CzsÁåAiÀÄ 18
&qz8
wY¹p
)&]V®$Lwp¨3|Yp$YJqw
x &qz8
w5®8W8
t8Z$LxM
x ¥J0Y¤T]|±&qz]qo¹wY¹pxwMw={¸µ¹pq$Lw&M$LxM
x ={¸µ¹q$Lw]&p²$L8
p¨rQwLTxM
x ¥JYr]|±&qz]qo¹wY¹pxwMwu$LL¸±pq$Lw&M$LxM
x u$LL¸±pq$Lw]&p²$L8
p¨rQwLTxM
x &qz8
|±pxJX&M$LxM
qw8)88{ :p ]w
¯ wY¤&qz8
8W8
DJrM
DYw9w:p8
qo¹
'3JwY¤8Y¯8w]¯w88qo¹8Y¯x]¦$8¯38
'3Jwp¨rT$LY¤w
']J&qz8
qo¹'3Jwp¨8|qo¹8Y¯wp
¨8|(z±&8=Jw]w3T
&qz &Z J
wY¤ 3Yz 3Jw ]¯w®] ¥Z IwwLpw{± pw )
&qz8J]{±w
9JY¤w($Y&qz8
qo¹rM¥Z8
|±8wZ¹Y¤w
-p¨w]p¨Z]3
·W
qw9]ZoJ|
l&qzmr]wp«Chaos-$tr]o$]rT$LÎ9]Chaos-$]J&$Lw$L
¨Z
-$][¼ &qzw ]²w±] &Z &$Lw$L
¨Z$LL9] .3$]J &qz] &W8 -δ
]V±o38z´]V±xJw-δw8]z´=|Y§w
&qz]w5®z3´W8
$]J
1 &qz8
&Z=$sTp8
88Y¤w
&qz8
-{±o38
z±wr¯wLW]|±0Y¤Twp¨$OwLTY¤w
u® $LL$Z¯3 $Lxz±] &qz8
-{± r¯wLW]z± wHY®
x}¯W8
9JY¤w
(YJ-JT]¯w®]¥Z89$Y&qz8
$]¯Y3Uw
qw )8 &]V®$Lp wLT|Jw &qz q$Lw8
zwJ }YwLp8
wJ8
&qz8
uVY8W8
w|p$}]Vp$LrVz8
9w
291
=OwO3
wL±I3»tzp
0$]tzqp|´8M£w[±¼]&]V¼]¢8Y$v+o
]Jv9yM)
tzpp«3o$Lw$Y]t
qMp|´w9
8$LrMwLW&¢(]©Jtzp
*t®w]p«8wq
Yr]=o$]&qzwx3w8w]3JW
¥J0Y¤T]|±&qz8
8Y¯wY¤Yr8
pTxp$t$]V={¸µ¹q$Lw
={¸µ¹J|±wY¤8z3¸J|±²Y$Y¯w9v
&qztzp¸Y$YH
¯ pw
p
¨&vÅw o§rUz&p3r$
¯ L88
p
¨
38$TJqo¹J~$L&qzw¥J0Y¤T]|±Yrt]{]$Y
8Y¯]z±t]{wX8
·Y¤]-p¨w]p¨={¸µ¹3$T3$TJ
¥J 0Y¤T]|± r¯Z 0$] U9¯ Yr .M]$Y 273K (0°C)
1
Yr]|±]¦ &qz] wz8Y¯] 273
J 8Y¯ =
w8Y¤]
-$]={¸µ¹wY¤8z3J3$T3$TJ
DY¯={¸µ¹
ZoJ|
-273°CYrwp«qJr3·}p±absolute zero&[wp«3|µp»K-p«Y§J
3|µp»Yr]SIwzwLpqJr3·}p±o$]'J$uV8ºwYr]&YwLpwp«
Yr]qJr3·wLp&[w3|µp»wLp-p«Y§Jp«3|µp»Yr]|´-δ&qz8
3q£8Y²wp«'3²xY§]']}¼w98Y²}p±'8u3
={¸µ¹q$Lw
¥J 0YT
¤ ]
|
± qo¹ J~$L&qz]8Yw
¯ &]J qJr 3´Yr3 pJ&prY]|
J
± Y]
