Title Author(s) Citation Issue Date URL The fir (abies mdriesii) forests of the oou mountains Onodera, Hitoshi Geographical Reports of Tokyo Metropolitan University(1): 163-166 1966-07 http://hdl.handle.net/10748/3350 DOI Rights Type Textversion Departmental Bulletin Paper publisher http://www.tmu.ac.jp/ 首都大学東京 機関リポジトリ The Fir(Abies mdriesii)Forests of the Oou Mountains Hi t o s hi ONODERA The Oou Mountains extendド north and sou七h in 七he middle of 七he Toho㎞Disもric七.工t consis七s of many volcanoes of l,500− 2,000meters above sea−level (Fig.1). In 七he Moun一七ains, three al七i七udinal vegetation zones are recognized: 七he mon七ane deci_ duous broad leaved fores七 charac七erized by beech (Fa us crena七a), 七he sub_alpine evergreen coniferous fores七 domina七ed by fir (Abies mariesii), and七h・alpine scrub・f・reeping Pin・(Pinu。 29MUt9)・In七h・fir f・res七, B・tula・rmani, Alnu・maxim・wiczii, Sorbus co㎜ix七a, Salix reinii,_, Tsu a diversi− folia,ヱ主⊇製, Sasa kurilensis etc. are found as the 乞rl)or or 七he undergrow七h. Abies mariesii, 七〇gether wi七h Abies vei七chii and Picea ’ezoensis var. hondoensis, is 一七he represen七a七ive species of the ・ub−alpine z・n・in n・rth・a・t・rnぬpan・xcep棚・kkaid・. Especial− ly in七he sub−・alpine z・n・・f七h・0・u M・untains, i七pr・d・mina七es and・七h・r・・nifer・u・trees are scarcely f・und・xcep七旦些, ヱ主⊇_,Tsu a diversifolia and Thu’a s七andishii. Th・r・f・re・a・an initial・t・p t・und・r・七and七h・v・r七i・al v・g・ta一 七i・nz・nes・f th・M・un七ain・, it i・m・s七imp・r七an七七・gra・p th・ dis七ribu七ion of 七he fir fores七s. The au七hor Is comPiling a vege七a一七ion map of the Oou Moun七ains from air−pho七〇gral)hs of about l 325,000 taken by the Na七ional Fores七ry Agency. The I)articular vege七a七ion map of each moun七ain will be comple七ed in 七he near fu七ure. 工nthis arもicle clima七ic fac七〇rs de七ermining 七he distribu_ fores一七 七ion of 七he fir ’will primarily be discussed. The deciduous broad leaved forest on−−the lower slopes passes in七〇 the upPer fir fores’も a七 an altitude of al)ou七 1,400 mσ七ers in Axuma_yama, 1,300 me七ers in Zao._zan, 1,100 me七ers in Eb・shi−dak・・M・riy・shi−yama, Ha・himan七ai and ar・und lwa七・一・an, 900meters in Hakkoda_san. The fir fores七 is often overlaped near i七s lower limit ’by the l)eech fores七. The lower limi七 〇f 七h・fir f・res七descend・七・七h・n・r七h(Fig.2). Th・r・f・r・, i七i。 supl)osed七hat 七his dis七ri’bu一むion is de’termined primari ly’by 七empera七ure. _163一 T40 139 141 The Oou Moun七ains Fig.} T42°E 3 且akl{oda−san :Moriyoshi−yama 41°N : Hachiman七ai :、lwate−san : Eboshi−dake 1▲ : Koma・−ga一七ake 2 40 4 4 54 3 3 Waga−《1ake ▲4 6▲ △7 3 Yakeishi_.dake OA :Kurikoma−yama : Funaga七aryama 2 Zao_zan △ 39 :Azuma−yama ▲ : Ada七ara_san : Bandai_san 10 .4 :Nasuコdake C ○△ Bo ABC 11 38 12 ▲ 13 ▲ (1,585m) (1,454m) (1,614m) (2,041m) (1,478m) (1,637m) (1,440m) (1,548m) (1,628m) (1,500m) (1,841m) (2,024m) (1,700m) (1,819m) (1,917m) :Morioka Ci七y :Sendai Ci七y : Yamaga七a C i’by 14 ▲ 15 ▲ m Fig.2 1500 The Lower Limi七 〇f 12 es 1400 七he Fir Fores七’ ° 、、 11 1300 1234F)12 ●● ●● ●O ●● Hakko da_san 1200 Moriyoshi−・yama 1100 Hachiman七ai 1000 Iwa七e−s an ●● 、、、 、 、、 \ 2345 、 −s、 、、、 、、 1 b 900 Eboshi−dake ●● 戦 800 Zao_zan 37 Lotitude Azuma−yama Table l 41°N 38 39 40 Lal)$e Ra七e of Tempera七ure for Iwate−s&n and Zao−zεm Monthly Mean Temperature @ 1941−1950 QC La se Ra七e from Morioka七〇 MonthlV Meal1 Temperature @ l944−1945(・C) 1冊七e−san 1770m M。rioka Ci七 (150m) Iwate_san(・C IQOm) 1 ya。_zau(1760m) Yama a七a Ci七 (150m La se Ra七e from Yama a七a 七〇 Zao−zan OC 10Qm Jal1. Feb, Mar. Apr. July Aug. Sep七。 Dec. Ann. _13。