4ĒðóČ+Ûeß"C 4ĒðóČ+Ûeß"C "C+ďchemical(bondĐĐ g+ďcovalent*bondĐ *ččč¾µ«L%A® ðóČ+ďionic*bondĐ* «L+ * * * Zeffß;@Þéë¿ôüóČàIÍÃ* ðóČ#V * * *ččč¾«L%A0µ«L%A® ZeffßuJÞéë¿ïāóČà@ÉÃ* *AďmoleculeĐ* *ðóČfďionic*crystalĐ* *ččč¾«L%A®* Ėß´Aßg ôüóČďca4onĐ* ïāóČďanionĐ dß%AÇêdâ* ´Aî ! 4ĒðóČ+Ûeß"C ðóČß´A¨ 4ĒðóČ+Ûeß"C ðóČ"òĂĊöĎďioniza.on(energy,(EiĐ 1e%AĜ[Mõù]*ns1¾→¾1eðóČ+Ĝ[Mõù]¾đ¾e–* ðóČ"ßÔæÞÝòĂ ĊöĎîXÛÏìßÚn 2e%AĜ[Mõù]*ns2¾→¾2eðóČ2+Ĝ[Mõù]¾đ¾2e–* 16e%AĜ[Mõù]*ns2np4¾đ¾2e–¾→¾16eðóČ2–Ĝ[Mõù]*ns2np6* 17e%AĜ[Mõù]*ns2np5¾đ¾e–¾→¾17eðóČ–Ĝ[Mõù]*ns2np6* * FeĜ[Ar]*4s23d6¾→¾Fe2+Ĝ[Ar]*3d6¾đ¾2e–* FeĜ[Ar]*4s23d6¾→¾Fe3+Ĝ[Ar]*3d5¾đ¾3e–* čďo´AÞéìЧ hÛZeffÞéë~Ýì* čwÔÍíÔ¢¦ÞÂì´AÛ#$¢¦ß´A N O Be B P Mg S Al Ca 4ĒðóČ+Ûeß"C 4ĒðóČ+Ûeß"C ó÷þýÿďoctet(ruleĐ Đ »mßðóČ"òĂĊöĎ ðóČ"òĂĊöĎďEi1Đ¾ *M¾→¾M+¾đ¾e–* ðóČ"òĂĊöĎďEi2Đ¾ eà>o´AÈ8ÞÝìéÄÞ&YÏì.ÈÂì* *M+¾→¾M2+¾đ¾e–* ðóČ"òĂĊöĎďEi3Đ¾ *M2+¾→¾M3+¾đ¾e–* ó÷ þý ÿ 4ĒðóČ+Ûeß"C 4ĒðóČ+Ûeß"C ´A3ďelectron(affinity,(EeaĐ ðóČfß}\ à¿òĂĊöĎaî[1Ïì ď%AÈ´Aî)Ë(ÖÙDF"Đ nàòĂĊöĎ/' åÔàv H*(1s1)**+**e–**→**H–*(1s2)*****Eea*=*–72.8*kJ*mol–1* Cl*([Ne]3s23p5)**+**e–**→**Cl–*([Ne]3s23p6)*****Eea*=*–348.6*kJ*mol–1* Ar*([Ne])**+**e–**→**Ar–*([Ne]4s1)*****Eea*>*0*kJ*mol–1* Mg*([Ne]3s2)**+**e–**→**Mg–*([Ne]3s23p1)*****Eea*>*0*kJ*mol–1* òĂĊöĎîaÎÙDF" 4ĒðóČ+Ûeß"C 4ĒðóČ+Ûeß"C ðóČfß}\ ðóČ"+zß2-q H3O+***********¾hydronium*****************¾¾ăĀċāñĉðóČ òĂĊöĎîaÎÙDF" 4ĒðóČ+Ûeß"C 5Ēg+ÛAk¥ iAòĂĊöĎďla6ce(energy,(UĐĐ ÷ĎċČßqďCoulomb’s*lawĐ g+ďcovalent(bondĐĐ¾ččč¾AďmoleculeĐĐ z1,*z2*:*ðóČß´* d*:*ðóČ®¡² c