Yasuhisa Hayashiyama 環境経済学 Environmental Economics 第3章 費用と便益，供給と需要 Chapter.3 Benefits and Cost, Supply and Demand 支払意志 (Willingness to Pay) $ 40 Typical Demand/ Marginal Willingness to Pay Curve 30 20 (a)Consumer’ (a)Consumer’s Surplus (a)+(b)=Total Willingness to Pay Price 10 (b)Actual Payment 0 1 2 4 3 5 6 Unit of Goods 需要 (Demand) $ (a) $ Quality (b) Quality 1 集計的需要，集計的支払意志額 (Aggregate Demand/Willingness to Pay) A B C Aggregate $ 15 8 4 10 6 3 8 Quantity Demanded Quantity Demanded Quantity Demanded by A by B by C 7 24 Aggregate Quantity Demanded 便益 (Benefits) ◆「便益(Benefit) 」は，ベター・オフ(Better (Better Off) 「便益(Benefit)」は，ベター・オフ $ ◆便益を与えるためには？ ↓ ◆価値を認める何かを与える ↓ ◆価値を認めるか？ ↓ ◆犠牲を払うか否か （＝支払意志を見せるか否か） (a) (b) q1 q2 Quantity ◆便益の諸問題：① 便益の諸問題：①環境問題の需要，便益の測定が困難 ②需要曲線は選好以外の支払能力に依存( 需要曲線は選好以外の支払能力に依存(公平性) 公平性) ③財・サービスの情報に関する問題 費用 (Costs) 費用(Costs) 費用(Costs) ・調達費用(Out ・調達費用(Out--ofof- Pocket Cost) ・機会費用(Opportunity ・機会費用(Opportunity Cost) ・私的費用と社会的費用(Private ・私的費用と社会的費用(Private Cost, Social Cost) 2 私的費用と社会的費用 (Private and Social Costs) 私的費用 (Private Cost) ex. ガソリン，オイル，維持， 消却，料金，運転時間 社会的費用 (Social Cost) =私的費用＋ (ex.渋滞，大気汚染，騒音 (ex.渋滞，大気汚染，騒音)) 社会的費用ー 社会的費用ー私的費用 ＝誰が負担する？ 限界費用の概念 (The Concept of Marginal Cost) $ Marginal Cost Curve 40 30 20 Price 10 (b)Producer’ (b)Producer’s Surplus (a)Total Cost 0 1 3 2 4 5 6 Quantity of Output 費用曲線の形状 (The Shapes of Cost Curves) $ (a) $ (b) $ (c) Discontinuity Limit Quantity of Output Quantity of Output Quantity of Output 3 技術 (Technology) MC1 $ MC2 (a)Cost Savings Technological Change (b)Cost q※ Quantity of Output ◆費用削減分⇒ 費用削減分⇒R & D(Research and Development)のインセンティブ Development)のインセンティブ 限界費用均等化原理 (The Equimarginal Principle) How many units should it produce in each plant in order to produce the 100 units at least total cost ? Plant A Plant B $ $ 12 (c) Equimarginal 8 (a) (b) (d) 38 50 (e) 50 62 Quantity Produced Quantity Produced 限界費用と供給 (Marginal Cost and Supply) Marginal Cost Curve / Supply Curve $ MC=p※: Profit Maximization p※ ※ MC<p※：Increase Profits by Increasing output q MC>p※：Reduce Output Quantity of Output 4 集計的供給曲線 (Aggregate(Market) Supply Curve) A B $ C $ $ Aggregate $ 4 10 Quantity from Firm A 8 Quantity from Firm B 6 Quantity from Firm C 24 Aggregate(Market) Quantity 5
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