¤ 8WZ$Lw9(]p¨3
9p$Yw®3¤rUt]
9Ĵ7¥J0Y¤T]|±
&[w
9 .7K &prZ$L¥J$3
w|pwL®I3¸tzp¸=OwQ3$L|±qwY8]3$TZwL¹pw(]
292
qo¹J~$L&qzG '9J|¥J0Y¤T]|±&]JYrw713|²p¸&
Y$L|±
'9]¦8 8Y¯w V1 |OJ¸ '9J| &] 0Y¤T]|± Yrwp¨ 72 .M]8 &qz]
&$Zw8Y¯wV2 |OJ¸&9J|
={¸µ¹q$Lw]r¯3J
V1 = .71
&[w
V1 K............ (1)
=
T1
8$L V2 .72
']¦M$] V2 = K ........... (2)
T
2
x3JWwY¤M$]={¸µ¹q$Lwwp¨8tJ$Lt]
V1 V2 K ¥J0Y¤T]|±
=
=
T1 T2
={¸µ¹q$Lw]&p²$L8
qw &p3 uM tzqp$o8 'UJZ¤M =8z4$Y u8$L|± =9
tzp0T$Lw]p¨8wqJt](]33JWwp"
=8z]|±8Y$v]3{$Tp¨t$L|80$LL¦8&]J8Y¯3Uw$LL8Y¤]
(]p¨8xwMxM"
)-{±q¨w}8
p¨={¸µ¹q$Lw]']VJ]|±xwMt]*]JX8
u8$L|± O®u¸ r$3J¸ '8z 3JW rMJ] Yro$] 8Y¯ =
w8z
'©]xz±]0Y¤T=w]
($Y&puVw8
p¨rQwLUqw~3´3J$o8=D¹
293
=OwO3
rY²$L$]J|´qJp«Y8]3º&]p«3
*Y¬Z$
§ LL]
8º88Y²wp«8wq
8º8wÎJZ§]©$Y&w8
8Y²=w]33JWwp"
Y]qMpr]J8wÎw|pqMpr]J8
&rJ0Y§Twp«Jw]M$]8º88Y²4M]9JY§]
8º8 wÎJZ§]©$Y 0Y§T 3Uw$LL8w]M$]
8º88Y²=Y§]
DY¯
¥JYr]|±&qz]0Y¤TwY¤8Y¯8
pTxp$t$]Vu$L±pq$Lw
&qz8
8 W8
p ¨ &
$ L z r ¯ $ L Z¨ $L } ² $ L L ] w]|8 -p¨w }¯$L rT] xHq JtP¸¹ u$LL¸± p
}Yw
L p] rw¹]V¹
]|± u$LL¸±Yp¨ $}]Vp
8
p
¨3¯ UÅ3M]
(]p¨lu$LL¸±pq$Lwm-p¨{9]
u$LL¸±p q$Lwwp¨ 8 qJst] l¥J Yr]|±
qo¹ J~$L&qz]8Yw
¯ &]J 0YT
¤ 3 x{wLprY]|
J
± Y]
¤ m DY¯
¥JYr]|±V|OJ¸8
8Y¯wp¨$oJwqo¹J~$L JtP¸¹u$LL¸±
&qz]0Y¤TwP '9J|u$LL¸±q$Lw]r¯3J
V Ĵ 1 >¥JYr]|±@
P
V = K × 1 [K &prZ$L¥J$3@
P
PV = K
I8]$8Z
u$LL»´p q$Lw] rM~zp89 ($8´$Up 6±Y J$Lλ Q U '3J]
tY»8Ip3w$Lp«
]ªrU
Y U '3J]3w$L8W3$Lp«pTz
pJ]GpM$]&]$]tY»wJwW8$LLyY
'ÎD
@8o$vpwÎqw0Y§Twp«4]8&]J8Y² 3Uw$LL8Y§](]3
3JWwp"
@tzq88Y$v]8tzqp9p0Y§TwLY²=w]z´]&]J8Y²w
=Y§](]u$LL»´pq$Lw]*z´$:p$L"
294
