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․㓸⺰ᢥ㧔‫␠ޡ‬ળಽᨆ‫ ޢ‬41 ภ , 2014, 27㨪 46 㗁 㧕
⚵❱㑆ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߦ⷗ࠆ
ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ␠ળ᭴ㅧ
੗਄ ኡ ⢛᥊ߣ⋡⊛
ᧄⓂߩ⋡⊛ߪ‫ߩࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ‬᭴ㅧߣㆊ⒟ߦ߆ࠎߔࠆ㒢ቯ⊛ߥℂ⺰ߩน⢻ᕈࠍ
ߐߋࠅ‫⚻ޔ‬㛎⊛੐଀ߦࠃߞߡߘߩℂ⺰ߩ᦭ലᕈࠍᬌ⸽ߒࠃ߁ߣߔࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎߎߢࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ᭎ᔨߦᷓ౉ࠅߔࠆᔅⷐߪߥ޿߇‫ࠅߚ޽ߒߐޔ‬㧞ߟߩႺ⇇᧦
ઙߩ޿ߕࠇ߆৻ᣇ߽ߒߊߪਔᣇࠍ߽ߟ␠ળߣߒߡቯ⟵ߒߡ߅ߊ‫ޕ‬Ԙ࿾ℂ⊛ߥࡄ࡜
ࡔ࡯࠲ࠍ߽ߜ‫ߦߎߘޔ‬ታ⃻ߒߡ޿ࠆ␠ળߩߎߣ‫ޕ‬ԙߥࠎࠄ߆ߩ␠ળ᭴ㅧࠍ߽ߞߡ‫ޔ‬
౒ㅢߩ⋡ᮡࠍ߽ߟੱ‫߇ޘ‬දห⊛ߦߘߩ⋡ᮡࠍㅊ᳞ߒߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߥ␠ળߩߎߣ‫ޕ‬Ԙ
ߪ᣿ᔟߥࠃ߁ߛ߇‫ޔ‬ㄭ㓞ߣ޿߃ࠆ߽ߩ߆ࠄᄢㇺᏒ޽ࠆ޿ߪ࿖ኅ߇ⷒ߁␠ળ߹ߢᗐ
௝ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈‫ߪࡀ࡯ࡓࠦߩࠕ࡝࠲ࠗޔ‬ዊⷙᮨߥ߽ߩ߆ࠄᄢㇺᏒ࿤ߣ޿߃ࠆ߽
ߩ߹ߢ฽ࠎߢ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ԙߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫᧦ߩߎޔ‬ઙߛߌߢ޽ࠇ߫‫ޔ‬ᔅߕߒ߽࿾ℂ⊛ࡄ࡜
ࡔ࡯࠲ߪᔅⷐߢߪߥߊ‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥ⠪ߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩࠃ߁ߥ↪⺆߽޽ࠅ߁ࠆ‫ޕ‬᳇ࠍߟ
ߌߨ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ߩߪ‫ޔ‬ԙࠍℂᔨဳߣߒߡ⸳ቯߔࠆߎߣߪᗧ๧߇޽ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬ᒝ⺞ߒߔ
߉ࠆߣ⚻㛎⊛ኻ⽎ߣߒߡߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߦ౒หᕈߩሽ࿷ࠍᥧ㤩ߦ೨ឭߔࠆߎߣߦ
ߥࠅ‫౒ߩߘޔ‬หᕈߩ⒟ᐲ‫ޔ‬᭽ᘒ‫ࠍࡓ࠭࠾ࠞࡔޔ‬໧߁ᯏળࠍᄬߞߡߒ߹߁‫ߩ⺰⼏ޕ‬
ߣ߈ߦ਄ߩ㧞ߟߩ᧦ઙߦ߆ࠎߒߡណ↪ߔࠆ┙႐ࠍ᣿␜ߒߡ߅ߊᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆߛࠈ߁‫ޕ‬
ᧄⓂߪ‫ޔ‬Ԙߣԙߩ㧞ߟߩႺ⇇᧦ઙࠍ߽ߟ‫ޔ‬Ყセ⊛ዊⷙᮨߩࡠ࡯ࠞ࡞࡮ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹
ࠖࠍኻ⽎ߣߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
ᰴߦ᭴ㅧߩ᭎ᔨ߽ᄙ⟵⊛ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߪߢߎߎޕ‬ታ⾰ߩߥ޿ᒻᑼ⊛᭎ᔨߪᮮߦ⟎ߊߣ
ߒߡ߽‫␠ޔ‬ળ᭴ㅧߩ৻⟵⊛᭎ᔨ߇ߔߴߡߩ⎇ⓥ⠪ߦ౒᦭ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߪߥ޿‫ޕ‬
଀߃߫‫ߩ࠙࡜ࡉߣࠬࡦ࠺ࠡޔ‬᭴ㅧ᭎ᔨߪ⋧੕ߦ⇣ߥࠆ‫⾗ޕ‬Ḯ㈩ಽߣੱຬ㈩ಽߩ․
- 27 -
ᕈࠍ߽ߞߡ␠ળ᭴ㅧߣߔࠆ⎇ⓥ⠪ߪᄙ޿‫ߩߘߒ߆ߒޕ‬႐วߢ߽‫ ࠆࠁࠊ޿ޔ‬SSM ⎇
ⓥߦෳടߔࠆ⎇ⓥ⠪߇␠ળ㓏ጀߣ๭߽߱ߩߣ‫ࠬࠢ࡞ࡑޔ‬ਥ⟵⊛ߥⷞὐࠍዉ౉ߔࠆ
⎇ⓥ⠪߇␠ળ㓏⚖ߣ๭߽߱ߩߢߪ⇣ߥࠆ‫ޕ‬ฎౖ⊛ߦߪ 1940 ᐕઍߩ Warner ࠄߩࡗ
ࡦࠠ࡯࡮ࠪ࠹ࠖ⺞ᩏߩႎ๔㧔Warner and Lunt, 1941㧕ߦ⷗ࠄࠇࠆ␠ળ㓏ጀߣፉፒ࡮
ർᎹ(1962)ߩㇺᏒߩ㓏⚖᭴ㅧߪ᭎ᔨ߽⚻㛎⊛⊒⷗߽⇣ߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
৻ᣇ‫ޔ‬ᮭജ᭴ㅧࠍ␠ળ᭴ㅧߩ৻㕙ߣ⠨߃ࠆߥࠄ‫ޔ‬Hunter (1953)ߩᮭജߩࠛ࡝࡯
࠻ࡕ࠺࡞ߣ‫ޔ‬Dahl (1958,1961)ࠄߩᄙరࡕ࠺࡞߇ࠃߊ⍮ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫․ߢ߆ߥߩߎޕ‬
ߦ Hunter ߪ᣿⏕ߦࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ࡮ࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴ࠍߣࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬ᣇᴺ⊛ߥᘒᐲߩ♽⼆ࠍ
ᣣ ᧄ ߩ ⑺ ర (1965,1971)ߦ ⷗ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ߇ ߢ ߈ ࠆ ߛ ࠈ ߁ ‫ ߦ ࠄ ߐ ޕ‬ᵞ ✵ ߐ ࠇ ߚ ⎇ ⓥ ߪ
Lauman et al. (1973,1976,1977)ߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩᓇ㗀ജ૕♽ߣ๭߽߱ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫߆ޕ‬
ࠇࠄߦࠃࠇ߫‫␠ޔ‬ળ㑐ଥߪ␠ળߩ⻉࠮ࠢ࠲࡯‫⚻ޔ‬ᷣ‫␠ޔ‬ળ‫ޔ‬ᢎ⢒ߘߩઁߩ࠮ࠢ࠲
࡯ߢ㊀ⷐߥ࿾૏ࠍභ߼ࠆ㧞ੱߩ㑆ߩ૗ࠄ߆ߩ⚿วߢ޽ࠆߣቯ⟵ߔࠆ‫␠ߩߎޕ‬ળ㑐
ଥࠍ઀੐਄ߩធ⸅‫ߥ࡞ࡑ࡯ࠜࡈࡦࠗޔ‬ធ⸅‫⺖ߩࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ‬㗴ࠍ߼ߋࠆᗧ⷗੤
឵ߩ᦭ήߦࠃߞߡ᷹ቯߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ᓧࠄࠇߚ࠺࡯࠲㧔࠹ࠢ࠾ࠞ࡞ߦߪ㓞ធⴕ೉࠺࡯࠲ࠍ
〒㔌ⴕ೉ߦᄌ឵ߒߚ߽ߩ㧕ࠍᄙᰴరዤᐲ᭴ᚑᴺߦࠃߞߡಽᨆߒ‫ߪࠄࠇ߆ޔ‬㧞ߟߩ
ಽൻߩゲࠍ⊒⷗ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬㧝ߟߪ࠮ࠢ࠲࡯ߦࠃࠆⵚߌ⋡ߢ޽ࠅ‫߁߽ޔ‬㧝ߟߪ⺞ᢛᓎഀ
ߣⷐ᳞ᓎഀ㧔୘೎೑ኂߩㅊ᳞㧕ߩಽൻߢ޽ࠆ‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߎߪࠄࠇ߆ޕ‬᭴ㅧࠍᓇ㗀ജ
૕♽ߩ᭴ㅧߣ๭߱‫␠ߪࠄࠇ߆ޕ‬ળ⊛࿾૏ߩ㑆ߦ޽ࠆ㑐ଥߩࡄ࠲ࡦࠍ␠ળ᭴ㅧߣ๭
߱ߎߣߢ⺒⠪ࠍᷙੂߐߖߡ޿ࠆ߇‫ߪߢߎߎޔ‬ᓇ㗀ജ૕♽ߩ᭴ㅧ߽␠ળ᭴ㅧߩ৻஥
㕙ߣߒߡ߅ߎ߁‫ ߩߎޕ‬Laumann ࠄߩ⎇ⓥߩ⛮ᛚ⠪ߪዋߥߊ‫ޔ‬㜞ᯅࠄ(1986)ߩ߽ߩ
߇଀ᄖ⊛ߦሽ࿷ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߣߎࠈߢ‫ߪ޿ࠆ޽ࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ‬ㇺᏒߩ᭴ㅧߣㆊ⒟ࠍᛒ߁⼏⺰ߪ‫ޔ‬ᥧ㤩ߢ޽ࠇ
᣿␜⊛ߢ޽ࠇ‫ోߩ߆ࠄࠎߥޔ‬૕ߩᨒ⚵ߺࠍᔅⷐߣߖߑࠆࠍ߃ߥ޿‫ޔࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ㇺᏒ
ߩࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߣߢ߽޿߁߽ߩ߇઒ቯߐࠇࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߣࡓ࠹ࠬࠪߢߎߎޔࠎࠈߜ߽ޕ‬
ߪ‫৻⛔ޔ‬ᕈߪߥߊߡ߽නߦ⻉ㇱಽߩో૕ߣ޿߁߶ߤߩᗧ๧߆ࠄᯏ⢻ਥ⟵⊛ߥ⛔৻
ᕈߩ޽ࠆࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩᗧ๧߹ߢ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬Fisher ߩਅ૏ᢥൻℂ⺰ߢᥧ㤩ߦ઒ቯߐ
ࠇߡ޿ࠆో૕ߪ೨⠪ߢ޽ࠆ‫ࠬࠢ࡞ࡑޕ‬ਥ⟵ߪ㓏⚖㑵੎ߦὶὐ߇޽ࠆࠃ߁ߦ⷗߃ࠆ
߇‫ߩߘޔ‬೨ឭߦᡰ㈩ߣ⛔วߩࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ‫ߤࠎߣ߶ޔ‬ᯏ⢻ਥ⟵⊛ߥࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ߇೨ឭߐ
ࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ߪߢߎߎޕ‬㧞ߟߩℂ⺰ࠍ৻⍊ߒߡߺࠃ߁‫ޕ‬
㧝ߟߪ㋈ᧁᐢ(1959)ߩ߽ߩߢ‫ޔ‬ㇺᏒߪ㧟ߟߩ⼂೎ߐࠇࠆ␠ળㆊ⒟߆ࠄߥࠆߣߔ
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ࠆ࿑ᑼࠍឭ᩺ߒߚ‫⚻ޕ‬ᷣㆊ⒟‫ޔ‬ᇦ੺ㆊ⒟㧔␠ળ㓏ጀ‫ޔ‬㓸࿅ෳട‫␠ޔ‬ળᗧ⼂ߥߤ߆
ࠄߥࠆ㧕‫ߡߒߘޔ‬᡽ᴦㆊ⒟ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬㧟ߟߩㆊ⒟ߦߪᥧ㤩ߦ೙ᓮߩ㓏ጀᕈ߇⺒ߺ
ขࠇࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬࿑ᑼࠍ߅ߊߎߣߦࠃߞߡ‫ޔ‬୘೎ߩⷰኤ߇⛔৻⊛ߦಣℂߐࠇࠆߎߣߦ
ߥࠆ‫߁߽ޕ‬㧝ߟߪ Lauman ߣߘߩห௥ߦࠃࠆ⎇ⓥߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩࠄࠇ߆ޕ‬࿑ᑼ߇㋈ᧁ
(1959)ߦૃߡ޿ࠆߎߣߪ⥝๧ᷓ޿߇‫ࠅࠃޔ‬ᣇᴺ⊛ߥࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ᭎ᔨߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
Lauman and Pappi (1973)ߪ“input-throughput-output” model ߣ๭߱ࠬࠠ࡯ࡓࠍឭ᩺ߒ
ߚ‫ⷐ࠻࠶ࡊࡦࠗޕ‬࿃޽ࠆ޿ߪᄌᢙߦߪࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖࠨࠗ࠭‫ޔ‬࿾ℂ⊛૏⟎‫ੱޔ‬ญߩ
ᵹേᕈ‫⚻ޔ‬ᷣၮ⋚‫ޔ‬ቬᢎ⊛࡮᳃ᣖ⊛ਇဋ⾰ᕈߥߤ߇޽ࠆ‫࠻࠶ࡊ࡯࡞ࠬޕ‬ᄌᢙߣߒ
ߡߪ೙ᐲ߿೑ኂߩಽൻ‫ޔ‬ᯏળߩᏅ⇣ߩ޽ࠆಽᏓ‫ޔ‬Ꮕ⇣ߩ޽ࠆଔ୯ᗧ⼂ߩಽᏓ‫␠ޔ‬
ળࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߥߤࠍ޿߁‫࠻࠶ࡊ࠻࠙ࠕޕ‬ᄌᢙߦߪ᡽ᴦ⊛⺖㗴ࠍ߼ߋࠆวᗧߩࡄ
࠲ࡦ߿࡟ࡌ࡞‫ߩࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ‬᡽ᴦ⊛✕ᒛ‫ߩࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ‬ᗧᕁ᳿ቯߥߤ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߔߢߦ਄ߢㅀߴߚࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬Lauman ࠄߪߎߩ৻⥸⊛ࠬࠠ࡯ࡓߩ߽ߣߢᓇ㗀ജ૕♽
ߩታ⸽ಽᨆࠍ⹜ߺߚߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߣߎࠈߢ‫ޔ‬㋈ᧁ߇ᇦ੺ㆊ⒟ߣ޿޿‫ޔ‬Lauman ߇ throughput ߣ๭߽߱ߩߩ᭴ㅧ⊛ⷐ
⚛ ߣ ߒ ߡ ߩ ⚵ ❱ ㅪ 㑐 ࠍ ⠨ ߃ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ߇ ߢ ߈ ࠆ ߪ ߕ ߢ ޽ ࠆ ‫ ޕ‬ታ 㓙 ‫ ޔ‬Laumann,
Galaskiewicz, and Marsden (1978)ߪ‫ߩࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ‬ᗧᕁ᳿ቯߩℂ⸃ߦߪ⚵❱ߩⷰ
ኤ߇㊀ⷐߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍᜰ៰ߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫❱⚵ޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬ㅪ㑐ߦὶὐࠍ⟎ߊ⎇
ⓥߪᄙߊߪߥ޿‫❱⚵ޕ‬㑆㑐ଥߦᵈ⋡ߒߚᣣᧄߩㇺᏒ␠ળቇผߦᱷࠆ․⇣ߥ⎇ⓥߦ
㋈ᧁᩕᄥ㇢(1957)߇޽ࠆ‫ߢߎߘޕ‬ឭ᩺ߐࠇߚ‫▵⚿ޟ‬ᯏ㑐‫ߩޠ‬᭎ᔨߪᔓࠇࠄࠇߚ᭎
ᔨߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩߘࠆ޿ߡࠇߐ⸃⺋ޕ‬᭎ᔨߩ㧞ߟߩ฽ᗧߪߟ߉ߩࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧝
ߟߪㇺᏒߦ߅޿ߡߐ߹ߑ߹ߥ⚵❱߇⚿߮ߟߊ✂ߩ⋡ࠍᒻᚑߔࠆ߇‫ߢ߆ߥߩߘޔ‬㊀
ⷐߥᓎഀࠍᨐߚߔ⚵❱ࠍ⚿▵ᯏ㑐ߣ๭߱‫ޕ‬㧞ߟ⋡ߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬ㇺᏒ㑆ߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ
㧔ߘߩታᘒߪㇺᏒߩ⻉⚵❱߇ㇺᏒࠍ⿥߃ߡ⚿วߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ߇㧕ߦ߅޿ߡ㊀
ⷐߥᓎഀࠍᨐߚߒߡ޿ࠆㇺᏒࠍ⚿▵ㇺᏒߣ๭߱ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ߩߎޔߒߛߚޕ‬᭎ᔨ
ߦ⋥ធߦଐ᜚ߔࠆߎߣߪߢ߈ߥ޿‫৻ޕ‬ᣇ‫ޔ‬ขᒁ㑐ଥ‫ޔ‬ᵹേ⾗㊄ߩឭଏ‫ޔ‬ᩣᑼߩᜬ
ߜว޿‫⾗⊛ੱޔ‬Ḯߩឭଏ‫ߡߒߘޔ‬ᓎຬ౗છߥߤࠍᜰᮡߦડᬺ㑆㑐ଥࠍᛒ߁⎇ⓥ߇
޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬Mintz and Schwartz (1981)ߦࠃࠆࠕࡔ࡝ࠞߩડᬺߩᓎ⡯౗છߣડᬺ㓸࿅ߩᒻ
ᚑߦ߆ࠎߔࠆ⎇ⓥ‫ ߡߒߘޔ‬Scott (1986)ߩડᬺㅪ㑐ߩ࿖㓙Ყセߥߤ߇޽ࠆ‫ࠄࠇߎޕ‬
ߪ⚻ᷣߩ㗔ၞߦ߅ߌࠆડᬺߩࠛ࡝࡯࠻‫ޔ‬ᮭജ‫ޔ‬ᡰ㈩ߥߤߩ⃻ࠇᣇߦ㑐ᔃ߇޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬
ߎࠇࠄ߽ᧄⓂߩචಽߥḰ᜚ὐߣߪߥࠄߥ޿‫ޕ‬
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એ਄ߩࠃ߁ߥ⢛᥊ࠍ߰߹߃‫ޔ‬ᡷ߼ߡᧄⓂߩ⺖㗴ࠍᰴߩࠃ߁ߦቯ߼ࠆ‫ޕ‬
㧔㧝㧕ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ⚵❱㑐ଥߩ᭴ㅧߣߘߩ᭴ㅧߩ᭽ᘒ߇೙⚂ߔࠆ␠ળㆊ⒟ߦ߆
ࠎߔࠆℂ⺰⊛ߥᬌ⸛ࠍ⹜ߺࠆ‫ޕ‬
㧔㧞㧕਄ߩℂ⺰⊛ߥ⼏⺰ࠍ߰߹߃ߡ‫ࠝߩ❱⚵⻉ߩࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦ࡮࡞ࠞ࡯ࡠࠆ޽ޔ‬
࡯ࡃ࡯࡜࠶ࡇࡦࠣߦ⃻ࠇࠆ⚵❱㑆ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߩ੐଀ಽᨆࠍታⴕߒ‫ߘߡߖࠊ޽ޔ‬
ߩ᭴ㅧߩ␠ળㆊ⒟ߦߚ޿ߔࠆലᨐࠍ઒⺑⊛ߦ⺰ߓࠆ‫ޕ‬
⚵❱㑆㑐ଥߩ᭴ㅧߣ␠ળㆊ⒟ߦ߆ࠎߔࠆℂ⺰⊛ᨒ⚵ߺ
ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߦߪ‫⚻ޔ‬ᷣᵴേ‫ޔ‬࿕᦭ߩᢥൻߩ⛽ᜬ‫␠ޔ‬ળ⛔ว‫ޔ‬㓸ว૕ߩᗧᕁ᳿
ቯߥߤ߆ࠄߥࠆ␠ળㆊ⒟߇޽ࠆߣߔࠆ‫␠ߩߘޕ‬ળㆊ⒟ߦߚ޿ߒߡ‫⋧ޔ‬ኻ⊛ߦ᭴ㅧ
ߣߺߥߒ߁ࠆⷐ⚛߇޽ࠆߣߔࠆ‫ޕ‬᭴ㅧ⊛ߥ߽ߩߪᄖㇱ⊛ߦਈઙߣߒߡ⚵ߺㄟ߹ࠇ
ߡ޿ࠆߣߺߥߒߡࠃ޿߽ߩ̆଀߃߫࿖ߩᴺᓞ߿೙ᐲ̆ߣࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߦ࿕᦭ߩ
᭴ㅧ߆ࠄߥࠆ‫ߩࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޕ‬᭴ㅧ⊛ⷐ⚛ߪ‫ੱޔ‬ญ․ᕈ‫␠ޔ‬ળ㓏ጀ‫߿▸ⷙޔ‬೙ᐲ‫ޔ‬
޽ࠆ޿ߪ␠ળ⊛࿾૏ߩ㑐ଥߥߤߥߤ߆ࠄㆬᛯߢ߈ࠆ߇‫❱⚵ߪߢߎߎޔ‬㑆ߩ㑐ଥߦ
⃻ࠇࠆ᭴ㅧߦᵈ⋡ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
޽ࠆࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ␠ળㆊ⒟ߦ߅޿ߡⶄᢙߩ␠ળ⚵❱߇ᒻᚑߐࠇߚߣߒࠃ߁‫ޕ‬
⚻༡⠪࿅૕‫ޔ‬ഭ௛⚵ว‫ޔ‬ቬᢎ⚵❱‫ࠖ࠹࡝ࡁࠗࡑߪ޿ࠆ޽ޔ‬᳃ᣖߩ࿅૕ߥߤࠍᗐ௝
ߒߡࠃ޿‫ߪ❱⚵ߩࠄࠇߎޕ‬Ᏹߦᒝ޿ኻ┙㑐ଥߦ޽ࠆߣ઒ቯߔࠆᔅⷐߪߥ޿߇‫ߎޔ‬
ߎߢߩ⼏⺰ߢߪዋߥߊߣ߽ẜ࿷⊛ߦ೑ኂኻ┙ߩน⢻ᕈ߇޽ࠆߣߒߡ߅ߎ߁‫ޕ‬
ߎࠇࠄߩ⚵❱ߩ⋧੕㑐ଥߪⶄᢙߩ㑐ଥߦࠃࠆᄙ㊀ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆน
⢻ᕈ߇޽ࠆߛߌߢߥߊ‫ޔ‬୘ੱࠕࠢ࠲࡯ߩേᯏ߿೑ኂ߿ଔ୯ᔒะ‫࠶ࡀߩ࡯࠲ࠢࠕޔ‬
࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ‫࡮⊛▸ⷙߡߒߘޔ‬೙ᐲ⊛ߥ೙⚂߇㑐ㅪߒߡ޿ࠆ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿‫ߚ߹ޕ‬ෳട
ߔࠆࠕࠢ࠲࡯ߩⴕേߪ⚵❱ߩߥ߆ߢਇဋ⾰߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿‫❱⚵ߪ࡯࠲ࠢࠕߚ߹ޕ‬ᄖ
ߢߩ␠ળ㑐ଥࠍ߽ߟ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿‫৻ߪࠄࠇߎޕ‬ಾ໧ࠊߥ޿‫ߦ❱⚵߇࡯࠲ࠢࠕޕ‬ෳ
ടߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡᚑ┙ߔࠆ⚵❱㑆ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߩߺߦᵈ⋡ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ᚲዻߩ᦭ήߩ
ߺߩᖱႎߩߺߦࠃߞߡ⚵❱ߩࠝ࡯ࡃ࡯࡜࠶ࡇࡦࠣߩ᭴ㅧࠍߺࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ࠕࠢ࠲࡯ߩᚲዻߦࠃࠆ⻉⚵❱ߩࠝ࡯ࡃ࡯࡜࠶ࡇࡦࠣㅪ㑐᭴ㅧ ࠕࠢ࠲࡯ߩ㓸วࠍ X‫ޔ‬࿅૕ߩ㓸วࠍ Y‫ߩ࡯࠲ࠢࠕߡߒߘޔ‬ᚲዻߩ᦭ήࠍ R ߢ⴫
ߔߥࠄ߫‫ޔ‬ᒻᑼ⊛ߦߪ‫ߪࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ‬㧞ㇱࠣ࡜ࡈߦࠃߞߡ⴫⃻ߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬㧞ㇱࠣ
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࡜ࡈߣߪ㧞ߟߩ㓸ว߇޽ࠅ‫ߩࠇߙࠇߘޔ‬㓸วౝㇱߦߪ⚿ว߇ߥߊ‫ࠆߥ⇣ޔ‬㓸วߩ
㑆ߦ㑐ଥ߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆࠃ߁ߥࠣ࡜ࡈߢ޽ࠆ‫⸥ޕ‬ภߢ⴫ߖ߫‫ޔ‬
S ( X , Y ; R) ߚߛߒ‫ ޔ‬R Ž X u Y , I
X u X, I
Y uY ઁߩ⴫⃻ߣߒߡߪᰴߩࠃ߁ߦ߽⴫⃻ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬
( X ,Y ,V ) ߚߛߒ‫ ޔ‬V : X u Y o {0,1} ,I
S
X u X, I
Y u Y 㧕
ߐߡߎߎߢ㧟ߟߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖࠍᗐቯߔࠆ‫߽ࠇߕ޿ޕ‬᭴ᚑຬߪ 10 ੱ‫޿ߡߒߘޔ‬
ߕࠇߦ߅޿ߡ߽ 3 ࿅૕߇ᚑ┙ߒߡ޿ࠆߣߔࠆ‫ ࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޕ‬S1 ߢߪ‫ࠇߙࠇߘޔ‬
ߩࠕࠢ࠲࡯ߪߚߛ㧝ߟ࿅૕ߦᚲዻߔࠆߩߺߣߔࠆ‫ޔߜࠊߥߔޕ‬࿅૕ߪ੕޿ߦឃઁ
⊛޽ࠆ޿ߪቅ┙ߒߡሽ࿷ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ኻᾖ⊛ߦࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ S2 ߢߪߔߴߡߩࠕࠢ࠲࡯
߇ߔߴߡߩ࿅૕ߦᚲዻߔࠆ‫ ࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޕ‬S3 ߪ‫ޔ‬S1 ߣ S2 ߩਛ㑆ᒻᘒߢ޽ࠅ‫⃻ޔ‬
ታߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖࠍ⴫ߔߣ޿߃ࠆ߽ߩߢ‫ߥ߹ߑ߹ߐߪࠇߘޔ‬⒟ᐲߢࠕࠢ࠲࡯߇ⶄ
ᢙߩ⚵❱ߦዻߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
㧞ㇱࠣ࡜ࡈߪోߊ╬ଔߦ㧞⋧㧞రߩⴕ೉ߦࠃߞߡ⴫⃻ߔࠆߎߣ߽ߢ߈ࠆ‫ߎߘޕ‬
ߢ਄ߩ㧟⒳ߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖࠍⴕ೉⴫⸥ߢ⴫ߔߣ࿑
࿑ ߩࠃ߁ߦߥࠆ‫ߦⴕޕ‬୘ੱ‫ޔ‬೉
ߦ⚵❱ࠍߣࠅ‫ߩ࡞࠮ޔ‬୯ߪ୘ੱߩෳടߩ᦭ήࠍ⴫ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬S3 ߪᐞㅢࠅ߽ߩᒻᘒ
߇޽ࠅ߁ࠆ߇‫ߩߘߪߢߎߎޔ‬㧝ߟࠍណ↪ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫⺒ޕ‬⠪ߪߘࠇߙࠇࠍ࠳ࠗࠕࠣ࡜
ࡓߢឬߌ߫⋥ᗵ⊛ߥℂ⸃߇ኈᤃߦߢ߈ࠆߛࠈ߁‫ޕ‬
ߎߩᚲዻߩ㧞⋧㧞రߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߪࠕࠢ࠲࡯ߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߣ⚵❱ߩࡀ࠶
࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߦಽ⸃ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ߦ❱⚵ߜࠊߥߔޕ‬ᇦ੺ߐࠇߡ↢ᚑߐࠇࠆࠕࠢ࠲
࡯ߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߣ‫ߩ࡯࠲ࠢࠕޔ‬ᄙ㊀ᚲዻࠍᇦ੺ߦ↢ᚑߐࠇࠆ⚵❱㑆ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯
ࠢߢ޽ࠆ‫ᧄޔߊߥ߽ߢ߹߁޿ޕ‬Ⓜߩኻ⽎ߪᓟ⠪ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬਄ߩࠃ߁ߥ੐଀ߢ޽ࠇ߫‫ޔ‬
ᚻ૞ᬺߢ᳞߼ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬ઃ
ઃ ㍳㧭ߩࠃ߁ߥᢙቇ⊛ߥࠕ࡞ࠧ࡝࠭ࡓࠍ೑↪ߔ
ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫↢ޕ‬ᚑߐࠇࠆ⚵❱㑆ߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߪ‫ޔ‬࿑
࿑ ߩⴕ೉ߦࠃߞߡ⴫ߐ
ࠇࠆ‫ⴕߩߎޕ‬೉ߪ⚵❱㑆ߩࠝ࡯ࡃ࡯࡜࠶ࡇࡦࠣࠍ⴫ߔᱜᣇⴕ೉ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ኻⷺ✢਄
ߩᢙ୯ߪᚲዻߔࠆࠕࠢ࠲࡯ߩᢙߟ߹ࠅ⚵❱ߩࠨࠗ࠭ߢ޽ࠅ‫ࠇߘޔ‬એᄖߩᢙ୯ߪ⚵
❱㑆ߢ౒᦭ߔࠆࠕࠢ࠲࡯ߩᢙߢ޽ࠆ‫ ࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޕ‬S1 ߢߪࡔࡦࡃ࡯߇ⶄᢙߩ⚵
- 31 -
❱ߦዻߔࠆߎߣ߇ߥ޿ߣ޿߁ᗧ๧ߢ㧟ߟߩ⚵❱߇⋧੕ߦቅ┙ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬S2 ߢߪߔ
ߴߡߩࡔࡦࡃ࡯߇ߔߴߡߩ⚵❱ߦෳടߒߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ᗧ๧ߢ㧟ߟߩ⚵❱߇ቢ஻ߥ
⚿วࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬S3 ߪਔ⠪ߩਛ㑆⊛ߥဳߩ߁ߜߩ৻ߟߩ੐଀ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
࿑
࿑ 㧟ㅢࠅߩ઒ᗐࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ⚵❱ᚲዻࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ
࿑ C5
࿑ D5
࿑ E5
࿑ ฦࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ⚵❱㑆ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ ࿑ C5 ࿑ D5
࿑ E5
␠ળ⛔วߣ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄ ␠ળㆊ⒟ߦ߅޿ߡ⃻ࠇࠆ㓸ว૕ߩᗧᕁ᳿ቯ޽ࠆ޿ߪ␠ળ⛔วߣ๭߫ࠇࠆ߽ߩࠍ
ⷙ೙ߒᣇะߠߌࠆ޽ࠆ޿ߪ᳿ቯߔࠆⷐ࿃ߥ૗߆‫ޕ‬Coleman (1988)ߪ␠ળቇߦߪⷙ
▸㊀ⷞߩℂ⺰ʊߘࠇߪ␠ળൻࠍ㊀ⷞߔࠆߎߣߦߥࠆʊߣวℂ⊛ㆬᛯℂ⺰ߩኻ┙
߇޽ࠆߣߔࠆ‫ޕ‬Hechter (1987)ߪⷙ▸⊛ⷐ⚛ࠍ㊀ⷞߔࠆℂ⺰‫ޔ‬㓏⚖߿ᮭജߥߤߩ᭴
ㅧࠍ㊀ⷞߔࠆℂ⺰‫ߡߒߘޔ‬วℂ⊛ㆬᛯℂ⺰ࠍ⼂೎ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬Coleman ߣ Hechter ߪว
ℂ⊛ㆬᛯℂ⺰ࠍ⊒ዷߐߖࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ‫ߣ࠴࡯ࡠࡊࠕ▸ⷙޔ‬᭴ㅧࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴ߩᒙ
ὐࠍస᦯ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߣߔࠆ┙႐ߢ޽ࠆ‫⽎ޔߟߣ߭߁߽ޕ‬ᓽ⊛ߥ߽ߩߦὶὐ
߇޽ࠆℂ⺰ࠍ⼂೎ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫⽎ޕ‬ᓽ⊛⋧੕૞↪ℂ⺰߿᭴▽ਥ⟵ߥߤ߇ߘࠇ
- 32 -
ߦ⋧ᒰߔࠆ‫ޕ‬วℂ⊛ㆬᛯℂ⺰ኅߚߜߩߥ߆ߦ߽‫ߦߎߘޔ‬㑐ᔃࠍᜬߟ߽ߩ߇޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎߎߢ␠ળ⛔วߦߟ޿ߡߪߘߩ᭎ᔨ߇޽޿߹޿ߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍ⇐ᗧߒߡ߅ߊᔅⷐ
߇޽ࠆߛࠈ߁‫⛔߈ߣࠆ޽߇ߩ߽߈ߒࠄࡓ࠹ࠬࠪߩ߆ࠄࠎߥޕ‬วߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁
⴫⃻߇ߺࠄࠇࠆ߇‫ߪࠇߘޔ‬ᔅߕߒ߽㓸ว૕ߦ౒᦭ߐࠇߚⷙ▸߿೙ᐲ߿ㅪᏪ߇޽ࠆ
ߎߣࠍᏱߦᗧ๧ߔࠆࠊߌߢߪߥ޿‫৻ޕ‬ᣇ‫ߦ⊛࡯ࡖࠪ࠶ࠖࡈޔ‬ਅ૏ᢥൻ߇૬ሽߒߡ
޿ࠆ႐ว‫ߩࠇߙࠇߘޔ‬ਅ૏ᢥൻߣߘࠇࠍߐߐ߃ࠆ㓸ว૕ߩౝㇱߢߪⷙ▸⊛⒎ᐨ߇
଻ߚࠇߡ޿ࠆ႐ว߇޽ࠆ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬ㇺᏒో૕ߦ⒎ᐨ߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆߣߪ㒢ࠄߥ޿‫࡯࠳ޕ‬
࡞⊛ߥᄙరਥ⟵ߪ‫ޔ‬ᄙరਥ⟵ࠍ⹺߼ࠆⷙ▸߇౒᦭ߐࠇߡߪ޿ࠆ߇‫ࠆߥ⇣ޔ‬೑ኂ߇
੤㍲ߔࠆ‫ࠧࠞࠪޕ‬ቇᵷߪ╙㧝ᰴ㓸࿅ߩሽ࿷ࠍ⸃૕ߩᜰᮡߣߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢ‫⸃ޔ‬૕ߒ
ߡ޿ߥ޿ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖࠍ⛔วߒߡ޿ࠆߣ๭߱ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߛࠈ߁‫ᧄޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬Ⓜ
ߪ‫ߣߞ߽ޔ‬න⚐ߦ␠ળ⛔วࠍߥࠎࠄ߆ߩⷙ▸⊛⒎ᐨࠍ⛽ᜬߒߥ߇ࠄ౒ㅢߩ㓸ว૕
⋡ᮡࠍ㆐ᚑߒࠃ߁ߣߒߡ޿ࠆ႐วߦ⛔ว߇޽ࠆߣ޿߁‫ޕ‬ㅪᏪ᭎ᔨ߽ᦌᤒߢ޽ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬
ߎߎߢߪߎߩࠃ߁ߦቯ⟵ߔࠆ㒢ࠅߩ␠ળ⛔วߣ੕឵⊛ߥ᭎ᔨߣߒߡ߅ߊ‫ޕ‬
ߎߩ␠ળ⛔วߩ⁁ᘒࠍ⺑᣿࡮੍᷹ߔࠆᨒ⚵ߺߦ㑐ߒߡ‫ޔ‬᭴ㅧ․ᕈ߇␠ળㆊ⒟ࠍ
ⷙ೙ߔࠆࡔࠞ࠾࠭ࡓࠍᝒ߃ࠆߚ߼ߦ‫␠ޔ‬ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄ social capital ߩ᭎ᔨࠍᇦ੺⊛
᭎ᔨߣߒߡዉ౉ߔࠆ‫␠ߩߎޕ‬ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߩ᭎ᔨߪᾲ⁅⊛ߦㄫ߃ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߎߣߪ‫ޔ‬
⊒⴫ߐࠇࠆ⺰ᢥ߿ળ⼏㧔଀߃߫ᣣᧄ␠ળቇળᄢળ(2013)ߢߩ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄࠍ߼ߋ
ࠆㇱળ㧕ࠍߺࠇ߫ኈᤃߦੌ⸃ߢ߈ࠆ‫ߩߘޔߒߛߚޕ‬᭎ᔨߪᄙ⟵⊛ߢ޽ࠆ‫⚻ޕ‬ᷣቇ
⊛ߥ↪⺆ߣߒߡߩ␠ળ⾗ᧄ޽ࠆ޿ߪቝᴛ(2000)ߩ␠ળ౒᦭⾗ᧄ߆ࠄ඙೎ߐࠇࠆ␠
ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߩ᭎ᔨߪߔߢߦ 20 ਎♿ೋ㗡ߦ↪޿ࠄࠇߚߣߐࠇࠆ߇‫ޔ‬ᄢ߈ߥầᵹߣߥ
ߞߚߩߪ 1970 ᐕઍߣߺߡࠃ޿ߛࠈ߁‫ޕ‬Bourdieu ߪ 1972 ᐕߦߔߢߦ↪޿ߡ޿ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬
Bourdieu (1984)ߢ‫␠ޔ‬ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߣߪ‫ޔ‬ᄙዋߥࠅߣ߽೙ᐲൻߐࠇߚ⋧੕ߦ㕙⼂ߩ
޽ࠆ㑐ଥߩᜬ⛯⊛ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߩᚲ᦭ߦ⚿߮ߟߊࠃ߁ߥታ㓙ߩ޽ࠆ޿ߪẜ࿷⊛ߥ
⾗Ḯߩ⫾Ⓧߩߎߣߢ޽ࠆߣቯ⟵ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬Lin (1982,2001)ߪ‫␠ޔ‬ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߣߪ‫ޔ‬
␠ળ᭴ㅧߦၒ߼ㄟ߹ࠇߡ߅ࠅ‫⊛⋡߇ੱޔ‬ᔒะߩⴕὑߦ߅޿ߡࠕࠢ࠮ࠬߔࠆߣߎࠈ
ߩ⾗Ḯߣቯ⟵ߢ߈ࠆߣߒߡ޿ࠆ‫৻ޕ‬ᣇ‫ޔ‬Putnam㧔1995)ߪ㧘␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߣߪࡀ࠶
࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ‫␠ޔ▸ⷙޔ‬ળ⊛ା㗬ߩࠃ߁ߥ␠ળ⚵❱ߦߘߥࠊࠆ․ᕈߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᚑຬߩ⋧
੕ߩ೑⋉ߦߥࠆࠃ߁ߥ⺞ᢛ߿දหࠍଦߔࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫␠ߩߎޕࠆ޿ߡߒߣޔ‬
ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄ߇᳃ਥਥ⟵ߩታ⃻ߣ㑐ㅪߒߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ Putnam ߩਥᒛߪࠃߊ⍮ࠄࠇ
ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬OECD ߿਎⇇㌁ⴕ߽ߎߜࠄߩ┙႐ߢ޽ࠆ‫ ޕ‬Coleman㧔1994,1990)ߪᰴߩ
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ࠃ߁ߦㅀߴߡ޿ࠆ‫␠ޕ‬ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߪන৻ߩౕ૕⊛ታ૕ߣߒߡߢߪߥߊ‫␠ޔ‬ળ᭴ㅧ
ߩ૗ࠄ߆ߩ஥㕙߆ࠄߥࠅ‫ߩߘޔ‬᭴ㅧߩߥ߆ߦ޿ࠆ୘ੱߩߥࠎࠄ߆ߩⴕὑࠍଦㅴߔ
ࠆࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᯏ⢻⊛ߦߪ‫৻ߪࠇߘޔ‬ᣇߢ୘ੱߩⴕὑߩᯏળࠍ↢ߺ಴ߒ‫ޔ‬
ઁᣇߢ㓸ว૕ߩ⋡ᮡ㆐ᚑߦᓎ┙ߟࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ౕࠅࠃߡߒߘޕ‬૕⊛ߦߪ㧟ߟ
ߦಽ㘃ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧝ߟߪ⟵ോ‫ᦼޔ‬ᓙ‫ޔ‬ା㗬ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧞ߟ⋡ߪ␠ળ᭴ㅧߩߥ߆ߢߩ
ᖱႎߩᵹㅢߣᵹㅢߩ࠴ࡖࡦࡀ࡞ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧟ߟ߼ߪࠨࡦ࡚ࠢࠪࡦࠍ฽߻␠ળⷙ▸ߢ
޽ࠆ‫⃻ޕ‬࿷ߪߐࠄߦ൮᜝⊛ߥ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߩᮡ⼂ߩ࿷ᐶ⋡㍳ࠍ૞ᚑߔࠆ⎇ⓥ⠪߽
޿ࠆ‫ޔߦߺߥߜޕ‬ᣣᧄߢߪ social capital ߩ⸶⺆ߣߒߡ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߣ޿߁↪⺆ࠍ
޽ߡ‫⚻ޔ‬ᷣቇߥߤߢ↪޿ࠄࠇߚ␠ળ⾗ᧄ߆ࠄ⼂೎ߒࠃ߁ߣߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬ᶏᄖ
ߩ⎇ⓥ⠪ߪ social capital ߣ޿߁↪⺆ࠍ␠ળ㑐ଥߦ㒢ቯߒߥ޿ߩߢ‫ޔ‬Coleman ߩࠃ
߁ߦⷙ▸߹ߢ฽߼ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ ߫ࠊ޿ޕ‬sociological capital ߣߢ߽޿߃ࠆ↪⺆
ߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎߩࠃ߁ߦዋᢙߩ଀߆ࠄߢ߽‫ޔ‬᭎ᔨ߇৻⟵⊛ߢߥ޿ߎߣ߇ಽ߆ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬᭎ᔨߩ
ᛕ್⠪߆ࠄߪ‫ޔ‬વ⛔⊛ߥ᭎ᔨߢ޽ࠆ␠ળ㑐ଥ‫ੱޔ‬㑆㑐ଥ‫ޔ▸ⷙޔ‬೙ᐲ‫␠ޔ‬ળ᭴ㅧ
ߥߤ߆ࠄ඙೎ߐࠇࠆ߆ߤ߁߆ߦߟ޿ߡ⇼ࠊߒ޿ߣ޿߁ᛕ್‫߇⺆↪߁޿ߣᧄ⾗ޔ‬ᅷ
ᒰߢ޽ࠆ߆ߤ߁߆ߣ޿߁ᛕ್‫ߡߒߘޔ‬ㆊ೾ߥᦼᓙࠍ߆ߌࠆߎߣߦኻߔࠆᛕ್߇ᛩ
ߍ߆ߌࠄࠇߚ‫ ߫߃଀ޕ‬Portes (1998)߿㊄ሶ(2009)ࠍ⷗ࠆߣࠃ޿‫ޕ‬ᛕ್ߣᷙੂࠍస᦯
ߔࠆߚ߼ߦਃ㓈㧔2013㧕ߪ␠ળ㑐ଥၮ⋚ߣ޿߁‫߫ࠊ޿ޔ‬ㄤ࿁⊛ߥ᭎ᔨࠍਛᩭߦߔ
߃‫ߩࠢࡦ࡝࡮ࡠࠢࡑࡠࠢࡒߡߖࠊ޽ޔ‬ᣂߒ޿ℂ⺰ࠍዷᦸߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎߩᷙੂߩේ࿃ߪዋߥߊߣ߽㧞ߟ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧝ߟߪ‫␠ߩߎޔ‬ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߪࠃࠅഞ೑
ਥ⟵⊛ߥ୘ੱߩᚲ᦭߽น⢻ߥ߽ߩߣߒߡቯ⟵ߔࠆ┙႐ߣ‫৻ޔ‬⒳ߩ౏౒⽷ߩࠃ߁ߥ
㓸ว૕ߦᏫዻߔࠆ߽ߩߣߔࠆ┙႐ߩኻ┙ߢ޽ࠆ‫޿⸒ޕ‬឵߃ࠆߥࠄࡒࠢࡠ⊛ߦߟ߹
ࠅⴕὑ⠪ߩ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߣߒߡߣࠄ߃‫ⴕޔ‬ὑ⠪ߩวℂ⊛ߥ೑⋉ㅊ᳞ߦߚ޿ߔࠆᯏ⢻ߦ
ᵈ⋡ߔࠆ⼏⺰ߣ‫ߦ⊛ࡠࠢࡑޔ‬㓸ว૕ߩ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߣߒߡߣࠄ߃‫ޔ‬㓸ว૕ߩ೑⋉㧔⚻
ᷣ⊛೑⋉‫ޔ‬᭴ᚑຬߩ QOL‫ޔ‬ㅪᏪ߿⛔วߥߤ㧕ߦኻߔࠆᯏ⢻ߦᵈ⋡ߔࠆ⼏⺰ߩಽⵚ
ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧞ߟ⋡ߩේ࿃ߪ‫␠ޔ‬ળࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߘߩ߽ߩࠍ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߣߺࠆ┙႐
ߣ‫ޔ‬ᔅߕߒ߽ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢࠍ೨ឭߔࠆߎߣߥߊା㗬߿⟵ോᗵ޽ࠆ޿ߪⷙ▸ߩࠃ߁
ߥ㑐ଥ⊛ⷐ⚛ࠍ␠ળ⾗ᧄߣߔࠆ┙႐ߩኻ┙ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ᧄⓂߪ‫ޔ‬ᰴߩࠃ߁ߥ᭎ᔨࠍឭ᩺ߔࠆ‫␠ߕ߹ޕ‬ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߣ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗Ḯࠍ඙೎
ߔࠆ‫␠ޕ‬ળ㑐ଥ⾗Ḯߣߪା㗬‫ߩࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯ࠤ࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ‬Ḱ஻⁁ᘒ߿ᯏળ‫ޔ‬ㅪᏪᗵᖱ‫ޔ‬
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⟵ോᗵߥߤࠍߐߔߣߔࠆ‫␠ߥ߁ࠃߩߘޕ‬ળ㑐ଥ⾗Ḯࠍ↢ᚑߒ⫾Ⓧߔࠆߣᦼᓙߐࠇ
ࠆ␠ળࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢࠍ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߣ๭߱‫ߡߞࠃߦࠇߎޕ‬᭎ᔨߩᦌᤒߐࠍ߆ߥࠅ
ᛄ᜞ߢ߈ࠆߛࠈ߁‫␠ޕ‬ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߩ․ᕈ߇␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗Ḯߩ↢ᚑߣ⫾Ⓧࠍⷙ೙ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
ℂ⺰⊛ߦߪ‫␠ޔ‬ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߣߒߡߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢࠍၮ⋚ߦ⫾Ⓧߐࠇߚ޽ࠆ޿ߪ
ᣂߚߦ↢ᚑߐࠇࠆ␠ળ⊛⾗Ḯ߇േຬߐࠇࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ‫ߩࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ‬໧㗴߇
⊒↢ߒߚߣ߈ߦ‫ޔ‬ኻ┙߆ࠄ⸃᳿ߦ߻ߌߡߩ␠ળㆊ⒟ࠍ౞Ṗߦផ⒖ߐߖࠆ‫⊛⥸৻ޕ‬
ߦ޿߃߫‫␠ޔ‬ળ㑐ଥ⾗Ḯߩേຬߦࠃߞߡ‫␠ޔ‬ળ⛔วߣ㓸ว૕ߩ⋡ᮡ㆐ᚑߩᯏ⢻߇
ᚑ┙ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߣߎࠈߢ‫␠ޔ‬ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߣ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗Ḯߩߺ߇␠ળ⛔วߣ㓸ว૕ߩ⋡ᮡ㆐ᚑᗧ
ߩ໑৻ߩⵝ⟎ߣਥᒛߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢߪߥ޿‫ޕ‬ᒝജߥ⁛ⵙ⊛ᮭജ߇ᚑ┙ߒߡ޿ࠆ႐ว‫ޔ‬
߭ߣ߹ߕ㓸ว૕⋡ᮡߩ㆐ᚑߪน⢻ߢ޽ࠈ߁‫౒ߚ߹ޕ‬ㅢߩଔ୯ᗧ⼂߿ⷙ▸⊛ࠦ࡯࠼
߇ౝ㕙ൻߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ႐ว‫ߪޘੱޔ‬ห⺞⊛ߥⴕേࠍߣࠆߎߣߦߥࠅ‫ޔ‬㓸ว૕⋡ᮡߩ
㆐ᚑࠍน⢻ߦߔࠆߛࠈ߁‫ࠢ࠶࠾ࠬࠛߦࠄߐޕ‬㓸࿅߇⸒⺆‫↢ޔ‬ᵴ᭽ᑼ‫ޔ‬ᱧผ૕㛎ߩ
⸥ᙘߥߤࠍ౒᦭ߔࠆߣ߈‫ޔ‬㓸ว⊛ⴕേ߇ᚑ┙ߒ߿ߔ޿ߛࠈ߁‫⑔߫߃଀ޕ‬᳗(2007)
ߪ‫ޔ‬ኻ┙ߔࠆ⥄ὼ଻⼔ᵷߣ㐿⊒ᵷ߇‫ޟ‬㞱ߩ⸥ᙘ‫ࠍޠ‬ᇦ੺ߦ౒ሽߩน⢻ᕈࠍតࠆ␠
ળㆊ⒟ࠍ⷗੐ߦឬ޿ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ታߪ‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޔ‬ᢥൻ⾗ᧄ޽ࠆ޿ߪᢥൻ⾗Ḯߣ๭߫
ࠇࠆ߽ߩߪ‫␠ޔ‬ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߣ㑐ଥ⾗Ḯ̆ࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩᯏળ߿ା㗬ߥߤ
̆ࠍ↢ᚑߔࠆߎߣߦ⽸₂ߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬એ਄ߩࠃ߁ߥ⻉ⷐ⚛޽ࠆ޿ߪ⇣ߥࠆ
ࡔࠞ࠾࠭ࡓ߇ታ㓙ߦߪⶄวߒߡ޿ࠆߣᗐ௝ߢ߈ࠆ߇‫ᧄޔ‬Ⓜߪ‫✚ޔ‬ว⊛ߥ⼏⺰ࠍߔ
ࠆߎߣ߇⋡⊛ߢߪߥ޿‫ߩࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޕ‬᭴ᚑຬߩᚲዻߩߺࠍᇦ੺ߦᒻᚑߐࠇࠆ␠
ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߣߘߎߦ↢ᚑߐࠇࠆ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗Ḯߪ‫␠ޔ‬ળ⛔วߣ㓸ว૕⋡ᮡߩ㆐ᚑߦ
⽸₂ߔࠆߎߣࠍਥᒛߔࠆߩߺߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߢḰ஻ߒߚ㧟ߟߩ઒ᗐ⊛ߥࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߦහߒߡ⸒߃߫ᰴߩࠃ߁ߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ S1 ߦߪ㧟ߟߩ⚵❱߇⁛┙ߦሽ࿷ߔࠆ߇‫❱⚵ޔ‬㑆ߩ⾗Ḯ߿ᖱႎߩᵹ
ㅢߪߥߊ‫࡯࠲ࠢࠕޔ‬㑆ߩ੤ᵹ߽ᦼᓙߢ߈ߥ޿‫❱⚵߆ߛ߆ߚޕ‬ౝㇱߢߩ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗
Ḯߩ⫾Ⓧ߇޽ࠆߩߺߢ‫ోࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ‬૕ߢߩ⫾Ⓧߪߥ޿‫ޔߒߛߚޕ‬නߦቅ┙ߒ
ߡ޿ࠆ႐ว߽޽ࠇ߫‫ޔ‬ឃઁ⊛ߦኻ┙ߒߡ޿ࠆ႐ว߽޽ࠆ߇‫ࠍࠇߘޔ‬⍮ࠆߦߪઁߩ
ⷰኤ߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ࠆ‫ ࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޕ‬S2 ߣࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ S3 ߩࠃ߁ߥ⚵❱㑆ߩㅪ⚿߇
޽ࠅ‫␠ߦࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ‬ળ㑐ଥ⾗Ḯ߇↢ᚑ࡮⫾Ⓧߐࠇࠆߎߣࠍᦼᓙߢ߈ࠆ‫ߩߘޕ‬
㒢ࠅߢ⚵❱㑆ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢࠍ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߢ޽ࠆߣ๭߱ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬
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ߥㅪ⚿߇޽ࠆߎߣߪ‫␠ޔ‬ળߩ᭴ᚑຬߩ㑆ߦ୘೎⚵❱ߩᚲዻࠍ⿧߃ߚ␠ળ⊛⾗Ḯߔ
ߥࠊߜା㗬‫ߩࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯ࠤ࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ‬ᯏળ‫⟵⊛⊒⥄ޔ‬ോᗵ߿දห⊛ߥㅪᏪᗵᖱߩ↢
ᚑߣ⫾Ⓧࠍᦼᓙߢ߈ࠆ‫⫾ߡߒߘޕ‬Ⓧߐࠇߚ␠ળ⊛⾗Ḯߪേຬߐࠇࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ
ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ໧㗴⸃᳿‫ࠅ߹ߟޔ‬㓸ว૕ߩᗧᕁ᳿ቯߣ⛔วߦነਈߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
⚻㛎⊛੐଀
ᧄ▵ߢߪ‫ߩࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦߥ࡞ࠞ࡯ࡠߕ߹ޔ‬୘ੱߩᄙ㊀ᚲዻߦࠃߞߡ↢߹ࠇࠆ
ࠝ࡯ࡃ࡯࡜࠶ࡇࡦࠣߩ⚵❱㑆ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߩ᭴ㅧࠍಽᨆߔࠆ‫␠߇ࠇߘߢ޿ߟޕ‬ળ
ㆊ⒟ߦኻߒߡ߽ߟᯏ⢻ࠍ઒⺑⊛ߦ⺰ߓࠆ‫ޕ‬
ኻ⽎ߣᣇᴺ
࠺࡯࠲ߪ 1984 ᐕߦፉᩮ⋵ߩ㧹↸㧹࿾඙ߢታᣉߒߚ⺞ᩏ߆ࠄᓧࠄࠇߚ‫ޟޕ‬ㆬ᜼ੱ
ฬ★‫⸥ߦޠ‬タߩ 20 ᱦએ਄ߩᚑੱ↵ᕈߔߴߡࠍኻ⽎ߦߔࠆోᢙ⺞ᩏࠍ⋡ᮡߣߒߚ‫ޕ‬
ታ㓙ߦߪ 326 ੱߩ↵ᕈߩ߁ߜ᦭ല␿ߪ 210 ␿ߢ޽ߞߚ‫⾰ޕ‬໧␿ߪਥߣߒߡ 14 ߩ࿅
૕߳ߩᚲዻߩ᦭ήࠍߘࠇએᄖߩ⾰໧ࠍ฽ࠎߢ޿ࠆ‫ᧄޕ‬ႎ๔ߢߪߘߩᚲዻ࠺࡯࠲ߩ
ߺࠍ↪޿ߚ‫࠲࡯࠺ޕ‬෼㓸ߪ㕙ធᴺߦࠃߞߚ‫᦭ޕ‬ല࿁෼␿߇⚂ 65㧑ߦߣߤ߹ߞߚ߇‫ޔ‬
৻ߟߦߪォ಴‫ޔ‬㐳ᦼਇ࿷‫ޔ‬ᜎุ߇੍ᗐએ਄ߦᄙ߆ߞߚߎߣߦࠃࠆ‫ޕ‬Ṫᬺᓥ੐⠪ߩ
ߥ߆ߦߪ‫৻ޔ‬ᣇߢ㆙ᵗṪᬺߦ៤ࠆੱ‫ߩޘ‬㐳ᦼਇ࿷ߣ‫ઁޔ‬ᣇߢ㔖⚦ߥṪᬺኅߪഭ௛
ᤨ㑆ߩ㐳ߐߣᷓᄛഭ௛ߦࠃߞߡਇ࿷߽ߒߊߪᜎุ࿁╵ߣߥࠅ߿ߔ߆ߞߚ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬ᰳ
៊୯߽ዋߥߊߥ޿‫ޕ‬࿁෼₸ߩૐߐߣᰳ៊୯ߪࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ̆ࠢಽᨆߦߣߞߡ⥌๮⊛ߢ
޽ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬㧞ߟߩℂ↱߆ࠄߥ߅ಽᨆน⢻ߥߟ߹ࠅ৻ቯߩᅷᒰᕈߩ޽ࠆ࠺̆࠲ߣ್ᢿ
ߒߚ‫ޕ‬㧝ߟߪᧄⓂߩಽᨆኻ⽎߇୘ੱ㑆ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ̆ࠢߢߥߊ‫␠ޔ‬ળ⚵❱ߩㅪ㑐ߦ޽
ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫߽߆ߒޕ‬㕖࿁╵⠪⟲߇․ቯߩ࿅૕ࠍ᭴ᚑߒߡ޿ࠆ⸽᜚ߪߥ߆
ߞߚ‫ޕ‬㧞ߟ⋡ߩℂ↱ߪᰴߩߣߎࠈߦ޽ࠆ㧚320 ᢙฬਛ‫ ⚂ޔ‬95 ੱߪ㕖਎Ꮺਥ߽ߒߊ
ߪਔⷫߣߩหዬ⠪ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᛒࠊࠇࠆ␠ળ⚵❱ߩᄙߊ߇਎Ꮺ߽ߒߊߪኅᣖන૏ߩട
౉ߦ߆߆ࠊࠆ‫ߡߞ߇ߚߒޕ‬หዬ⠪ߪઁߩኅᣖຬߣหߓෳടࠍߔࠆ‫ޕ‬㕖࿁╵⠪߇ߔ
ߴߡหዬ⠪ߣ޿߁ࠊߌߢߪߥ޿߇‫ޔ‬਎Ꮺන૏ߩෳടߣߺߥߖ߫‫ޔ‬ήല␿ߩഀวߪ
ዊߐߊߥࠅ‫ޔ‬రߩ⚵❱ㅪ㑐᭴ㅧߪ଻ሽߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߣ್ᢿߒߡ⦟޿ߛࠈ߁‫ޕ‬
ߎߩ࠺࡯࠲ࠍ⵬⿷ߔࠆ⺞ᩏࠍᰴߩࠃ߁ߦታᣉߒߚ‫ޕ‬㧝ߟߪ੐೨ߦ‫ޔ‬ਥߣߒߡ࿅
૕ߩᓎຬࠍࠗࡦࡈࠜ࡯ࡑࡦ࠻ߣߒߡ‫ߩߎޔ‬࿾඙ߩ⚻ᷣᵴേ‫↸ޔ‬ౝળᵴേߘߒߡ␹
- 36 -
੐╬ߩᵴേߦߟ޿ߡ‫ߚ߹ޔ‬ਥⷐߥ࿅૕ߦߟ޿ߡ‫ߦࠄߐޔ‬࿅૕ߩᓎຬߩ౗છߦߟ޿
ߡ⡬߈ขࠅ⺞ᩏࠍߒߚ‫ޕ‬
ᓧࠄࠇߚၮᧄ⊛ߥೋᦼ࠺࡯࠲ߪ‫ޔ‬210×14 ߩ㧞⋧ⴕ೉ߢ଻ሽߐࠇߚ‫ߩ࡞࠮ޕ‬୯ߪ
ᚲዻߩ᦭ήࠍ⴫ߔࡃࠗ࠽࡝࡯࠺࡯࠲ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߦߢߔޕ‬ㅀߴߚࠃ߁ߦߎߩ࠺࡯࠲߆ࠄ
ઃ㍳ # ߢ⺑᣿ߔࠆᣇᴺߦࠃߞߡ‫ޔ‬14×14 ߩ⚵❱ߩࠝ࡯ࡃ࡯࡜࠶ࡇࡦࠣߣߒߡߩ⚵
❱ㅪ㑐ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢࠍ↢ᚑߒߚ‫ߩߎޕ‬ၮ␆࠺࡯࠲ߦࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ⸃ᨆߩᚻᴺࠍㆡ
↪ߒ‫ߩߘޔ‬᭴ㅧ․ᕈߩಽᨆࠍ⹜ߺߚ‫ޕ‬
⚵❱ㅪ㑐ߩ᭴ㅧߣߘߩ௛߈
㧹࿾඙ߦߪ․೎ߦᒝ޿ࠗ࠶ࠪࡘ࡯ߣߺߥߒ߁ࠆ੐⽎ߪሽ࿷ߒߥ߆ߞߚ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬
ߥ߇ࠄ‫ࠆߥ⇣ޔ‬೑ኂߩሽ࿷ߪ‫ޔ‬ẜ࿷⊛ߦ⚗੎޽ࠆ޿ߪኻ┙ߩἫ⒳ࠍ੍ᗐߐߖࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߘߒߡߘࠇࠄߩ೑ኂ㓸࿅ߪߘࠇߙࠇߩ⚵❱ࠍ߽ߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ߢ߆ߥߩߘޕ‬ਥߚࠆẜ࿷
⊛ኻ┙ߩゲࠍᰴߩࠃ߁ߦ⷗ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ٕṪᬺߦ៤ࠊࠆੱ‫ߣޘ‬໡Ꮏᬺߦ៤ࠊࠆੱ‫ߩޘ‬೑ኂ߇޽ࠅ‫৻ޔ‬ᣇߪṪᬺදห⚵ว
ߦ‫ઁޔ‬ᣇߪ໡Ꮏળߦ⚵❱ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ٕṪᬺߩౝㇱߦ߅ߌࠆ೑ኂߩಽൻ߇޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᄢᢝ✂⚵วߦ⚵❱ߐࠇࠆੱ‫ࠇߘޔޘ‬
ߦዻߐߥ޿ੱ‫ߪࠄ⥄߿ߪ߽ߡߒߘޔޘ‬Ṫᬺࠍਥߚࠆ↢ᬺߣߒߥ޿ㆆṪ⦁ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ
ᬺࠍ༡߻ੱ‫ߩޘ‬೑ኂߩᏅ⇣߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ٕ␹␠ߩ␹੐ࠍ߼ߋࠅ⃻ࠇࠆ⇣ߥࠆりಽ߇⼂೎ߐࠇࠆ‫␹♖ࠆߋ߼ࠍ␢⑂␠␹ޕ‬
⊛೑ኂࠍ⇣ߦߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ో߷߶ޕ‬਎Ꮺ߇᳁ሶળߦዻߔࠆ߇‫ߩߘޔ‬ㇱಽ㓸࿅ߦᄺ⾥ળ
߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧹␹␠ߩ␹੐ߩߥ߆ߦߪ‫ޔ‬᳁ሶ૑᳃߇ਛᔃߦߥߞߡมࠆ⑂␢௾␞߇޽ࠆ
߇‫৻ޟߢߎߘޔ‬ᐕ␹ਥ‫ޟ߿ޠ‬਄ቭ‫߁޿ߣߤߥޠ‬ᓎഀࠍᜂ߁ੱ‫ߪޘ‬᳁ሶߩߥ߆ߢ߽
․ߦ‫ޟ‬㗡╭‫ߣޠ‬๭߫ࠇࠆኅߩ↵ᕈߢ޽ࠆ‫޿⸒ޕ‬឵߃ࠆߥࠄ㗡╭ߪりಽ ascribed status
ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߘޕ‬ኅ߽ߒߊߪ୘ੱߩ⚵❱ߪ‫ޟ‬㗡ደ⚵❱‫ߣޠ‬๭߫ࠇࠆߎߣ߽޽ࠆ
߇‫౏ޔ‬ᑼߦߪᄺ⾥ળߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ٕᯝኅ⚵❱ߩᚲዻߩᏅ⇣̆ߎࠇߪቬᢎ⊛ߥኻ┙ࠍᗧ๧ߒߥ޿‫ޕ‬㧱ኹ‫ޔ‬㧻ኹ‫ޔ‬㧴
ኹߪ㧹࿾඙ߦ޽ࠆኹߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧹࿾඙ߩ૑᳃ߪߎࠇࠄ㧟ኹࠍᯝ㇊ኹߣߔࠆੱ‫ߣޘ‬㧹
࿾඙ߩᄖߩኹࠍᯝ㇊ኹߣߔࠆੱ‫ޕࠆߥࠄ߆ޘ‬ታߪᓟ⠪ߪᱧผ⊛ߦߪ⋧ኻ⊛ߦᣂⷙ
ෳ౉⠪ߣߺߥߐࠇߚੱ‫ߤࠎߣ߶ޕࠆ޽ߢޘ‬ᔓࠇࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇ࠄߢ޽ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬ᒙ
