ࢹ࣭࣏ࢪ࣬ࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭࡛ࣤ 18 ୠ⣎ ࢛࣭ࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞ ཿᐓ ᘧᖶ (ᚠᓞᩝ⌦ኬᏕ) Ϩ ࡢࡋࡴ࡞ ᮇሒ࿈ࡡ┘Ⓩࡢࠉ18 ୠ⣎࢛࣭ࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞࡡၤⵒᛦᐓࠉࢹ࣭࣏ࢪ࣬ࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ࣤ (Thomas Hepburn, 1727 ? -77) ࡡ࢛࣭ࠖࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞࡡ㈃ᅏࠗ(Hepburn [1760] 1885 [௧ୖࠉLetter ࡛␆オ]) ࢅ㢗ᮞ࡞ࠉࢪࢤࢴࢹࣚࣤࢺᩅఌ✔Ὤ⤊ῥᛦࡡኣᵕၡ㢗㛭ᚨ࡞කࢅᙔ࡙ࡾࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࣛࢲ࣭ࣔࢺ࣬ࢨ࣭ࣔࡢࠖࢪࢤࢴࢹࣚࣤࢺၤⵒ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᩅఌ࡛ኬᏕࠗ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉࢪࢤࢴࢹ ࣚࣤࢺၤⵒࡢ 18 ୠ⣎ᚃ༖ࡡ⤊ῥᠺ㛏࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉኬࡀࡂฦࡄ࡙⛸㢦ࡡཬᚺࢅ♟ࡊࡒ࡛ㄵࡋ ࡒ (Sher 1985, 187)ࠊ ➠ୌࡢࠉ⤊ῥⓆᒈࢅ✒ᴗⓏࠉណㆉⓏ࡞᧞㆜ࡊࡻ࠹࡛ࡊࡒ࠷ࢂࡹࡾࠔᨭⰃࠕࡡࢸ࢛ࣞ࢟ ࣭࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㐅ཱིࡡẴເ࡞ᐣࡳᆀ㝭ᒒ࡞ࡻࡾ㎨ᴏᨭⰃࢅᚃᢪࡊࡊࠉ⏍⏐ᛮྡྷ୕ࢅ✒ᴗ Ⓩ࡞᥆ዜࡌࡾ❟ሔ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ➠ࡢࠉࢸࣥࢴࢺ࣬ࣃ࣭࣑ࣖࡷࢱ࣑࣬ࢪ࣐ࢪࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࡆࡿࢅᥝࡊฦᯊࡊࡒࠔ࣎ ࣛࢷ࢙࢜ࣜ࣬ࢤࢿ࣐࣭ࠕࡡ❟ሔ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᇱᮇⓏ࡞ࡢ⤊ῥⓆᒈࢅヾࡌࡾࡵࡡࡡࠉࡻࡽᐂ ふⓏ❟ሔ࠾ࡼࡐࡡᝇᙫ㡢ࡵྱࡴ࡙ふᐳࡊフ౮ࡊࡻ࠹࡛ࡊࡒࠊ ➠ࡢࠉࢨ࣭ࣔᥞ♟ࡊࡒࢪࢤࢴࢹࣚࣤࢺᩅఌ✔Ὤ࡞ぜࡼࡿࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉᚠࡷᏺᩅࠉ♣ ఌධమ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⤊ῥᠺ㛏ࡡ᭯ᐐᙫ㡢ࢅ᪺ࡼ࠾࡞ࡊᑊฌࡊࡻ࠹࡛ࡌࡾ❟ሔ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࠔᨭⰃࠕ ࡞ࡻࡾ⤊ῥⓆᒈࡡ⤎ᯕᣉࡖࡒ⮤ᕤ୯ᚨⓏ࡚∸ḟⓏࠉ⭁ᩃࡊࡒ౮ೋふࠉὬ㛰ᢘணࠉ㐛 ዘࠉአࠉ㐠ᚠⓏࠉ♣ఌⓏὬ⏍ຝᯕ࡞㛭ᚨࢅᣚࡖࡒ (Sher 1985, 187-8)ࠊ ᮇሒ࿈࡚ࡢࠉࢨ࣭ࣔࡡ㆗ㄵࢅ㊻ࡱ࠻࡙ࠉࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ࣤࢅཱིࡽ୕ࡅࡼ✔Ὤ⤊ῥᛦ ࢅ්᳠ゞࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅㄚ㢗࡛ࡌࡾࠊࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ࣤࡢ࢛࣭ࠖࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞࡡ㈃ᅏࠗ(1757 ᖳᇮ➱ࠉ 1760 ᖳฝ∟) ࡚ࠉࣤࢡࣚࣤࢺ࡛ࡡࣗࢼ࢛ࣤమโୖ࡚ᐣ࡞ࡖ࡙࠷ࡂࢪࢤࢴࢹࣚࣤࢺᮇ ᅰ࡛ࡢᑊ↯Ⓩ࡞ࠉ࢛࣭ࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞ㈃ᅏ࡞ཱིࡽṟࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾᵕᏄࢅࠉ⌟ሔ࡚ࡡ├Ⓩమ 㥺࠾ࡼὩࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ✔Ὤࡡ⤊ῥᛦ࡚ࡢࠉᐣࡌࡾ♣ఌࡡ୯ࡡࠔ㈃ᅏࠕࡡᥝࠉࡻࡽኣᵕၡ㢗㛭 ᚨᏋᅹࡊࡒࠊ௧ୖ࡚ࡢࠉᅹ㔕ࡡᛦྍ࡞ࡵっ㔕ࢅᗀࡅࠉโᗐࡷఎ⤣ࡡᆀᇡⓏ≁ᛮ࡞╌┘ ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉࢪࢤࢴࢹࣚࣤࢺၤⵒࡡၡ㢗㛭ᚨࡡᣉࡽࡡୌ❻࡞කࢅᙔ࡙ࡒ࠷ࠊ ϩ ࢹ࣭࣏ࢪ࣬ࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ࣤ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ ࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ࣤࡢ࣭ࢪࢹ࣬ࣞࢩࣤᆀ᪁ࡡೇᆀ㎨ࡡ㛏Ꮔ࡛ࡊ࡙⏍ࡱࡿࡒࠊ࢙ࢸࣤࣁࣚ ኬᏕ࡚Ꮥࢆࡓᚃࠉ1751 ᖳ࡞࣓࣭ࢹࣤఐ∎࡞ࡻࡖ࡙࢛࣭ࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞࡡᡜ㡷ࡡࣁ࣭ࢬᩅ༇࡞ ⪯⫃⚐⩽᥆ⷸࡈࡿࠉ⩛ 1752 ᖳ࡞⪯⫃ུ௴ࡊࡒࠊ ࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭࢛࣭ࣤࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞ㉩௴ࡊࡒᙔࠉࢪࢤࢴࢹࣚࣤࢺ࡚ࡢ㛏⩹ᩅఌᅗᩅ࡛ ࡊ࡙ࡡᆀనࢅࡌ࡚࡞☔❟ࡊࠉ1750 ᖳ࡞ࡢࠔ✔Ὤࠕ(Moderates) ເງࢅᣉኬࡊࡒ (Allan 2002, 63-5)ࠊᩝ᪺࡞࠽ࡄࡾ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡ✒ᴗⓏᙲࢅᙁㄢࡊࠉᏋࡡᏺᩅⓏࠉ♣ఌⓏࠉ ᨳⓏᵋ㏸࡞ᚉ࠷ࡗࡗࠉၤⵒࡡ౮ೋふࡡኣࡂࢅ᧞㆜ࡊࠉㄕᩅࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ᬉཀྵࡊࡻ࠹࡛ࡊ ࡒࠊࡐࡡᩅ⩇ࡢಕᏬⓏ࡚ࡢ࠵ࡾࠉၤⵒࡡཋ์࡛ኣࡂࡡ㒂ฦ࡚㔔ࡖ࡙࠷ࡒ (Sher 1985, 63-4; 89; 211; 328)ࠊࡱࡒ✔Ὤࡢࠉ1712 ᖳ࡞ᠺ❟ࡊࡒࠔ௴Ἢࠕ(the law of patronage) ࢅཚ ࡞㐲⏕ࡊࠉ⪯⫃⚐⩽᥆ⷸࡡᶊ㝀ࢅࠉࣂࢹ࡚ࣞࣤ࠵ࡖࡒ㈏᪐ࡷࢩ࢘ࣤࢹ࣭ࣛ㝭ᒒ࡞㞗୯ࡈ ࡎࡾࡆ࡛࡞ຑࡴࡒ (Sher 1985, 44; 50)ࠊᩅఌහࡡ∶ᖅࡡྜྷᛮ࡛ࠉ∶ᖅࢅ௴ࡌࡾ⥪ఌࡡ ᚉᒌࢅཋ์࡛ࡌࡾ㛏⩹ᩅఌ⤄⧂ࢅ㔔っࡊࠉᩅఌࡡ⛓ᗆ⥌ᣚ࡛පභၻࡡࡒࡴ࡞ࡢẎᖳ㛜തࡈ ࡿࡾ⥪ఌࡡỬᏽ࡞᭩⤂Ⓩᶊጸࢅヾࡴࠉࡐࡿ࡞ᑊࡌࡾཚᚉ㡨ᚪさ࡛ࡡ❟ሔࢅཱིࡖࡒ (Sher 1985, 50; 52-3)ࠊࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ࣤࡡ⪯⫃ུ௴ࡵࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹ᡥ⤾ࡀ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙✔Ὤᑙ࡚ ⾔ࢂࡿࡒࠊ ࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ࣤ⪯⫃⚐⩽᥆ⷸࡈࡿࡒࣁ࣭ࢬ (Birsay) ࡢࠉඔࡢᩅఌ㡷ࡓࡖࡒࠉ16 ୠ⣎ ࡞࢛࣭ࢠࢼ࣭ఐ∎㡷࡞ථࡽࠉ17 ୠ⣎࡞ࡢࡡ࣓࣭ࢹࣤఐ∎ࡡᡜ㡷࡛ࡖࡒ (Clouston 1927, 142-3)ࠊࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ࣤ ࡢᅹ⫃୯࡞ ࣁ࣭ࢬᩅ ఌࢅ ᨭಞࡊࠉ∶ᖅ㤃 (manse) ࢅ᩺⠇ࡊ ࡒ 118 (Sinclair 1793, vol.14, 321-2)ࠊ ࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ࣤࡢ 1752 ᖳ࠾ࡼ 71 ᖳࡱ࡚㐪᪁ࡡ࢛࣭ࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞ࡞㉩௴ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࡵࡡࡡࠉࡐ ࡡ⤊Ṍࡢ✔Ὤࡡධ┊࡞㔔ࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉᙴ⮤㌗✔Ὤࡡኣᩐ࡛ྜྷᵕ࡞࢙ࢸࣤࣁ ࣚኬᏕฝ㌗࡚࠵ࡽࠉᬄᖳ࡞ࡢ⏍ࡱࡿᨶ㒋ࡡࢬࣜࢪࢰࣤࣆ࢚࣭ࢺ࡚⪯⫃࡞ᑯ࠷ࡒࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉ ࢬࣜࢪࢰࣤࣆ࢚࣭ࢺࡡ๑௴⩽ࡡࢩࣘࣤ࣬ࣃ࣭࣑ࣖࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙✔Ὤ࡛りࢅಕࡔࠉ⾔ ິࢅභ࡞ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࡵࡡ࡛⩻࠻ࡼࡿࡾࠊࢩࣘࣤ࣬ࣃ࣭࣑ࣖࡢ࢙ࢸࣤࣁࣚኬᏕ࡚Ꮥࢆࡓ࠵࡛ࠉ ࢬࣜࢪࢰࣤࣆ࢚࣭ࢺ࡚ 1747 ᖳ࡞⪯⫃ུ௴ࡊࡒࠊ ࠖࢱࢡࣚࢪࠗ(1757 ᖳ) ࡡషᐓ࡛ࡊ ࡙᭯ྞ࡞ࡽࠉ㤫┞࡞ࡖࡒ➠ࣄ࣭ࣖࢹఐ∎ࡡ⛆᭡ࡵຸࡴࡒ (Sher 1985, 13; 33; 74-92)ࠊ ࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ࣤࡡࡻ࠹࡞࢛࣭ࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞ࡞㉩௴ࡊࡒ㛏⩹ᩅఌࡡ∶ᖅࡢࠉ⥪ࡋ࡙✔Ὤᐞࡽ ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ18 ୠ⣎ᮆࡱ࡚࡞ࡢᩅ༇හ࡚ኬࡀᙫ㡢ງࢅᚋࡒࠊኣࡂࡡ∶ᖅ⏍ᾥࢅ㏳ࡊ࡙ୌࡗ ࡡᩅ༇࡚௴ຸࢅᯕࡒࡊࠉ࢜ࣜࣥࣤ⩇ࡡᩅ⩇ࡷභ⩇ࡡᨳᛦ࡞ࡢᣂἶࡎ ࡍࠉࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ࣤࡡ࢛࣭ࠖࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞࡡ㈃ᅏࠗ࠾ࡼࡵ࠹࠾ࢂࡿࡾ㏳ࡽࠉ㎨ᴏᨭⰃࡷ⏍Ὡ ྡྷ୕ᩅ༇Ằࡡ⌟ᐁⓏ⤊ῥၡ㢗࡞㛭ᚨࢅᐞࡎࡒ (Thomson 1989, 77)ࠊ ࣂࢹࣞࣤࡓࡖࡒ࣓࣭ࢹࣤఐ∎Ṓཡࡊࡒᚃࠉࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ࣤࡢฝ⏍ᆀࡡࢬࣜࢪࢰࣤࣆ࢚ ࣭ࢺ∶ᖅ࡛ࡊ࡙⛛ࡽࠉ1777 ᖳ࡞Ṓཡࡊࡒࠊ Ϫ ࢛࣭ࠖࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞࡡ㈃ᅏ࡛ࠗࢪࢤࢴࢹࣚࣤࢺၤⵒ ࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ࣤࡡ࢛࣭ࠖࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞࡡ㈃ᅏࠗࡢ 1757 ᖳ࡞ᇮ➱ࡈࡿࠉ1760 ᖳ࡞༰ใ࣬පษࡈ ࡿࡒࠊ1885 ᖳ࡞࢙ࢸࣤࣁ්࡚ࣚ∟ࡈࡿࠉࡐࡡᚗ็∟ 2002 ᖳ࡞Ⓠ⾔ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ࣤࡢ࢛࣭ࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞࡡ㈃ᅏࢅࠉ ࠔẴುࠉᅰቫࠉన⨠ࠉ㎨ᴏ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᨭⰃࡡḖዯࠉ ⿿㏸ᴏ࡛Ề⏐ᴏࡡ㍇っࠉ◒ቪⓏ࡚㐢Ἢஹ᪾ࠉዘࠉἪᚂࡡຝງࢅᕟࡲ࡞࠾࠷ࡂࡃࡖ࡙⾔ ࢂࡿࡾᅸโࠉࡐࡊ࡙᭩ᚃ࡞Ὤ㛰ᢘணࠕࡡஐࡗࡡཋᅄ࡞ᖉࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ (Letter, 13/ゼ (1), 83)ࠊ࢛ ࣭ࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞࢅ㈃ᅏ࡞㝏ࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ㈈௴ࢅୌ㈇ࡊ࡙ᙔᆀࡡᅹᆀᆀᒒ (laird) ࡞ᖉࡎࡗࡗㄵ ࡋ࡙࠷ࡾⅤࠉ࢛࣭ࠖࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞࡡ㈃ᅏࠗࡡ᭩ኬࡡ≁ᚡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 