ロ セ ス を 見 出 す た め に イ ン ド西 ベ ン ガ ル 州 に お け る3
つ の パ ー ボ イ リ ン グ方 式(ベ
式,中
規 模 ボ イ ラ方 式),対
Production.
ッ セ ル 方 式,小 規 模 ボ イ ラ 方
照 と して パ ー ボ イ リ ン グ を 施
さ な い 方 に つ い て ラ イ フ ・サ イ ク ル ・イ ン ベ ン ト リ分 析
を 行 っ た 。 イ ンベ ン ト リ(エ ネ ル ギ 消 費
大 気 へ の排 出物
質 お よ び 固 体 廃 棄 物)の
結 果 で は,小
規 模 ボ イ ラ方 式 〉
ベ ッ セ ル 方 式>中
規 模 ボ イ ラ方 式 〉パ ー ボ イ リ ン グ を 施
さ な い 方 式 の 順 位 で 減 少 し た 。 ま た,パ
ー ボ イ リ ング を施
さ な い 方 式 の 場 合 に は,水 系 へ の 排 出 物 質 は な く,パ ー ボ
イ リ ン グ 方 式 と比 較 して 環 境 へ の 負 荷 が 小 さ い が,ヘ
ド ラ イ ス 歩 留(掲
精 後 の 精 米 の 整 粒 割 合)が
た 。中 規 模 ボ イ ラ 方 式 は,他 の2つ
の 排 出 物 質 お よ び 固 体 廃 棄 物)結
ッ
最 も低 か っ
のパ ー ボイ リ ング方 式
と比 較 して 最 も低 い イ ンベ ン ト リ(エ ネ ル ギ 消 費,大
気へ
果 を 示 し,環 境 に や さ し
消 費 さ れ る一 次 エ ネ ル ギ を バ イ オ マ ス 利 用 に よ る も の か
CO,CH4,
and
Wastes
Health
Development
Amer-
Van Dijik, A., 2001. Life Cycle Assessment
of Conventional
and
Organic Pig Production
in the Netherlands,
M.Sc. Thesis,
ら電 気(IGCC技
Cooking of Milled Raw and Parboiled Rice. Food Science
Technology
Research, 10(2), 111-116.
Use of Agricultural
Energy
and Latin
(FAO), Wood Energy News, 14 (3), 4-5.
Tariq, AS., 2002. Benefits from Improved Rice husk Combustion
Efficiency. http ://www.nri.org
の と 仮 定)に
in Traditionof Tsukuba,
in
Efficient
in Asia, Africa
67
いプ ロ セ ス で あ る こ と が 分 か っ た 。 米 の 炊 飯 プ ロ セ ス で
Soci-
Conservation
SETAC, 1993. A conceptual
Assessment,
Workshop
Wood
Processes
ら環 境 汚 染 の 原 因 に な って い る。環 境 にや さ しい米 生 産
Iepema, G. and Pijnenburg,
J., 2001. Conventional
and Organic
Dairy Farming-a
comparison
of three Experimental
Farms
TB., Watson,
Mechanization
in the
Biogeo-
by Local
ica, 31-37.
Smith, KR., 1999. Fuel Emission,
(Received
Fuel Conversion
in selected Asian Countries.
version and Management,
40, 1141-1162.
Produced
Agricultural
Asian
Bhattacharya,
S.C., Attalage, R.A., Augustus
Leon, M, Amur, G.Q.
Abdul Salam, P. and Thanawat,
C., 1999. Potential of Biomass
lands (unpublished).
Palipane, KB., Adhikarinayake,
of Rice
Regional
of Planning, Govt. of Bangladesh,
K. R., 1990. Improved Parboiling
sion from Biomass
Energy
use
Countries, Energy, 25, 169-188.
Analysis
TSP,
術 に よ っ て バ イ オ マ ス か ら発 電 さ れ た も
切 り替 え る こ と で,大
NOx,
andSOx)が
気 へ の 排 出 物 質(CO2,
減少 す る こ とが 明 らか に
な った 。
[キー ワー ド]米,加
*1学
工,ラ イ フ ・サ イ クル,イ ンベ ン トリ分析
生会 員,筑 波大 学大 学院 農学研 究科(〒305-8572つく
王 台1-H
Tel 029-853-4650)
*2会 員,筑 波 大学 大学 院生 命環境 科学 研究科(同 上)
ば市 天
© Copyright 2024 ExpyDoc