޿⸥ᙘߩߥ߆ߦߣߤ߼ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
- 37 -
ߎࠇࠄߩᏅ⇣ߪ␠ળㆊ⒟ߦ߅޿ߡẜ࿷⊛ߥኻ┙޽ࠆ޿ߪ㕖ห⺞ߩ⃻⽎ࠍ↢ߓߐ
⴫ ߪ 14
ߖࠆน⢻ᕈ߇޽ࠆ‫ߩ❱⚵ߕ߹ޔߡ߃߹〯ࠍࠇߘޕ‬ㅪ㑐ࠍ⌑߼ߡߺࠃ߁‫⴫ޕ‬
ߩ࿅૕ߩ‫ޔ‬᳃ߩෳടߩ᦭ήߦၮߠߊ‫❱⚵ޔ‬㑆ߩࠝ࡯ࡃ࡯࡜࠶ࡇࡦࠣߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯
ࠢࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ ߅ߥޕ‬a14.ᄖኹߩᯝኅߣ޽ࠆߩߪ‫ޔ‬㧹࿾඙ߩᄖߦ޽ࠆኹߩᯝኅ⚵
❱ߩߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
⴫ 㧝 ᚲዻߩࠝ࡯ࡃ࡯࡜࠶ࡇࡦࠣߦߺࠆ⚵❱ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ 㪸㪈 㪸㪉 㪸㪊 㪸㪋 㪸㪌 㪸㪍 㪸㪎 㪸㪏 㪸㪐 㪸㪈㪇 㪸㪈㪈 㪸㪈㪉 㪸㪈㪊 㪸㪈㪋
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㧔ᵈ㧕ኻⷺ✢਄ߩᢙ୯ߪߘߩ⚵❱ߩⷙᮨࠍ⴫ߒ‫ࠇߘޔ‬એᄖߪ㧞ߟߩ⚵❱߇౒᦭ߔࠆ
ࡔࡦࡃ࡯ߩᢙࠍ⴫ߔ‫ޕ‬
ߎࠇߪၮ␆࠺࡯࠲ߢ޽ࠆ߇‫⋥ࠄ߆ߎߎޔ‬ធߦ⚵❱㑆ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߩ․ᕈࠍ⺒ߺ
ขࠆߎߣߪ㔍ߒ޿‫ޔߢߎߘޕ‬㧞ߟߩᎿᄦࠍߔࠆ‫ޕ‬㧝ߟߪታ⾰⊛ߥߎߣߢ޽ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬
ㄘදࠍಽᨆ߆ࠄ㒰޿ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬㊄Ⲣᯏ㑐ߣߒߡߩᯏ⢻߇㗼⪺ߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ㄘᬺߣㄘኅߦ
߆߆ࠊࠆ೑ኂ࿅૕ߢߪߥ޿߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ‫⺞ߦߺߥߜޕ‬ᩏᤨᦼࠃࠅߪࠆ߆ᓟߢ޽ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬
2011 ᐕ⃻࿷‫ޔ‬㧹↸⁛⥄ߩㄘදߪߥߊ‫ޔ‬2005 ᐕߩᏒ↸᧛ว૬ᓟߦ JA ߩᡰᚲ߇⟎߆
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ߣ㊀ⷐߥᎿᄦߣߒߡ‫⚿ߩ❱⚵ޔ‬วߩᒝߐࠍⷙḰൻߒߚ‫ⷙߩ❱⚵ޕ‬ᮨࠍ⠨ᘦߒ‫✢ޔ‬
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ࡃࠗ࠽࡝ᄌ឵ߒ‫ޔ‬න⚐ൻߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧕 - 38 -
⴫ ⚵❱㑆ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ
㪸㪈
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㪇㪅㪊㪇
㪇㪅㪉㪍
㪇㪅㪉㪌
㪇㪅㪊㪏
㪇㪅㪇㪇
㪇㪅㪇㪇
㪇㪅㪉㪍
㪇㪅㪊㪎
㪇㪅㪊㪇
㪇㪅㪇㪇
㪇㪅㪇㪇
㪇㪅㪇㪇
㪇㪅㪇㪇
㪸㪈㪋
㪇㪅㪊㪌
㪇㪅㪊㪇
㪇㪅㪇㪇
㪇㪅㪇㪇
㪇㪅㪇㪇
㪇㪅㪇㪇
㪇㪅㪇㪇
㪇㪅㪉㪍
㪇㪅㪇㪇
㪇㪅㪇㪇
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㪇㪅㪇㪇
㪇㪅㪇㪇
࿑ ⚵❱㑆ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߩ࠳ࠗࠕࠣ࡜ࡓ
ߎࠇࠄߩ⴫ߣ࿑߆ࠄᰴߩࠃ߁ߥߎߣ߇޿߃ࠆ‫ߕ߹ޕ‬ቅ┙ߔࠆ⚵❱ߪߥ޿‫ߒߘޕ‬
ߡ࿑߆ࠄ⋥ⷰ⊛ߦಝ㓸ᐲߩ㜞޿ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍ੍ᗵߐߖࠆ߇‫ߟߊ޿ޔ‬
߆ߩಝ㓸ᐲߩᜰᮡߦࠃߞߡ⏕߆߼ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ᦨޕ‬⍴〒㔌㧔2 ὐࠍ⚿߱ᦨ⍴ᓘ
〝ߩ㐳ߐ㧕ߩᐔဋߪ 1.066‫࠻ࠢࡄࡦࠦޔ‬ᕈ㧔〒㔌ߦၮߠߊᜰᮡߢ[0,1]㐽඙㑆ߩ୯ࠍ
- 39 -
ߣࠆ㧕ߪ 0.967 ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬㊀ߺ߇ᐔဋ୯ᧂḩߩ✢ࠍ೥㒰ߒߚ႐วߢߐ߃‫ࠇߙࠇߘޔ‬
1.615‫ޔ‬0.725 ߢ޽ࠆ‫ ߦࠄߐޕ‬2 ὐߩࡠ࡯ࠞ࡞ㅪ⚿ᐲ㧔2 ὐ߇㕖ㅪ⚿ߦߥࠆ߹ߢ೥
㒰ߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿‫ޔ‬2 ὐࠍ⚿߱ᓘ〝ߩ਄ߩὐߩᢙ㧕ߩᦨዊ୯ 10 ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎߩࠃ߁ߦᬺ㓸ᕈߩ㜞޿ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ᭴ㅧߪ‫ޔ‬೨▵ߩℂ⺰઒⺑ߦߒߚ߇߃߫‫ޔ‬
ߘࠇߪ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߣߒߡߪߚࠄ߈‫ࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯ࠤ࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ‬ᯏળ‫ޔ‬ା㗬‫ޔ‬දหⴕὑ
ᔒะߥߤߩ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗Ḯࠍ↢ᚑߒ⫾Ⓧߐߖࠆ‫⺖ߩࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦߪࠄࠇߘޕ‬㗴ࠍ߼
ߋࠆ໧㗴น᳿ߩ㓸วⴕേߣᗧᕁ᳿ቯࠍኈᤃߦߔࠆ⾗Ḯߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߘࠇߢߪ‫ޔ‬೨߽ߞߡ઒ቯߒߚ㧟ߟߩ⚗੎࡮ኻ┙ߩẜ࿷⊛ⷐ⚛ߪ࿁ㆱߢ߈ࠆߩߛ
ࠈ߁߆‫╙ޕ‬㧝ߦ㧟ߟߩṪᬺ࿅૕ߪឃઁ⊛ߢ޽ࠈ߁߆‫⴫ߦߢߔޕ‬
⴫ ߆ࠄ᣿ࠄ߆ߥࠃ
߁ߦᄢᢝ✂⚵วߣㆆ㝼⦁⚵วߩ߶߷ోຬ߇Ṫදߦዻߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬Ṫදߪ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗
Ḯࠍㆡಾߦ೑↪ߔࠆߎߣߢṪᬺߩࠬ࠹࡯ࠢࡎ࡞࠳࡯㑆ߩ⺞ᢛߩ႐ߣߥࠅ߁ࠆߛࠈ
߁‫╙ޕ‬㧞ߦṪᬺ㑐ㅪ⚵วߣ໡Ꮏળߩኻ┙ߪ࿁ㆱߢ߈ࠆߛࠈ߁߆‫⥝ޕ‬๧ᷓ޿ߎߣߦ
໡Ꮏળߩࡔࡦࡃ࡯ߩඨᢙએ਄߇Ṫදߦ߽ዻߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㊀ⷐߥߎߣߢ޽ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬
ઁߩ⚵❱ࠍᇦ੺ߦਔ⠪ߩࡔࡦࡃ࡯ߪ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗Ḯࠍ↢ߺ಴ߒߡ޿ߊߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬
╙㧟ߦᄺ⾥ળߣ޿߁りಽ㓸࿅ࠍߥߔੱ‫ࠇߘߣޘ‬એᄖߩ૑᳃ߩኻ┙ߪ⃻ࠇࠆߛࠈ߁
߆‫ࠄ߆߁ࠃࠅ޽ߩ❱⚵ޕ‬ᄺ⾥ળߩࡔࡦࡃ࡯ߩߔߴߡ߇᳁ሶળߩࡔࡦࡃ࡯ߢ޽ࠆߎ
ߣߪᒰὼߢ޽ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬㊀ⷐߥߎߣߪ᳁ሶળߩࡔࡦࡃ࡯ߪઁߩߔߴߡߩ࿅૕ߦᐢߊዻ
ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ㅒߦ޿߃߫ߔߴߡߩ࿅૕ߩࡔࡦࡃ࡯ߪหᤨߦ᳁ሶળߦዻߔࠆഀว߇㜞
޿‫ޕ‬᳁ሶળߩߥ߆ߢᄺ⾥ળߦዻߐߥ޿૑᳃߇⇹ᄖߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߣߪᗐ௝ߢ߈ߥ޿‫ޕ‬
ᦨᓟߦ࿾඙ᄖߩᯝኅߪ࿾඙ౝߩኹߩᯝኅߢ޽ࠆ૑᳃߆ࠄ⇹ᄖߐࠇࠆߛࠈ߁߆‫ߎޕ‬
ߎߢ߽࿾඙ᄖߩኹߩᯝኅߢ޽ࠆ૑᳃ߪઁߩ⚵❱ߩࡔࡦࡃ࡯ߢ޽ࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ‫ޔ‬
㧞ߟߩᯝኅ㓸࿅ߩኻ┙ࠍ࿁ㆱߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߥ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗Ḯࠍᚲ᦭ߒߡ޿ࠆߣᗐ௝ߒ
ߡࠃ޿ߛࠈ߁‫ޕ‬
એ਄ߩࠃ߁ߥ᭴ㅧࠍ⚵❱ߩᓎຬߩ౗છߩ࠺࡯࠲ߦࠃߞߡ⵬⿷⊛ߦ⷗ߡߺࠃ߁
㧔⴫
⴫ 㧕‫ޕ‬࿅૕ߩ࡝ࠬ࠻ߩߥ߆ߢዊ〝඙ળߣߪ㧹࿾඙ߦ޽ࠆ㧣ߟߩਅ૏ㄭ㓞⚵❱ߩ
ߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬਄ߩࡔࡦࡃ࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߦߺࠆ⚵❱ㅪ㑐ߦ⃻ࠇࠆ⚵❱ߩ࡝ࠬ࠻ߣߪዋߒ
⇣ߥࠆ߇‫❱⚵߽ߢߎߎޔ‬㑆ߩㅪ⚿ᕈ߇⛽ᜬߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎߩࠃ߁ߦᒝ޿ㅪ⚿ᕈࠍ߽ߟ⚵❱ㅪ㑐ߪ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߣߒߡᯏ⢻ߒߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁
ߢ޽ࠆ߇‫ࠅࠃߡ޿߅ߦࠢ࡯ࡢ࠻࠶ࡀߩߎ߇❱⚵ߩߤߪߢࠇߘޔ‬㊀ⷐߢ޽ࠈ߁߆‫ޕ‬
⴫ߣ࿑ࠍߺࠆߛߌߢ߽‫ޔ‬Ṫද‫ޔ‬໡Ꮏળ‫ޔ‬᳁ሶળ‫ޔ‬ᄺ⾥ળߥߤ߇ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ਄ߩ
- 40 -
㊀ⷐߥ૏⟎ࠍභ߼ߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߦߺ߃ࠆ‫ࠄࠇߎޔߢߎߎޕ‬㧠ߟߩ⚵❱ߦᵈ⋡ߒߥ߇
ઃ ㍳ % ߩᣇᴺߦࠃߞߡࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ਄ߢߩ⚵❱ߩਛᔃᐲࠍ᷹ቯߒߡߺࠃ߁‫ޕ‬
ࠄ‫ޔ‬ઃ
ߘߩ⚿ᨐߪ⴫ ߦ␜ߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
