․㓸⺰ᢥ㧔␠ޡળಽᨆ ޢ41 ภ , 2014, 27㨪 46 㗁 㧕 ⚵❱㑆ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢߦࠆ ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ␠ળ᭴ㅧ ኡ ⢛᥊ߣ⋡⊛ ᧄⓂߩ⋡⊛ߪߩࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ᭴ㅧߣㆊ⒟ߦ߆ࠎߔࠆ㒢ቯ⊛ߥℂ⺰ߩน⢻ᕈࠍ ߐߋࠅ⚻ޔ㛎⊛ߦࠃߞߡߘߩℂ⺰ߩലᕈࠍᬌ⸽ߒࠃ߁ߣߔࠆ߽ߩߢࠆޕ ߎߎߢࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩᔨߦᷓࠅߔࠆᔅⷐߪߥ߇ࠅߚߒߐޔ㧞ߟߩႺ⇇᧦ ઙߩߕࠇ߆৻ᣇ߽ߒߊߪਔᣇࠍ߽ߟ␠ળߣߒߡቯ⟵ߒߡ߅ߊޕԘℂ⊛ߥࡄ ࡔ࠲ࠍ߽ߜߦߎߘޔታߒߡࠆ␠ળߩߎߣޕԙߥࠎࠄ߆ߩ␠ળ᭴ㅧࠍ߽ߞߡޔ ㅢߩ⋡ᮡࠍ߽ߟੱ߇ޘදห⊛ߦߘߩ⋡ᮡࠍㅊ᳞ߒߡࠆࠃ߁ߥ␠ળߩߎߣޕԘ ߪᔟߥࠃ߁ߛ߇ޔㄭ㓞ߣ߃ࠆ߽ߩ߆ࠄᄢㇺᏒࠆߪ࿖ኅ߇ⷒ߁␠ળ߹ߢᗐ ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߪࡀࡓࠦߩࠕ࠲ࠗޔዊⷙᮨߥ߽ߩ߆ࠄᄢㇺᏒߣ߃ࠆ߽ ߩ߹ߢࠎߢࠆޕԙߦߟߡߪ᧦ߩߎޔઙߛߌߢࠇ߫ޔᔅߕߒ߽ℂ⊛ࡄ ࡔ࠲ߪᔅⷐߢߪߥߊ⎇ޔⓥ⠪ߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩࠃ߁ߥ↪⺆߽ࠅ߁ࠆޕ᳇ࠍߟ ߌߨ߫ߥࠄߥߩߪޔԙࠍℂᔨဳߣߒߡ⸳ቯߔࠆߎߣߪᗧ߇ࠆ߇ޔᒝ⺞ߒߔ ߉ࠆߣ⚻㛎⊛ኻ⽎ߣߒߡߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߦหᕈߩሽࠍᥧ㤩ߦ೨ឭߔࠆߎߣߦ ߥࠅߩߘޔหᕈߩ⒟ᐲޔ᭽ᘒࠍࡓ࠭࠾ࠞࡔޔ߁ᯏળࠍᄬߞߡߒ߹߁ߩ⺰⼏ޕ ߣ߈ߦߩ㧞ߟߩ᧦ઙߦ߆ࠎߒߡណ↪ߔࠆ┙႐ࠍ␜ߒߡ߅ߊᔅⷐ߇ࠆߛࠈ߁ޕ ᧄⓂߪޔԘߣԙߩ㧞ߟߩႺ⇇᧦ઙࠍ߽ߟޔᲧセ⊛ዊⷙᮨߩࡠࠞ࡞ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ ࠖࠍኻ⽎ߣߔࠆޕ ᰴߦ᭴ㅧߩᔨ߽ᄙ⟵⊛ߢࠆߪߢߎߎޕታ⾰ߩߥᒻᑼ⊛ᔨߪᮮߦ⟎ߊߣ ߒߡ߽␠ޔળ᭴ㅧߩ৻⟵⊛ᔨ߇ߔߴߡߩ⎇ⓥ⠪ߦߐࠇߡࠆࠊߌߢߪߥޕ ߃߫ߩ࠙ࡉߣࠬࡦ࠺ࠡޔ᭴ㅧᔨߪ⋧ߦ⇣ߥࠆ⾗ޕḮ㈩ಽߣੱຬ㈩ಽߩ․ - 27 - ᕈࠍ߽ߞߡ␠ળ᭴ㅧߣߔࠆ⎇ⓥ⠪ߪᄙߩߘߒ߆ߒޕ႐วߢ߽ ࠆࠁࠊޔSSM ⎇ ⓥߦෳടߔࠆ⎇ⓥ⠪߇␠ળ㓏ጀߣ߽߱ߩߣࠬࠢ࡞ࡑޔਥ⟵⊛ߥⷞὐࠍዉߔࠆ ⎇ⓥ⠪߇␠ળ㓏⚖ߣ߽߱ߩߢߪ⇣ߥࠆޕฎౖ⊛ߦߪ 1940 ᐕઍߩ Warner ࠄߩࡗ ࡦࠠࠪ࠹ࠖ⺞ᩏߩႎ๔㧔Warner and Lunt, 1941㧕ߦࠄࠇࠆ␠ળ㓏ጀߣፉፒ ർᎹ(1962)ߩㇺᏒߩ㓏⚖᭴ㅧߪᔨ߽⚻㛎⊛⊒߽⇣ߥࠆޕ ৻ᣇޔᮭജ᭴ㅧࠍ␠ળ᭴ㅧߩ৻㕙ߣ⠨߃ࠆߥࠄޔHunter (1953)ߩᮭജߩࠛ ࠻ࡕ࠺࡞ߣޔDahl (1958,1961)ࠄߩᄙరࡕ࠺࡞߇ࠃߊ⍮ࠄࠇߡࠆ․ߢ߆ߥߩߎޕ ߦ Hunter ߪ⏕ߦࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢࠕࡊࡠ࠴ࠍߣࠆߩߎޕᣇᴺ⊛ߥᘒᐲߩ♽⼆ࠍ ᣣ ᧄ ߩ ⑺ ర (1965,1971)ߦ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ߇ ߢ ߈ ࠆ ߛ ࠈ ߁ ߦ ࠄ ߐ ޕᵞ ✵ ߐ ࠇ ߚ ⎇ ⓥ ߪ Lauman et al. (1973,1976,1977)ߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩᓇ㗀ജ♽ߣ߽߱ߩߢࠆ߆ޕ ࠇࠄߦࠃࠇ߫␠ޔળ㑐ଥߪ␠ળߩ⻉ࠢ࠲⚻ޔᷣ␠ޔળޔᢎ⢒ߘߩઁߩࠢ࠲ ߢ㊀ⷐߥࠍභࠆ㧞ੱߩ㑆ߩࠄ߆ߩ⚿วߢࠆߣቯ⟵ߔࠆ␠ߩߎޕળ㑐 ଥࠍߩធ⸅ߥ࡞ࡑࠜࡈࡦࠗޔធ⸅⺖ߩࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ㗴ࠍߋࠆᗧ ឵ߩήߦࠃߞߡ᷹ቯߔࠆޕᓧࠄࠇߚ࠺࠲㧔࠹ࠢ࠾ࠞ࡞ߦߪ㓞ធⴕ࠺࠲ࠍ 〒㔌ⴕߦᄌ឵ߒߚ߽ߩ㧕ࠍᄙᰴరዤᐲ᭴ᚑᴺߦࠃߞߡಽᨆߒߪࠄࠇ߆ޔ㧞ߟߩ ಽൻߩゲࠍ⊒ߔࠆޕ㧝ߟߪࠢ࠲ߦࠃࠆⵚߌ⋡ߢࠅ߁߽ޔ㧝ߟߪ⺞ᢛᓎഀ ߣⷐ᳞ᓎഀ㧔ኂߩㅊ᳞㧕ߩಽൻߢࠆߥ߁ࠃߩߎߪࠄࠇ߆ޕ᭴ㅧࠍᓇ㗀ജ ♽ߩ᭴ㅧߣ߱␠ߪࠄࠇ߆ޕળ⊛ߩ㑆ߦࠆ㑐ଥߩࡄ࠲ࡦࠍ␠ળ᭴ㅧߣ ߱ߎߣߢ⺒⠪ࠍᷙੂߐߖߡࠆ߇ߪߢߎߎޔᓇ㗀ജ♽ߩ᭴ㅧ߽␠ળ᭴ㅧߩ৻ 㕙ߣߒߡ߅ߎ߁ ߩߎޕLaumann ࠄߩ⎇ⓥߩ⛮ᛚ⠪ߪዋߥߊޔ㜞ᯅࠄ(1986)ߩ߽ߩ ߇ᄖ⊛ߦሽߔࠆޕ ߣߎࠈߢߪࠆࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔㇺᏒߩ᭴ㅧߣㆊ⒟ࠍᛒ߁⼏⺰ߪޔᥧ㤩ߢࠇ ␜⊛ߢࠇోߩ߆ࠄࠎߥޔߩᨒ⚵ߺࠍᔅⷐߣߖߑࠆࠍ߃ߥޔࠅ߹ߟޕㇺᏒ ߩࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߣߢ߽߁߽ߩ߇ቯߐࠇࠆߩߢࠆߣࡓ࠹ࠬࠪߢߎߎޔࠎࠈߜ߽ޕ ߪ৻⛔ޔᕈߪߥߊߡ߽නߦ⻉ㇱಽߩోߣ߁߶ߤߩᗧ߆ࠄᯏ⢻ਥ⟵⊛ߥ⛔৻ ᕈߩࠆࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩᗧ߹ߢ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕFisher ߩਅᢥൻℂ⺰ߢᥧ㤩ߦቯߐ ࠇߡࠆోߪ೨⠪ߢࠆࠬࠢ࡞ࡑޕਥ⟵ߪ㓏⚖㑵ߦὶὐ߇ࠆࠃ߁ߦ߃ࠆ ߇ߩߘޔ೨ឭߦᡰ㈩ߣ⛔วߩࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߤࠎߣ߶ޔᯏ⢻ਥ⟵⊛ߥࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ߇೨ឭߐ ࠇߡࠆߪߢߎߎޕ㧞ߟߩℂ⺰ࠍ৻⍊ߒߡߺࠃ߁ޕ 㧝ߟߪ㋈ᧁᐢ(1959)ߩ߽ߩߢޔㇺᏒߪ㧟ߟߩ⼂ߐࠇࠆ␠ળㆊ⒟߆ࠄߥࠆߣߔ - 28 - ࠆ࿑ᑼࠍឭ᩺ߒߚ⚻ޕᷣㆊ⒟ޔᇦㆊ⒟㧔␠ળ㓏ጀޔ㓸࿅ෳട␠ޔળᗧ⼂ߥߤ߆ ࠄߥࠆ㧕ߡߒߘޔᴦㆊ⒟ߢࠆߩߎޕ㧟ߟߩㆊ⒟ߦߪᥧ㤩ߦᓮߩ㓏ጀᕈ߇⺒ߺ ขࠇࠆߩߎޕ࿑ᑼࠍ߅ߊߎߣߦࠃߞߡޔߩⷰኤ߇⛔৻⊛ߦಣℂߐࠇࠆߎߣߦ ߥࠆ߁߽ޕ㧝ߟߪ Lauman ߣߘߩหߦࠃࠆ⎇ⓥߢࠆߩࠄࠇ߆ޕ࿑ᑼ߇㋈ᧁ (1959)ߦૃߡࠆߎߣߪ⥝ᷓ߇ࠅࠃޔᣇᴺ⊛ߥࠪࠬ࠹ࡓᔨߣߥߞߡࠆޕ Lauman and Pappi (1973)ߪ“input-throughput-output” model ߣ߱ࠬࠠࡓࠍឭ᩺ߒ ߚⷐ࠻࠶ࡊࡦࠗޕ࿃ࠆߪᄌᢙߦߪࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖࠨࠗ࠭ޔℂ⊛⟎ੱޔญߩ ᵹേᕈ⚻ޔᷣၮ⋚ޔቬᢎ⊛᳃ᣖ⊛ਇဋ⾰ᕈߥߤ߇ࠆ࠻࠶ࡊ࡞ࠬޕᄌᢙߣߒ ߡߪᐲ߿ኂߩಽൻޔᯏળߩᏅ⇣ߩࠆಽᏓޔᏅ⇣ߩࠆଔ୯ᗧ⼂ߩಽᏓ␠ޔ ળࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢߥߤࠍ߁࠻࠶ࡊ࠻࠙ࠕޕᄌᢙߦߪᴦ⊛⺖㗴ࠍߋࠆวᗧߩࡄ ࠲ࡦ߿ࡌ࡞ߩࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔᴦ⊛✕ᒛߩࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔᗧᕁቯߥߤ߇ࠆޕ ߔߢߦߢㅀߴߚࠃ߁ߦޔLauman ࠄߪߎߩ৻⥸⊛ࠬࠠࡓߩ߽ߣߢᓇ㗀ജ♽ ߩታ⸽ಽᨆࠍ⹜ߺߚߩߢࠆޕ ߣߎࠈߢޔ㋈ᧁ߇ᇦㆊ⒟ߣޔLauman ߇ throughput ߣ߽߱ߩߩ᭴ㅧ⊛ⷐ ⚛ ߣ ߒ ߡ ߩ ⚵ ❱ ㅪ 㑐 ࠍ ⠨ ߃ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ߇ ߢ ߈ ࠆ ߪ ߕ ߢ ࠆ ޕታ 㓙 ޔLaumann, Galaskiewicz, and Marsden (1978)ߪߩࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔᗧᕁቯߩℂ⸃ߦߪ⚵❱ߩⷰ ኤ߇㊀ⷐߢࠆߎߣࠍᜰ៰ߒߡࠆߩߢࠆ❱⚵ޔߒ߆ߒޕㅪ㑐ߦὶὐࠍ⟎ߊ⎇ ⓥߪᄙߊߪߥ❱⚵ޕ㑆㑐ଥߦᵈ⋡ߒߚᣣᧄߩㇺᏒ␠ળቇผߦᱷࠆ․⇣ߥ⎇ⓥߦ ㋈ᧁᩕᄥ㇢(1957)߇ࠆߢߎߘޕឭ᩺ߐࠇߚ▵⚿ޟᯏ㑐ߩޠᔨߪᔓࠇࠄࠇߚ ᔨߢࠆߩߘࠆߡࠇߐ⸃⺋ޕᔨߩ㧞ߟߩᗧߪߟ߉ߩࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩߢࠆޕ㧝 ߟߪㇺᏒߦ߅ߡߐ߹ߑ߹ߥ⚵❱߇⚿߮ߟߊ✂ߩ⋡ࠍᒻᚑߔࠆ߇ߢ߆ߥߩߘޔ㊀ ⷐߥᓎഀࠍᨐߚߔ⚵❱ࠍ⚿▵ᯏ㑐ߣ߱ޕ㧞ߟ⋡ߣߒߡޔㇺᏒ㑆ߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢ 㧔ߘߩታᘒߪㇺᏒߩ⻉⚵❱߇ㇺᏒࠍ߃ߡ⚿วߒߡࠆߩߢࠆ߇㧕ߦ߅ߡ㊀ ⷐߥᓎഀࠍᨐߚߒߡࠆㇺᏒࠍ⚿▵ㇺᏒߣ߱ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߩߎޔߒߛߚޕᔨ ߦ⋥ធߦଐߔࠆߎߣߪߢ߈ߥ৻ޕᣇޔขᒁ㑐ଥޔᵹേ⾗㊄ߩឭଏޔᩣᑼߩᜬ ߜว⾗⊛ੱޔḮߩឭଏߡߒߘޔᓎຬછߥߤࠍᜰᮡߦડᬺ㑆㑐ଥࠍᛒ߁⎇ⓥ߇ ࠆޕMintz and Schwartz (1981)ߦࠃࠆࠕࡔࠞߩડᬺߩᓎ⡯છߣડᬺ㓸࿅ߩᒻ ᚑߦ߆ࠎߔࠆ⎇ⓥ ߡߒߘޔScott (1986)ߩડᬺㅪ㑐ߩ࿖㓙Ყセߥߤ߇ࠆࠄࠇߎޕ ߪ⚻ᷣߩ㗔ၞߦ߅ߌࠆડᬺߩࠛ࠻ޔᮭജޔᡰ㈩ߥߤߩࠇᣇߦ㑐ᔃ߇ࠅޔ ߎࠇࠄ߽ᧄⓂߩචಽߥḰὐߣߪߥࠄߥޕ - 29 - એߩࠃ߁ߥ⢛᥊ࠍ߰߹߃ޔᡷߡᧄⓂߩ⺖㗴ࠍᰴߩࠃ߁ߦቯࠆޕ 㧔㧝㧕ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ⚵❱㑐ଥߩ᭴ㅧߣߘߩ᭴ㅧߩ᭽ᘒ߇⚂ߔࠆ␠ળㆊ⒟ߦ߆ ࠎߔࠆℂ⺰⊛ߥᬌ⸛ࠍ⹜ߺࠆޕ 㧔㧞㧕ߩℂ⺰⊛ߥ⼏⺰ࠍ߰߹߃ߡࠝߩ❱⚵⻉ߩࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦ࡞ࠞࡠࠆޔ ࡃ࠶ࡇࡦࠣߦࠇࠆ⚵❱㑆ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢߩಽᨆࠍታⴕߒߘߡߖࠊޔ ߩ᭴ㅧߩ␠ળㆊ⒟ߦߚߔࠆലᨐࠍ⺑⊛ߦ⺰ߓࠆޕ ⚵❱㑆㑐ଥߩ᭴ㅧߣ␠ળㆊ⒟ߦ߆ࠎߔࠆℂ⺰⊛ᨒ⚵ߺ ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߦߪ⚻ޔᷣᵴേޔ࿕ߩᢥൻߩ⛽ᜬ␠ޔળ⛔วޔ㓸วߩᗧᕁ ቯߥߤ߆ࠄߥࠆ␠ળㆊ⒟߇ࠆߣߔࠆ␠ߩߘޕળㆊ⒟ߦߚߒߡ⋧ޔኻ⊛ߦ᭴ㅧ ߣߺߥߒ߁ࠆⷐ⚛߇ࠆߣߔࠆޕ᭴ㅧ⊛ߥ߽ߩߪᄖㇱ⊛ߦਈઙߣߒߡ⚵ߺㄟ߹ࠇ ߡࠆߣߺߥߒߡࠃ߽ߩ̆߃߫࿖ߩᴺᓞ߿ᐲ̆ߣࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߦ࿕ߩ ᭴ㅧ߆ࠄߥࠆߩࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޕ᭴ㅧ⊛ⷐ⚛ߪੱޔญ․ᕈ␠ޔળ㓏ጀ߿▸ⷙޔᐲޔ ࠆߪ␠ળ⊛ߩ㑐ଥߥߤߥߤ߆ࠄㆬᛯߢ߈ࠆ߇❱⚵ߪߢߎߎޔ㑆ߩ㑐ଥߦ ࠇࠆ᭴ㅧߦᵈ⋡ߔࠆޕ ࠆࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ␠ળㆊ⒟ߦ߅ߡⶄᢙߩ␠ળ⚵❱߇ᒻᚑߐࠇߚߣߒࠃ߁ޕ ⚻༡⠪࿅ޔഭ⚵วޔቬᢎ⚵❱ࠖ࠹ࡁࠗࡑߪࠆޔ᳃ᣖߩ࿅ߥߤࠍᗐ ߒߡࠃߪ❱⚵ߩࠄࠇߎޕᏱߦᒝኻ┙㑐ଥߦࠆߣቯߔࠆᔅⷐߪߥ߇ߎޔ ߎߢߩ⼏⺰ߢߪዋߥߊߣ߽ẜ⊛ߦኂኻ┙ߩน⢻ᕈ߇ࠆߣߒߡ߅ߎ߁ޕ ߎࠇࠄߩ⚵❱ߩ⋧㑐ଥߪⶄᢙߩ㑐ଥߦࠃࠆᄙ㊀ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢߣߥߞߡࠆน ⢻ᕈ߇ࠆߛߌߢߥߊޔੱࠕࠢ࠲ߩേᯏ߿ኂ߿ଔ୯ᔒะ࠶ࡀߩ࠲ࠢࠕޔ ࠻ࡢࠢ⊛▸ⷙߡߒߘޔᐲ⊛ߥ⚂߇㑐ㅪߒߡࠆ߆߽ߒࠇߥߚ߹ޕෳട ߔࠆࠕࠢ࠲ߩⴕേߪ⚵❱ߩߥ߆ߢਇဋ⾰߆߽ߒࠇߥ❱⚵ߪ࠲ࠢࠕߚ߹ޕᄖ ߢߩ␠ળ㑐ଥࠍ߽ߟ߆߽ߒࠇߥ৻ߪࠄࠇߎޕಾࠊߥߦ❱⚵߇࠲ࠢࠕޕෳ ടߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡᚑ┙ߔࠆ⚵❱㑆ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢߩߺߦᵈ⋡ߔࠆޕᚲዻߩήߩ ߺߩᖱႎߩߺߦࠃߞߡ⚵❱ߩࠝࡃ࠶ࡇࡦࠣߩ᭴ㅧࠍߺࠆߩߢࠆޕ ࠕࠢ࠲ߩᚲዻߦࠃࠆ⻉⚵❱ߩࠝࡃ࠶ࡇࡦࠣㅪ㑐᭴ㅧ ࠕࠢ࠲ߩ㓸วࠍ Xޔ࿅ߩ㓸วࠍ Yߩ࠲ࠢࠕߡߒߘޔᚲዻߩήࠍ R ߢ ߔߥࠄ߫ޔᒻᑼ⊛ߦߪߪࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ㧞ㇱࠣࡈߦࠃߞߡߐࠇࠆޕ㧞ㇱࠣ - 30 - ࡈߣߪ㧞ߟߩ㓸ว߇ࠅߩࠇߙࠇߘޔ㓸วౝㇱߦߪ⚿ว߇ߥߊࠆߥ⇣ޔ㓸วߩ 㑆ߦ㑐ଥ߇ሽߔࠆࠃ߁ߥࠣࡈߢࠆ⸥ޕภߢߖ߫ޔ S ( X , Y ; R) ߚߛߒ ޔR X u Y , I X u X, I Y uY ઁߩߣߒߡߪᰴߩࠃ߁ߦ߽ߢ߈ࠆޕ ( X ,Y ,V ) ߚߛߒ ޔV : X u Y o {0,1} ,I S X u X, I Y u Y 㧕 ߐߡߎߎߢ㧟ߟߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖࠍᗐቯߔࠆ߽ࠇߕޕ᭴ᚑຬߪ 10 ੱߡߒߘޔ ߕࠇߦ߅ߡ߽ 3 ࿅߇ᚑ┙ߒߡࠆߣߔࠆ ࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޕS1 ߢߪࠇߙࠇߘޔ ߩࠕࠢ࠲ߪߚߛ㧝ߟ࿅ߦᚲዻߔࠆߩߺߣߔࠆޔߜࠊߥߔޕ࿅ߪߦឃઁ ⊛ࠆߪቅ┙ߒߡሽߔࠆޕኻᾖ⊛ߦࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ S2 ߢߪߔߴߡߩࠕࠢ࠲ ߇ߔߴߡߩ࿅ߦᚲዻߔࠆ ࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޕS3 ߪޔS1 ߣ S2 ߩਛ㑆ᒻᘒߢࠅޔ ታߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖࠍߔߣ߃ࠆ߽ߩߢߥ߹ߑ߹ߐߪࠇߘޔ⒟ᐲߢࠕࠢ࠲߇ⶄ ᢙߩ⚵❱ߦዻߔࠆޕ 㧞ㇱࠣࡈߪోߊ╬ଔߦ㧞⋧㧞రߩⴕߦࠃߞߡߔࠆߎߣ߽ߢ߈ࠆߎߘޕ ߢߩ㧟⒳ߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖࠍⴕ⸥ߢߔߣ࿑ ࿑ ߩࠃ߁ߦߥࠆߦⴕޕੱޔ ߦ⚵❱ࠍߣࠅߩ࡞ޔ୯ߪੱߩෳടߩήࠍߒߡࠆޕS3 ߪᐞㅢࠅ߽ߩᒻᘒ ߇ࠅ߁ࠆ߇ߩߘߪߢߎߎޔ㧝ߟࠍណ↪ߒߡࠆ⺒ޕ⠪ߪߘࠇߙࠇࠍ࠳ࠗࠕࠣ ࡓߢឬߌ߫⋥ᗵ⊛ߥℂ⸃߇ኈᤃߦߢ߈ࠆߛࠈ߁ޕ ߎߩᚲዻߩ㧞⋧㧞రߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢߪࠕࠢ࠲ߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢߣ⚵❱ߩࡀ࠶ ࠻ࡢࠢߦಽ⸃ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߦ❱⚵ߜࠊߥߔޕᇦߐࠇߡ↢ᚑߐࠇࠆࠕࠢ࠲ ߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢߣߩ࠲ࠢࠕޔᄙ㊀ᚲዻࠍᇦߦ↢ᚑߐࠇࠆ⚵❱㑆ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ ࠢߢࠆᧄޔߊߥ߽ߢ߹߁ޕⓂߩኻ⽎ߪᓟ⠪ߢࠆޕߩࠃ߁ߥߢࠇ߫ޔ ᚻᬺߢ᳞ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ߇ޔઃ ઃ ㍳㧭ߩࠃ߁ߥᢙቇ⊛ߥࠕ࡞ࠧ࠭ࡓࠍ↪ߔ ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ↢ޕᚑߐࠇࠆ⚵❱㑆ߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢߪޔ࿑ ࿑ ߩⴕߦࠃߞߡߐ ࠇࠆⴕߩߎޕߪ⚵❱㑆ߩࠝࡃ࠶ࡇࡦࠣࠍߔᱜᣇⴕߢࠆޕኻⷺ✢ ߩᢙ୯ߪᚲዻߔࠆࠕࠢ࠲ߩᢙߟ߹ࠅ⚵❱ߩࠨࠗ࠭ߢࠅࠇߘޔએᄖߩᢙ୯ߪ⚵ ❱㑆ߢߔࠆࠕࠢ࠲ߩᢙߢࠆ ࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޕS1 ߢߪࡔࡦࡃ߇ⶄᢙߩ⚵ - 31 - ❱ߦዻߔࠆߎߣ߇ߥߣ߁ᗧߢ㧟ߟߩ⚵❱߇⋧ߦቅ┙ߒߡࠆޕS2 ߢߪߔ ߴߡߩࡔࡦࡃ߇ߔߴߡߩ⚵❱ߦෳടߒߡࠆߣ߁ᗧߢ㧟ߟߩ⚵❱߇ቢߥ ⚿วࠍ␜ߒߡࠆޕS3 ߪਔ⠪ߩਛ㑆⊛ߥဳߩ߁ߜߩ৻ߟߩߢࠆޕ ࿑ ࿑ 㧟ㅢࠅߩᗐࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ⚵❱ᚲዻࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢ ࿑ C5 ࿑ D5 ࿑ E5 ࿑ ฦࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ⚵❱㑆ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢ ࿑ C5 ࿑ D5 ࿑ E5 ␠ળ⛔วߣ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄ ␠ળㆊ⒟ߦ߅ߡࠇࠆ㓸วߩᗧᕁቯࠆߪ␠ળ⛔วߣ߫ࠇࠆ߽ߩࠍ ⷙߒᣇะߠߌࠆࠆߪቯߔࠆⷐ࿃ߥ߆ޕColeman (1988)ߪ␠ળቇߦߪⷙ ▸㊀ⷞߩℂ⺰ʊߘࠇߪ␠ળൻࠍ㊀ⷞߔࠆߎߣߦߥࠆʊߣวℂ⊛ㆬᛯℂ⺰ߩኻ┙ ߇ࠆߣߔࠆޕHechter (1987)ߪⷙ▸⊛ⷐ⚛ࠍ㊀ⷞߔࠆℂ⺰ޔ㓏⚖߿ᮭജߥߤߩ᭴ ㅧࠍ㊀ⷞߔࠆℂ⺰ߡߒߘޔวℂ⊛ㆬᛯℂ⺰ࠍ⼂ߔࠆޕColeman ߣ Hechter ߪว ℂ⊛ㆬᛯℂ⺰ࠍ⊒ዷߐߖࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡߣ࠴ࡠࡊࠕ▸ⷙޔ᭴ㅧࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߩᒙ ὐࠍసߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߣߔࠆ┙႐ߢࠆ⽎ޔߟߣ߭߁߽ޕᓽ⊛ߥ߽ߩߦὶὐ ߇ࠆℂ⺰ࠍ⼂ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ⽎ޕᓽ⊛⋧↪ℂ⺰߿᭴▽ਥ⟵ߥߤ߇ߘࠇ - 32 - ߦ⋧ᒰߔࠆޕวℂ⊛ㆬᛯℂ⺰ኅߚߜߩߥ߆ߦ߽ߦߎߘޔ㑐ᔃࠍᜬߟ߽ߩ߇ࠆޕ ߎߎߢ␠ળ⛔วߦߟߡߪߘߩᔨ߇߹ߢࠆߎߣࠍ⇐ᗧߒߡ߅ߊᔅⷐ ߇ࠆߛࠈ߁⛔߈ߣࠆ߇ߩ߽߈ߒࠄࡓ࠹ࠬࠪߩ߆ࠄࠎߥޕวߐࠇߡࠆߣ߁ ߇ߺࠄࠇࠆ߇ߪࠇߘޔᔅߕߒ߽㓸วߦߐࠇߚⷙ▸߿ᐲ߿ㅪᏪ߇ࠆ ߎߣࠍᏱߦᗧߔࠆࠊߌߢߪߥ৻ޕᣇߦ⊛ࡖࠪ࠶ࠖࡈޔਅᢥൻ߇૬ሽߒߡ ࠆ႐วߩࠇߙࠇߘޔਅᢥൻߣߘࠇࠍߐߐ߃ࠆ㓸วߩౝㇱߢߪⷙ▸⊛⒎ᐨ߇ ߚࠇߡࠆ႐ว߇ࠆߒ߆ߒޕㇺᏒోߦ⒎ᐨ߇ሽߔࠆߣߪ㒢ࠄߥ࠳ޕ ࡞⊛ߥᄙరਥ⟵ߪޔᄙరਥ⟵ࠍࠆⷙ▸߇ߐࠇߡߪࠆ߇ࠆߥ⇣ޔኂ߇ ㍲ߔࠆࠧࠞࠪޕቇᵷߪ╙㧝ᰴ㓸࿅ߩሽࠍ⸃ߩᜰᮡߣߒߡࠆߩߢ⸃ޔߒ ߡߥࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖࠍ⛔วߒߡࠆߣ߱ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߛࠈ߁ᧄޔߒ߆ߒޕⓂ ߪߣߞ߽ޔන⚐ߦ␠ળ⛔วࠍߥࠎࠄ߆ߩⷙ▸⊛⒎ᐨࠍ⛽ᜬߒߥ߇ࠄㅢߩ㓸ว ⋡ᮡࠍ㆐ᚑߒࠃ߁ߣߒߡࠆ႐วߦ⛔ว߇ࠆߣ߁ޕㅪᏪᔨ߽ᦌᤒߢࠆ߇ޔ ߎߎߢߪߎߩࠃ߁ߦቯ⟵ߔࠆ㒢ࠅߩ␠ળ⛔วߣ឵⊛ߥᔨߣߒߡ߅ߊޕ ߎߩ␠ળ⛔วߩ⁁ᘒࠍ⺑੍᷹ߔࠆᨒ⚵ߺߦ㑐ߒߡޔ᭴ㅧ․ᕈ߇␠ળㆊ⒟ࠍ ⷙߔࠆࡔࠞ࠾࠭ࡓࠍᝒ߃ࠆߚߦ␠ޔળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄ social capital ߩᔨࠍᇦ⊛ ᔨߣߒߡዉߔࠆ␠ߩߎޕળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߩᔨߪᾲ⁅⊛ߦㄫ߃ࠄࠇߡࠆߎߣߪޔ ⊒ߐࠇࠆ⺰ᢥ߿ળ⼏㧔߃߫ᣣᧄ␠ળቇળᄢળ(2013)ߢߩ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄࠍߋ ࠆㇱળ㧕ࠍߺࠇ߫ኈᤃߦੌ⸃ߢ߈ࠆߩߘޔߒߛߚޕᔨߪᄙ⟵⊛ߢࠆ⚻ޕᷣቇ ⊛ߥ↪⺆ߣߒߡߩ␠ળ⾗ᧄࠆߪቝᴛ(2000)ߩ␠ળ⾗ᧄ߆ࠄߐࠇࠆ␠ ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߩᔨߪߔߢߦ 20 ♿ೋ㗡ߦ↪ࠄࠇߚߣߐࠇࠆ߇ޔᄢ߈ߥầᵹߣߥ ߞߚߩߪ 1970 ᐕઍߣߺߡࠃߛࠈ߁ޕBourdieu ߪ 1972 ᐕߦߔߢߦ↪ߡࠆ߇ޔ Bourdieu (1984)ߢ␠ޔળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߣߪޔᄙዋߥࠅߣ߽ᐲൻߐࠇߚ⋧ߦ㕙⼂ߩ ࠆ㑐ଥߩᜬ⛯⊛ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢߩᚲߦ⚿߮ߟߊࠃ߁ߥታ㓙ߩࠆߪẜ⊛ߥ ⾗Ḯߩ⫾Ⓧߩߎߣߢࠆߣቯ⟵ߒߡࠆޕLin (1982,2001)ߪ␠ޔળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߣߪޔ ␠ળ᭴ㅧߦၒㄟ߹ࠇߡ߅ࠅ⊛⋡߇ੱޔᔒะߩⴕὑߦ߅ߡࠕࠢࠬߔࠆߣߎࠈ ߩ⾗Ḯߣቯ⟵ߢ߈ࠆߣߒߡࠆ৻ޕᣇޔPutnam㧔1995)ߪ㧘␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߣߪࡀ࠶ ࠻ࡢࠢ␠ޔ▸ⷙޔળ⊛ା㗬ߩࠃ߁ߥ␠ળ⚵❱ߦߘߥࠊࠆ․ᕈߢࠅޔᚑຬߩ⋧ ߩ⋉ߦߥࠆࠃ߁ߥ⺞ᢛ߿දหࠍଦߔࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩߢࠆ␠ߩߎޕࠆߡߒߣޔ ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄ߇᳃ਥਥ⟵ߩታߣ㑐ㅪߒߡࠆߣ߁ Putnam ߩਥᒛߪࠃߊ⍮ࠄࠇ ߡࠆޕOECD ߿⇇㌁ⴕ߽ߎߜࠄߩ┙႐ߢࠆ ޕColeman㧔1994,1990)ߪᰴߩ - 33 - ࠃ߁ߦㅀߴߡࠆ␠ޕળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߪන৻ߩౕ⊛ታߣߒߡߢߪߥߊ␠ޔળ᭴ㅧ ߩࠄ߆ߩ㕙߆ࠄߥࠅߩߘޔ᭴ㅧߩߥ߆ߦࠆੱߩߥࠎࠄ߆ߩⴕὑࠍଦㅴߔ ࠆࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩߢࠅޔᯏ⢻⊛ߦߪ৻ߪࠇߘޔᣇߢੱߩⴕὑߩᯏળࠍ↢ߺߒޔ ઁᣇߢ㓸วߩ⋡ᮡ㆐ᚑߦᓎ┙ߟࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩߢࠆౕࠅࠃߡߒߘޕ⊛ߦߪ㧟ߟ ߦಽ㘃ߒߡࠆޕ㧝ߟߪ⟵ോᦼޔᓙޔା㗬ߢࠆޕ㧞ߟ⋡ߪ␠ળ᭴ㅧߩߥ߆ߢߩ ᖱႎߩᵹㅢߣᵹㅢߩ࠴ࡖࡦࡀ࡞ߢࠆޕ㧟ߟߪࠨࡦ࡚ࠢࠪࡦࠍ␠ળⷙ▸ߢ ࠆޕߪߐࠄߦ൮⊛ߥ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߩᮡ⼂ߩᐶ⋡㍳ࠍᚑߔࠆ⎇ⓥ⠪߽ ࠆޔߦߺߥߜޕᣣᧄߢߪ social capital ߩ⸶⺆ߣߒߡ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߣ߁↪⺆ࠍ ߡ⚻ޔᷣቇߥߤߢ↪ࠄࠇߚ␠ળ⾗ᧄ߆ࠄ⼂ߒࠃ߁ߣߒߡࠆߒ߆ߒޕᶏᄖ ߩ⎇ⓥ⠪ߪ social capital ߣ߁↪⺆ࠍ␠ળ㑐ଥߦ㒢ቯߒߥߩߢޔColeman ߩࠃ ߁ߦⷙ▸߹ߢࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ ߫ࠊޕsociological capital ߣߢ߽߃ࠆ↪⺆ ߣߥߞߡࠆޕ ߎߩࠃ߁ߦዋᢙߩ߆ࠄߢ߽ޔᔨ߇৻⟵⊛ߢߥߎߣ߇ಽ߆ࠆߩߎޕᔨߩ ᛕ್⠪߆ࠄߪޔવ⛔⊛ߥᔨߢࠆ␠ળ㑐ଥੱޔ㑆㑐ଥޔ▸ⷙޔᐲ␠ޔળ᭴ㅧ ߥߤ߆ࠄߐࠇࠆ߆ߤ߁߆ߦߟߡ⇼ࠊߒߣ߁ᛕ್߇⺆↪߁ߣᧄ⾗ޔᅷ ᒰߢࠆ߆ߤ߁߆ߣ߁ᛕ್ߡߒߘޔㆊߥᦼᓙࠍ߆ߌࠆߎߣߦኻߔࠆᛕ್߇ᛩ ߍ߆ߌࠄࠇߚ ߫߃ޕPortes (1998)߿㊄ሶ(2009)ࠍࠆߣࠃޕᛕ್ߣᷙੂࠍస ߔࠆߚߦਃ㓈㧔2013㧕ߪ␠ળ㑐ଥၮ⋚ߣ߁߫ࠊޔㄤ࿁⊛ߥᔨࠍਛᩭߦߔ ߃ߩࠢࡦࡠࠢࡑࡠࠢࡒߡߖࠊޔᣂߒℂ⺰ࠍዷᦸߒߡࠆޕ ߎߩᷙੂߩේ࿃ߪዋߥߊߣ߽㧞ߟࠆޕ㧝ߟߪ␠ߩߎޔળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߪࠃࠅഞ ਥ⟵⊛ߥੱߩᚲ߽น⢻ߥ߽ߩߣߒߡቯ⟵ߔࠆ┙႐ߣ৻ޔ⒳ߩ⽷ߩࠃ߁ߥ 㓸วߦᏫዻߔࠆ߽ߩߣߔࠆ┙႐ߩኻ┙ߢࠆ⸒ޕ឵߃ࠆߥࠄࡒࠢࡠ⊛ߦߟ߹ ࠅⴕὑ⠪ߩ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߣߒߡߣࠄ߃ⴕޔὑ⠪ߩวℂ⊛ߥ⋉ㅊ᳞ߦߚߔࠆᯏ⢻ߦ ᵈ⋡ߔࠆ⼏⺰ߣߦ⊛ࡠࠢࡑޔ㓸วߩ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߣߒߡߣࠄ߃ޔ㓸วߩ⋉㧔⚻ ᷣ⊛⋉ޔ᭴ᚑຬߩ QOLޔㅪᏪ߿⛔วߥߤ㧕ߦኻߔࠆᯏ⢻ߦᵈ⋡ߔࠆ⼏⺰ߩಽⵚ ߢࠆޕ㧞ߟ⋡ߩේ࿃ߪ␠ޔળࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢߘߩ߽ߩࠍ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߣߺࠆ┙႐ ߣޔᔅߕߒ߽ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢࠍ೨ឭߔࠆߎߣߥߊା㗬߿⟵ോᗵࠆߪⷙ▸ߩࠃ߁ ߥ㑐ଥ⊛ⷐ⚛ࠍ␠ળ⾗ᧄߣߔࠆ┙႐ߩኻ┙ߢࠆޕ ᧄⓂߪޔᰴߩࠃ߁ߥᔨࠍឭ᩺ߔࠆ␠ߕ߹ޕળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߣ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗Ḯࠍ ߔࠆ␠ޕળ㑐ଥ⾗Ḯߣߪା㗬ߩࡦ࡚ࠪࠤ࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔḰ⁁ᘒ߿ᯏળޔㅪᏪᗵᖱޔ - 34 - ⟵ോᗵߥߤࠍߐߔߣߔࠆ␠ߥ߁ࠃߩߘޕળ㑐ଥ⾗Ḯࠍ↢ᚑߒ⫾Ⓧߔࠆߣᦼᓙߐࠇ ࠆ␠ળࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢࠍ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߣ߱ߡߞࠃߦࠇߎޕᔨߩᦌᤒߐࠍ߆ߥࠅ ᛄߢ߈ࠆߛࠈ߁␠ޕળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߩ․ᕈ߇␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗Ḯߩ↢ᚑߣ⫾Ⓧࠍⷙߔࠆޕ ℂ⺰⊛ߦߪ␠ޔળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߣߒߡߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢࠍၮ⋚ߦ⫾Ⓧߐࠇߚࠆߪ ᣂߚߦ↢ᚑߐࠇࠆ␠ળ⊛⾗Ḯ߇േຬߐࠇࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡߩࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ㗴߇ ⊒↢ߒߚߣ߈ߦޔኻ┙߆ࠄ⸃ߦߌߡߩ␠ળㆊ⒟ࠍṖߦផ⒖ߐߖࠆ⊛⥸৻ޕ ߦ߃߫␠ޔળ㑐ଥ⾗Ḯߩേຬߦࠃߞߡ␠ޔળ⛔วߣ㓸วߩ⋡ᮡ㆐ᚑߩᯏ⢻߇ ᚑ┙ߔࠆޕ ߣߎࠈߢ␠ޔળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߣ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗Ḯߩߺ߇␠ળ⛔วߣ㓸วߩ⋡ᮡ㆐ᚑᗧ ߩ໑৻ߩⵝ⟎ߣਥᒛߒߡࠆߩߢߪߥޕᒝജߥ⁛ⵙ⊛ᮭജ߇ᚑ┙ߒߡࠆ႐วޔ ߭ߣ߹ߕ㓸ว⋡ᮡߩ㆐ᚑߪน⢻ߢࠈ߁ߚ߹ޕㅢߩଔ୯ᗧ⼂߿ⷙ▸⊛ࠦ࠼ ߇ౝ㕙ൻߐࠇߡࠆ႐วߪޘੱޔห⺞⊛ߥⴕേࠍߣࠆߎߣߦߥࠅޔ㓸ว⋡ᮡߩ ㆐ᚑࠍน⢻ߦߔࠆߛࠈ߁ࠢ࠶࠾ࠬࠛߦࠄߐޕ㓸࿅߇⸒⺆↢ޔᵴ᭽ᑼޔᱧผ㛎ߩ ⸥ᙘߥߤࠍߔࠆߣ߈ޔ㓸ว⊛ⴕേ߇ᚑ┙ߒ߿ߔߛࠈ߁߫߃ޕ᳗(2007) ߪޔኻ┙ߔࠆ⥄ὼ⼔ᵷߣ㐿⊒ᵷ߇ޟ㞱ߩ⸥ᙘࠍޠᇦߦሽߩน⢻ᕈࠍតࠆ␠ ળㆊ⒟ࠍߦឬߡࠆޕታߪߥ߁ࠃߩߎޔᢥൻ⾗ᧄࠆߪᢥൻ⾗Ḯߣ߫ ࠇࠆ߽ߩߪ␠ޔળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߣ㑐ଥ⾗Ḯ̆ࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡚ࠪࡦߩᯏળ߿ା㗬ߥߤ ̆ࠍ↢ᚑߔࠆߎߣߦ⽸₂ߒߡࠆߩߢࠆޕએߩࠃ߁ߥ⻉ⷐ⚛ࠆߪ⇣ߥࠆ ࡔࠞ࠾࠭ࡓ߇ታ㓙ߦߪⶄวߒߡࠆߣᗐߢ߈ࠆ߇ᧄޔⓂߪ✚ޔว⊛ߥ⼏⺰ࠍߔ ࠆߎߣ߇⋡⊛ߢߪߥߩࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޕ᭴ᚑຬߩᚲዻߩߺࠍᇦߦᒻᚑߐࠇࠆ␠ ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߣߘߎߦ↢ᚑߐࠇࠆ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗Ḯߪ␠ޔળ⛔วߣ㓸ว⋡ᮡߩ㆐ᚑߦ ⽸₂ߔࠆߎߣࠍਥᒛߔࠆߩߺߢࠆޕ ߢḰߒߚ㧟ߟߩᗐ⊛ߥࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߦහߒߡ⸒߃߫ᰴߩࠃ߁ߦߥࠆޕ ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ S1 ߦߪ㧟ߟߩ⚵❱߇⁛┙ߦሽߔࠆ߇❱⚵ޔ㑆ߩ⾗Ḯ߿ᖱႎߩᵹ ㅢߪߥߊ࠲ࠢࠕޔ㑆ߩᵹ߽ᦼᓙߢ߈ߥ❱⚵߆ߛ߆ߚޕౝㇱߢߩ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗ Ḯߩ⫾Ⓧ߇ࠆߩߺߢోࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔߢߩ⫾Ⓧߪߥޔߒߛߚޕනߦቅ┙ߒ ߡࠆ႐ว߽ࠇ߫ޔឃઁ⊛ߦኻ┙ߒߡࠆ႐ว߽ࠆ߇ࠍࠇߘޔ⍮ࠆߦߪઁߩ ⷰኤ߇ᔅⷐߢࠆ ࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޕS2 ߣࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ S3 ߩࠃ߁ߥ⚵❱㑆ߩㅪ⚿߇ ࠅ␠ߦࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔળ㑐ଥ⾗Ḯ߇↢ᚑ⫾Ⓧߐࠇࠆߎߣࠍᦼᓙߢ߈ࠆߩߘޕ 㒢ࠅߢ⚵❱㑆ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢࠍ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߢࠆߣ߱ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ߁ࠃߩߎޕ - 35 - ߥㅪ⚿߇ࠆߎߣߪ␠ޔળߩ᭴ᚑຬߩ㑆ߦ⚵❱ߩᚲዻࠍ߃ߚ␠ળ⊛⾗Ḯߔ ߥࠊߜା㗬ߩࡦ࡚ࠪࠤ࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔᯏળ⟵⊛⊒⥄ޔോᗵ߿දห⊛ߥㅪᏪᗵᖱߩ↢ ᚑߣ⫾Ⓧࠍᦼᓙߢ߈ࠆ⫾ߡߒߘޕⓍߐࠇߚ␠ળ⊛⾗Ḯߪേຬߐࠇࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ㗴⸃ࠅ߹ߟޔ㓸วߩᗧᕁቯߣ⛔วߦነਈߔࠆޕ ⚻㛎⊛ ᧄ▵ߢߪߩࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦߥ࡞ࠞࡠߕ߹ޔੱߩᄙ㊀ᚲዻߦࠃߞߡ↢߹ࠇࠆ ࠝࡃ࠶ࡇࡦࠣߩ⚵❱㑆ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢߩ᭴ㅧࠍಽᨆߔࠆ␠߇ࠇߘߢߟޕળ ㆊ⒟ߦኻߒߡ߽ߟᯏ⢻ࠍ⺑⊛ߦ⺰ߓࠆޕ ኻ⽎ߣᣇᴺ ࠺࠲ߪ 1984 ᐕߦፉᩮ⋵ߩ㧹↸㧹ߢታᣉߒߚ⺞ᩏ߆ࠄᓧࠄࠇߚޟޕㆬੱ ฬ★⸥ߦޠタߩ 20 ᱦએߩᚑੱ↵ᕈߔߴߡࠍኻ⽎ߦߔࠆోᢙ⺞ᩏࠍ⋡ᮡߣߒߚޕ ታ㓙ߦߪ 326 ੱߩ↵ᕈߩ߁ߜലߪ 210 ߢߞߚ⾰ޕߪਥߣߒߡ 14 ߩ࿅ ߳ߩᚲዻߩήࠍߘࠇએᄖߩ⾰ࠍࠎߢࠆᧄޕႎ๔ߢߪߘߩᚲዻ࠺࠲ߩ ߺࠍ↪ߚ࠲࠺ޕ㓸ߪ㕙ធᴺߦࠃߞߚޕല࿁߇⚂ 65㧑ߦߣߤ߹ߞߚ߇ޔ ৻ߟߦߪォޔ㐳ᦼਇޔᜎุ߇੍ᗐએߦᄙ߆ߞߚߎߣߦࠃࠆޕṪᬺᓥ⠪ߩ ߥ߆ߦߪ৻ޔᣇߢ㆙ᵗṪᬺߦ៤ࠆੱߩޘ㐳ᦼਇߣઁޔᣇߢ㔖⚦ߥṪᬺኅߪഭ ᤨ㑆ߩ㐳ߐߣᷓᄛഭߦࠃߞߡਇ߽ߒߊߪᜎุ࿁╵ߣߥࠅ߿ߔ߆ߞߚߚ߹ޕᰳ ៊୯߽ዋߥߊߥޕ࿁₸ߩૐߐߣᰳ៊୯ߪࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ̆ࠢಽᨆߦߣߞߡ⥌⊛ߢ ࠆ߇ޔ㧞ߟߩℂ↱߆ࠄߥ߅ಽᨆน⢻ߥߟ߹ࠅ৻ቯߩᅷᒰᕈߩࠆ࠺̆࠲ߣ್ᢿ ߒߚޕ㧝ߟߪᧄⓂߩಽᨆኻ⽎߇ੱ㑆ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ̆ࠢߢߥߊ␠ޔળ⚵❱ߩㅪ㑐ߦ ࠆߣ߁ߎߣߢࠆ߽߆ߒޕ㕖࿁╵⠪⟲߇․ቯߩ࿅ࠍ᭴ᚑߒߡࠆ⸽ߪߥ߆ ߞߚޕ㧞ߟ⋡ߩℂ↱ߪᰴߩߣߎࠈߦࠆ㧚320 ᢙฬਛ ⚂ޔ95 ੱߪ㕖Ꮺਥ߽ߒߊ ߪਔⷫߣߩหዬ⠪ߢࠆޕᛒࠊࠇࠆ␠ળ⚵❱ߩᄙߊ߇Ꮺ߽ߒߊߪኅᣖනߩട ߦ߆߆ࠊࠆߡߞ߇ߚߒޕหዬ⠪ߪઁߩኅᣖຬߣหߓෳടࠍߔࠆޕ㕖࿁╵⠪߇ߔ ߴߡหዬ⠪ߣ߁ࠊߌߢߪߥ߇ޔᏪනߩෳടߣߺߥߖ߫ޔήലߩഀวߪ ዊߐߊߥࠅޔరߩ⚵❱ㅪ㑐᭴ㅧߪሽߐࠇߡࠆߣ್ᢿߒߡ⦟ߛࠈ߁ޕ ߎߩ࠺࠲ࠍ⿷ߔࠆ⺞ᩏࠍᰴߩࠃ߁ߦታᣉߒߚޕ㧝ߟߪ೨ߦޔਥߣߒߡ࿅ ߩᓎຬࠍࠗࡦࡈࠜࡑࡦ࠻ߣߒߡߩߎޔߩ⚻ᷣᵴേ↸ޔౝળᵴേߘߒߡ - 36 - ╬ߩᵴേߦߟߡߚ߹ޔਥⷐߥ࿅ߦߟߡߦࠄߐޔ࿅ߩᓎຬߩછߦߟ ߡ⡬߈ขࠅ⺞ᩏࠍߒߚޕ ᓧࠄࠇߚၮᧄ⊛ߥೋᦼ࠺࠲ߪޔ210×14 ߩ㧞⋧ⴕߢሽߐࠇߚߩ࡞ޕ୯ߪ ᚲዻߩήࠍߔࡃࠗ࠽࠺࠲ߢࠆߦߢߔޕㅀߴߚࠃ߁ߦߎߩ࠺࠲߆ࠄ ઃ㍳ # ߢ⺑ߔࠆᣇᴺߦࠃߞߡޔ14×14 ߩ⚵❱ߩࠝࡃ࠶ࡇࡦࠣߣߒߡߩ⚵ ❱ㅪ㑐ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢࠍ↢ᚑߒߚߩߎޕၮ␆࠺࠲ߦࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢ⸃ᨆߩᚻᴺࠍㆡ ↪ߒߩߘޔ᭴ㅧ․ᕈߩಽᨆࠍ⹜ߺߚޕ ⚵❱ㅪ㑐ߩ᭴ㅧߣߘߩ߈ 㧹ߦߪ․ߦᒝࠗ࠶ࠪࡘߣߺߥߒ߁ࠆ⽎ߪሽߒߥ߆ߞߚߒ߆ߒޕ ߥ߇ࠄࠆߥ⇣ޔኂߩሽߪޔẜ⊛ߦ⚗ࠆߪኻ┙ߩἫ⒳ࠍ੍ᗐߐߖࠆޕ ߘߒߡߘࠇࠄߩኂ㓸࿅ߪߘࠇߙࠇߩ⚵❱ࠍ߽ߞߡࠆߢ߆ߥߩߘޕਥߚࠆẜ ⊛ኻ┙ߩゲࠍᰴߩࠃ߁ߦࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆޕ ٕṪᬺߦ៤ࠊࠆੱߣޘᎿᬺߦ៤ࠊࠆੱߩޘኂ߇ࠅ৻ޔᣇߪṪᬺදห⚵ว ߦઁޔᣇߪᎿળߦ⚵❱ߐࠇߡࠆޕ ٕṪᬺߩౝㇱߦ߅ߌࠆኂߩಽൻ߇ࠅޔᄢᢝ✂⚵วߦ⚵❱ߐࠇࠆੱࠇߘޔޘ ߦዻߐߥੱߪࠄ⥄߿ߪ߽ߡߒߘޔޘṪᬺࠍਥߚࠆ↢ᬺߣߒߥㆆṪ⦁ࠨࡆࠬ ᬺࠍ༡ੱߩޘኂߩᏅ⇣߇ࠆޕ ٕ␠ߩࠍߋࠅࠇࠆ⇣ߥࠆりಽ߇⼂ߐࠇࠆ♖ࠆߋࠍ␢⑂␠ޕ ⊛ኂࠍ⇣ߦߒߡࠆో߷߶ޕᏪ߇᳁ሶળߦዻߔࠆ߇ߩߘޔㇱಽ㓸࿅ߦᄺ⾥ળ ߇ࠆޕ㧹␠ߩߩߥ߆ߦߪޔ᳁ሶ᳃߇ਛᔃߦߥߞߡมࠆ⑂␢␞߇ࠆ ߇৻ޟߢߎߘޔᐕਥޟ߿ޠቭ߁ߣߤߥޠᓎഀࠍᜂ߁ੱߪޘ᳁ሶߩߥ߆ߢ߽ ․ߦޟ㗡╭ߣޠ߫ࠇࠆኅߩ↵ᕈߢࠆ⸒ޕ឵߃ࠆߥࠄ㗡╭ߪりಽ ascribed status ߢࠆߥ߁ࠃߩߘޕኅ߽ߒߊߪੱߩ⚵❱ߪޟ㗡ደ⚵❱ߣޠ߫ࠇࠆߎߣ߽ࠆ ߇ޔᑼߦߪᄺ⾥ળߢࠆޕ ٕᯝኅ⚵❱ߩᚲዻߩᏅ⇣̆ߎࠇߪቬᢎ⊛ߥኻ┙ࠍᗧߒߥޕ㧱ኹޔ㧻ኹޔ㧴 ኹߪ㧹ߦࠆኹߢࠆޕ㧹ߩ᳃ߪߎࠇࠄ㧟ኹࠍᯝ㇊ኹߣߔࠆੱߣޘ㧹 ߩᄖߩኹࠍᯝ㇊ኹߣߔࠆੱޕࠆߥࠄ߆ޘታߪᓟ⠪ߪᱧผ⊛ߦߪ⋧ኻ⊛ߦᣂⷙ ෳ⠪ߣߺߥߐࠇߚੱߤࠎߣ߶ޕࠆߢޘᔓࠇࠄࠇߡࠆߎߣ߇ࠄߢࠆ߇ޔᒙ ⸥ᙘߩߥ߆ߦߣߤࠄࠇߡࠆޕ - 37 - ߎࠇࠄߩᏅ⇣ߪ␠ળㆊ⒟ߦ߅ߡẜ⊛ߥኻ┙ࠆߪ㕖ห⺞ߩ⽎ࠍ↢ߓߐ ߪ 14 ߖࠆน⢻ᕈ߇ࠆߩ❱⚵ߕ߹ޔߡ߃߹〯ࠍࠇߘޕㅪ㑐ࠍ⌑ߡߺࠃ߁ޕ ߩ࿅ߩޔ᳃ߩෳടߩήߦၮߠߊ❱⚵ޔ㑆ߩࠝࡃ࠶ࡇࡦࠣߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ ࠢࠍ␜ߒߡࠆ ߅ߥޕa14.ᄖኹߩᯝኅߣࠆߩߪޔ㧹ߩᄖߦࠆኹߩᯝኅ⚵ ❱ߩߎߣߢࠆޕ 㧝 ᚲዻߩࠝࡃ࠶ࡇࡦࠣߦߺࠆ⚵❱ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢ 㪸㪈 㪸㪉 㪸㪊 㪸㪋 㪸㪌 㪸㪍 㪸㪎 㪸㪏 㪸㪐 㪸㪈㪇 㪸㪈㪈 㪸㪈㪉 㪸㪈㪊 㪸㪈㪋 㪸㪈㪅㩷Ṫᬺදห⚵ว 㪏㪊 㪌㪇 㪈㪏 㪉㪌 㪋㪏 㪈㪍 㪍 㪏 㪋㪏 㪉㪎 㪍 㪈㪐 㪈㪎 㪈㪊 㪸㪉㪅㩷ᄢᢝ✂⚵ว䇭㩷 㪌㪇 㪌㪉 㪈㪈 㪈㪐 㪉㪎 㪐 㪉 㪊 㪊㪈 㪈㪏 㪊 㪈㪇 㪈㪉 㪐 㪸㪊㪅㩷ㆆṪ⦁⚵ว䇭 㪈㪏 㪈㪈 㪈㪐 㪈㪇 㪈㪊 㪍 㪉 㪊 㪈㪋 㪈㪇 㪊 㪌 㪎 㪉 㪸㪋㪅㩷Ꮏળ䇭㩷 㪉㪌 㪈㪐 㪈㪇 㪍㪊 㪋㪊 㪈㪌 㪊 㪎 㪊㪐 㪊㪇 㪊 㪉㪉 㪈㪐 㪍 㪋㪏 㪉㪎 㪈㪊 㪋㪊 㪏㪍 㪈㪎 㪉 㪈㪎 㪌㪊 㪊㪎 㪏 㪉㪍 㪉㪉 㪈㪈 㪸㪌㪅㩷ㄘද 㪸㪍㪅㩷㪧㪫㪘㩷㩷㩷㩷 㪈㪍 㪐 㪍 㪈㪌 㪈㪎 㪋㪏 㪈㪉 㪊 㪉㪈 㪈㪉 㪊 㪈㪌 㪎 㪋 㪸㪎㪅㩷㕍ᐕ࿅䇭㩷 㪍 㪉 㪉 㪊 㪉 㪈㪉 㪉㪋 㪉 㪊 㪉 㪈 㪊 㪈 㪊 㪏 㪊 㪊 㪎 㪈㪎 㪊 㪉 㪉㪋 㪈 㪐 㪋 㪋 㪏 㪉 㪸㪏㪅㩷⠧ੱ䉪䊤䊑䇭䇭㩷 㪸㪐㪅㩷᳁ሶળ䇭䇭 㪋㪏 㪊㪈 㪈㪋 㪊㪐 㪌㪊 㪉㪈 㪊 㪈㪌 㪏㪎 㪌㪋 㪈㪉 㪉㪎 㪉㪉 㪈㪇 㪸㪈㪇㪅㩷ᄺ⾥ળ 㪉㪎 㪈㪏 㪈㪇 㪊㪇 㪊㪎 㪈㪉 㪉 㪐 㪌㪋 㪌㪋 㪎 㪈㪏 㪈㪋 㪋 㪍 㪊 㪊 㪊 㪏 㪊 㪈 㪋 㪈㪉 㪎 㪈㪌 㪇 㪇 㪇 㪸㪈㪈㪅㩷㪜ኹ䈱ᯝኅ䇭 㪸㪈㪉䇭㪦ኹ䈱ᯝኅ䇭 㪈㪐 㪈㪇 㪌 㪉㪉 㪉㪍 㪈㪌 㪊 㪋 㪉㪎 㪈㪏 㪇 㪋㪍 㪇 㪇 㪸㪈㪊䇭㪟ኹ䈱ᯝኅ 䇭 㪈㪎 㪈㪉 㪎 㪈㪐 㪉㪉 㪎 㪈 㪏 㪉㪉 㪈㪋 㪇 㪇 㪋㪇 㪇 㪈㪊 㪐 㪉 㪍 㪈㪈 㪋 㪊 㪉 㪈㪇 㪋 㪇 㪇 㪇 㪈㪎 㪸㪈㪋㪅㩷ᄖኹ䈱ᯝኅ 㧔ᵈ㧕ኻⷺ✢ߩᢙ୯ߪߘߩ⚵❱ߩⷙᮨࠍߒࠇߘޔએᄖߪ㧞ߟߩ⚵❱߇ߔࠆ ࡔࡦࡃߩᢙࠍߔޕ ߎࠇߪၮ␆࠺࠲ߢࠆ߇⋥ࠄ߆ߎߎޔធߦ⚵❱㑆ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢߩ․ᕈࠍ⺒ߺ ขࠆߎߣߪ㔍ߒޔߢߎߘޕ㧞ߟߩᎿᄦࠍߔࠆޕ㧝ߟߪታ⾰⊛ߥߎߣߢࠆ߇ޔ ㄘදࠍಽᨆ߆ࠄ㒰ߡࠆޕ㊄Ⲣᯏ㑐ߣߒߡߩᯏ⢻߇㗼⪺ߢࠅޔㄘᬺߣㄘኅߦ ߆߆ࠊࠆኂ࿅ߢߪߥ߆ࠄߢࠆ⺞ߦߺߥߜޕᩏᤨᦼࠃࠅߪࠆ߆ᓟߢࠆ߇ޔ 2011 ᐕޔ㧹↸⁛⥄ߩㄘදߪߥߊޔ2005 ᐕߩᏒ↸ว૬ᓟߦ JA ߩᡰᚲ߇⟎߆ ࠇߚ߇ޔਥߦ ATM ࠍ▤ℂߒߡࠆߦߔ߉ߥޕ㧞ߟ⋡ߪᣇᴺ⊛ߢࠆ߇ߞ߽ޔ ߣ㊀ⷐߥᎿᄦߣߒߡ⚿ߩ❱⚵ޔวߩᒝߐࠍⷙḰൻߒߚⷙߩ❱⚵ޕᮨࠍ⠨ᘦߒ✢ޔ ߩᒝߐࠍઃ ઃ ㍳ $ ߩᚻ㗅ߢၮḰൻߒోߩߘߦࠄߐޔᐔဋࠍ㑣୯ߣߒߡⷙḰൻߔࠆޕ ߘߩ⚿ᨐ߇ ߢࠅޔ࿑ ࿑ ߪߘࠇࠍ࿑␜ߒߚ߽ߩߢࠆޕ㧔࿑␜ߔࠆ߹߃ߦߎ ߩၮḰൻߦࠃߞߡᓧࠄࠇߚ࡞ߩ୯ࠍޔ0 ࠍߘߩ߹߹ 0 ߦޔ0 ࠃࠅᄢ߈ᢙࠍ㧝ߦ ࡃࠗ࠽ᄌ឵ߒޔන⚐ൻߒߡࠆޕ㧕 - 38 - ⚵❱㑆ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢ 㪸㪈 㪸㪈㪅㩷Ṫᬺදห⚵ว 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪸㪉㪅㩷ᄢᢝ✂⚵ว䇭㩷 㪇㪅㪎㪍 㪸㪊㪅㩷ㆆṪ⦁⚵ว䇭 㪇㪅㪋㪌 㪸㪋㪅㩷Ꮏળ䇭㩷 㪇㪅㪊㪌 㪸㪍㪅㩷㪧㪫㪘㩷㩷㩷㩷 㪇㪅㪉㪌 㪸㪎㪅㩷㕍ᐕ࿅䇭㩷 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪸㪏㪅㩷⠧ੱ䉪䊤䊑䇭䇭㩷 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪸㪐㪅㩷᳁ሶળ䇭䇭 㪇㪅㪌㪍 㪸㪈㪇㪅㩷ᄺ⾥ળ 㪇㪅㪋㪇 㪸㪈㪈㪅㩷㪜ኹ䈱ᯝኅ䇭 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪸㪈㪉䇭㪦ኹ䈱ᯝኅ䇭 㪇㪅㪊㪈 㪸㪈㪊䇭㪟ኹ䈱ᯝኅ䇭䇭㪇㪅㪊㪇 㪸㪈㪋㪅㩷ᄖኹ䈱ᯝኅ 㪇㪅㪊㪌 㪸㪉 㪇㪅㪎㪍 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪊㪌 㪇㪅㪊㪊 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪋㪍 㪇㪅㪊㪋 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪉㪍 㪇㪅㪊㪇 㪸㪊 㪇㪅㪋㪌 㪇㪅㪊㪌 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪉㪐 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪊㪋 㪇㪅㪊㪈 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪉㪌 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪸㪋 㪇㪅㪊㪌 㪇㪅㪊㪊 㪇㪅㪉㪐 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪉㪎 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪌㪊 㪇㪅㪌㪈 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪋㪈 㪇㪅㪊㪏 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪸㪍 㪇㪅㪉㪌 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪉㪎 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪊㪌 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪊㪉 㪇㪅㪉㪋 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪊㪉 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪸㪎 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪊㪌 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪸㪏 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪉㪌 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪉㪍 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪸㪐 㪇㪅㪌㪍 㪇㪅㪋㪍 㪇㪅㪊㪋 㪇㪅㪌㪊 㪇㪅㪊㪉 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪎㪐 㪇㪅㪊㪊 㪇㪅㪋㪊 㪇㪅㪊㪎 㪇㪅㪉㪍 㪸㪈㪇 㪇㪅㪋㪇 㪇㪅㪊㪋 㪇㪅㪊㪈 㪇㪅㪌㪈 㪇㪅㪉㪋 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪉㪌 㪇㪅㪎㪐 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪉㪌 㪇㪅㪊㪍 㪇㪅㪊㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪸㪈㪈 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪊㪊 㪇㪅㪉㪌 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪸㪈㪉 㪇㪅㪊㪈 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪋㪈 㪇㪅㪊㪉 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪋㪊 㪇㪅㪊㪍 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪸㪈㪊 㪇㪅㪊㪇 㪇㪅㪉㪍 㪇㪅㪉㪌 㪇㪅㪊㪏 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪉㪍 㪇㪅㪊㪎 㪇㪅㪊㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪸㪈㪋 㪇㪅㪊㪌 㪇㪅㪊㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪉㪍 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 ࿑ ⚵❱㑆ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢߩ࠳ࠗࠕࠣࡓ ߎࠇࠄߩߣ࿑߆ࠄᰴߩࠃ߁ߥߎߣ߇߃ࠆߕ߹ޕቅ┙ߔࠆ⚵❱ߪߥߒߘޕ ߡ࿑߆ࠄ⋥ⷰ⊛ߦಝ㓸ᐲߩ㜞ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߢࠆߎߣࠍ੍ᗵߐߖࠆ߇ߟߊޔ ߆ߩಝ㓸ᐲߩᜰᮡߦࠃߞߡ⏕߆ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆᦨޕ⍴〒㔌㧔2 ὐࠍ⚿߱ᦨ⍴ᓘ 〝ߩ㐳ߐ㧕ߩᐔဋߪ 1.066࠻ࠢࡄࡦࠦޔᕈ㧔〒㔌ߦၮߠߊᜰᮡߢ[0,1]㐽㑆ߩ୯ࠍ - 39 - ߣࠆ㧕ߪ 0.967 ߢࠆޕ㊀ߺ߇ᐔဋ୯ᧂḩߩ✢ࠍ㒰ߒߚ႐วߢߐ߃ࠇߙࠇߘޔ 1.615ޔ0.725 ߢࠆ ߦࠄߐޕ2 ὐߩࡠࠞ࡞ㅪ⚿ᐲ㧔2 ὐ߇㕖ㅪ⚿ߦߥࠆ߹ߢ 㒰ߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥޔ2 ὐࠍ⚿߱ᓘ〝ߩߩὐߩᢙ㧕ߩᦨዊ୯ 10 ߢࠆޕ ߎߩࠃ߁ߦᬺ㓸ᕈߩ㜞ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢ᭴ㅧߪޔ೨▵ߩℂ⺰⺑ߦߒߚ߇߃߫ޔ ߘࠇߪ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߣߒߡߪߚࠄ߈ࡦ࡚ࠪࠤ࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔᯏળޔା㗬ޔදหⴕὑ ᔒะߥߤߩ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗Ḯࠍ↢ᚑߒ⫾Ⓧߐߖࠆ⺖ߩࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦߪࠄࠇߘޕ㗴ࠍ ߋࠆ㗴นߩ㓸วⴕേߣᗧᕁቯࠍኈᤃߦߔࠆ⾗Ḯߢࠆޕ ߘࠇߢߪޔ೨߽ߞߡቯߒߚ㧟ߟߩ⚗ኻ┙ߩẜ⊛ⷐ⚛ߪ࿁ㆱߢ߈ࠆߩߛ ࠈ߁߆╙ޕ㧝ߦ㧟ߟߩṪᬺ࿅ߪឃઁ⊛ߢࠈ߁߆ߦߢߔޕ ߆ࠄࠄ߆ߥࠃ ߁ߦᄢᢝ✂⚵วߣㆆ㝼⦁⚵วߩ߶߷ోຬ߇ṪදߦዻߒߡࠆޕṪදߪ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗ Ḯࠍㆡಾߦ↪ߔࠆߎߣߢṪᬺߩࠬ࠹ࠢࡎ࡞࠳㑆ߩ⺞ᢛߩ႐ߣߥࠅ߁ࠆߛࠈ ߁╙ޕ㧞ߦṪᬺ㑐ㅪ⚵วߣᎿળߩኻ┙ߪ࿁ㆱߢ߈ࠆߛࠈ߁߆⥝ޕᷓߎߣߦ Ꮏળߩࡔࡦࡃߩඨᢙએ߇Ṫදߦ߽ዻߒߡࠆߚ߹ޕ㊀ⷐߥߎߣߢࠆ߇ޔ ઁߩ⚵❱ࠍᇦߦਔ⠪ߩࡔࡦࡃߪ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗Ḯࠍ↢ߺߒߡߊߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆޕ ╙㧟ߦᄺ⾥ળߣ߁りಽ㓸࿅ࠍߥߔੱࠇߘߣޘએᄖߩ᳃ߩኻ┙ߪࠇࠆߛࠈ߁ ߆ࠄ߆߁ࠃࠅߩ❱⚵ޕᄺ⾥ળߩࡔࡦࡃߩߔߴߡ߇᳁ሶળߩࡔࡦࡃߢࠆߎ ߣߪᒰὼߢࠆ߇ޔ㊀ⷐߥߎߣߪ᳁ሶળߩࡔࡦࡃߪઁߩߔߴߡߩ࿅ߦᐢߊዻ ߒߡࠆޕㅒߦ߃߫ߔߴߡߩ࿅ߩࡔࡦࡃߪหᤨߦ᳁ሶળߦዻߔࠆഀว߇㜞 ޕ᳁ሶળߩߥ߆ߢᄺ⾥ળߦዻߐߥ᳃߇⇹ᄖߐࠇߡࠆߣߪᗐߢ߈ߥޕ ᦨᓟߦᄖߩᯝኅߪౝߩኹߩᯝኅߢࠆ᳃߆ࠄ⇹ᄖߐࠇࠆߛࠈ߁߆ߎޕ ߎߢ߽ᄖߩኹߩᯝኅߢࠆ᳃ߪઁߩ⚵❱ߩࡔࡦࡃߢࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡޔ 㧞ߟߩᯝኅ㓸࿅ߩኻ┙ࠍ࿁ㆱߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߥ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗Ḯࠍᚲߒߡࠆߣᗐߒ ߡࠃߛࠈ߁ޕ એߩࠃ߁ߥ᭴ㅧࠍ⚵❱ߩᓎຬߩછߩ࠺࠲ߦࠃߞߡ⿷⊛ߦߡߺࠃ߁ 㧔 㧕ޕ࿅ߩࠬ࠻ߩߥ߆ߢዊ〝ળߣߪ㧹ߦࠆ㧣ߟߩਅㄭ㓞⚵❱ߩ ߎߣߢࠆޕߩࡔࡦࡃࠪ࠶ࡊߦߺࠆ⚵❱ㅪ㑐ߦࠇࠆ⚵❱ߩࠬ࠻ߣߪዋߒ ⇣ߥࠆ߇❱⚵߽ߢߎߎޔ㑆ߩㅪ⚿ᕈ߇⛽ᜬߐࠇߡࠆޕ ߎߩࠃ߁ߦᒝㅪ⚿ᕈࠍ߽ߟ⚵❱ㅪ㑐ߪ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߣߒߡᯏ⢻ߒߡࠆࠃ߁ ߢࠆ߇ࠅࠃߡ߅ߦࠢࡢ࠻࠶ࡀߩߎ߇❱⚵ߩߤߪߢࠇߘޔ㊀ⷐߢࠈ߁߆ޕ ߣ࿑ࠍߺࠆߛߌߢ߽ޔṪදޔᎿળޔ᳁ሶળޔᄺ⾥ળߥߤ߇ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢߩ - 40 - ㊀ⷐߥ⟎ࠍභߡࠆࠃ߁ߦߺ߃ࠆࠄࠇߎޔߢߎߎޕ㧠ߟߩ⚵❱ߦᵈ⋡ߒߥ߇ ઃ ㍳ % ߩᣇᴺߦࠃߞߡࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢߢߩ⚵❱ߩਛᔃᐲࠍ᷹ቯߒߡߺࠃ߁ޕ ࠄޔઃ ߘߩ⚿ᨐߪ ߦ␜ߐࠇࠆޕ ࿅ᓎຬߩછߦߺࠆ⚵❱㑆ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢ Ṫᬺදห⚵ว䇭㩷 ᄢᢝ✂⚵ว䇭㩷 Ꮏળ䇭㩷 ⷰశදળ 㪧㪫㪘㩷㩷㩷㩷 ᶖ㒐࿅ ዊ〝ળ ᄺ⾥ળ Ṫද ᄢᢝ✂ Ꮏળ ⷰశ 㪐 㪎 㪇 㪇 㪎 㪐 㪇 㪇 㪇 㪇 㪐 㪋 㪇 㪇 㪋 㪈㪇 㪇 㪇 㪇 㪈 㪈 㪇 㪇 㪇 㪇 㪈 㪉 㪈 㪈 㪉 㪈㪋 㪉 㪧㪫㪘 ᶖ㒐࿅ ળ ᄺ⾥ળ 㪇 㪈 㪇 㪈 㪇 㪇 㪈 㪉 㪇 㪇 㪉 㪉 㪈 㪇 㪈 㪉 㪎 㪈 㪇 㪈 㪈 㪌 㪇 㪇 㪇 㪇 㪈㪊 㪉 㪈 㪇 㪉 㪈㪋 ⚵❱ߩࡏ࠽࠴࠶࠴ਛᔃᐲ ࠺࠲ߪⷙḰൻ࠺࠲㧕 㪸㪈㪅㩷Ṫᬺදห⚵ว䇭㩷 㪸㪉㪅㩷ᄢᢝ✂⚵ว䇭㩷 㪸㪊㪅㩷ㆆṪ⦁⚵ว䇭 㪸㪋㪅㩷Ꮏળ䇭㩷 㪸㪍㪅㩷㪧㪫㪘㩷㩷㩷㩷 㪸㪎㪅㩷㕍ᐕ࿅䇭㩷 㪸㪏㪅㩷⠧ੱ䉪䊤䊑䇭䇭㩷 㪸㪐㪅㩷᳁ሶળ䇭䇭 㪸㪈㪇㪅㩷ᄺ⾥ળ 㪸㪈㪈㪅㩷㪜ኹ䈱ᯝኅ䇭 㪸㪈㪉䇭㪦ኹ䈱ᯝኅ䇭 㪸㪈㪊䇭㪟ኹ䈱ᯝኅ䇭䇭 㪸㪈㪋㪅㩷ᄖኹ䈱ᯝኅ 㪇㪅㪋㪇㪈 㪇㪅㪊㪊㪍 㪇㪅㪉㪌㪐 㪇㪅㪊㪌㪊 㪇㪅㪈㪏㪉 㪇㪅㪇㪉㪉 㪇㪅㪇㪌㪎 㪇㪅㪋㪋㪐 㪇㪅㪊㪐㪍 㪇㪅㪇㪏㪎 㪇㪅㪉㪊㪊 㪇㪅㪉㪋㪏 㪇㪅㪈㪉㪍 ࠄ߆ߦ᳁ሶળޔᄺ⾥ળޔṪදޔᎿળ߇㊀ⷐߥ⟎ࠍභߡࠆ߇ࠄࠇߎޕ ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢ߆ࠄᶖ߃ࠆߣࠢࡢ࠻࠶ࡀޔ᭴ㅧߪᄢ߈ߊᄌൻߔࠆࠇߎޔ߽߆ߒޕ ࠄߪ✕ኒߦ⚿วߒߡࠆߎߣࠍᕁߎߔᔅⷐ߇ࠆޕṪᬺߣᎿ߇ኻ┙ߩⷐ⚛ ࠍẜ⊛ߦᜬߞߡࠆߣߔࠆߥࠄߦ․ޔ᳁ሶળߩᓎഀߪᄢ߈ޕ 㧹␠ߩ⑂ߪฎ᧪ᎿߣṪᬺߩਔᣇߩࠅߣߒߡᢘࠊࠇߡ߈ߚޕ᳃ߪ ␠ߩ⑂␢ߦቴ⊛ߦෳടߔࠆߩߢߪߥߊޔ ৻ޟᐕਥߥ߁ࠃߩޠᓎഀߦ⽎ᓽߐࠇࠆ - 41 - ࠃ߁ߦ⑂␢ߩਥ⊛ߥᜂᚻߣߒߡ㑐ਈߒޔ᳁ሶળߣᄺ⾥ળߪࠊ߫ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ ࠖߩ⚿▵ᯏ㑐ߣߒߡ̆㗡╭ࠆߪᄺ⾥ળߩࠃ߁ߥឃઁ⊛りಽࠍ⛽ᜬߔࠆ␠ળ ⊛⾌↪ࠍߐߒ߭ߡ߽̆ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ㓸วⴕേࠍ⛽ᜬߒߡࠆߪ␢⑂ޕනߦቬ ᢎⴕὑߣߒߡ㕖ᣣᏱ⊛⥄ⓨ㑆ߦ߅ߡቬᢎ⊛ᗧߩౣ↢ߦ⽸₂ߔࠆߪࠇߘޕනߥ ࠆⷰశ⾗Ḯߢߪߥߊޔㅢߩ⚻㛎ߣ⸥ᙘࠍౣ↢ߔࠆᢥൻ⾗ᧄߢࠆߪࠇߘޕห ⴕὑࠍน⢻ߦߔࠆ⾗ᧄߢࠆ߇ߪߢߎߎޔᷓࠅߒߥߢ߅ߎ߁ߣߎࠆߔ⏕ޕ ߪߟ߉ߩߎߣߢࠆࠆߋࠍ␢⑂ޕหⴕὑߪ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗Ḯࠍౣ↢↥ߒ❱⚵ޔ㑆 ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢࠍㅢߒߡᵹㅢߔࠆ␠ߡߞࠃߦࠇߘޕળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߣߒߡߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ ࠢߪᒝൻߐࠇ␠ߡߞ߃߇ࠆ߭ޔળ㑐ଥ⾗Ḯࠍౣ↢↥ߔࠆ⚿ߩߎޕᨐ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ ࠖߩ␠ળ⛔วߣᗧᕁቯࠍṖߦߔࠆޕ ⚿⺰ ᧄⓂߢߪߩࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ᭴ㅧߣㆊ⒟ߦ߆ࠎߔࠆℂ⺰⊛ߥᬌ⸛ߣߦࠇߘޔၮߠ ߊಽᨆࠍ⹜ߺߚޕ ߹ߕ╙㧝ߦ❱⚵ޔ㑆㑐ଥ߇ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ␠ળ᭴ㅧߩὶὐߢࠆߣߺߥߒ․ޔ ߦࡔࡦࡃߩᚲዻࠍᇦߦߔࠆ⚵❱ߩࠝࡃ࠶ࡇࡦࠣ᭴ㅧߩ㧟ߟߩဳࠍࠦࡒ ࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ᭴ㅧߩဳߣߒߡឭ᩺ߒߩߘޔಽᨆࠍ⹜ߺߚޕ ╙㧞ߦ␠ޔળㆊ⒟ߣߊߦ␠ળ⛔วࠆߪ㓸ว⊛ߥᗧᕁቯ߿ⴕേߦ⸥ߩ᭴ ㅧ߇߷ߔᓇ㗀ߦߟߡℂ⺰⊛ߥឭ᩺ࠍߒߚߦߊߣޕ᭴ㅧߣㆊ⒟ࠍߟߥߋ߽ߩߣ ߒߡߩ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߩᔨࠍណ↪ߒߚ❱⚵ߜࠊߥߔޕㅪ㑐ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢ߇␠ળ㑐 