Page 1 Page 2 The Fir (A机6$ md付83…F。reS施 。f the 。。u M

Title
Author(s)
Citation
Issue Date
URL
The fir (abies mdriesii) forests of the oou
mountains
Onodera, Hitoshi
Geographical Reports of Tokyo Metropolitan
University(1): 163-166
1966-07
http://hdl.handle.net/10748/3350
DOI
Rights
Type
Textversion
Departmental Bulletin Paper
publisher
http://www.tmu.ac.jp/
首都大学東京 機関リポジトリ
The Fir(Abies mdriesii)Forests of the Oou Mountains
Hi t o s hi ONODERA
The Oou Mountains extendド north and sou七h in 七he middle of
七he Toho㎞Disもric七.工t consis七s of many volcanoes of l,500−
2,000meters above sea−level (Fig.1). In 七he Moun一七ains, three
al七i七udinal vegetation zones are recognized: 七he mon七ane deci_
duous broad leaved fores七 charac七erized by beech (Fa us crena七a),
七he sub_alpine evergreen coniferous fores七 domina七ed by fir
(Abies mariesii), and七h・alpine scrub・f・reeping Pin・(Pinu。
29MUt9)・In七h・fir f・res七, B・tula・rmani, Alnu・maxim・wiczii,
Sorbus co㎜ix七a, Salix reinii,_, Tsu a diversi−
folia,ヱ主⊇製, Sasa kurilensis etc. are found as the 乞rl)or
or 七he undergrow七h.
Abies mariesii, 七〇gether wi七h Abies vei七chii and Picea
’ezoensis var. hondoensis, is 一七he represen七a七ive species of the
・ub−alpine z・n・in n・rth・a・t・rnぬpan・xcep棚・kkaid・. Especial−
ly in七he sub−・alpine z・n・・f七h・0・u M・untains, i七pr・d・mina七es
and・七h・r・・nifer・u・trees are scarcely f・und・xcep七旦些,
ヱ主⊇_,Tsu a diversifolia and Thu’a s七andishii.
Th・r・f・re・a・an initial・t・p t・und・r・七and七h・v・r七i・al v・g・ta一
七i・nz・nes・f th・M・un七ain・, it i・m・s七imp・r七an七七・gra・p th・
dis七ribu七ion of 七he fir fores七s.
The au七hor Is comPiling a vege七a一七ion map of the Oou Moun七ains
from air−pho七〇gral)hs
of about l 325,000 taken by the Na七ional
Fores七ry Agency.
The I)articular vege七a七ion map of each moun七ain
will be comple七ed in 七he near fu七ure.
工nthis arもicle clima七ic fac七〇rs de七ermining 七he distribu_
fores一七
七ion of 七he fir
’will primarily be discussed.
The deciduous broad leaved forest on−−the lower slopes
passes in七〇 the upPer fir fores’も a七 an altitude of al)ou七 1,400
mσ七ers in Axuma_yama, 1,300 me七ers in Zao._zan, 1,100 me七ers in
Eb・shi−dak・・M・riy・shi−yama, Ha・himan七ai and ar・und lwa七・一・an,
900meters in Hakkoda_san. The fir fores七 is often overlaped
near i七s lower limit ’by the l)eech fores七. The lower limi七 〇f
七h・fir f・res七descend・七・七h・n・r七h(Fig.2). Th・r・f・r・, i七i。
supl)osed七hat 七his dis七ri’bu一むion is de’termined primari ly’by
七empera七ure.
