73 南太平洋海域調査研究報告 No.56（2015年3月） OCCASIONAL PAPERS No.56（March 2015） ࣆࣥࢤࣛࢵࣉᓥࡢ㣴Ꮚไᗘ 㸫ᐙ᪘࣭ぶ᪘࣭፧ጻࡢኚᐜࡢ㛵ࢃࡾ࠾࠸࡚㸫 ୰㇂⣧Ụ Adoption in the Change of Family, Kinship, and Marriage: A Case Study of Pingelap Island NAKATANI Sumie 㮵ඣᓥᏛᅜ㝿㐃ᦠ᥎㐍ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ Center for International Planning, Kagoshima University せ᪨ ࠋ ࢜ࢭࢽ࠾࠸࡚㣴Ꮚ័⾜ࡣᗈࡃほᐹࡉࢀࠊከࡃࡢே㢮Ꮫ◊✲࡛㆟ㄽࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ㸦NAKATANI 2013㸧 ࣆࣥࢤࣛࢵࣉᓥ㛵ࡍࡿඛ⾜◊✲ࡼࢀࡤࠊ┦⥆ࡸ፧ጻ࡞ぶ᪘ไᗘࡣࠊேཱྀቑຍࡶ㐍ࡋࠊ ࠋ࠼ࡤࠊ㔜┦⥆ࡣ ᓥࡢ㝈ࡽࢀࡓᅵᆅከࡃࡢேࡀᬽࡽࡍࡇࢆྍ⬟ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ㸦DAMAS 1983, 1994㸧 ᡤ᭷ᆅࡀ」ᩘಶᡤࡕࡽࡤࡿ⤖ᯝࡘ࡞ࡀࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡀࢭ࢟ࣗࣜࢸࡢᙺࢆᯝࡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ ᅵᆅࡀሷỈࡸࡽࢀ࡚ࡶࠊูࡢࡇࢁⰞ㢮ࡢ✭ࡀᮇᚅ࡛ࡁࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㣴Ꮚ័⾜ࡶྠᵝᅵᆅࡢ ┦⥆⤖ࡧࡘ࠸࡚┒ࢇ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊࣆࣥࢤࣛࢵࣉᓥࡢ㣴Ꮚ័⾜↔Ⅼࢆ࠶࡚ࠊᓥࡢ ேཱྀῶᑡ࠸࠺㏆ᖺࡢ≧ἣୗ࡛ᐙ᪘ࡸ፧ጻࠊぶ᪘ไᗘࡢኚᐜࡘ࠸࡚᫂ࡽࡍࡿࡶࠊࢥ࣑ࣗࢽ ࢸࡢ⥔ᣢ࣭Ⓨᒎࡢ᪉ྥᛶࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋ ࣑ࢡࣟࢿࢩ㐃㑥࣏ࣥ࣌ᕞྵࡲࢀࡿࣆࣥࢤࣛࢵࣉ⎔♋ᓥࡣࠊࡢ࣑ࢡࣟࢿࢩࡢ ᓥࠎྠᵝ 1960 ᖺ௦ᛴ⃭࡞ேཱྀቑຍࢆ⤒㦂ࡋࠊࡑࡢᚋ 80 ᖺ௦௨㝆ࡣ㏫⛣ఫࡼࡿ ேཱྀῶᑡࡀ࠾ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⌧ᅾࠊᅵᆅᡤ᭷⪅ࡢከࡃࡣᓥᒃఫࡋ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊⲨࢀ࡚ᨺᲠࡉࢀ ࡿᅵᆅࡀቑ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢲ࣐ࢫ㸦DAMAS 1994㸧ࡀ࠸࠺ࡼ࠺ࠊᓥࡀᨭ࠼ࡿேཱྀぶ᪘ไᗘ㸦┦ ⥆ࡸ፧ጻࡸ㣴Ꮚ࡞㸧ࡀ⤖ࡧࡘ࠸࡚㐍ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡍࢀࡤࠊ⌧ᅾࡢ㐣࠾࠸࡚ࡇࢀࡽ ࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡶኚࢆవ࡞ࡃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ ᖺᗘᐇࡋࡓࣆࣥࢤࣛࢵࣉᓥ࡛ࡢணഛⓗ࡞⪺ࡁྲྀࡾㄪᰝ࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㣴Ꮚ័⾜ࡣ 60 ᖺ௦ࡲ࡛ࡈࡃ୍⯡ⓗࠊぶ᪘㛫࡛┒ࢇ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡇࡀ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ㣴Ꮚࡣࠊ 㣴⫱ࢆ┠ⓗࡍࡿࡶࡢ㸦naiyapar㸧ᅵᆅࡢศࢆ┠ⓗࡍࡿࡶࡢ㸦pwekpwek㸧ࡢ㏻ࡾ ࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ㏆ᖺࡣ≉ᚋ⪅ࡢࢱࣉࡢ㣴Ꮚࡀぢࡽࢀ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㣴Ꮚ័⾜ࡢኚࡣࠊ ࡋ࡚ேཱྀᅽࡢၥ㢟ࡸᅵᆅ┦⥆ไᗘ࡞⤒῭ⓗ࡞せ⣲ࡽㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡇࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ 74 NAKATANI Sumie ୧ぶᏊ౪ࡽ࡞ࡿすḢⓗ㏆௦ᐙ᪘ࡢᴫᛕࡀࠊ࢟ࣜࢫࢺᩍࡢᕸᩍࡶࣆࣥࢤࣛࢵࣉ ♫ᾐ㏱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࡇࡶᙳ㡪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋᚋࠊࣆࣥࢤࣛࢵࣉ♫ࡢぶ᪘㛵 ಀࡢヲ⣽ࢆㄪᰝࡋࠊேࠎࡢ♫ⓗࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢᗈࡀࡾࠊࡑࡢᶵ⬟ࡢᐇែࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿ ணᐃ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㣴Ꮚ័⾜↔Ⅼࢆ࠶࡚࡞ࡀࡽᐙ᪘ࡸぶ᪘ࠊ፧ጻไᗘࡢኚᐜࢆぢࡿࡇࢆ㏻ࡋ ࡚ࠊ᭱⤊ⓗࡣࠊᓥࡢேཱྀࡢῶᑡࠊ⛣ືࡢၥ㢟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋ ࣆࣥࢤࣛࢵࣉᓥࡽእࡢ⛣ఫࡀጞࡲࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊ20 ୡ⣖ึ㢌ࡢࡇ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ1960 ᖺ௦ ࡣ࣏ࣥ࣌ᮏᓥࡢࢥࣟࢽ࣮ࡢ⛣ఫࡀつᶍぢࡽࢀࡓࠋ࣑ࢡࣟࢿࢩࡀ⡿ᅜࡢಙク ⤫㡿࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡽࠊ㏆ᖺࡣከࡃࡢேࠎࡀࢢ࣒ࡸࢧࣃࣥࡸྜ⾗ᅜᮏᅵ⛣ືࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᅜቃࢆ㉺࠼ࡿ㏆ᖺࡢ⛣ືࡣࠊᩥே㢮Ꮫ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࢺࣛࣥࢫࢼࢩࣙࢼࣝ ◊✲ࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ࡛㆟ㄽࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ࠼ࡤࠊ㏆ᖺࡢ⛣ືࡣࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ࡞ᨻ⤒῭ᵓ㐀ࡢ 㛵ಀ࡛ㄝ᫂ࡉࢀࠊಶேࡸୡᖏࡢᡓ␎ࡋ࡚ࠊኚࡢ΅㐣⛬ࡋ࡚ㄽࡌࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ ࡋࡋࠊ⛣ືࡍࡿᮏேࡸ⛣ఫ⪅ࢆ㍮ฟࡍࡿୡᖏࢆ◊✲ᑐ㇟ࡍࡿࡔࡅ࡛ࡣࠊᓥṧࡉࢀࡓ 㠀⛣ఫ⪅ࢆ᰾ࡍࡿࣆࣥࢤࣛࢵࣉࡢேࠎࠊࡘࡲࡾṧࡉࢀࡓഃࡢேࠎࡀᏲࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࠕᆅᇦ♫ ࠖࡸࠕぶ᪘㞟ᅋࠖయࡗ࡚ࡢ⛣ఫࡢពࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ ᐇ㝿ࠊࣆࣥࢤࣛࢵࣉᓥࡗ࡚ࠊࡇࢀ௨ୖᨺᲠᆅࡀࡩ࠼ࡿᆅᇦ♫ࡢᬽࡽࡋࡣᡂࡾ❧ ࡓ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿᠱᛕࡀ࠶ࡾࠊᐙ᪘ࡸぶ᪘ࡢඹ᭷㈨※㸦ᐙᒇࠊⰞ㢮ࡢ⏿ࠊࢥࢥࣖࢩࠊࣃࣥࣀ࢟➼㸧 ࡢ⏝࣭⟶⌮࣭ᡤ᭷ࢆࡵࡄࡿၥ㢟ࡣࠊ⛣ఫ⪅㠀⛣ఫ⪅ࡢ᪉ࡗ࡚ᠱࡢ㡯࡞ࡗ ࡚࠸ࡿࠋཪࠊ⛣ఫ⪅ࡢከࡃࡣࠊᆅ⌮ⓗ✵㛫ࢆ㉺࠼࡚ࠊᅵᆅᡤ᭷ࡸぶ᪘㛵ಀࠊ፧ጻࡼࡿࡘ ࡞ࡀࡾ࡞ᵝࠎ࡞㛵ಀࢆ⥔ᣢࡋ⥆ࡅ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࣆࣥࢤࣛࢵࣉᆅᇦ♫ࡣᓥ࠸࠺ᆅ⌮ⓗ✵㛫 