᪥ᚰ ៓័ូ ᅇ៎៌៍៌ូ ਂ⁹ᛮͳូ ៍១៲៍៏្ូ Wh ၥᩥ࠾ࡅࡿ౫Ꮡಀࡢฎ⌮ࡣ wh ਂࡢάᛶࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍᜭ ۑഛ℩ඃᜟ࣭ᆏᮏຮᜠ ᕞᏛᏛ၄ேᩥ⛉Ꮫᗓ࣭ᜠᕞᏛᏛ၄ேᩥ⛉Ꮫ◊"၄ ࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ: ᩥฎ⌮ wh ၥᩥ ࣉ࣑ࣛࣥࢢ ᜟ Does dependency processing in wh-questions trigger reactivation of wh-words? Yu BISE1 and Tsutomu SAKAMOTO2 1 ( Graduate School of Humanities, Kyushu University, 2 Faculty of Humanities, Kyushu University) Key words: sentence processing wh-questions priming 目 的 ᩥฎ⌮࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ࠶ࡿਂࡀධຊࡉࢀࡿࡑࡢਂࡢਂᙡⓗ ሗࡀάᛶࡉࢀࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢሗࡣࡑࡢᚋ୍ᐃࡢ᮲௳ࡢୗ࡛ ࡧάᛶࡉࢀࡿࡇࡀ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋChang (1980)ࡣ௦ྡ ࡢධຊࡼࡗ࡚ྠ୍ᣦ♧ࡢྡࡀάᛶࡉࢀࡿࡇࢆ♧ ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢࡢ◊"࡛ࡣࠊಀ÷࡞ࡢᵓᩥ࠾࠸࡚ࠊgap ࡢ̘࡛ࡑࡢ filler ࡀάᛶࡉࢀࡿሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ(Zurif, Swinney, Prather, Wingfield, & Brownell 1995 ࡞)ࠋᚋ͵ࡢά ᛶࡣࠊ ࠕ⛣ືࡢࠖࡀ௦ྡࡢࡼ࠺ྠ୍ᣦ♧ࡢᶵЏࢆᣢ ࡘࡍࡿᩥἲ⌮ਭ(GB ⌮ਭ࡞)ࡽண ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ ࡓࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊਂฎ⌮ࡢ५Ⅼࡽ filler gap ࡢฎ⌮ࢆ ͳ࠼ࡿࠊࡢྠ୍ᣦ♧ᶵЏ࠸࠺≉ᛶࡣ⊂Wࡢ᫂ࡶ ྍЏ࡛࠶ࡿࠋՕਂࡢಀ÷࠾࠸࡚ࡣ filler ࡀฟ࡚ࡃࡿ gap ࡀᚲࡎᚋฟࡍࡿࠋਂฎ⌮̘ࣖࡣࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ಀ࠶ࡿඛࢌ ोǢ X ᚋฟोǢ Y ࢆೳ࡙ࡅࡿࡇ࡛౫Ꮡಀࢆᵓÿࡍࡿ ͳ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࠊY ࡢ৶▱ࡼࡗ࡚౫Ꮡಀࢆᵓÿࡍ ࡿၯ X ࡀࢡࢭࢫࡉࢀࡿ௬ᐃࡍࡿࠊඛࢌ◊"࡛৶ࡵࡽ ࢀࡓ gap ̘࡛ࡢ filler ࡢάᛶࡣࠊਂฎ⌮ୖࡢ౫Ꮡಀ ࡢᵓÿࡢຠᯝ࡛࠶ࡿͳ࠼ࡿࡇࡀྍЏ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊᮏ ◊"࡛ࡣࠊ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡞άᛶࣔࢹࣝࢆᥦࡍࡿࠋ (1) ౫Ꮡಀࡢᵓÿక࠺άᛶࣔࢹࣝ ඛࢌोǢ X ౫ᏑಀࢆᵓÿࡍࡿᚋฟोǢ Y ࡀ৶▱ࡉࢀ ࡿࠊਂฎ⌮̘ࣖࡣ X ࡢਂᙡⓗሗࢡࢭࢫࡋࠊࡑ ࡢሗࡀάᛶࡉࢀࡿࠋ άᛶࢆ᫂ࡍࡿࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࣔࢹࣝࡢጇᙜᛶࡣࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ ༑ศࡣ᳨খࡉࢀ࡚ࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡣࠊࢇ࡞౫ Ꮡಀ࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊࡑࡢᚋฟोǢ Y ࡢධຊࡀඛࢌोǢ X ࡢ άᛶࢆᘬࡁୣࡇࡍண ࡍࡿࠋᮏ◊"࡛ࡣࠊ౫Ꮡಀࡢ୍ ࡋ࡚᪥ᮏਂࡢ wh ၥᩥࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆࠊࣔࢹࣝࡢ᳨হࢆࢌ ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢᵓᩥ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊwh ਂ(e.g.͇͆)ၥ᥋(͆ /ࡢ͇)ࡢ౫Ꮡಀࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡶࡋၥ᥋ࡢ̘࡛ wh ਂ ၥ᥋ࡢ౫Ꮡಀࡢᵓÿࡢࡓࡵ wh ਂࡀࢡࢭࢫࡉࢀࡿ ࡞ࡽࠊࡑࡢ̘࡛ wh ਂࡢάᛶࡀୣࡇࡾࠊwh ਂࡢೳਂ ᑐࡍࡿࣉ࣑ࣛࣥࢢຠᯝࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿண ࡉࢀࡿࠋ 方 法 ᩥࢆᓢࡋࡓᚋࠊ࿊♧ࡉࢀࡓࢱ࣮ࢤࢵࢺࡀṇ༢ਂ࠺ ࢆุᐃࡉࡏࡿਂᙡุ᩿ᆏࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࠋ ணഛਚᰝᜨ᪥ᮏਂৠ͵ 65 ேᑐࡍࡿࣥࢣ࣮ࢺਚᰝࡼࡗ ࡚ࠊwh ਂࡢೳⓗೳਂࢆ 24 ಶᚓࡓࠋ ่⃭ᜨᐇቲ่⃭ࡋ࡚ࠊ(2)♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡞ࠊᇙࡵನࡳࢆక࠺ wh ၥᩥ࣭yes/no ၥᩥࡢ࣌ࢆ 24 Ǽసᡂࡋࡓࠋ࠸ࡎࢀࡢ ࢱࣉࡢᩥࡶࡑࡢᇙࡵನࡳ÷ wh ਂࢆྵࡴࡀࠊᇙࡵನࡳ÷ ᮎᑿࡢ᥋ࡢച࠸ࡼࡾࠊᩥయࡋ࡚ࡢॾจࡀ wh ࡲࡓࡣ yes/no ࡞ࡿࠋணഛਚᰝࡼࡗ࡚ᚓࡽࢀࡓ wh ਂࡢೳⓗ ೳਂࢆྛ࣌ࡦࡘࢱ࣮ࢤࢵࢺࡋ࡚Ǽࡳྜࢃࡏࡓࠋ (2) a. wh ၥᩥᜨ[᭷ઁ͵ࡀ X ࢆࡤࡗࡓ]ྖ͵ࡣ⌮ॾ ࢱ࣮ࢤࢵࢺᜨఱ ࡋ࡚ẟ࡞એਭࢆǺ࠼ࡓࡢ Yᜭ b. yes/no ၥᩥᜨ[᭷ઁ͵ࡀ X ࢆࡤࡗࡓ Y]ྖ͵ࡣ ⌮ॾࡋ࡚ẟ࡞એਭࢆǺ࠼ࡓࡢᜭ ࢱ࣮ࢤࢵࢺᜨఱ ࣇ่࣮⃭ࣛࡋ࡚ࠊ ᐇቲ่⃭ྠࡌᙧᘧࡢၥᩥࢆ 72 ᩥస ᡂࡋࠊྛᩥǼࡳྜࢃࡏࡿࢱ࣮ࢤࢵࢺࡋ࡚ࠊჰ༢ਂࡲࡓࡣ wh ਂೳಀ↓࠸༢ਂࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࠋ ᐇቲཧຍ͵ᜨ᪥ᮏਂࢆẕਂࡍࡿᕞᏛࡢᏛൺᏛ⏕ 12 ྡࠋ ᡭᅠᜨၥᩥࢆᩥ÷ࡈࣔࢽࢱ࣮ࡢ୰ኸ࿊♧ࡋࡓࠋ࿊♧ ࡣᐇቲ͵࣮࣌ࢫ࡛ࢌࢃࢀࠊྛᩥ÷ࡢ࿊♧ࡣ 800 ࣑ࣜ⛊࡛ ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ᭱ᚋࡢᩥ÷ࡢ࿊♧ࡀǺࢃࡗࡓ┤ᚋࠊࢱ࣮ࢤࢵࢺࡀ 20 ࣑ࣜ⛊࿊♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋࣅቲ͵ࡣၥᩥࢆࡳࠊࢱ࣮ࢤࢵࢺࡀ ༢ਂჰ༢ਂࢆุ᩿ࡍࡿࡼ࠺ồࡵࡽࢀࡓࠋุ᩿ोࡍࡿ ࡀᛂࡋ࡚ ᐃࡉࢀࡓࠋ ண ᜨ(2)ࢆࡿࠊwh ၥᩥࡢᩥᮎ࡛ࡣ wh ਂࠕࠖ ၥ᥋ࠕࡢࠖࡢ౫Ꮡಀࡀᵓÿࡉࢀࡿࠋࡶࡋࠕࡢࠖࡢ̘ ࡛ wh ਂࡢάᛶࡀୣࡇࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡞ࡽࠊࣉ࣑ࣛࣥࢢຠᯝ ࡋ࡚ࠊwh ਂࡢೳਂࡢ৶▱ࡀಁࡉࢀࡿͳ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀ ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊyes/no ၥᩥࡢᩥᮎ࡛ࡣ wh ਂၥ᥋ࡢ౫Ꮡ ಀࡣᵓÿࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࠋᚑࡗ࡚ࠊwh ਂࡢೳਂᑐࡍࡿ৶▱ࡣ ಁࡉࢀ࡞࠸ͳ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ௨ୖࡢࡇࡼࡾࠊwh ਂࡢೳਂ ᑐࡍࡿᛂࡣࠊ wh ၥᩥࢆࢇࡔ┤ᚋࡢ࠺ࡀࠊyes/no ၥᩥࢆࢇࡔ┤ᚋẚ࡚▷ࡃ࡞ࡿண ࡉࢀࡿࠋ 結 果 wh ਂࡢೳਂᑐࡍࡿᛂࡣࠊwh ၥᩥ࿊♧᮲௳࡛ ᖹᆒ 691 ࣑ࣜ⛊ࠊyes/no ၥᩥ࿊♧᮲௳࡛ᖹᆒ 679 ࣑ࣜ⛊࡛ ࠶ࡗࡓࠋt ᳨ᐃࡢȆᯝࠊ2 ࡘࡢᖹᆒ್ࡢ᭷ព࡞ᕪࡣ॒ࡽࢀ ࡞ࡗࡓ(t1(11)=0.74, p=0.48, t2(23)=0.33, p=0.74)ࠋ 考 察 ᐇቲ࡛ࡣண ࡉࢀࡓ᭷ពᕪࡀ५ᐹࡉࢀ࡞ࡗࡓࠋᚑࡗ࡚ࠊ ౫Ꮡಀࡢᵓÿࡼࡿάᛶࡢࣔࢹࣝࡣᨭᣢࡉࢀ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࣔࢹࣝࡑࡢࡶࡢࡣጇᙜࡔࡀࠊᐇቲࡀ༑ศ࡞ ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡓࡵ᭷ពᕪࡀ᳨ฟ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡗࡓࡢࡶࡋࢀ࡞ ࠸ࠋ௨ୗ࡛ࡣࡑࡢྍЏᛶࡋ࡚ 2 Ⅼᣦࡍࡿࠋ 1 ࡣࠊࣅ ቲ͵ࡋࡓᆏࡢႤ᫆ᗘࡀపࡗࡓࡓࡵኳຠᯝࡼࡗ ࡚ᕪࡀ॒࠼࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓྍЏᛶ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 2 ࡣࠊwh ၥᩥࡢ ࠺ࡀ yes/no ၥᩥẚ࡚ฎ⌮֤ࡀࡁࡃࠊࡑࡢࡇࡀ wh ၥᩥ࿊♧᮲௳࡛ࢱ࣮ࢤࢵࢺᑐࡍࡿุ᩿ࢆഌࡽࡏࠊࣉࣛ ࣑ࣥࢢຠᯝࢆ┦ẅࡋࡓྍЏᛶ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 引用文献 Chang, F. R. (1980). Active memory processes in visual sentence comprehension: Clause effects and pronominal reference. Memory and Cognition, 8, 58-64. Zurif, E., Swinney D., Prather P., Wingfield A., & Brownell H. (1995). The allocation of memory resources during sentence comprehension: Evidence from the elderly. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 24, 165-181. (ᮏ◊"ࡢᐇ࠶ࡓࡾࠊ⛉Ꮫ◊"ᇶ┙◊" B(20320061)(◊"௦ࢢ ͵ᜨᆏᮏຮ)ࡢຓᡂࢆཷࡅࡓࠋঠࡋ࡚ពࢆࢢࡍࡿࠋ) ̿ 871 ̿
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