1. ࠔ㎨ᴏ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᨭⰃࡡḖዯࠕ ࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ࣤࡢࠉ࢛࣭ࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞࡡኬ㒂ฦࡡᆀ࡞ࡢࠉ㎨ᴏࡡ㝧┊ࢅࡵࡒࡼࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ ࣤࢡࣚࣤࢺࡡᆀ㝭⣥࡞ぜࡼࡿࡾិយᏰධ࡞Ḗࡄ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛㏑ࡾࠊᅹᆀᆀࡢࠉ㈄ᖨᆀ ࡡࢂࡽ࡞⌟∸ᆀࠉ▯ࡡೇᆀዉ⣑ࡷೇᆀዉ⣑᭞᩺ᩩࠉ㟸ᖏ࡞ኣࡂࡡ㝷㝀ࡡ࠷ዅපࠉ ᩐࠍࡡ㎘ⱖࢅᑚష㎨࡞ᢪࡊࡄࠉᨭⰃࡡ⇍ណࢅᢪࡊࡗࡩࡊࠉ㎨ᴏࡢⓆᒈࡎࡍࠉపẰࡡ⏍ ゝ㈃ࡊࡂࡖ࡙ࡊࡱ࠹ (Letter, 16/ゼ (1), 85)ࠊ ࢛࣭ࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞ࡚ࡢ㎨ᆀࡡኬ㒂ฦࠉᮮࡡᅰᆀ㒼ฦἪ (run-rig system) ࡡୖ࡞࠵ࡖࡒࠊ ᅰᆀࡣࡼࡣࡼࡡ⣵㛏࠷ᑚ༇⏤࡞ฦࡈࡿࠉ々ᩐࡡೇᆀ㎨࡞භྜྷ࡚㈒ೇࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡒࡒࡴࠉ ࠍࡡណᕝኰࠔᨭⰃࠕ࡞Ὡ࠾ࡈࡿ࡞ࡂࡂࠉ⏍⏐ᛮ࠾ࡖࡒ (Thomson 2003, 94)ࠊ ᑊ↯Ⓩ࡞ 18 ୠ⣎ࡡࢪࢤࢴࢹࣚࣤࢺᮇᅰ࡚ࡢࠉࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ࣤࡡฝ㌗ᆀ࡚࠵ࡾ࣭ࣞࣚࣤࢺࢅ ୯ᚨ࡞ࠉᕰሔ⤊ῥࡡἴ࡞ࡖ࡙㎨ᴏࡡᨭⰃ㐅ࢆࡓࠊᆀ㝭ᒒࡢᅰᆀࢅᶊງࡷ㌱ງࡡ ″ἠ࡛ࡊ࡙࡚ࡢࡂࠉฺ₮ࢅ⏍ࡳ㈠⏐࡛ᤂ࠻ࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡽࠉ㎨ᴏᨭⰃࡡ᥆㐅࡞ฺ─ࢅぜฝ ࡊࡒ (Devine 2005, 17-8)ࠊ࠾ࡗ࡙ࡡභྜྷషᴏ࡚ࡡ㎨ᴏ࠾ࡼࠉೇᆀ㎨ྜྷኃࡡ❿ணཋ⌦഼ࡀ ெࡡណᕝኰ⏍࠾ࡈࡿࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡽࠉ㎨ᴏ㒂㛓ࡡᕰሔ⤊ῥ㐅ࢆࡓࠊୠ⣎ᚃ༖࡞ࡢᅑ ࠷㎲ࡲ㐅ࡲࠉ㐠㊪ᩒങࡈࡿࠉ༟≺࡚㎨ᆀࢅ⤊ႜࡌࡾೇᆀ㎨ࠔᨭⰃᐓࠕࡡ⌦࡛ࡖ ࡙࠷ࡖࡒ (Divine 2005, 76; 80)ࠊ ࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ࣤ㉩௴ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒ㡥ࡡ࢛࣭ࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞࡢࠉ࣭ࣞࣚࣤࢺࡻࡽᑛࡂ࡛ࡵ༖ୠ⣎ ࡢ㎨ᆀᨭⰃࡡモࡲ㐔ࡿ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࣤࢡࣚࣤࢺࡡᆀ㝭⣥࡛࢛࣭ࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞࡡᅹᆀᆀ ᒒࢅᑊ↯ࡈࡎࡒࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ࣤࡢࠉࣗࢼ࢛ࣤమโࡡᜠ㐪᪁ࡡ࢛࣭ࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞ࡞ࡢࡱࡓཀྵ ࢆ࡚࠷࠷࡛ぜ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ 2. ࠔ⿿㏸ᴏ࡛Ề⏐ᴏࡡ㍇っࠕ ᙔࡡ࢛࣭ࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞ࡚ႜࡱࡿ࡙࠷ࡒ⿿㏸ᴏࡢࠉல㯖⣊ࡡ⣫⦴ᴏ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࢩࣔࢤࣁ 119 ࢹࡡཬ㙘ᅸᚃࠉⱝᅗᨳᗋࡢࡈࡼࡾཬ㜭Ḿࡡࡒࡴࠉࣀࣚࣤࢺ࡞ᢖ㈠ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚㈃ᅏ ࡞ᑊฌࡊࡻ࠹࡛ࠉ1746 ᖳ࡞ⱝᅗࣛࣤࢾࣜఌ♣ (British Linen Company) ࢅス❟ࡊࡒࠊ࢛࣭ࢠ ࢼ࣭ㅎᓞࡡ୕నᅰᆀᡜ᭯⩽࡚࠵ࡖࡒ࣓࣭ࢹࣤఐ∎ࡢࡆࡡⱝᅗࣛࣤࢾࣜఌ♣ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙⣫⦴ᴏ ࢅ࢛࣭ࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞ࡚⮾ࡊࠉᙔᆀࡡᏭ࠷㈜㔘Ề‵ࢅὩ⏕ࡊ࡙ࢼ࣭ࣖ࢜ࢴࢪࣜࣤࢡࣚࣤ ࢺ᮶ᓃࡷࢨ࢘ࢹࣚࣤࢺ࡞ᕰሔࢅ㛜ᢽࡊࠉ㎨ᴏࢅࡊࡡࡃࡡ㍲ฝ⏐ᴏ࡞⫩࡙ࡒ (Thomson 1987, 214-5)ࠊ⣫⦴ᴏࡢᅹᆀᆀᒒ࡛ၛெᒒ࡞ኣኬࡡฺ₮ࢅࡵࡒࡼࡊࡒࠉࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ࣤࡢ ኣࡂࡡ࢛࣭ࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞࡡᅹᆀᆀࠉ㐛ᗐࡡ⪇࠻㞬࠷ㇿᢰ࡛ࡾࡡ⣫⦴ࡡᴏຸࢅೇᆀ ㎨࡞ᙁさࡊ࡙࠷ࡒⅤࢅᢀึࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ (Letter, 21/ゼ (1), 88)ࠊ࢛࣭ࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞࡡ⿿㏸ᴏ࡞㛭ࡌ ࡾࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ࣤࡡ㆗ㄵࡢࠉ࣓࣭ࢹࣤఐ∎࡞ࡻࡾ⣫⦴ᴏࡡᑙථࢅࣗࢼ࢛ࣤమโࡡ࢛࣭ࢠࢼ࣭ ㅎᓞࡡᜠ࡛ࡊ࡙フ౮ࡊࡗࡗࠉ⣫⦴ᴏࢅႜࡳᅹᆀᆀᒒ࡞ࡻࡾೇᆀ㎨ࡷᑚషெࡡ㓖ࠉ ⣫⦴ᴏࡡ⏕ࢅᢀึࡌࡾ❟ሔࢅཱིࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ᴏ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ࣤࡢࡐࡡ⤊ῥⓏฺ᭯ࡈࢅ㧏ࡂフ౮ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠉ࢛࣭ࢠࢼ ࣭ㅎᓞ࡞࠽࠷࡙᭩ࡵ㍇っࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ㒂㛓࡛ぜࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ࢛࣭ࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞ࡚ࡢᅹᆀᆀᒒ ࡛ೇᆀ㎨ᒒࡡᑊ❟ࢅጙࡴࠉ♣ఌᴗࡴ࡙ฦࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉᴏපභࡡฺ─࡛ࡾ❟᱄ࢅ ❟ࡊ࡙࠷ࡂࡡ࡞ඖฦ࡞ᚪさᅆ⤎࡚ࡀ࠷ࡒࡴࠉⱝᅗ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ⯢ࡽࡡ᭩㧏ࡡ⫩ᠺᡜ ࡡࡥ࡛ࡗ࡛ࡽࡠ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛ࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ࣤࡢ⩻࠻࡙࠷ࡒ (Letter, 22/ゼ (1), 89)ࠊ 3. ࠔ◒ቪⓏ࡚㐢Ἢஹ᪾ࠕ ࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ࣤࡢ♣ఌࡡ◒⁓ࡡࡵ࡛࡛ࡾᐠ㍲ࠉἪஹ᪾ࠉ㐛ཡ 30 ᖳ࡞ῳࡖ࡙࢛࣭ࢠࢼ ࣭ㅎᓞ࡚ࡢ᛬㏷࡞ᗀࡖ࡙ࡀࡒ࡛㏑ࠉᐠ㍲┊ࢆ࡞ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾཋᅄࢅᅹᆀᆀᒒࡡᣞᑙ ງࡡḖዯ࡞ịࡴ࡙࠷ࡾ (Letter, 23/ゼ (1), 89-90)ࠊ 18 ୠ⣎ࡡ࢛࣭ࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞ࡚ࡢࠉ㎨ᴏ⏍Ꮛࡡ᭩㝀ࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾỀ‵࡞Ḿࡱࡖ࡙࠷ࡒୌ᪁ ࡚ࠉᐠ㍲ࢅྱࡴࡒஹ᪾ࡢධ⯙Ⓩ࡞ᣉኬࡊࡒ (Thomson 1987, 207)ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊᐠ㍲ࡢெࠍࡡ⢥♼ ࢅሃⴘࡈࡎࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉἪ࡞ථᡥࡊࡒዘဗࡡᾐ㈕࡚మງࡷẴງࢅࡵዞ࠹ࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ ࢛࣭ࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞࡡ⏍ᮮࡡẴ࡚࠵ࡾቪ⾉ᪿࡻࡽࡵᖏ⩞Ⓩ࡞ࡖ࡙ࡊࡱࡖࡒ࡛ࣉࢴࣈࣁ ࣭ࣤࡢㄵࡋࡾࠊࡱࡒపẰᛨ࡞ࡽࠉኣࡂࡡຘ഼࡚ࡀࡍࠉ๑ୠ㛏⏍ࡀ࡚ࡵ࠷ ཋᅄࡢࠉࡥ࡛࠻࡞ࡆࡡᐠ㍲࡞ᖉࡎࡼࡿࡾ࡛ࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ࣤࡢぜ࡙࠷ࡒ (Letter, 23-4/ゼ (1), 90)ࠊ 4. ࠔዘࠕ ࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ࣤዘࢅ࢛࣭ࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞࡡ㈃ᅏࡡཋᅄ࡛ࡊ࡙ᣪࡅࡾ⌦⏜ࡢࠉࡐࡿపẰࡡ ໂຫ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙㉆ථࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࢂࡄ࡚ࡢ࠷࡛⩻࠻࡙࠷ࡒ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡊࡒࡖ࡙࢛࣭ࢠࢼ ࣭ㅎᓞࡡዘࡢࠉஹ᪾⦶ᰜࡊ࡙࠷ࡾሔᡜࡻࡽࡵ᭯ᐐ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ࣤࡢㄵࡋࡾ (Letter, 24-5/ゼ (1), 90-1)ࠊᐁ㝷࡞ᙔࡡ࢛࣭ࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞ࡚ዘࢅ⥌ᣚࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࢂࡿࡒ᭩ ኬࡡ㈀″ࡢࠉࢢࣜࣈࡡ⏍⏐࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࢢࣜࣈࡢ㈃ᅏᒒ࡞㞘⏕ࢅ࠻ࡒࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉ㐛ཡ 20 ᖳ࡞ῳࡖ࡙Ẏᖳⱝ㈄ 2,000 ࣎ࣤࢺࡡ⌟㔘ථࢅ࢛࣭ࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞ࡞ࡵࡒࡼࡊࡒ࡛ࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ ࣤࡢ᥆ᏽࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ (Letter, 26/ゼ (1), 91-2)ࠊ 18 ୠ⣎ࡡࢢࣜࣈ⏍⏐ࡢࠉࡿᡥ࡚⢎࡛ࡵゕ࠻ࡾ㧏─⏐ᴏ࡚࠵ࡽࠉཋᩩࡡᾇ⸬㇇ᐣ ࢪࢤࢴࢹࣚࣤࢺࡡࣀࣚࣤࢺこ㒂ࡷㅎᓞࠉ≁࡞ࣉࣇࣛࢸ࣭ࢫㅎᓞ࡚ࡢ࠾ࡗ࡙࠷ࡡ ᐣࢅᆀᒒ࡞ࡵࡒࡼࡊࠉቌኬࡌࡾெཾࢅᨥ࠻ࡒࠊ࢛࣭ࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞ࡚ࡢࢢࣜࣈ⏍⏐⦶ᰜࢅ ᴗࡴࡒ 1770 ᖳ࠾ࡼ 1820 ᖳࡱ࡚ࡢࠔࢢࣜࣈࠕ(Kelp Years) ࡛ࡵࡣࡿࠉࡆࡡ㛣࡞࢛ ࣭ࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞࡡᅹᆀᆀᒒࡢⱝ㈄ 100 ࣎ࣤࢺࢅ㉰࠻ࡾฺ₮ࢅᡥ࡞ࡊࡒ࡛ぜࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ᪁࡚ࠉࢤࢪࢹࡡࢢࣜࣈ⏍⏐ࡢᢖ㈠ࢅ࡛ࢆᚪさ࡛ࡊ࠾ࡖࡒࡒࡴࠉ㎨ᴏ࡛ࡢ␏ࡽࠉ ࡐࡡ─ࡢࠔᨭⰃࠕ࡞⏕࠷ࡼࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࡂᾁ㈕ࡈࡿࡒࠊࡆ࠹ࡊ࡙ዘᗀࡽࠉ࢛࣭ࢠࢼ ࣭ㅎᓞࡡᅹᆀᆀᒒࡢᨥฝࢅ᛬ቌࡈࡎࡒ (Allan 2002, 96; Devine 2005, 86; 89; Shearer 1966, 38-9; Sinclair, vol.7, 455; 540-1; Thomson 1987, 207; 