_163一
T40
139
141
The Oou Moun七ains
Fig.}
T42°E
3 且akl{oda−san
:Moriyoshi−yama
41°N
: Hachiman七ai
:、lwate−san
: Eboshi−dake
1▲
: Koma・−ga一七ake
2
40
4 4
54
3
3 Waga−《1ake
▲4
6▲
△7
3 Yakeishi_.dake
OA
:Kurikoma−yama
: Funaga七aryama
2 Zao_zan
△
39
:Azuma−yama
▲
: Ada七ara_san
: Bandai_san
10
.4
:Nasuコdake
C
○△ Bo
ABC
11
38
12
▲ 13 ▲
(1,585m)
(1,454m)
(1,614m)
(2,041m)
(1,478m)
(1,637m)
(1,440m)
(1,548m)
(1,628m)
(1,500m)
(1,841m)
(2,024m)
(1,700m)
(1,819m)
(1,917m)
:Morioka Ci七y
:Sendai Ci七y
: Yamaga七a C i’by
14 ▲
15
▲
m
Fig.2
1500
The Lower Limi七 〇f
12
es
1400
七he Fir Fores七’ °
、、 11
1300
1234F)12
●●
●●
●O
●●
Hakko da_san
1200
Moriyoshi−・yama
1100
Hachiman七ai
1000
Iwa七e−s an
●●
、、、
、 、、
\ 2345
、
−s、
、、、
、、 1
b
900
Eboshi−dake
●●
戦
800
Zao_zan
37
Lotitude
Azuma−yama
Table l
41°N
38 39 40
Lal)$e Ra七e of Tempera七ure for Iwate−s&n and Zao−zεm
Monthly Mean Temperature
@ 1941−1950 QC
La se Ra七e from Morioka七〇
MonthlV Meal1 Temperature
@ l944−1945(・C)
1冊七e−san 1770m
M。rioka Ci七 (150m)
Iwate_san(・C IQOm)
1
ya。_zau(1760m)
Yama a七a Ci七 (150m
La se Ra七e from Yama a七a 七〇 Zao−zan OC 10Qm
Jal1.
Feb,
Mar.
Apr.
July
Aug.
Sep七。
Dec.
Ann.
_13。6
_14.Q
3.4
8.8
13.3
2.0
_4.4
11.2
_0.5
7.3
9.5
0.66
11.4
O.58
_0.8
0.66
18.8
0.57
5.3
0.7Q
17.7
0.55
21.9「
O.67
13.2
O.60
14.6
23.8
0.57
8.9
_2.7
_IO.2
O.5
_3.4
一2.7
O.60
0.64
0.62
10.5
19.0
0.53
4.6
12.9
0.52
_2.2
_9.9
0.9
6.8
_Q.2
O.56
0.60
10.0
O.57
_13.3 _13。0
_3.3
_3.8
O.59
O.60
_8.3
_2.5
0.9
0.57
7.3
0.61
_164_
May
4.5
13.9
0.58
June
10.3
19.4
0.57
O.53
13.0
21.7
0.54
16.5
25.3
0.55
Oc七.
Nov.
Me七eorological records are ob七ained a七 七w’o points 3 0n ’the
Iwate−san, 1,770 meters above sea_level,
southeastern slope of
and a七 七he toI)of t)he
peak at Zao−zan, 1,760 meters high. The
from Morioka City 七〇 七he former, and
lapse rate of 七empera七ure
the later, are calculated (Table l).
from Yamaga七a Ci七y 七〇
The ra七e of Zao−zan ’
ユS
apPlied to Azuma−yama, and of Iwa七e−san
to Hakko da−san, Moriyoshi −yama,
Hachiman七ai and E「boshi_dake.
a『bove 50C of mon七hly mean
Warm七h index, aCCUmUlated七empera七Ure
origina一七ed by T. Kira,
a七 七he lower limi七 〇f the fir fores七 is
in Hakko da−san,
44m.d. in Eboshi_dake,
41mon七h_degrees
Hachimantai
and around Iwa七e−san,45 m.d. in
Moriyoshi−yama,
Zao−zan and Azuma−yama.
The al七i七ude ρf 七he 七iml)er line is irregular. The shield_膚
shaped tops of Hachiman七ai and Azuma−yama are covered wi七h
dense fir fores一むs. The alpine scrub occul)ies only a small area
on 七〇ps and ridges of each moun七ain, where violenも wind. checks
七he distribu七ion of 七he fores七. Annual mean wind velociもy a七
Iwa七e_san and Zao_zan is 6.9 m/sec (1941 − 1950) and ll.5 m/sec
(lg44 − 1945) respec七ively. The wind blows 七he s−tronges七 in
win七er, and mean veloci七y from December もo February reaches
l4.9 m/sec and 8.3 m/sec respec七ively. A七 Iwate−san, 七he moun七_
ain blocks 七he nor七hwes七erly wind and reduces 七he wind veloci七y.