)8u$LL¸±pq$Lw]Y®Y®Y$Lp¨r¯$L93]Y¤$}8
$Lo$]rM~|W
r¯$L8$6®
0Y¤T(P)
r®{¸8
|±
8Y¯(V)
|OJ¸8
|±
1
1×105
1
2
2×105
0.5
3
4×105
0.25
0Y¤T×8Y¯(PV)
1×105 ×1=1×105
2×105×0.5 =1×105
4×105×0.25 =1×105
qo¹J~$L}&qz]8Y¯wY¤0Y¤T8
8Wzt§w¥JYr]|±0$]
'9JY¤]-p¨w]w|p]Y¤$}8$]Z]3
·t]
']¦M$]P × V ¥J$3
3RU *£Y$L|± qo¹ J~$L &qzw P1 0Y¤T]|± V1 |OJ¸ 8Y¯wp¨
$o]-$oO3
·W&qz]0Y¤Twp¨P2 r®{¸88.M]8&qz]8Y¯w
V2 |OJ¸8($LY¤]u$LL¸±pq$Lw]r¯3J
P1V1 = P2V2 ¥J$3¥JYr]|±
w®
|OJ¸ 8Y¯] &qzw$]p¨ × 5 r®{¸ 0Y¤T]|± rY¯$L$]J|±
$8¯{9] ¥J Yr]|± &qzwp¨ |OJ¸ 8Y¯3 w®3Dz vT{9]
8]JrY¯$L
9p&qz]0Y¤Twp¨3$TUyM
rMJ
V1 = 2l
V2 = 4l
P1 = 2×105 Pa
P2 = ?
u$LL¸±pq$Lw]r¯3J
P1V1 = P2V2
?P2 =
P2 =
P1V 1
V2
2 × 105 × 2
= 1 × 105 Pa
4
295
w±
¨JYr]|´ &qz]8Y² 0Y§T83MYr²$L8w$]J|´ x]±\¼$Lt® 3zw
uÎ8p«]5|zwJZ]©p]5|
]wLZ839p$Zw
0Y¤Tr®{¸8
|±P
1.5 × 105
2.5 × 105
?
8Y¯|OJ¸8
|±V
?
6
5
P×V
15 × 105
?
15 × 105
w|p 33]|± vO 9Jw wLZ8
u{ 3$T UyM (]J|±
&p²$Lw9Jwq$Lwwp¨Z
]p$opIwp]|±u$LL¸±pq$Lw]&p²$L8
w]¯ Y
]|± xp8
p¨w{¬83 (]¦4]¦$Y Y$]8 3Uw0Y¤To$]
$Lw ]V®Yy] 8$L ¿®u )G8JJ w]¯] '
o$]
(]¦4]¦$Ywz3tJw]M$]0Y¤T]w®Y®o$]r¯Xr$L30
88w
]V®Y(JY¤]
8Y$v]tzpp¨4]8tzqp
80Y¤T=w]M$]0T]
8Y¤]
r¯W8
|± *JO 8y$] *v«] 3p¨ wp8
=3¯8
|±p 8$L
0Y¤T]qw¹X8
|±u$LL¸±pq$Lw]&p²$Lx]
xwLp(]¦4]¦$Yw{M]8&[w3
9]8pxp&puVww8Y¤]
(]3 3JWw$]J 4x$L YwP$L 0
9p wY¤ J9p 0Y¤T]|±p
w®Y®(]M$] Ys©3
·zuyYJ]Dp 8Ys©3
·z&pw
wLU3Tu3
xJX
qww8v$LL]²o 'J] wp$
Lp¨3zwxOJ¸8
]Jo$]{ 8JZY¤]']JYW£9p/¸4¯wL¸pwp$Lp¨]Jo$]rY¤wLT].3"
*M$LZ¤Jw8w-X£$Lw¸wpvJ]']Jw-X£w¸'M]8
&]Jr¯tz:Ow98tU$LY¤](]p¨qw8xwMxM"
296
(]33JWw$]JxJW4¯$L
J$Lq3w9wZ¹] -JT&[wDp &qz8
p¨rJ©J $r4¹]8
&wwHY®x}¯Wwp¨*$OwLTY¤]