ଥ⾗ᧄߣߒߡᯏ⢻ߒ↢ߦߎߘޔᚑ⫾Ⓧߐࠇࠆ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗Ḯ̆ࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡚ࠪ ࡦᯏળޔା㗬⟵ޔോᗵ̆߇␠ળ⛔วࠆߪหⴕὑߣ㓸วߩᗧᕁቯࠍߐߐ ߃ࠆߣߔࠆ⺑ࠍឭ␜ߒߚޕ ╙㧟ߦޔ㧹↸㧹ߩ⚵❱ෳടࠍ߽ߣߦⷰኤߐࠇࠆ⚵❱ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢߩಽ ᨆࠍ⹜ߺߚޕࠆߢߣߎߥ߁ࠃߩ߉ߟߪ⊒ߩߢߎߘޕ Ԙ 14 ߩ⚵❱ߪಝ㓸ᕈߩ㜞ㅪ⚿ࠍ␜ߒߡࠆ߽ߢ߆ߥޕṪᬺ⚵วߣᎿળߣ ᳁ሶળ߮ᄺ⾥ળ߇㊀ⷐߥ⟎ࠍභߡࠆޕ㊀ⷐߥߎߣߪޔવ⛔⊛หߣߺ ߥߐࠇࠆࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߦ߅ߌࠆ⚵❱ߪߒߡหᔃ⊛ߥ߽ߩߢߪߥߊޔㅪ⚿ߔࠆ ߎߣߦࠃߞߡోࠢࡢ࠻࠶ࡀޔߣߒߡಝ㓸⊛ߥࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖࠍᒻᚑߔࠆߩߢ ࠆޕ - 42 - ԙ 㧹ߦߪ⚗ޔߦߥࠅ߁ࠆ⇣ߥࠆኂߩኻ┙ߩน⢻ᕈࠍẜߐߖߡࠆޕ Ṫᬺ㑐ㅪᬺ⒳ߩ㑆ߦ↢ߓࠆኂߩᏅ⇣ޔṪᬺߣᎿᬺߩኂߩᏅ⇣ޔౝኹ㒮 ߩᯝኅߣᄖኹߩᯝኅߦ⽎ᓽߐࠇࠆᱧผ㛎ߩᏅ⇣㧔ᄖኹߩᯝኅߪᱧผ ߩෳ߇⇣ߥࠆ㧕ߡߒߘޔ㧹␠ߩ᳁ሶળߣߘߩౝㇱߦߞߡ␠⑂␢ߦ߅ߡ․ ߩりಽߢࠆᄺ⾥ળߩᚑຬߣߘࠇએᄖߩ᳁ሶߩኂߩᏅ⇣ߢࠆߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ ኂߩኻ┙ߩน⢻ᕈߪޔߦㅀߴߚ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߩℂ⺰ࠍฃߌࠇࠆߥࠄ߫ࡀޔ ࠶࠻ࡢࠢ᭴ㅧߦࠃߞߡᛥߐࠇߡࠆߣ⸃㉼ߐࠇࠆߦ․ޕ᳁ሶળᄺ⾥ળߪ㎛ ߣߥࠆ⚵❱ߢࠆࠢࡢ࠻࠶ࡀޕߦ㊀ⷐߥ⟎ࠍභࠆ߇ࠁ߃ߦޔ᳁ሶળᄺ ⾥ળ߇ਥ⊛ߦ༡␠⑂␢ߣ߁㓸วⴕേߪޔ⠡ߞߡ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߣ␠ળ㑐ଥ ⾗Ḯߩౣ↢↥ߦነਈߒߡࠆޕ ᧄⓂߩ㒢⇇ߪࠄ߆ߢࠆ╙ޕ㧝ߦℂ⺰ߦ߆ࠎߒߡᚲዻࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢߣߘߎ߆ ࠄ↢ᚑߐࠇࠆ⚵❱ߩࠝࡃ࠶ࡇࡦࠣߦࠃࠆ⚵❱㑆ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢ᭴ㅧߩߺࠍᛒ ߞߡࠆ␠ޕળㆊ⒟ߦ߆ࠎߒߡ߽න⚐ߥᛒࠍߒߡࠆ߫߃ޕᮭജ᭴ㅧ߿⾗Ḯ േຬߩㆊ⒟ࠍࠃࠅⶄ㔀ߥࡕ࠺࡞ߩ㐿⊒߇ᔅⷐߢࠆ╙ޕ㧞ߦ⚻ޔ㛎⊛⎇ⓥߪ ⚵❱㑆ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢ᭴ㅧߩߺࠍⷰኤߒߡࠆ␠ޕળㆊ⒟ߦࠇࠆ⛔ว߿ᗧᕁቯ ߩⷰኤߪߥߊߢ߹ߊޔ⺑⊛ߥ߽ߩߢࠆ⥸৻߫߃ߦࠄߐޕൻߩߚߦߪⶄ ᢙߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩⷰኤߦࠃߞߡ᭴ㅧ․ᕈߩᏅ⇣ߣᯏ⢻ࠍⷰኤߔࠆᲧセ⎇ⓥ߇ⷐ ᳞ߐࠇࠆ߅ߥޕቬᢎ⑂␢ߪቬᢎ⊛ᗧߩౣ↢ࠍߡߐࠇࠆᢥൻ⾗ᧄߣߒߡޔ ␠ળ㑐ଥ⾗ᧄߣ࠳ࠗ࠽ࡒ࠶ࠢߦ㑐ㅪߔࠆߣᗐߐࠇࠆ߇ޔߦ⺰ߓࠆߴ߈߽ߩߢ ࠆߪࠄࠇߎޕᱷߐࠇߚ⺖㗴ߢࠆޕ ᢥ₂ ⑺రᓞ㇢, 1966.ޟၞ␠ળߩᮭജ᭴ㅧߣ࠳ߩ᭴ᚑ␠ޡޠળቇ⹏⺰ޢ16(4): 2-19. ⑺రᓞ㇢, 1971.ޡઍㇺᏒߩᮭജ᭴ㅧޢ㕍ᧁᦠᐫ. 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The Social Life of a Modern Community, Greenwood Press. ઃ㍳ #㧞⋧㧞రߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢߩಽ⸃ n ੱߩࠕࠢ࠲ߣ p ߩ⚵❱߳ߩᚲዻࠍߔ㧞⋧㧞రߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢⴕࠍ A ߣߔ ࠆߩߘޕォ⟎ⴕࠍ Ac ߢߔޔ߈ߣߩߎޕォ⟎ⴕࠍฝ߆ࠄਸ਼ߓࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡޔ ߔߥࠊߜ AAc ߦࠃߞߡޔn×n ߩࠕࠢ࠲㑆ߩ㓞ធࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢࠍ߃ࠆߚ߹ޕᏀ߆ࠄਸ਼ - 45 - ߓࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ⚵❱㑆㓞ធࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢࠍ߃ࠆ ߜࠊߥߔޕAc A ߢࠆߩߎ߅ߥޕಽ ⸃ࠍ Breiger (1974)ߥߤߪ㓸࿅ߣ⚵❱ߩኻᕈߩℂ⺰ߣߒߡዷ㐿ߒߚߩߢࠆ߇ᧄޔⓂ ߢߪ࠹ࠢ࠾ࠞ࡞ߥ⼏⺰ߣߒߡℂ⸃ߒߡ߅ߌ߫ࠃޕ ઃ㍳ $ၮḰൻ ⚵❱ࠍߟߥߋ✢ߦ㊀ߺߠߌߩࠆࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢߩၮḰൻߦߪߩ✢ޔ㊀ߺࠍ⚵❱ߩⷙ ᮨߢ㒰ߔߎߣߦࠃߞߡᓧࠄࠇࠆߩߘޕ႐วߪߦ࡞ࠞ࠾ࠢ࠹ޔᐞㅢࠅ߆ߩಽᲣࠍㆬ߱ߎ ߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆⷙߩ❱⚵ߩߡߴߔޔ߫߃ޕᮨߩ✚ࠍಽᲣߦߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ߇ߩߎޔ ႐วߪⷙᮨߩᄢ߈⚵❱ߩ⚵ߩ⚿ว߇ᒝ⺞ߐࠇⷙޔᮨߩዊߐ⚵❱ߩ⚵ߩ㕖⚿ว߇ᒝ ⺞ߐࠇࠆߎߣߦߥࠆᧄޕⓂߢߪᒰߩ㧞ߟߩ⚵❱ߩⷙᮨߩⓍߩᐔᣇᩮࠍಽᲣߣߒߚޕ ⴕ A ߩ࡞ࠍ aij ߣߔࠆߣ߈ޔ aij / aii a jj ߥ߅⚵❱ߪߘࠇ⥄ߣ⚿߮ߟߊߣ߁ᗧߢߩᕈߪߥߣߔࠆߩ߇⥄ὼߢ ࠅޔኻⷺ✢ߪ 0 ߦᄌ឵ߒߚޕ ઃ㍳ %ὐߩਛᔃᐲߩ᷹ቯ ߎߎߢߪࡏ࠽࠴࠶࠴ߩਛᔃᐲᜰᮡࠍ↪ࠆ㧔Bonacich (1972), Mariolis (1975)㧕ߛߚޕ ߒޔၮḰൻᓟߩ࠺࠲ߦㆡ↪ߒߡࠆޕήะࠣࡈ̆ߘࠇߪኻ⒓ߥᱜᣇⴕߢߐ ࠇࠆ̆ߩࡏ࠽࠴࠶࠴ߩਛᔃᐲᜰᮡߪᰴߩࠃ߁ߦቯ⟵ߐࠇࠆޕ ci 1 n ¦a c O ij j j 1 ߎߎߢ㧘 ci ߣ c j ߪὐ i ߣ j ߩਛᔃᐲߢࠆ ޕaij ߪὐ i ߣ㓞ធߒߡࠆὐ j ߣߩ⚿วߩ ᒝߐߢࠆᧄޕⓂߦහߒߡ⸒߃߫ ❱⚵ޔi ߣ⚵❱ j ߇ߒߡࠆࡔࡦࡃߩᢙߢ ࠆߩߘߒߛߚޕ୯ߪⷙḰൻߒߡࠆ ޕO ߪቯᢙߢࠆߥ࡞ࠞ࠾ࠢ࠹ޕ㗴ߣߒߡߪޔ ߩᑼߪౣᏫ⊛ߢࠅࠍ⸃ߪߢ߹߹ߩߎޔᓧࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߥޕᐘߥߎߣߦࠢࡌޔ ࠻࡞⸥ߔࠆߣ ޔO x Ax ߣߥࠅࠆࠁࠊޔ࿕୯࿕ࡌࠢ࠻࡞ߩ㗴ߦᏫ⌕ߔ 0 ߣᦠ ߈឵߃ࠆߎߣߢࠄ߆ߢࠆ߇ ޔx ߇ࡠߢߥ⸃ࠍ߽ߟᔅⷐචಽ᧦ઙߪ det( A OI) 0 ߢࠆߩߎޕ࿕ᣇ⒟ᑼࠍ O ߦߟߡ⸃ߊߎߣߢ࿕୯ࠍ߽ߣޔ ࠆޕਛᔃᐲߪⴕ A ߩ࿕ࡌࠢ࠻࡞ߣߒߡ᳞ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ ( ޕA O I)x ᰴߢ O ߦኻᔕߔࠆ࿕ࡌࠢ࠻࡞ࠍ߃ࠆᦨߡߒߘޕᄢ࿕୯ߦኻᔕߔࠆ࿕ࡌࠢ࠻࡞ ࠍਛᔃᐲߣߔࠆޕ㊀ⷐߥὐߪߥ࡞ࠞ࠾ࠢ࠹ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޔ㕙ߢߪߥߊࠆޔὐߩਛᔃ ᐲߪઁߩਛᔃᐲߩ㑐ᢙߣߥߞߡࠆߣ߁ࠗࡦࡊࠤ࡚ࠪࡦߦࠆޕ - 46 -
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