ࢆ㉺࠼࡚Ꮡᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᮏ◊✲ࡣࠊ⛣ఫ⪅ࡶྵࡵࡓࠕࢺࣛࣥࢫ࣮࣭ࣟ࢝ࣝࣆࣥࢤࣛࢵࣉ࣭ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸࠖࡢேࠎ ࡗ࡚ࡢ⛣ఫࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࡇࢆ᭱⤊┠ⓗࡍࡿࠋලయⓗࡣࠊ1㸧᪥ࡢ⤒῭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ୗ ࡛ࠊ⏕Ꮡࡢࡓࡵࡢ㈨※ࡢከࡃࡀᓥእ౫Ꮡࡋࠊᓥࡢேཱྀࡀῶᑡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ୰࡛ࠊᐙ᪘ࡸぶ᪘ ࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࠊ≉ᅵᆅ┦⥆㛵ࢃࡿ፧ጻࡸ㣴Ꮚ័⾜ࡀࡢࡼ࠺ኚࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࢆㄪᰝ ࡋࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞⤒῭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᐙ᪘ࡸ፧ጻࡸぶ᪘ࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᑐᛂࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿࠋ2㸧ࢢࣟ ࣮ࣂࣝࡢ୰࡛ࠊேࡢ⛣ືࡸሗఏ㐩ࡀⴭࡋࡃᐜ᫆࡞ࡗࡓࡇ࡛ࠊᆅ⌮ⓗ✵㛫ࢆ㉺࠼࡚ ᗈࡀࡿࣆࣥࢤࣛࢵࣉࡢேࠎࡢࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࠊࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࢆ᪂ࡓ࡞♫㈨ᮏࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࠊேࠎ ࡀ♫ⓗࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࢆά⏝ࡋ࡚ࠊᓥࡢᅵᆅࡸ᳜≀࡞ࡢ⮬↛㈨※ཬࡧࠊఏ⤫つ⠊ࡸ▱㆑ ࡸᢏ⬟࡞ᩥ㈨※ࢆྵࡴࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸࡢඹ᭷㈨※ࢆࡢࡼ࠺⥔ᣢࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡢࠊ ࠕࢺࣛࣥࢫ࣮࣭ࣟ࢝ࣝࣆࣥࢤࣛࢵࣉ࣭ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸࠖࡢⓎᒎࡢ᪉ྥᛶࢆᅗࡍࡿࠋ ᘬ⏝ᩥ⊩ DAMAS, D. 1983. Demography and Kinship as Variables of Adoption in the Carolines. American Ethnologist, 10(2): 328-344. DAMAS, D. 1994. Bountiful Island: A Study of Land Tenure on a Micronesian Atoll, 272 pp., Wilfrid Laurier University Press, Canada. NAKATANI, S. 2013. Adoption in the Changes of Family, Kinship, and Marriage: A Comparative View Based on Studies in Micronesia and India. Occasional Papers (Kagoshima University Research Center for the Pacific Islands), 53: 51-59.
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