211-2; 228)ࠊ ࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ࣤࡢᙔࡡ࢛࣭ࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞࡡ㍲ථ࡛㍲ฝࢅᑊᄿ࡛ぜ✒ࡵࡽࠉ㍲ฝ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ ࢛࣭ࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞࡡ㈀㈄ฝ࡙⾔ࡀࠉᘤࡀᥦ࠻࡞ᚋࡼࡿࡒ㈘᪾㯦Ꮚᅹᆀᆀᒒ࡞ࡻࡾዘ ࡞ᾁ㈕ࡈࡿࡾ⤎ᯕࠉ ࠔࡆࡡᅗࡢ㈃ࡊ࠷࡞㐢࠷࠷ࠕ࡛࠷࠹⤎ㄵࡢ㑂ࡄࡼࡿ࠷࡛ㄵࡋ࡙࠷ࡾ 120 (Letter, 26-7/ゼ (1), 92)ࠊ ࡊ࠾ࡊᐁ㝷࡞ࡢࠉࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ࣤ௴ᆀࢅ㞫ࡿࡒ 1770 ᖳ࠾ࡼ࢛࣭ࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞࡢࠔࢢࣜࣈ ࠕ࡞ථࡖࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡵࢢࣜࣈ⏍⏐⾮㏝ࡊࡒࡡ࡛ථࡿ᭨ࢂࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ✒ࡈࡿࡒ㈠ᮇࢅ Ὡ⏕ࡊ࡙ 1830 ᖳ࡞ࡢ㎨ᴏࡡࠔᨭⰃࠕᮇࡊࡒ (Shearer 1966, 39-40)ࠊ⤎ᯕⓏ࡞ࡢዘ ࢛࣭ࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞࢅ㈃ᅏࡊࡒࢂࡄ࡚ࡢ࠾ࡖࡒ࡛ぜࡾࡆ࡛ࡵ࡚ࡀࡾࠊ 5. ࠔἪᚂࡡຝງࢅᕟࡲ࡞࠾࠷ࡂࡃࡖ࡙⾔ࢂࡿࡾᅸโࠕ ࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ࣤ࠵ࡼࡹࡾᅗ࡞࡛ࡖ࡙㈃ᅏࡡୌࡗࡡኬࡀཋᅄ࡛㏑ࡾᬸᨳ࡛ᅸโࡢࠉᙔ ࡡ࢛࣭ࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞ࡚ࡵᗀ⠂࡞⾔ࢂࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ࣤ࡞ࡻࡾᅹᆀᆀᒒᢀึࡡ┩ ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ྜྷ࡞ࠉ࢛࣭ࠖࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞࡡ㈃ᅏࠗࡡさㄵⅤ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ࣤࡷࡽ⋚࡞ᣪ ࡅࡾᅸโࡢࠉཿᮮ࠾ࡼࡡៈ⩞ࡷᚋᶊࠉ㈁⛊࠾ࡼࠉࡱࡒ㈆ḟࡷṟ㓖ࡈࠉࡐࡡࡡཋᅄ࠾ࡼ Ⓠ⏍ࡊࠉἪᚂࡡຝງࢅᕟࡲ࡞࠾࠷ࡂࡃࡖ࡙⾔ࢂࡿࡾ⛸㢦ࡡᅸโ࡚࠵ࡾࠊරమⓏ࡞ࡢࠉ▯ ࡡೇᆀᶊࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾ⛸㢦ࡡ⌟∸ᆀࠉ᩺ぞೇᆀዉ⣑ᩩࡷೇᆀዉ⣑᭞᩺ᩩࠉ᪺▉ࡱࡱ㝷 㝀ࡂᙁさࡈࡿࡾዅප࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡆࡿࡼࡢ⤧࠻ࡍࠔᨭⰃࠕࢅጄࡅࠉೇᆀ㎨ࢅ㈃ᅏ࡛ᚉᒌ ≟ឺ࡞㈐ࡴࡾ࡛ࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ࣤࡢᢀึࡌࡾ (Letter, 27-8/ゼ (1), 92-3)ࠊ ࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ࣤࡢ࣓࣭ࢹࣤఐ∎࡛ୌ㒂ࡡᅹᆀᆀᒒ࡛ࡡ㛣࡚ᙔ㐅⾔୯࡚࠵ࡖࡒ࠷ࢂࡹࡾ ࠔࣂࣤࢺ࣭ࣚソギࠕ࡛ࡣࡿࡾἪᘈ㜒ணࢅཱིࡽ୕ࡅࠉ࣓࣭ࢹࣤఐ∎ഁ࡞❟ࡖ࡙ᅹᆀᆀᒒ ࡡᢀึࢅᒈ㛜ࡊ࡙࠷ࡂࠊࡆࡡソギ࡚ཋ࿈ࡡᅹᆀᆀഁࡢࠉఐ∎㡷࡚ࡢỄ⛊ೇᆀ࡞ᑊࡌ ࡾẎᖳࡡᆀᨥᡮ࠷ࢅỬࡴࡾ⾦㔖༟నཋิࡡᇱ‵࠾ࡼฦࡡ௧୕ࡵḗ➠࡞ቌຊࡈࡿ࡙ ࡀࡒ࡛ソ࠻ࡒ (Letter, 34/ゼ (2), 86-7)ࠊ ࠔࣂࣤࢺ࣭ࣚソギࠕࢅཋ࿈ഁ࡚ᑙࡊࡒࣁ࣭ࣝᓞࡡᅹᆀᆀ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࢩ࣑࢘ࢫ࣬ࢪ ࢷ࣭ࣖࢹ༽ࡡᡜ㡷࡚ࡢࠉ㍇ങࡡᮄ⿿ࡡ㗗ࢅ⏕࠷ࡾࠉ᪃⫟ࠉ⪌షἪ࡛ࡵ࡞ᮅⓆ㐡࡚ ࠵ࡽࠉ∶⏾࡚ࡵᐓ⏾ᨲࡊ㣣࠷࡞ࡈࡿࠉ㇔㰧࡚ᆀ㟻ࢅᤸࡖࡒ࠵࡛࡞ష∸ࢅ᳔࠻ࡄࡾ ࡛⓮⫏ࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡒ (Letter, 19-20/ゼ (1), 87; Shearer 1966, 27-9)ࠊᓞහ࡞ᕰሔࡂ⌟㔘ථ ᚋࡼࡿ࠾ࡖࡒࡒࡴࠉኬ㒂ฦࡡᆀࡢ⌟∸࡚ᚡࡈࡿࠉຊ࠻࡙ೇᆀ㎨ࡢ㡷࠾ࡼዅපࢅ さịࡈࡿࡾࠉ⏍ὩỀ‵ࡢ࠾ࡖࡒ (Shearer 1966, 29-30; Sinclair, vol.15, 301; 310)ࠊ㎨ᴏ ✥ࡡ୕ࡼ࠷ᓞ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉ⯗ᾇࡷஹ᪾㔔さ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ㐪Ὂᴏࡷⱝᅗᾇ㌱ࠉ ࣀࢺࢮࣤఌ♣ெᮞࢅཱིࡼࡿࡾ⤎ᯕ࡞ࡵࡖࡒ (Shearer 1966, 40-2; Sinclair, vol.15, 311)ࠊ ࡱࡒࢩ࣑࢘ࢫ࣬ࢪࢷ࣭ࣖࢹ༽ࡢࠉ⮤㌗ࡡᡜ㡷ࡡೇᆀ㎨ࡷᑚష㎨࡞ᑊࡌࡾᩐࠍࡡᅸโ ࡚ᝇྞ㧏࠷ࠊᡜ㡷හࡡపெࡡ㏻ࡿཡࡽࠉ┐⚏ࠉᬸ⾔ࠉዅපࡡᙁさࠉఎ⤣Ⓩ࡞ヾࡴࡼࡿ࡙ࡀ ࡒἶ⅛ࡡཱིᶊ࡞ᑊࡌࡾㄚᚡ㔘ࡡᑙථࠉභྜྷࡡᨲ∶ᆀࡡἪᅑ࠷㎲ࡲࠉೇᆀ㎨ࡷᑚష㎨ ࡡపᑽࡡἪථࠉᐓ⏾ࡷᡜᣚဗ࣬㔘㖱ࡡἪᢪࠉᜓណⓏ⛁ᩩࠉᾇᓃ࡞ᡬࡔ୕ࡅ ࡼࡿࡒ㞬◒㈄∸ࡡ༥࡚᭯㈈௴ࢅၡࢂࡿࡒ (Fereday 1980, 38-40; Letter, 48/ゼ (2), 95-6)ࠊ ᅹᆀᆀᒒ࡞ࡻࡾᅸโ࡞ࡻࡽࠉ࢛࣭ࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞ࡚ࡢపẰࡡໂຫࡈࠉὕᐳງࠉᅆ⤎ງḖ ዯࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉ㎨ᴏࠉỀ⏐ᴏࠉ⿿㏸ᴏࢅ⾮㏝࠾ࡼᚗ⮾ࡌࡾࡡࡢࠉᅹᆀᆀᒒᙴࡼ⮤㌗ࡡฺ ᐐࢅぜᴗࡴ࡙ࡐࡿࡼࢅᥴຐࡌࡾࡻ࠹ᑸງࡊ࠷㝀ࡽࠉ࡛ࢆྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ ࣤࡢ㏑࡙࠷ࡾ (Letter, 31/ゼ (1), 95)ࠊ࢛࣭ࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞࡡ㈃ᅏࡢࠉᅹᆀᆀᒒࡡᅸโ࡞ࡻࡖ ࡙ᘤࡀ㉫ࡆࡈࡿ࡙ࡀࡒ࡛ࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ࣤࡢ⤎ㄵࡄࡾ (Letter, 44/ゼ (2), 93)ࠊ 6. ࠔὬ㛰ᢘணࠕ ࢛࣭ࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞࡡ㈃ᅏࡡཋᅄ࡛ࡊ࡙᭩ᚃ࡞ࣉࢴࣈࣁཱི࣭ࣤࡽ୕ࡅࡾࡡࠉὬ㛰ࡷඨὬ ࡡቌኬ࡛ᣉࡽ࡚࠵ࡾࠊὬ㛰ᢘணࡢᐣ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࡓࡄ࡚ࡂெࠍࡡ⢥♼࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࡵᝇᙫ㡢ࢅ ཀྵࡊ⤾ࡄ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛ࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ࣤࡢぜࡾ (Letter, 45/ゼ (2), 94)ࠊ ࡒࡓࡊࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ࣤ࡞ࡻࡾὬ㛰ᢘணࡡᢀึࡢࠉࣃ࣭࣑ࣖࡡࡻ࠹࡞Ὤ㛰ୌ⯙ࡡᢀึ࡚ ࡢࡂࠉࠔࣂࣤࢺ࣭ࣚソギࠕࡡཋ࿈ഁ࡞ຊເࡊࡒ࢛࣭ࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞࡡᅹᆀᆀᒒࡡᢀึ࡚࠵ ࡾⅤ≁ᚡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࢩ࣑࢘ࢫ࣬ࢪࢷ࣭ࣖࢹ༽࡛ᙴࡡὬ㛰ࡢࠉ࣓࣭ࢹࣤఐ∎࡛ᙴࡡ๑௴ ⩽ࡒࡔࢅࠉ࢛࣭ࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞࡡᇱ‵⾦㔖༟నࢅ᰾አࡿࡡ㧏ࡈ࡞ࡱ࡚ᢙ࡞りࡿ࡙ቌຊࡈࡎ࡙ࡀ 121 ࡒᬸྦࠉᅸโ⩽ࡓ࡛⏞ࡊ❟࡙ࡒ (Letter, 48-9/ゼ (2), 96; Fereday 1980, 38; Thomson 1987, 231-2)ࠊ⾦㔖༟న࡞㛭ࡌࡾண࠷ࢅࠉࣗࢼ࢛ࣤమโୖ࡚ᣉᘿࡌࡾ᩺ࡊ࠷ᕰሔ⤊ῥ࡞┞ᚺࡊ࠷ⱝ ᅗ⤣ୌࡡᇱ‵ࢅᑙථࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚よỬࡊࡻ࠹࡛ࡊࡒ࣓࣭ࢹࣤఐ∎ࡡᑊฌἪࡢࠉర࡚࠵ࡿን᭞ ࡢᅹᆀᆀഁࡡฺ࡞ࡾ࡛ࡡಘ᮪࠾ࡼࠉᗀ࠷⠂ᅑ࡚ཬⓆࢅࡦࠉ┐╡ᩅఌ࡛ࢩࣔࢤࣁ ࢹὬ࡞㏻ࡾᅹᆀᆀᒒࡡఎ⤣ࡢࠉᙴࡼࢅࡊ࡙ࢩ࣑࢘ࢫ࣬ࢪࢷ࣭ࣖࢹ༽࡞ይណࢅྡྷࡄ ࡈࡎࡒࠊ᪁࡚࣓࣭ࢹࣤఐ∎ࡢࠉࣗࢼ࢛ࣤ௧㜾࡞୕㝌㆗ఌ࡞ථࡖࡒ 16 ெࡡࢪࢤࢴࢹࣚࣤࢺ ㈏᪐ࡡୌெ࡛ࡊ࡙ࢤ࣭ࢹὬࡡ࣌ࢴࢡ࡞ᒌࡊࠉᮆࡡ࢚࣭ࣜ࣎ࣜᨳᶊഁ࡞❟ࡔࡗࡗ࣭ ࢝ࣜප∎ࡷࡐࡡᘭࡡ࣭ࣝ༽ഁ࡛ࡵ⾔ິࢅභ࡞ࡊࠉ㛏⩹ᩅఌὬ࡚ࣀࢿ࣭࣭ࣥ⋜ᐓᨥ ᣚ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࡒࡴࠉᚪ↓Ⓩ࡞ᅹᆀᆀᒒࡡᩓᑊⓏឺᗐࢅᣅ࠷ࡒ (Fereday 1980, 4; 23; 47)ࠊ ࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ࣤࡢཬࢩࣔࢤࣁࢹࡡ❟ሔ࠾ࡼࠉ࢛࣭ࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞࡡᅹᆀᆀᒒ࡞ࡻࡾᬸᨳ࡛ ᅸโࡢࠔᶊງࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾ㌱Ⓩ㈏᪐โࠕ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ࣓࣭ࢹࣤఐ∎ࡐࡡୌဤ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ࣌ ࢴࢡᨥ㒼మโࡡࡻ࠹ࠔ㔘㖱࡛ᐣࢅ။ୌࡡິᶭ࡛ࡌࡾ㈏᪐โࠕࡻࡽࡵ㧏㈏࡚Ẵ㧏ࡂࠉࡐ ࡿࡓࡄୌᒒࠉୖᒒ㝭ᒒ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᅸโࡢࡥࡂࡽࡔ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ᢀึࡌࡾ (Letter, 27/ゼ (1), 92)ࠊࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ࣤ࡞ࡻࡾ࣐࣎ࣝࢴࢠᅹᆀᆀᒒᢀึࠉ࣌ࢴࢡᨥ㒼మโᨥᣚࠉ ࢛࣭ࠖࢠ ࢼ࣭ㅎᓞࡡ㈃ᅏࠗ࡞⾪ࡿࡾ࡛ࢆ။ୌࡡ᪺☔ࢪࢰࣤࢪ࡚࠵ࡾࠉࡐࡡ࣐࣎ࣝࢴࢠ ࡞ᙁ㐛ࡁࡒࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉࣂࢹࣞࣤࡓࡖࡒ࣓࣭ࢹࣤఐ∎ࡢࠉ ࢛࣭ࠖࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞࡡ㈃ᅏࠗࡡฝ∟࡞ ཬᑊࡊ࡙࠷ࡒ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡵࡊࡆࡡᑚⴥฝ∟ࡈࡿࡿࡣࠉソギࡡ࡛ྜྷࡋࡻ࠹࡞ἶྙ࡞ ࡽࠉ⮤↓࡞ᾐ࠻࡙࠷ࡖࡒࡢࡍࡡ៦ᝇࢅṟࡊ⤾ࡄࡾࡓࡄ࡞ࡊ࠾ࡼࡍࠉソギ࡚ᗀࡴࡼࡿࡒ ೩ぜࢅཱིࡽ㝎ࡀࠉ࢛࣭ࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞࡡ♣ఌ࡞ㄢࢅཱིࡽᡘࡌࡆ࡛࡚ᖲ࡛⦶ᰜࢅᐁ⌟ࡊࡒ࠷ ࡛ࡡⴥ⩽ࡡ┘Ⓩ㐡ࡎࡼࡿ࠷࡛⩻࠻࡙࠷ࡒ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊఐ∎ࡡᚽ࿈࡞ࡻࡽࠉࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ ࣤࡡᑚⴥࡢᗀ⠂࡞㒼ࡼࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࡢ࠾ࡖࡒࠊ⾪⣤࡞ࡢࣞࣤࢺࣤ࡞࡙༰ใ࡛オࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡵ ࡡࡡࠉᐁ㝷࡞ࡢ࢙ࢸࣤࣁ࡚ࣚ༰ใࡈࡿࡒ࡛ఐ∎ࡢ᥆ᐳࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ࣤࡵఐ∎ࡡ ᚽ࿈ࢅུࡄථࡿ࡙ࠉⴥ⩽ྞ࡛༰ใ⩽ྞࢅฝࡈࡍ࡞ᑛ㒂ᩐࡡࡲࢅⓆ⾔ࡊࡒࡻ࠹࡚࠵ࡾ (The Earl of Morton: Document)ࠊ ࢩࣔࢤࣁࢹὬ࡛ࡊ࡙ᤍࡼ࠻ࡼࡿࡒࢩ࣑࢘ࢫ࣬ࢪࢷ࣭ࣖࢹ༽ࡢࠉึ࡚ཬ㏣⨝☔ ᏽࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࡂࠉ1746 ᖳ࡞ࣞࣤࢺࣤࡡࢦࢧ࣭ࢠࡡᣂ⨠ᡜ࡚Ṓࡊࠉᘭࡡࣝࢠࢦࣤࢱ࣭ ࡵ࣭࢜ࣞࢸ࡚ࣤᡋṒࡊࡒࠉࣁ࣭ࣝᓞࡡᡜ㡷ࡢ⦍ᡁ㛭౿࡞࠵ࡖࡒ࢟ࣔࣞ࢘ఐ∎࡞┞ ⤾ࡈࡿࡒࠊ࢟ࣔࣞ࢘ఐ∎ࡢࠉࢩ࣑࢘ࢫ࣬ࢪࢷ࣭ࣖࢹ༽ࡡᚃࢅུࡄ࡙ཬ࣓࣭ࢹࣤὬ ࡡᅹᆀᆀᒒࡡ㢄࡞❟ࡔࠉ ࠔࣂࣤࢺ࣭ࣚソギࠕࢅཋ࿈ഁ࡚ᘤࡀ⤽࠷ࡓ (Fereday 1980, 125)ࠊ ࢛࣭ࠖࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞࡡ㈃ᅏࠗࡡ⤎ࡦ࡚ࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ࣤࡢࠉࠔࣂࣤࢺ࣭ࣚソギࠕࡷἪᘈአ࡚ࡡὬ 㛰ᢘண㛏ᘤ࠷࡙࠷ࡾ⤎ᯕࠉ࢛࣭ࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞࡡ♣ఌฦ᩷ࡈࡿࠉ࣓࣭ࢹࣤఐ∎࡞ࡻࡖ࡙╌ ᡥࡈࡿࡒல㯖⣊ࡡ⣫⦴ᴏࠉ࠷ࡂࡗ࠾ࡡ㈏㔔ࠔᨭⰃࠕᮅᏰᠺࡡࡱࡱᨲ⨠ࡈࡿࠉ㈃ᅏ ࠾ࡼࡡ⬲༴ᅏ㞬࡞ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛ᠩᛍࢅ⾪᪺ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ (Letter, 56-7/ゼ (2), 102)ࠊࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ ࣤࡡ㆗ㄵࡢ࢛࣭ࠖࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞࡡ㈃ᅏࠗࡡධమࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉ࣓࣭ࢹࣤఐ∎࡞ࡻࡾᡜ㡷⤊ႜ࡚⏍ ὩỀ‵ྡྷ୕ࡊࡒࡆ࡛ࢅ࢛࣭ࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞࡡࣗࢼ࢛ࣤమโࡡᜠ࡛ࡊ࡙フ౮ࡊࡗࡗࠉ㎨ᴏ ࡷ⿿㏸ᴏࡡ㍇っࠉᐠ㍲ࡷዘࠉᅸโࡷὬ㛰ᢘணࠉᅹᆀᆀᒒഁࡡᡜᴏࢅ㈃ᅏࡡཋᅄ࡛ ࡊ࡙ᢀึࡌࡾ❟ሔ࡚ୌ㈇ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ ϫ ࠽ࢂࡽ࡞ ࢪࢤࢴࢹࣚࣤࢺᩅఌ✔Ὤࡡ⤊ῥᛦࡢࠉࠔᨭⰃࠕࡡ㐅ᆀ࢙ࢸࣤࣁࣚ㎾㎰ࢅᣈⅤ࡛ࡊ ࡒ୯ᚨⓏ࣒ࣤࣁ࣭࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉࢨ࣭ࣔㄵࡋࡒ㏳ࡽࠉࣤࢡࣚࣤࢺ࡛ࡡࣗࢼ࢛ࣤమโୖ࡚ ᣉኬࡊࡒᕰሔ⤊ῥࡵࡒࡼࡊࡒㇿࡡഁ㟻ࡡ㛭ᚨ࡚༥ࡴࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡒ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊྜྷࡋ ✔Ὤࡡහ㒂࡚ࡵࠉ࢙ࢸࣤࣁࣚ࠾ࡼ㐪ࡂ㞫ࡿࡒ㞫ᓞ࡞࠷ࡒࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ࣤࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ ࠔᨭⰃࠕ ࡡࢸ࢛࣭ࣞ࢟ࡡゕㄊࢅ⏕࠷ࡒฦࡓࡄࣃ࣭࣑ࣖࡷࢪ࣐ࢪᐂふⓏ࡛ࡢゕ࠻࠷ࡱ࡚ࡵࠉ ᐣࡌࡾ♣ఌࡡ୯ࡡࠔ㈃ᅏࠕࢅࠔ࣎ࣛࢷ࢙࢜ࣜ࣬ࢤࢿ࣐࣭ࠕ࡞㎾࠷ࢪࢰࣤࢪ࡚ᥝࡊ ࡒ⤊ῥᛦࡵᏋᅹࡊࡒࠊ ࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ࣤࡡሔྙࠉᅹᆀᆀᒒᢀึࠉ࣓࣭ࢹࣤఐ∎᧞㆜࡛࠷࠹ࢪࢰࣤࢪࠉ࢛࣭ࠖࢠࢼ ࣭ㅎᓞࡡ㈃ᅏࠗࡡ౪ᣈࡌࡾ࡛ࢆ။ୌࡡ❟ࡔన⨠࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡡ⤎ᯕࠉᕰሔ⤊ῥࡡᣉᘿ ࢅࢸ࢛࣭ࣞ࢟ࡷ⌦ㄵ࡛ࡊ࡙ᨥᣚࡌࡾࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉ≁ᏽࡡ≟Ἓୖ࡚ࡡ㈃ᅏၡ㢗ࡡよỬ➿࡛ 122 ࡊ࡙ࠉᐣࡡቌ㐅ࡡ⌟ᐁⓏ᪁➿࡛ࡊ࡙ᡬࡔฝࡊࠉ᧞㆜ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵࢅ㈇ࡂࡆ࡛࡛ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡊ ࡙ࣤࢡࣚࣤࢺࡡᆀ㝭⣥࡛࢛࣭ࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞࡡᅹᆀᆀᒒࢅᑊ↯ࡈࡎࡒⅤ࡞⾪ࡿ࡙࠷ ࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉᙔࡡ᩺ࡊ࠷ࣗࢼ࢛ࣤమโୖ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᵕࠍฺᐐᑊ❟࡛ᨳⓏᢘணࡡ୯࡚࠵࠻ ࡙ࣗࢼ࢛ࣤࢅ᥆ࡊ㐅ࡴࡾഁ࡞❟ࡖࡒၤⵒࡡ⤊ῥᛦࡡ≁ᛮࢅᙁࡂ♟ࡌࡆ࡛࡞ࡵࡖࡒࠊ ࡆࡡⅤࡢ࢛࣭ࠖࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞࡡ㈃ᅏࠗࡡオ㏑ᙟᘟࢅ⤽ᢆࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠖࢪࢤࢴࢹࣚࣤࢺ⤣ゝሒ ࿈ࠗ(1791-99 ᖳ) ࡚ࡵྜྷᵕ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࢩࣘࣤ࣬ࢨࣤࢠࣝ༽ࡡࡦ࠾ࡄ࡚ࢪࢤࢴࢹࣚࣤࢺᩅఌ ∶ᖅ࡞ࡻࡾᩅ༇⤊ῥࡡオ㏑ࢅ㞗ࡴࡒࠖࢪࢤࢴࢹࣚࣤࢺ⤣ゝሒ࿈ࠗࡢࠉᮮࡡᅰᆀ⪌షἪࡡ ᗣḾࡷභ᭯ᆀࡡฦ࣬ᅑ࠷㎲ࡲࠉᕰሔ⤊ῥࢅὩ⏕ࡊࡒࠔᨭⰃࠕࡡ᪁➿⌟ሔ࡞༳ࡊ ࡙ᐁ㊰Ⓩ࡞ㄵࡋࡼࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭ࣤࡡオ㏑ୌࡗࡡ㥉Ⓩ࣓ࢸ࡛ࣜࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ࢛ ࣭ࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞࡡᩅ༇ࡡオ㏑≁࡞ඖᐁࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛ࡵࠉഃ↓࡚ࡢ࠷ (Thomson 