LiF*>*NaF*>*KF***(K+*>*Na+*>*Li+)* * LiF*>*LiCl*>*LiBr*>*LiI***(I–*>*Br–*>*Cl–*>*F–)* +òĂĊöĎ (0436*kJ*mol01) R bond*length 5Ēg+ÛAk¥ 5Ēg+ÛAk¥ +²òĂĊöĎďbond(dissocia.on(energyĐĐ À4¸Á¾mßAà¿jZAĞÒíÛ翵jZAĞ 1)**H2O* 2)**NH3* 3)**CH4* 4)**CO2 * 5Ēg+ÛAk¥ 5Ēg+ÛAk¥ jZg+ďpolar(covalent(bondĐ Đ M+*X:–* ðóČ+* NaCl* (3.000.9*=*2.1*>*2) y´Ak¥ďelectron:dot(structureĐ Đ,(Lewisk k¥ δ+Y*:Xδ– X*:*X jZg+* g+* HCl* (3.002.1*=*0.9*<*2) Cl2* (3.003.0*=*0) %A®ÚßGß´AßgďùĄČçGĐ +´AGďbonding*pairĐ B´AGďlone*pairĐ* µg´AG ďnonbonding*pairĐ ´p°ZPďelectronega.vityĐ Đ ó÷þýÿ 5Ēg+ÛAk¥ g+ßLewisk¥î_ʱßĊĎĊ 5Ēg+ÛAk¥ y´Ak¥ďelectron:dot(structureĐ Đ,(Lewisk k¥ 1. %AßÏãÙß´AîbÅì* +mb 2. ÒíÓíß+ÞGß´AîÆÊ* 3. W%AÞ+ÎÙÃì%Aßó÷þýÿî E\ÍÐì* 4. W%AÞ´AîGÞÎÙÅì* 5. W%Aßó÷þýÿÈE\ÎÝÃ:+¿Ï ãÙß%AÈó÷þýÿîç×éÄÞ?ª +îHÏì 5Ēg+ÛAk¥ y´Ak¥ďelectron:dot(structureĐ Đ,(Lewisk k¥ +mbÞÛçÝÄ+ßZß=" + mb N7¡² N7+òĂĊöĎ ^!ßN70rb ēpm ēkJ*mol01 ē1013*Hz C–C 1 154 370 3.0 C=C 2 137 699 4.9 C≡C 3 120 960 6.6 C–O 1 143 350 3.2 C=O 2 123 750 5.2 C–N 1 147 300 3.7 C≡N 3 116 730 6.8 5Ēg+ÛAk¥ TQ´ďformal(chargeĐ Đ ďB%Aß´AbĐĎď+´AbĐēĖĎďµ+´AbĐ TQ´ďHĐĝĕ−Ė/Ė−ĔĝĔ* TQ´ďNĐĝę−ě/Ė−Ĕĝĕ* ĝĚ−Ė/Ė−Ě Ě−Ę/Ė−ĘĝĔ ę−ě/Ė−Ĕĝĕ ę−Ę/Ė−Ęĝ−ĕ ę−Ě/Ė−ĖĝĔ Ě−Ė/Ė−Ěĝ−ĕ ĝę−ě/Ė−Ĕ ĝę−Ě/Ė−Ė ę−ě/Ė−Ĕĝĕ ĝĚ−Ę/Ė−Ę TQ´î]ÔÝÃk¥ßdÈDF Oß´p°ZPÈ¿Néëç@Éà I %T = × 100 I0 5Ēg+ÛAk¥ >/'ùĈ÷ÿĊ %Ao´A&|ďvalence:shell(electron(pair(repulsion(model,(VSEPR(modelĐĐ ´³ď+´A¿B´AGĐÈÚÉìÕ˲íìéÄOC¨ W%Aß%AoÞÂì´AGß´pÝ&È`¨ wavenumbers[cm -1 ] = 1 100[cm] λ[m] × 1[m] +ďbond*angleĐ ½HOH = 104.5º" ½HNH = 107º" ½HCH = 109.5º" 5Ēg+ÛAk¥ 5Ēg+ÛAk¥ VSEPR(modelÞ Þ9ØÊOCk¥ Ęß´A³ 5Ēg+ÛAk¥ Ėß´A³ 5Ēg+ÛAk¥ ėß´A³ ęß´A³ 5Ēg+ÛAk¥ 5Ēg+ÛAk¥ t\¢¦ďhybrid(atomic(orbitalĐĐ Ěß´A³ sp3t\¢¦ 5Ēg+ÛAk¥ %A+|ďvalence(bond(theoryĐĐ 5Ēg+ÛAk¥ £.