&qz] &W8
8Y¤8M (z±] Dp JYy$] 3Uw JY$LT8 =|w
4¯$L$LxJX(]uVYr¯4¯$L
v$LL]²o'J]wp$Lpwp¨w8w9YzrzxJX4¯$L$L
3JW 8$L YW£9p 'J] 3W8
xJX q]Vp8Z$L] ']¦M$] YW£9p
'J]wpZ$Lzpw'J]xr8u3
&=M$L$8Z
pw°w8&Y±$Yr²tzH¡p$o²$L3zwpJ&[wxJ]¢$6±$L
wp$L3W8p«pw°w8rY§=tz´]
w-X£$Lp¨]]8Dp'xJr]&W8
]p8$TJ3zw3W8
wLY¯ 8$Lp¨Mwp$L&Mwp¨$OwLTY¤]']Jw-X£ w¸'M]8
]pw8] 'xJr] w-X£ 3W8
8$Lp¨r¯w~Z3´À£ :Qp wp$L
&puVww8Y¤]
xJX$Lp¨&M$Lz(p¨$]=OwQ3$Lp¨pTW
=OwO3
DY²]|´ YM
Jw$Y *]©p$L 8Ip p3$L$]p« Y8]3º p3$L
-JTYo8|´&p3²ww9r²tzHCl'w´]|´&o©]Z§wY§]²w&wq$LL]|´
&o©]Z§$Lp«(U3zw3$T8|´8Ipp3$Lδ8wt]ÎwX8p«8wq
]Ov]Vw
NH3 ]|±&o¦]Z¤
HCl p|±&o¦]Z¤
DY¯xJX$Lr¯$L8
HCl p|´ &o©] Z§8 xr]|´ ]O¢ v]Vwwp« x4·xM (]M$] qw
38ºwZwL¼pwpwY§.3" xJX4²$Ly$]HCl 'w´]'xwY§&wq$LL'xJ$Lq3w9wZ¼
&wq$L$3´JT»p]O¢]Vw*Y¬Z§$LL8Y§]
297
'ÎD
]O¢v]VwHCl Yo8xr]δ.3*$P8Y§]"
xJX8 &qz8
J$Lq3w9 0$]JTp$] wZ¹uJ] &qz8
wU3$L3´¿J$]V¯8
wz3xJX8
·Y¤w']¦M$]wU38
p¨xx]V&qz8
xJX]Jwp¨|zt
Y¤J
l.3wLp3z]|±xJX8
·w&qz]8Y¯w'&qz]xJX]Jm
8¯wL¸-$txHqJ|±&qz8
xJX8$t$oÅ]$Y
q$Lwwp ¨rZ
¯ ro]p (]8
¯ wL¸pxJX
$ Lq$Lw-$]
r¯]§w9w
q$Lw] r¯3J l0$] &qz] xJX$L ]Jw &]J
$]¯Y$Lw8¹wz3x{wLprY]|±JY¤]m
DY¯8¯wL¸
8WZ$Lw9
1
d
1
r=k
d
1
k=r d
r Ĵ
&[w
r = xJX$L]J
d = &qz]$]¯Y
k = &prZ$L¥J$3
J~wY¤xJX8
$t$]V
8¯wL¸pq$Lw]r¯3J
r = K Y¯wp¨8tJ$Lt]
d
r=
?r=k
K .3$]Jd J~m )
=
m
8Y¯v
v
v
m
r\ 1
m
m = &qz]&WJ~
298
(]M$] xJX$L ]J &qz] &WJ~8 x{wLprY]|±] -p¨w]
©w8Y¤]
J =OwQ3$L|± HCl Yoxr]|± &wq$L$3±JT¸p ]O ]Vw
3W3
·z3JWwp¨8¯wL¸pq$Lw]$Lo$]xwMt]
&wq$LL9$Y HCl p $]¯Y = ']¦M$] HCl 'x$L q]Vpw9
xJX
8
$TJ NH3 'x$LxJX
w8= ']¦M$]-JT
&qz8
HCl Yo$L
t$oÅJ$Lq34¯$LGJ9NH4Cl p]O]Vwwp¨*$OwLTY¤w