2003, 95)ࠊ ࢪࢤࢴࢹࣚࣤࢺᩅఌ✔Ὤࡡ⤊ῥᛦࡢࠉࢨ࣭ࣔ࡞ࡻࡾᛮࡄࡻࡽࡵኣᵕၡ㢗㛭ᚨ࡛ ධࢪࢤࢴࢹࣚࣤࢺⓏᣉࡽࢅᣚࡖ࡙࠷ࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ さཤ⩻ᩝ⊡ Hepburn, Thomas [1760] 1885. A Letter to a Gentleman from his Friend in Orkney, containing the True Causes of the Poverty of that Country. Edinburgh: William Brown. ཿᐓᘧᖶゼࠔࢹ࣭࣏ࢪ࣬ ࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭࢛࣭ࣤࠖࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞࡡ㈃ᅏࠗ(1760 ᖳ) (1)ࠕࠖ⤊ῥᏕㄵ✪ࠗ(㛭こᏕ㝌ኬᏕ) 60 (1): 77-97. ཿᐓᘧᖶゼࠔࢹ࣭࣏ࢪ࣬ࣉࢴࣈࣁ࣭࢛࣭ࣤࠖࢠࢼ࣭ㅎᓞࡡ㈃ᅏࠗ(1760 ᖳ) (2)ࠕ ࠖ⤊ῥ Ꮥㄵ✪ࠗ(㛭こᏕ㝌ኬᏕ) 60 (2): 85-103. MacKenzie, James [1836] (1750), The General Grievances and Oppression of the Isles of Orkney and Shetland, Second Edition. Edinburgh: Laing and Forbes. The Earl of Morton: Document. Handwritten ‘Manuscript Transcription of comments apparently by the Earl of Morton on the proposed publication of “A Letter to a Gentleman from his Friend in Orkney, containing the True Causes of the Poverty of that Country”, c.1760. D1/375, Orkney Archives, Kirkwall. Pundlar Process: Earl of Galloway and Udallers of Orkney v Earl of Morton. Printed legal papers, 333Y, Orkney Library. Sinclair, Sir John 1793. The Statistical Account of Scotland: Drawn up from the Communications of the Ministers of the Different Parishes. Vols. 2, 7, 14 and 15. Edinburgh. Allan, David 2002. Scotland in the Eighteenth Century: Union and Enlightenment. London: Longman. Clouston, J. Storer. 1927. The Orkney Parishes. Kirkwall. Devine, Thomas M.; Lee, Clive H.; Peden, George C. (eds) 2005. The Transformation of Scotland: The Economy since 1700. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Fereday, R. P. 1980. Orkney Feuds and the ’45. Kirkwall: Kirkwall Grammar School. Furuya, Hiroyuki 2003. The ‘private vices, public benefits’ controversy: the response of the Scottish Enlightenment to Bernard Mandeville. PhD Thesis, University of Edinburgh. ཿᐓ ᘧᖶ 2007.ࠖெ∸࡚ㄖࡳ⤊ῥᏕྍࠗࡨࡂࢀ࠹ฝ∟. ཿᐓ ᘧᖶ 2008.ࠖ∸ㄊ ⤊ῥྍࠗࡨࡂࢀ࠹ฝ∟. Murdoch, Alexander 1998. British History, 1660-1832: National Identity and Local Culture. London: Macmillan. Shearer, John W. 1966. South Ronaldsay and Burray: The Evolution of an Island Economy. Thesis presented for M. A. Honours Geography, University of Glasgow. Sher, Richard B. 1985. Church and University in the Scottish Enlightenment: The Moderate Literati of Edinburgh. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Thomson, William P. L. 1987. History of Orkney. Edinburgh: The Mercat Press. Thomson, William P. L. 1989. The Eighteenth-Century Church in Orkney. In Light in the North: St Magnus Cathedral through the Centuries. Harry William MacPhail Cant and Howie N. Firth (eds). Kirkwall: The Orkney Press: 57-79. Thomson, William P. L. 2003. Agricultural Improvement. In The Orkney Book. Donald Omand (ed). Edinburgh: Birlinn: 92-101. 123
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