SmallCreatures . . ThatLivei ntheS o i l尋 80manyl e a v e sf a l l everyy e a r .Whydoesn't thef o r e s tgetb u r i e d underallthoseleaves? 」¥ . t ? ' 戸、』〆 d玄 フd 阻罫富田町富司 Tounderstandther o l eo fthosemicroorganisms andhowtops o i ld e e p l yr e l a t e st oo u rl i v e s . Observingnumerousmicroorganismsl i k eb a c t e r i a andfungusi nthetops o i lh e l p sust ou n d e r s t a n d . l e a v e sfroml a s t yearandtheyears b e f o r ego? Name: 」 1 1 二 Wheref a l l e nleavesgo L e t ' smovethel e a v e souto fthe . l wayandtakeal o o ka tthes o i - ,e , , , , , , , , , - - 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 # # Thel e a v e sa tthe bottoma r edecomposinga l r e a d y . ← Thes o i la f t e r brushing awaythe f a l l e nl e a v e s . . . . . . 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 . 、 ‘ : a :F a l l e nl e a v e s : b :T o p s o i l( s o f tandb l a c ks o i l ) : c :L a y e rcomposedo fv o l c a n i ca s h .s a n d . andr o c k s E E E Checkthiso u t !Whatkindofcreaturescanbefoundlivinginthesoil? 滋 B持/ 、「二. . 1 1 園 田E問│ r ‘ Z 豆 , ' I i j i j . . , • C o l l e c ts o i lfroma30cm2 area: I 。 ・ ・ and3cmdeep At r a yf 町 h o l d i n gthes o i l i Tweezers Oldnewspaper 1 1wonder , whattheye a t ., l i~マ ・ ・ ・・ 圃・・ ・・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ 、 唱~ l J 圃 圃.....' 、 ./' 一一 一ど l 」 1 1 二 Smallcreaturesdiscoveredi nthes o i l e x a c t l yt h esamec r e a t u r e si n t h es o i lf r o maf o r e s to ra g a r d e nasyouwouldi nt h es o i l creaturesl i k e t h i si nthes o i l I wonderi fwewould f i n dd i f f e r e n t creaturesi fwed i g deeper? a l loverEarth? ‘ ‘ ¥、 、 -九 ・ I ( S o urce ) Hi r o m uO h n oI " 1 .. . . _ . . . -_ . . . . l一 一一一一一一一一一一一一一 . ' " ‘ ・ - - 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 圃 .. . . . . - E盟 lanation h且血岨岨且出国国 Thereare50many! L ittlecreature5that l i v ei nthetop50il Y e a ra f t e ry e a r ,l e a v e sf a l lf r o mt r e e si nautumnand d i s a p p e a ra f t e rb e i n ge a t e nb yworms,p i l lbugs,ando t h e r . l c r e a t u r e st h a tl i v ei nt h es o i I na d d i t i o nt oworms,p i l lbugs,w o o d l o u s e s,e a r w i g s, c e n t i p e d e s,m i l l i p e d e sando t h e rc r e a t u r e st h a ta r ev i s i b l et ot h en a k e de y e,t h e r ea r ea l s o numerousf u n g iandb a c t e r i at h a tcano n l yb es e e nw i t ht h ea i do fam i c r o s c o p e .I nf a c . ti ti ss a i d t h a tonegramo fs o i lcanc o n t a i nupt o1 6 . 9m i l l i o nb a c t e r i a,1. 3 4m i l l i o na c t i n o b a c t e r i a,206, 000 l g a e,and40p r o t o z o a . f i l a m e n t o u sf u n g i,500a E v e nb i gf a l l e nt r e e si naf o r e s te v e n t u a l l ydecomposei n t os o i landd i s a p p e a rast h e ya r ee a t e nb y i n s e c tl a r v a e,t e r m i t e s,mushrooms,m o l d,ando t h e rs m a l lc r e a t u r e st h a tl i v ei nt h es o i . l .Wheredothebodieso fdeadanimalssuch asr a b b i t sandrodentsgO?Whycanwenot f i n dthem?Wheredothebodieso fb u t t e r f l i e s, b e e s .c i c a d a s .ando t h e rdeadi n s e c t sgO? Justl i k ef a l l e nl e a v e s .thebodieso fdead animalsandi n s e c t sa r eeatenbyotheranimals o rc a r r i e d0汗 bya n t s .o rdecomposeasthey becomethefoodt h a tkeepsthet i n ycreatures l i v i n gi nthes o i la l i v e .Evenb i r d st h a tf l yi nthe skye v e n t u a l l yf i n dt h e i rf i n a lr e s t i n gplace . l somewherei nthes o i I nfac . ta l ll i v i n gcreaturese v e n t u a l l yd i e,then decomposeandr e t u r nt othes o i li nt h i s manner.Thosen u t r i e n t sa r er e t u r n e dt othe s o i landusedbyp l a n t sastheygrow,andmake upp a r to fc y c l eo fl i f e . B i o l o g i c a lCycle( c a r b o n ) S o i lp l a y san i m p o r t a n tr o l ei n s u s t a i n i n gt h ec i r c l e o fl i f eh e r eonE a r t h . Thingsl e a r n e dfromb i o l o g i c a lsurveyso fMars I sE a r t htheo n l yp l a n e tt h a tharborsl i f e ?Are humanbeingsalonei ntheUniverse? NA5Alaunched" V i k i n g1 "i nAugust,1975, andlandedonMarsi nJ u l y .1976.→ TheV i k i n gl a n d e rperformednumeroustests f o revidenceo fl i v i n gorganismsi nthes o i l usingasurfacesamplerarmw i t has c o o p l i k e c o l l e c t o rh e a d .U n f o r t u n a t e l y .ther e s u l t so f @NASA thesetestswerei n c o n c l u s i v e . *S o i li stheupperl a y e ro faplanet 'ss urfaceandservest op r o t e c tthel i f eformst h a t r e n texamplesandunderstandinghow l i v et h e r e .A f t e rreadingabouta l lo fthed i汗e t o p s o i lworks,i ti seasyf o ranyonet oseewhyanysearchf o rl i f eshoulds t a r tw i t hs o i . l RelatedJapaneseteachingg u i d e l i n e s ロ1 ) :Observingl i v i n gthings ' F i r s t巨radescience(elementarysch ' S i x t hgradescience(elementarys c h o o l )目 L i f eandtheenvironment 'SecondgradescienceO u n i o rh i g hs c h o o l ) :A I Ik i n d so fanimals ・ T h i r dgradescienceu u n i o rhighsch ロ1 ) :L i f eandtheenvironment 寝室主 . JapanAerospaceE xplorationAgency( . JAXA). 5paceEducationCenter 3 . 1 . 1yロ ,s hinod 自i ,Chu o セu,Sagamihara,Kanagawa252 ヨ 1 -21 O , Japan 5 0 3362.7590Fax:+814 2.759.8612 T e l : + 8 1h坑 ロ ・//edu.jaxa.jロ Thi s抱 a c h i n 巨巨u i d ewaspreparedbyJAXASpaceEducationM自t e r i a l 坑: e e .Anyre ロ r o d u c t iロ n,m o d i f i c a t i o n,o rusef o r OevelopmentCommi mmercialpu 巾ロ s esw i t h o u ttheexpressw r i t t e np e r m i s s i o no fthe nCenteri ss t r i c t l yp r o h i b i t e d SpaceE d u c a t iロ ∞ e h ecyEl 醐
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