⴫ ࿅૕ᓎຬߩ౗છߦߺࠆ⚵❱㑆ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ
Ṫᬺදห⚵ว䇭㩷
ᄢᢝ✂⚵ว䇭㩷
໡Ꮏળ䇭㩷
ⷰశදળ
㪧㪫㪘㩷㩷㩷㩷
ᶖ㒐࿅
ዊ〝඙ળ
ᄺ⾥ળ
Ṫද ᄢᢝ✂ ໡Ꮏળ ⷰశ
㪐
㪎
㪇
㪇
㪎
㪐
㪇
㪇
㪇
㪇
㪐
㪋
㪇
㪇
㪋
㪈㪇
㪇
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㪇
㪈
㪈
㪇
㪇
㪇
㪇
㪈
㪉
㪈
㪈
㪉
㪈㪋
㪉
㪧㪫㪘 ᶖ㒐࿅ ඙ળ ᄺ⾥ળ
㪇
㪈
㪇
㪈
㪇
㪇
㪈
㪉
㪇
㪇
㪉
㪉
㪈
㪇
㪈
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㪈
㪇
㪈
㪈
㪌
㪇
㪇
㪇
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㪈㪊
㪉
㪈
㪇
㪉
㪈㪋
⴫ ⚵❱ߩࡏ࠽࠴࠶࠴ਛᔃᐲ
࠺࡯࠲ߪⷙḰൻ࠺࡯࠲㧕
㪸㪈㪅㩷Ṫᬺදห⚵ว䇭㩷
㪸㪉㪅㩷ᄢᢝ✂⚵ว䇭㩷
㪸㪊㪅㩷ㆆṪ⦁⚵ว䇭
㪸㪋㪅㩷໡Ꮏળ䇭㩷
㪸㪍㪅㩷㪧㪫㪘㩷㩷㩷㩷
㪸㪎㪅㩷㕍ᐕ࿅䇭㩷
㪸㪏㪅㩷⠧ੱ䉪䊤䊑䇭䇭㩷
㪸㪐㪅㩷᳁ሶળ䇭䇭
㪸㪈㪇㪅㩷ᄺ⾥ળ
㪸㪈㪈㪅㩷㪜ኹ䈱ᯝኅ䇭
㪸㪈㪉䇭㪦ኹ䈱ᯝኅ䇭
㪸㪈㪊䇭㪟ኹ䈱ᯝኅ䇭䇭
㪸㪈㪋㪅㩷࿾඙ᄖኹ䈱ᯝኅ
㪇㪅㪋㪇㪈
㪇㪅㪊㪊㪍
㪇㪅㪉㪌㪐
㪇㪅㪊㪌㪊
㪇㪅㪈㪏㪉
㪇㪅㪇㪉㪉
㪇㪅㪇㪌㪎
㪇㪅㪋㪋㪐
㪇㪅㪊㪐㪍
㪇㪅㪇㪏㪎
㪇㪅㪉㪊㪊
㪇㪅㪉㪋㪏
㪇㪅㪈㪉㪍
᣿ࠄ߆ߦ᳁ሶળ‫ޔ‬ᄺ⾥ળ‫ޔ‬Ṫද‫ޔ‬໡Ꮏળ߇㊀ⷐߥ૏⟎ࠍභ߼ߡ޿ࠆ‫߇ࠄࠇߎޕ‬
ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ߆ࠄᶖ߃ࠆߣ‫ࠢ࡯ࡢ࠻࠶ࡀޔ‬᭴ㅧߪᄢ߈ߊᄌൻߔࠆ‫ࠇߎޔ߽߆ߒޕ‬
ࠄߪ✕ኒߦ⚿วߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣࠍᕁ޿⿠ߎߔᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬Ṫᬺߣ໡Ꮏ߇ኻ┙ߩⷐ⚛
ࠍẜ࿷⊛ߦᜬߞߡ޿ࠆߣߔࠆߥࠄ‫ߦ․ޔ‬᳁ሶળߩᓎഀߪᄢ߈޿‫ޕ‬
㧹␹␠ߩ⑂␹ߪฎ᧪໡ᎿߣṪᬺߩਔᣇߩ቞ࠅ␹ߣߒߡᢘࠊࠇߡ߈ߚ‫ޕ‬૑᳃ߪ␹
␠ߩ⑂␢ߦቴ૕⊛ߦෳടߔࠆߩߢߪߥߊ‫ޔ‬
‫৻ޟ‬ᐕ␹ਥ‫ߥ߁ࠃߩޠ‬ᓎഀߦ⽎ᓽߐࠇࠆ
- 41 -
ࠃ߁ߦ⑂␢ߩਥ૕⊛ߥᜂ޿ᚻߣߒߡ㑐ਈߒ‫ޔ‬᳁ሶળߣᄺ⾥ળߪ޿ࠊ߫ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹
ࠖߩ⚿▵ᯏ㑐ߣߒߡ̆㗡╭޽ࠆ޿ߪᄺ⾥ળߩࠃ߁ߥឃઁ⊛りಽࠍ⛽ᜬߔࠆ␠ળ
⊛⾌↪ࠍߐߒ߭޿ߡ߽̆ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ㓸วⴕേࠍ⛽ᜬߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߪ␢⑂ޕ‬නߦቬ
ᢎⴕὑߣߒߡ㕖ᣣᏱ⊛⥄ⓨ㑆ߦ߅޿ߡቬᢎ⊛ᗧ๧ߩౣ↢ߦ⽸₂ߔࠆ‫ߪࠇߘޕ‬නߥ
ࠆⷰశ⾗Ḯߢߪߥߊ‫౒ޔ‬ㅢߩ⚻㛎ߣ⸥ᙘࠍౣ↢ߔࠆᢥൻ⾗ᧄߢ޽ࠆ‫౒ߪࠇߘޕ‬ห
ⴕὑࠍน⢻ߦߔࠆ⾗ᧄߢ޽ࠆ߇‫ߪߢߎߎޔ‬ᷓ౉ࠅߒߥ޿ߢ߅ߎ߁‫ߣߎࠆߔ⹺⏕ޕ‬
ߪߟ߉ߩߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫౒ࠆߋ߼ࠍ␢⑂ޕ‬หⴕὑߪ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗Ḯࠍౣ↢↥ߒ‫❱⚵ޔ‬㑆
ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢࠍㅢߒߡᵹㅢߔࠆ‫␠ߡߞࠃߦࠇߘޕ‬ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߣߒߡߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯
ࠢߪᒝൻߐࠇ‫␠ߡߞ߃߇ࠆ߭ޔ‬ળ㑐ଥ⾗Ḯࠍౣ↢↥ߔࠆ‫⚿ߩߎޕ‬ᨐ‫࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ‬
ࠖߩ␠ળ⛔วߣᗧᕁ᳿ቯࠍ౞Ṗߦߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
⚿⺰
ᧄⓂߢߪ‫ߩࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ‬᭴ㅧߣㆊ⒟ߦ߆ࠎߔࠆℂ⺰⊛ߥᬌ⸛ߣ‫ߦࠇߘޔ‬ၮߠ
ߊ੐଀ಽᨆࠍ⹜ߺߚ‫ޕ‬
߹ߕ╙㧝ߦ‫❱⚵ޔ‬㑆㑐ଥ߇ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ␠ળ᭴ㅧߩὶὐߢ޽ࠆߣߺߥߒ‫․ޔ‬
ߦࡔࡦࡃ࡯ߩᚲዻࠍᇦ੺ߦߔࠆ⚵❱ߩࠝ࡯ࡃ࡯࡜࠶ࡇࡦࠣ᭴ㅧߩ㧟ߟߩဳࠍࠦࡒ
ࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ᭴ㅧߩဳߣߒߡឭ᩺ߒ‫ߩߘޔ‬ಽᨆࠍ⹜ߺߚ‫ޕ‬
╙㧞ߦ‫␠ޔ‬ળㆊ⒟ߣߊߦ␠ળ⛔ว޽ࠆ޿ߪ㓸ว⊛ߥᗧᕁ᳿ቯ߿ⴕേߦ਄⸥ߩ᭴
ㅧ߇෸߷ߔᓇ㗀ߦߟ޿ߡℂ⺰⊛ߥឭ᩺ࠍߒߚ‫ߦߊߣޕ‬᭴ㅧߣㆊ⒟ࠍߟߥߋ߽ߩߣ
ߒߡߩ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߩ᭎ᔨࠍណ↪ߒߚ‫❱⚵ߜࠊߥߔޕ‬ㅪ㑐ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ߇␠ળ㑐
ଥ⾗ᧄߣߒߡᯏ⢻ߒ‫↢ߦߎߘޔ‬ᚑ࡮⫾Ⓧߐࠇࠆ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗Ḯ̆ࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪ
ࡦᯏળ‫ޔ‬ା㗬‫⟵ޔ‬ോᗵ̆߇␠ળ⛔ว޽ࠆ޿ߪ౒หⴕὑߣ㓸ว૕ߩᗧᕁ᳿ቯࠍߐߐ
߃ࠆߣߔࠆ઒⺑ࠍឭ␜ߒߚ‫ޕ‬
╙㧟ߦ‫ޔ‬㧹↸㧹࿾඙ߩ⚵❱ෳടࠍ߽ߣߦⷰኤߐࠇࠆ⚵❱ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߩ੐଀ಽ
ᨆࠍ⹜ߺߚ‫ޕࠆ޽ߢߣߎߥ߁ࠃߩ߉ߟߪ⷗⊒ߩߢߎߘޕ‬
Ԙ 14 ߩ⚵❱ߪಝ㓸ᕈߩ㜞޿ㅪ⚿ࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫߽ߢ߆ߥޕ‬Ṫᬺ⚵วߣ໡Ꮏળߣ
᳁ሶળ෸߮ᄺ⾥ળ߇㊀ⷐߥ૏⟎ࠍභ߼ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬㊀ⷐߥߎߣߪ‫ޔ‬વ⛔⊛౒ห૕ߣߺ
ߥߐࠇࠆࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߦ߅ߌࠆ⚵❱ߪ᳿ߒߡหᔃ౞⊛ߥ߽ߩߢߪߥߊ‫ޔ‬ㅪ⚿ߔࠆ
ߎߣߦࠃߞߡ‫ోࠢ࡯ࡢ࠻࠶ࡀޔ‬૕ߣߒߡಝ㓸⊛ߥࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖࠍᒻᚑߔࠆߩߢ޽
ࠆ‫ޕ‬
- 42 -
ԙ 㧹࿾඙ߦߪ‫⚗ޔ‬੎ߦߥࠅ߁ࠆ⇣ߥࠆ೑ኂߩኻ┙ߩน⢻ᕈࠍẜ࿷ߐߖߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
Ṫᬺ㑐ㅪᬺ⒳ߩ㑆ߦ↢ߓࠆ೑ኂߩᏅ⇣‫ޔ‬Ṫᬺߣ໡Ꮏᬺߩ೑ኂߩᏅ⇣‫ޔ‬࿾඙ౝኹ㒮
ߩᯝኅߣ࿾඙ᄖኹߩᯝኅߦ⽎ᓽߐࠇࠆᱧผ૕㛎ߩᏅ⇣㧔࿾඙ᄖኹߩᯝኅߪᱧผ਄
ߩෳ౉߇⇣ߥࠆ㧕‫ߡߒߘޔ‬㧹␹␠ߩ᳁ሶળߣߘߩౝㇱߦ޽ߞߡ␹␠⑂␢ߦ߅޿ߡ․
೎ߩりಽߢ޽ࠆᄺ⾥ળߩᚑຬߣߘࠇએᄖߩ᳁ሶߩ೑ኂߩᏅ⇣ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬
೑ኂߩኻ┙ߩน⢻ᕈߪ‫ޔ‬਄ߦㅀߴߚ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߩℂ⺰ࠍฃߌ౉ࠇࠆߥࠄ߫‫ࡀޔ‬
࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ᭴ㅧߦࠃߞߡᛥ೙ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߣ⸃㉼ߐࠇࠆ‫ߦ․ޕ‬᳁ሶળ࡮ᄺ⾥ળߪ㎛
ߣߥࠆ⚵❱ߢ޽ࠆ‫ࠢ࡯ࡢ࠻࠶ࡀޕ‬਄ߦ㊀ⷐߥ૏⟎ࠍභ߼ࠆ߇ࠁ߃ߦ‫ޔ‬᳁ሶળ࡮ᄺ
⾥ળ߇ਥ૕⊛ߦ༡߻␹␠⑂␢ߣ޿߁㓸วⴕേߪ‫ޔ‬⠡ߞߡ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߣ␠ળ㑐ଥ
⾗Ḯߩౣ↢↥ߦነਈߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ᧄⓂߩ㒢⇇ߪ᣿ࠄ߆ߢ޽ࠆ‫╙ޕ‬㧝ߦℂ⺰ߦ߆ࠎߒߡᚲዻࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߣߘߎ߆
ࠄ↢ᚑߐࠇࠆ⚵❱ߩࠝ࡯ࡃ࡯࡜࠶ࡇࡦࠣߦࠃࠆ⚵❱㑆ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ᭴ㅧߩߺࠍᛒ
ߞߡ޿ࠆ‫␠ޕ‬ળㆊ⒟ߦ߆ࠎߒߡ߽න⚐ߥᛒ޿ࠍߒߡ޿ࠆ‫߫߃଀ޕ‬ᮭജ᭴ㅧ߿⾗Ḯ
േຬߩㆊ⒟ࠍ฽߻ࠃࠅⶄ㔀ߥࡕ࠺࡞ߩ㐿⊒߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ࠆ‫╙ޕ‬㧞ߦ‫⚻ޔ‬㛎⊛⎇ⓥߪ
⚵❱㑆ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ᭴ㅧߩߺࠍⷰኤߒߡ޿ࠆ‫␠ޕ‬ળㆊ⒟ߦ⃻ࠇࠆ⛔ว߿ᗧᕁ᳿ቯ
ߩⷰኤߪߥߊ‫ߢ߹ߊ޽ޔ‬઒⺑⊛ߥ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫⥸৻߫߃޿ߦࠄߐޕ‬ൻߩߚ߼ߦߪⶄ
ᢙߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩⷰኤߦࠃߞߡ᭴ㅧ․ᕈߩᏅ⇣ߣᯏ⢻ࠍⷰኤߔࠆᲧセ⎇ⓥ߇ⷐ
᳞ߐࠇࠆ‫߅ߥޕ‬ቬᢎ⑂␢ߪቬᢎ⊛ᗧ๧ߩౣ↢ࠍ฽߼ߡ౒᦭ߐࠇࠆᢥൻ⾗ᧄߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬
␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߣ࠳ࠗ࠽ࡒ࠶ࠢߦ㑐ㅪߔࠆߣᗐ௝ߐࠇࠆ߇‫ޔ‬೎ߦ⺰ߓࠆߴ߈߽ߩߢ
޽ࠆ‫ߪࠄࠇߎޕ‬ᱷߐࠇߚ⺖㗴ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ᢥ₂
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ࠕᎺࡑ࠻࡯࡞Ꮉᵹၞࠍ੐଀ߦ‫␠ޡޠ‬ળቇ⹏⺰‫ޢ‬58(2): 134-151.