=OwO3
w|p =OwQ3$Lp« w$]wJW 8Ip p3$L HCl Yo$Lp«
¬MP»or]$Lo$]3
qw°x3·X$Lp«]5|
3º)8p3$L-JT
Yo8p«3
qw°x3·X$Lp«]5|
qw°ZwL¼pwp"
qw9]ZoJ|
uVrλ&qz]J$Y3 3JWx[λ/$LpP»-$txqz3JW
rVIp»Phosgene) -$txqzx[λ$LpT»p$o8J$Lq3w9wZ¼
x[λ /$LpP» &qzwp« *$OwLTY§] ) xqzw HpwJ8
M]$Y xJJ GpJ wY±x8 3JWwyY ']J IJ (Jw º8$Y
D3D3Ix8t]3]w(]33JWwp"
(]3 3JWw$]J xJX$L &rwLp±Y x[λ / $LpP»
MIC 89$Y = $]²w9Jw]M$] $]8|´ xJX8ºwoz´ ']©M$]
$o8$o8|´w
w)r²W8t]3]w
'ÎD
LPG Jx3$LL]8wpu9zwY§4O4$Lp«YJoTu38$LLw]
x]±Y»
µ=»3uJ]$]zqTY§J.3"
299
&uV®
I. )3
9pr¯}¨88*Y¤M
1. ={¸µ¹pq$Lwwp¨qJs
u$LL¸±pq$Lwwp¨qJs
xJX-$]Jp"
xJX$L]J-$]Jp"
J~wY¤xJX8
pTxp$t$]Vwp¨qJs
¥J YrwLp]|± Pa 0Y¤T $oJw &qz] 'J$vÅ3 8Y¯wp¨
8JZ{yY&qz]0Y¤Twp¨Pap({9&qz]&$Zw
8Y¯ |OJ¸-$]Z]t$o]8]J &qz] 'J$vÅ3 8Y¯w
-Y¤-$t]p¨3$TUyM
|OJ¸p 'wG
± p3w
p
¨K *Y
£ $
L|±$8
¯ T{9]r$
¯ L8w $]J
t
3898Y¯wp¨wz] 1 ] ({9]8]J &qzw$LLw
3
* £ Y 8 Y $ r w L T u 3 -$t]p ¨3$TUyM>0YT
¤ w
¥Jw
9]@
II. M$LL]*Y¤Jwp¨'MtJyM
¥J0Y¤T]|±&qz]8Y¯wY¤Yr8
pTxp$t$]Vw(w8
|±&z±]¦
D9 .7E7 .9F97 .G9 .7
qJr3´}p®-$]3J$Lz©TwYrwLp
D&E)F²&G².
¥JYrwLp]|±&qz]8Y¯wY¤0Y¤T8
pTxp$t$]V
D39 .E7 39F93 .G39 .
300
III.vQJw¥
8
p¨3¤w]*Y¤J8$]Y$vM
¥J 0Y¤T]|± r¯Z 0$] U9¯ Yr .M]$Y &qz] 8Y¯w wz8Y¯]
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBJ=
w8Y¤]
Yr]SI.3wLpBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
.3wL p3z]|± xJX
8
·w &qz]8Yw
¯ '&qz]BBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
IV.$otJyM
A
B
={¸µ¹q$Lw &
C
xJX8$T&qz]8Y¯
3z
D79 3.
u$LL¸±q$Lw '¥J8Y¯]|±
E9 .7
xJX$L]J
(¥JYr
F39 .
)¥J0Y¤T
d) r = k
7
301
v
m
© Copyright 2026 ExpyDoc