Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Chap. 7
BOLD fMRI: Origins and Properties
2015/6/XX
pp.245-268
-Temporal Resolution of fMRIc
(Fig.1.8 n
c
)
PET
fMRI
…
s
c
d
or
r
TR
…ms
fMRI c TR:
500ms
s
3000ms (
(
)
fMRI BOLD
TR
(
c
)
s
up
c
te
v
c
n
-
d
s
3s TR:
s
ps
1500ms TR:
↑
)
1s
(Fig.7.20)-TR
(
c1
s
10s
fMRI
s
)/
p
s
c
dv
pr
c TR: pr
s
ts
(
ts
(Fig.7.20A)
d
(Fig.7.20B)
c
)d
d
(Fig.7.20 CD)
v
Thought Question
c
p
d
s
prn
ps
(e.g., 3s TR
(
)
c4.5s)c
x = (3s
(
t
+6s
s
s
s
snc
s
c
s
…TR 1.5s
r
n
c
TR
s
c
→24
MR
/sc
:3
c
500ms TR
s
)
12
c
c
c
)
d1
2s TR
c
(MR
s
)/2
d
mc
→ BOLD
r
TR
d
100ms
m
r
d
→
↑
s
(≠
):
TRc
1
s
r→MR
1500ms TR
36(
s
)
get
(
) 3s TRc
TR
→ 3, 6, 9s
TR
[0, 3, 6s]
→
c
→ 3
[1, 4, 7s]
c
v
c
delay
→
★
t
0, 1, 2s
[2, 5, 8s]c
s
d
s
1s
s →
c
c
←→
s
1/3
r
c
s
…12
p
c
o
s
…11
◎What temporal resolution is needed
c
(
)
c
c
d
c
c
s
m
c
c
c
o
…
c
,
c
(Fig.7.21)
…500ms
s
s
d
…
d
v
s
s
c
,
c
m
v
o
fMRI
te
…
ps
c
ms
…1, 2s
c
…10s
c
→
V1gc
r /
d
c
V1
or V1
Thought Question
fMRI
c
cfMRI
c
s
d
(fMRI
fMRI
→1
c
→
s
)
ps
,
cp
c
2
n
,
d
…
(Fig.7.22)
c
n
(
→
)d
(
[Fig.7.22]
s
video clip
cBOLD
c
m: fMRI
c
(e.g.
d
-
)d
n
c
prn
n
d
d
)
c
(
2
d
c
c
…
c
c
e
s)
◎Effects of stimulus duration and timing
s
sc
c
fMRI
0
d
c
c
s
Richter et al. (1997):
c
c
BOLD
ただし
BOLD
d
c
gc
(
c
(Fig.7.23)
c
v
d
: V1
s
c100ms
c
gc
(
n
c
(0
s
)
40%d
0
fMRI BOLD
, 60%d
, 80%d
(
d
60%
80%
c
)
)
(
)
c
d
c
d
(
c
s)
s
c
d
c
s
vr
2
c
d
ts
c
Vagharchakian et al. (2012):
)
c
c
fMRI
(
r
or 125ms
hs
−
: Menon et al. (1998)c
1000msc
c
1
)
i
Thought Question
s
t
s
Menon et al. (1998)c
s
s
2(
msc
u
)(Fig.7.24)
s → Joystick
(6s) →
fMRI
cp
3 0 m s
V1 → SMA → M1
V1-SMA
c
d
SMA-M1
c
d
c
(200
v
c
)
…pr
t
s:
(
d
s
-
)
c
:
c
Miezin et al. (2000):
s
… fMRI
c
c
d
…
d
s
c
300ms
m
c
(
c100ms
c
)
c
s
m
tefMRId
c
d
c
s
c
c
n
s
3
u
ts(Fig.7.25)
(Fig.7.24)
v
-Linearity of the Hemodynamic Response※
d
s
s
d
c2
o
c
r
r
!
1
s
c
d
!
2
c
s
t
gc
(Fig.7.26A)
ts(Fig.7.26B)
gc
n
t
BOLD
d
ts(Fig.7.26C, D)
d
gc
c
c
:
t
pr
d
s
s
c
c
→
◎Properties of a linear system
c
fMRI
0
c
(MR
s
c 1)
:
c
)gc
/
vs
(Fig.7.28):
c
→
c
c
ROIc
d
(e.g.
n
l…
v (Fig.7.28):
s
1st
r
1st
2
2nd
e
a
d
gc
)
c
:2
o
cl
1
c
1
2
pr
c
v
c
s
v
→
c
c5s
cl
3
r
:
d
2nd
1
)(Fig.7.28A)
ts
s
ts
2s
2
→
c
s
(
2
s
n
2
v
0
c
c
s
vs
2)
d
c
fMRId
)
…
d
→
(
c
(Fig.7.27):
2s
ts
pr
s
v
or
m
c
sy
s
d
s
◎Evidence for rough linearity
s
Boynton et al. (1996)(
c
0
BOLD
p
24sc
)
gc
c
d12sc
c
(
2
o6s
4
4
d
)(
c
)
(
v
)
gc
3s
gc
c
s
c
…
c
(
c
s
)c
c
Dale & Buckner (1997)(
c
l
)
s
1~3
gc
gc
gc
y
v
gc
gc
gc
→
y
gc
c
s
d
gc
p
→ fMRI
s
ts(
2s →
(
)
d
sc
gc
5s
d
)
◎Challenges to linearity
c
c
sfMRI
:
(
c
)
gc
d
c
d u r a t i o n
c
Robson et al. (1998):
6s
s)c
(
gc
v
(
6s
…
)
gc
V1
r
(
:
vs
0
c
d
v
c
n
v
d
d
)
h
c
4s
Huettel et al. (2004)
c
(pr
c
c
c
1s
)
prn
pr
SMA…
pr40%
s
d
M1…
(Fig.7.30)
d
:
s
)
c
c
…
Birn et al. (2001):
t
ps
gc
o
c
m
y(1~6s
or
Dale & Bucknerc
v
…4s
c
d
s
n
Huettel & McCarthy(2000):
…
c
si
Vazquez & Noll(1998)
1s
ps
(SMA
(V1
c
s
c
V5)
n
t
◎fMRI-adaptation
: fMRI
(Fig.7.31)
5
n
V5)
n
t
(M1
V1)d
c
1
!
2
!
c
s
s
s
(
s
c
s)→
→
ts
c
)
(
s
※
c
:
c
)!
fMRI
)
1
(y)!
(
(
d
g
l
s
c
c
dKrekelberg et al. (2006)o
n
s
sGrill-Spector et al. c
t
◎Summary
BOLD
x
…i
(i.e.
:
,
s
c
(
cfMRI
sBOLD
)
c
c
BOLD
c
s
d…
gc
,
prBOLD
s
:
t
c
c
y
,
l
s
s
cVoxel
s →
s
s
n
s)
n
&
ns
:
r
0
c
c(
fMRI
c
)
(
6s
gc
d
h
c
)
pr
s
gc
c
t
6
c
s
2
c
d
n
…
s
s(fMRI
(
)
y
)

Product Data Sheet - Cranford Controls

アブストラクト