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⸶‫␠̆࡞࠲ࡇࡖࠠ࡮࡞ࡖࠪ࡯࠰ޡ‬ળ᭴ㅧߣⴕὑߩℂ⺰‫ᦠࠔࡧ࡞ࡀࡒޢ‬ᚱ, 2008.㧕
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ਃ㓈৻ੱ, 2013.‫␠ޡ‬ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄ‫ᦠࠔࡧ࡞ࡀࡒޢ‬ᚱ.
Mintz, B. and M. Schwartz, 1981. “Interlocking Directorates and Interest Group Formation,”
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American Sociological Review 46(6): 851-869.
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౗છ೙̆㊄Ⲣࡋࠥࡕ࠾࡯ߩ᭴ㅧ‫ޢ‬ᢥ⋿ၴ, 1994.㧕
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ࠞߦ߅ߌࠆ࠰࡯ࠪࡖ࡞࡮ࠠࡖࡇ࠲࡞ߩᷫㅌ‫ޠ‬ችᎹ౏↵࡮ᄢ቞㓉✬‫ࠠ࡮࡞ࡖࠪ࡯࠰ޡ‬
ࡖࡇ࠲࡞̆⃻ઍ⚻ᷣ␠ળߩࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬߩၮ␆‫᧲ޢ‬ᵗ⚻ᷣᣂႎ␠, 2004: ╙2┨.㧕
Putnam, R. D. 2001
Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community.
Simon & Schuster.㧔ᩊౝᐽᢥ⸶‫ޡ‬ቅ⁛ߥࡏ࡯࡝ࡦࠣ̆☨࿖ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ፣უߣౣ
↢‫ޢ‬ᨰᦠᚱ, 2006.㧕
ፉፒ⒤࡮ർᎹ㓉ศ, 1962.‫⃻ޡ‬ઍᣣᧄߩㇺᏒ␠ળ‫ޢ‬ਃ৻ᦠᚱ.
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㋈ᧁᐢ, 1959.‫ޟ‬ㇺᏒ⎇ⓥߦ߅ߌࠆਛ▸࿐ℂ⺰ߩ⹜ߺ:ㇺᏒ౒ห૕⺰ⷡᦠ‫ޠ‬
‫␠ޡ‬ળቇ⹏⺰‫ޢ‬
9(3): 26-40.
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ߩᚲ᦭ߣᡰ㈩㧦⧷࿖࡮☨࿖࡮ᣣᧄߩᲧセ⎇ⓥ‫ޢ‬⒢ോ⚻ℂදળ, 1989.㧕
㜞ᯅ๺ብ࡮᧛ጊ⊓⟤㓶࡮ᄢ⷏ᐽ㓶࡮੖ච፲⺈, 1986.‫ޟ‬࿾ၞ␠ળᄌേߦ߅ߌࠆ࿾ၞᮭജ
᭴ㅧߣߘߩ⥄Ꮖ⚵❱ൻ⢻ജߩಽᨆ‫᧲ޡޠ‬੩ㇺ┙ᄢቇੱᢥቇႎ‫ޢ‬195: 43-95.
㜞ᯅ๺ብ࡮ᄢ⷏ᐽ㓶(✬⪺), 1994.‫⥄ޡ‬Ꮖ⚵❱ൻㆊ⒟ߩࡀ࠶࠻ಽᨆ㧙࿾ၞᮭജ᭴ㅧߩᲧ
セ⎇ⓥ‫౎ޢ‬ජઍ಴ .
ቝᴛᒄᢥ, 2000.‫␠ޡ‬ળ⊛౒ㅢ⾗ᧄ‫ޢ‬ጤᵄᦠᐫ.
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Press.
ઃ㍳ #㧞⋧㧞రߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߩಽ⸃
n ੱߩࠕࠢ࠲࡯ߣ p ୘ߩ⚵❱߳ߩᚲዻࠍ⴫ߔ㧞⋧㧞రߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢⴕ೉ࠍ A ߣߔ
ࠆ‫ߩߘޕ‬ォ⟎ⴕ೉ࠍ Ac ߢ⴫ߔ‫ޔ߈ߣߩߎޕ‬ォ⟎ⴕ೉ࠍฝ߆ࠄਸ਼ߓࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ‫ޔ‬
ߔߥࠊߜ AAc ߦࠃߞߡ‫ޔ‬n×n ߩࠕࠢ࠲࡯㑆ߩ㓞ធࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢࠍ߃ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬Ꮐ߆ࠄਸ਼
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ߓࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ⚵❱㑆㓞ធࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢࠍ߃ࠆ‫ ߜࠊߥߔޕ‬Ac A ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩߎ߅ߥޕ‬ಽ
⸃ࠍ Breiger (1974)ߥߤߪ㓸࿅ߣ⚵❱ߩ෺ኻᕈߩℂ⺰ߣߒߡዷ㐿ߒߚߩߢ޽ࠆ߇‫ᧄޔ‬Ⓜ
ߢߪ࠹ࠢ࠾ࠞ࡞ߥ⼏⺰ߣߒߡℂ⸃ߒߡ߅ߌ߫ࠃ޿‫ޕ‬
ઃ㍳ $ၮḰൻ
⚵❱ࠍߟߥߋ✢ߦ㊀ߺߠߌߩ޽ࠆࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߩၮḰൻߦߪ‫ߩ✢ޔ‬㊀ߺࠍ⚵❱ߩⷙ
ᮨߢ㒰ߔߎߣߦࠃߞߡᓧࠄࠇࠆ‫ߩߘޕ‬႐ว‫ߪߦ࡞ࠞ࠾ࠢ࠹ޔ‬ᐞㅢࠅ߆ߩಽᲣࠍㆬ߱ߎ
ߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ⷙߩ❱⚵ߩߡߴߔޔ߫߃଀ޕ‬ᮨߩ✚๺ࠍಽᲣߦߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ߇‫ߩߎޔ‬
႐วߪⷙᮨߩᄢ߈޿⚵❱ߩ⚵ߩ⚿ว߇ᒝ⺞ߐࠇ‫ⷙޔ‬ᮨߩዊߐ޿⚵❱ߩ⚵ߩ㕖⚿ว߇ᒝ
⺞ߐࠇࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ᧄޕ‬Ⓜߢߪᒰ⹥ߩ㧞ߟߩ⚵❱ߩⷙᮨߩⓍߩᐔᣇᩮࠍಽᲣߣߒߚ‫ޕ‬
ⴕ೉ A ߩ࠮࡞ࠍ aij ߣߔࠆߣ߈‫ޔ‬
aij / aii a jj ߥ߅⚵❱ߪߘࠇ⥄૕ߣ⚿߮ߟߊߣ޿߁ᗧ๧ߢߩ෻኿ᕈߪߥ޿ߣߔࠆߩ߇⥄ὼߢ޽
ࠅ‫ޔ‬ኻⷺ✢਄ߪ 0 ߦᄌ឵ߒߚ‫ޕ‬
ઃ㍳ %ὐߩਛᔃᐲߩ᷹ቯ
ߎߎߢߪࡏ࠽࠴࠶࠴ߩਛᔃᐲᜰᮡࠍ↪޿ࠆ㧔Bonacich (1972), Mariolis (1975)㧕‫ߛߚޕ‬
ߒ‫ޔ‬ၮḰൻᓟߩ࠺࡯࠲ߦㆡ↪ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ήะࠣ࡜ࡈ̆ߘࠇߪኻ⒓ߥᱜᣇⴕ೉ߢ⴫ߐ
ࠇࠆ̆ߩࡏ࠽࠴࠶࠴ߩਛᔃᐲᜰᮡߪᰴߩࠃ߁ߦቯ⟵ߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
ci
1
n
¦a c O
ij
j
j 1
ߎߎߢ㧘 ci ߣ c j ߪὐ i ߣ j ߩਛᔃᐲߢ޽ࠆ‫ ޕ‬aij ߪὐ i ߣ㓞ធߒߡ޿ࠆὐ j ߣߩ⚿วߩ
ᒝߐߢ޽ࠆ‫ᧄޕ‬Ⓜߦහߒߡ⸒߃߫‫ ❱⚵ޔ‬i ߣ⚵❱ j ߇౒᦭ߒߡ޿ࠆࡔࡦࡃ࡯ߩᢙߢ޽
ࠆ‫ߩߘߒߛߚޕ‬୯ߪⷙḰൻߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ ޕ‬O ߪቯᢙߢ޽ࠆ‫ߥ࡞ࠞ࠾ࠢ࠹ޕ‬໧㗴ߣߒߡߪ‫ޔ‬
਄ߩᑼߪౣᏫ⊛ߢ޽ࠅ‫ࠍ⸃ߪߢ߹߹ߩߎޔ‬ᓧࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߥ޿‫ޕ‬ᐘ޿ߥߎߣߦ‫ࠢࡌޔ‬
࠻࡞⴫⸥ߔࠆߣ‫ ޔ‬O x
Ax ߣߥࠅ‫ࠆࠁࠊ޿ޔ‬࿕᦭୯࡮࿕᦭ࡌࠢ࠻࡞ߩ໧㗴ߦᏫ⌕ߔ
0 ߣᦠ
߈឵߃ࠆߎߣߢ᣿ࠄ߆ߢ޽ࠆ߇‫ ޔ‬x ߇࠯ࡠߢߥ޿⸃ࠍ߽ߟᔅⷐචಽ᧦ઙߪ
det( A OI) 0 ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬࿕᦭ᣇ⒟ᑼࠍ O ߦߟ޿ߡ⸃ߊߎߣߢ࿕᦭୯ࠍ߽ߣ߼‫ޔ‬
ࠆ‫ޕ‬ਛᔃᐲߪⴕ೉ A ߩ࿕᦭ࡌࠢ࠻࡞ߣߒߡ᳞߼ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ ( ޕ‬A O I)x
ᰴ޿ߢ O ߦኻᔕߔࠆ࿕᦭ࡌࠢ࠻࡞ࠍ߃ࠆ‫ᦨߡߒߘޕ‬ᄢ࿕᦭୯ߦኻᔕߔࠆ࿕᦭ࡌࠢ࠻࡞
ࠍਛᔃᐲߣߔࠆ‫ޕ‬㊀ⷐߥὐߪ‫ߥ࡞ࠞ࠾ࠢ࠹ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޔ‬஥㕙ߢߪߥߊ‫ࠆ޽ޔ‬ὐߩਛᔃ
ᐲߪઁߩਛᔃᐲߩ㑐ᢙߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ࠗࡦࡊ࡝ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߦ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
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