De七ailed examina七ion of the distribution pa七七ern in each
moun七ain reveals tha七 七he fir fores一七 is ・well developed on 七he
wes七ern and nor七hern slopes. Bu七 〇n 七he eas七ern (for example
nor七hern Hakkoda_san and Hachiman七ai) and sou七hern (for exεしml)le
sou七hern Hakkoda−san and Moriyoshi−yama) slopes jusも below七he
I)eaks εしnd ridges, the pure brake of 七he moun七ain bamboo (Sasa
㎞rilensis)and七he snow pa七ch communi七y of七en七ake七he place
of 七he fir fores七. The prevailing wes七erly or nor七hwes七erly wind
in ・win七er carries 七he sno・w flakes 七〇 −the lee side. On 七hese
slopes, deep and long (of七en for over 七han half a year) snow
cover prevents 七he forma七ion of 七he fir fores七. A七 Iwa−be−san
and Zao−zan wind’blows 七he mos七 frequently from 七he west in
win七er. Bu七 a七Sendai Ci七y, the upper wind of 2,000 me七ers
blows 七he mos七 frequenもly from 七he wes七_nor七h_wes七 in win−ter.
On 一むhe fla七s and sligh七ly inclined slol)es I)oor drainage
makes もhe fir s七un七ed. These places are of七en covered by moors
(for example Eboshi−dake and Az㎜a−yama).
In Ada七ara−san, Bandai_san, Nasu_dake, Koma_ga_もεしke, some
par七s of 工wa七e−san, Zao−zεm e七c., 七he fir fores七 is restric七ed,
because of recen七 volcanic ac七ivi七ies. ]触r七her from 七he cra七ers
of 七hese moun七ains,vege七ation is in 七he process of res七〇ra七ion,
where_ (for ins七ance 工wa七e−san) and,ヱ主_
(for instance Ada七ara−san) are found as the primary coniferous
_165_
七rees. Fir fores七s are not prevalen七 in such small
as Waga−dake, 1(urikoma「Yama and Funaga七a−yama.
moun七ains
In conclusion, the distribu七ion of fir fores七s is determined
primarily by 七empera七ure, and secondly by wind and snow cover.
1n addition 七〇 clima七ic fac七〇rs, volcanic ac七ivi七y and de七ailed
morphology of 七he moun七ain affecも 七he disもribu七ion.
References
且ayashi, Y.: The Na七ural Distribution of Impor七ant Trees (in
JaI)anese wi七h English Abs七ract),Coniferous Re玉)or七 1,
Bulletin of The Governmenも Fores七 Experimen七al S七a一むion,
No.48, 1951; Coniferous Repor七 2, Ibid.,No.55, 1952;
Coniferous Repor七 3, Ibid.,No.75, 1954
Hayashi, Y.: Taxonomical and Phyto−GeograI)hical S七udy of
Japanese Conifers (in Japanese), 1960, Tokyo
Imanishi, K. and T. Ki ra: Biogeography (in Japanese), Physical
GeograI)hy 工1 (Edited by E. Fh㎞i),pp.235−313, 1953, Tokyo
Ohwi, J.: Flora of Japan (in Japanese), pp.1−5, 1953, Tokyo
Onodera, H.: Deformed Coniferous Trees in 七he Sou七hern I)ar七 〇f
the Ohu Moun七ains (in Japanese wi七h English Abs七rac七),
Ann. Toho㎞Geogr. Assoc.,Vol.13, No.3, pp.ll2−ll9,1963
Onodera, H.3 Clima七ic Landscape in Some Par七s of 七he Ohu
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No.13, PP.135−145, 1964
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_166_