ÉßùĄČ,<* σ+ sp3t\¢¦ Ė×ß%AÈg+îì σ+ σ+ ĕ×ß%Aß%A¢¦È* σ+ σ+ çÄĕ×ß%A¢¦ÛªÝë+Ä ¢¦ßªÝë+È@ÉÃäÜSÃ+ Ė×ߢ¦È®ß¤Ý·8 î$æì σ+ σ+ σ+ ½HCH = 109.5º" ½HNH = 107º" ½HOH = 104.5º" 5Ēg+ÛAk¥ Cßt\¢¦ sp2t\¢¦ C%Ao π+ t\ σ+ ė¹ßt\¢¦ßT\ 5Ēg+ÛAk¥ spt t\¢¦ t\¢¦ß¹ π+ σ+ π+ t\¢¦ ¢¦ßb d. sp 2* T sp2 3 N¶T sp3 4 5¶ sp3d 5 d¬ sp3d2 6 ¶ t\¢¦ßd.Z t\¢¦ß¹ %Ao´AG&| t\¢¦ ¢¦ßb S%Ao SF6 SF6Aßk¥ d. ´AGßb sp 2* T 2* sp2 3 N¶T 3 sp3 4 5¶ 4 sp3d 5 d¬ 5 sp3d2 6 ¶ 6 *********************** 5Ēg+ÛAk¥ A¢¦|ďmolecular(orbital(theory,(MO(theoryĐĐ A¢¦ĜÒß ÈáÛ×ßAßß[ß®·8Ú´AîÏ{îÅìr!¯b +mbĝ* [ď+ZMO´AbĐ–* *ď&+ZMO´AbĐ]ēĖ* 5Ēg+ÛAk¥ s©àÝÑÞÊÖ×ÊßÇо¾ďsèsąýàÊÖ×ÇÝÃĐ 5Ēg+ÛAk¥ 5Ēg+ÛAk¥ s©àÝÑÞÊÖ×ÊßÇĞ 5Ēg+ÛAk¥ %A+|ÛA¢¦|ß+ πA¢¦ SO2ß:+ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ ¼Ûπ´AßµK6" gl"+zÞÆËìπ´AßµK6" Ĝ O¾S¾O* =**0* Ĝ ¼ ¼k¥ď¼t\Đ* SO2ßßk¥îLewis U ª+ďUøòČĜáÛ×ÆÉÞ ª+ÚÈÖÔxĐß:+ *ÚÏÌÛàÚÉÝÃ* Ĝ O¾S¾O* 0**=* Ĝ ĆûøòČďC4H6Đ S%Ao S* O***************O p¢¦ H *****H* : O%Ao : σ+ďsp2Đ σ+ďsp2Đ HC***************C *****H* π´Ag ********C***************C : B´AG σ+ďsp2Đ H H π´Aà4×ßC®ÚµK6"Ïì π´Ag ¼Ûπ´AßµK6" gl"+zÞÆËìπ´AßµK6" : : p¢¦ßªÝë : ºe"+z wÔÍíÔp¢¦ p¢¦ßªÝë S* S* S* : : : : : : :O***************O :O***************O : : : :O***************O p¢¦ßªÝë p¢¦ßªÝë ćČúČďC6H6Đ ¼k¥* #wÔÍíÔp¢¦ : π´Ag µK6"ÎÔπ´A S* :O***************O : : : µK6"ÎÔπ´A S* 119° O***************O σ+ďsp2Đ π´Aà6×ßC®ÚµK6"Ïì
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