6 _14.Q 3.4 8.8 13.3 2.0 _4.4 11.2 _0.5 7.3 9.5 0.66 11.4 O.58 _0.8 0.66 18.8 0.57 5.3 0.7Q 17.7 0.55 21.9「 O.67 13.2 O.60 14.6 23.8 0.57 8.9 _2.7 _IO.2 O.5 _3.4 一2.7 O.60 0.64 0.62 10.5 19.0 0.53 4.6 12.9 0.52 _2.2 _9.9 0.9 6.8 _Q.2 O.56 0.60 10.0 O.57 _13.3 _13。0 _3.3 _3.8 O.59 O.60 _8.3 _2.5 0.9 0.57 7.3 0.61 _164_ May 4.5 13.9 0.58 June 10.3 19.4 0.57 O.53 13.0 21.7 0.54 16.5 25.3 0.55 Oc七. Nov. Me七eorological records are ob七ained a七 七w’o points 3 0n ’the Iwate−san, 1,770 meters above sea_level, southeastern slope of and a七 七he toI)of t)he peak at Zao−zan, 1,760 meters high. The from Morioka City 七〇 七he former, and lapse rate of 七empera七ure the later, are calculated (Table l). from Yamaga七a Ci七y 七〇 The ra七e of Zao−zan ’ ユS apPlied to Azuma−yama, and of Iwa七e−san to Hakko da−san, Moriyoshi −yama, Hachiman七ai and E「boshi_dake. a『bove 50C of mon七hly mean Warm七h index, aCCUmUlated七empera七Ure origina一七ed by T. Kira, a七 七he lower limi七 〇f the fir fores七 is in Hakko da−san, 44m.d. in Eboshi_dake, 41mon七h_degrees Hachimantai and around Iwa七e−san,45 m.d. in Moriyoshi−yama, Zao−zan and Azuma−yama. The al七i七ude ρf 七he 七iml)er line is irregular. The shield_膚 shaped tops of Hachiman七ai and Azuma−yama are covered wi七h dense fir fores一むs. The alpine scrub occul)ies only a small area on 七〇ps and ridges of each moun七ain, where violenも wind. checks 七he distribu七ion of 七he fores七. Annual mean wind velociもy a七 Iwa七e_san and Zao_zan is 6.9 m/sec (1941 − 1950) and ll.5 m/sec (lg44 − 1945) respec七ively. The wind blows 七he s−tronges七 in win七er, and mean veloci七y from December もo February reaches l4.9 m/sec and 8.3 m/sec respec七ively. A七 Iwate−san, 七he moun七_ ain blocks 七he nor七hwes七erly wind and reduces 七he wind veloci七y. De七ailed examina七ion of the distribution pa七七ern in each moun七ain reveals tha七 七he fir fores一七 is ・well developed on 七he wes七ern and nor七hern slopes. Bu七 〇n 七he eas七ern (for example nor七hern Hakkoda_san and Hachiman七ai) and sou七hern (for exεしml)le sou七hern Hakkoda−san and Moriyoshi−yama) slopes jusも below七he I)eaks εしnd ridges, the pure brake of 七he moun七ain bamboo (Sasa ㎞rilensis)and七he snow pa七ch communi七y of七en七ake七he place of 七he fir fores七. The prevailing wes七erly or nor七hwes七erly wind in ・win七er carries 七he sno・w flakes 七〇 −the lee side. On 七hese slopes, deep and long (of七en for over 七han half a year) snow cover prevents 七he forma七ion of 七he fir fores七. A七 Iwa−be−san and Zao−zan wind’blows 七he mos七 frequently from 七he west in win七er. Bu七 a七Sendai Ci七y, the upper wind of 2,000 me七ers blows 七he mos七 frequenもly from 七he wes七_nor七h_wes七 in win−ter. On 一むhe fla七s and sligh七ly inclined slol)es I)oor drainage makes もhe fir s七un七ed. These places are of七en covered by moors (for example Eboshi−dake and Az㎜a−yama). In Ada七ara−san, Bandai_san, Nasu_dake, Koma_ga_もεしke, some par七s of 工wa七e−san, Zao−zεm e七c., 七he fir fores七 is restric七ed, because of recen七 volcanic ac七ivi七ies. ]触r七her from 七he cra七ers of 七hese moun七ains,vege七ation is in 七he process of res七〇ra七ion, where_ (for ins七ance 工wa七e−san) and,ヱ主_ (for instance Ada七ara−san) are found as the primary coniferous _165_ 七rees. Fir fores七s are not prevalen七 in such small as Waga−dake, 1(urikoma「Yama and Funaga七a−yama. moun七ains In conclusion, the distribu七ion of fir fores七s is determined primarily by 七empera七ure, and secondly by wind and snow cover. 1n addition 七〇 clima七ic fac七〇rs, volcanic ac七ivi七y and de七ailed morphology of 七he moun七ain affecも 七he disもribu七ion. References 且ayashi, Y.: The Na七ural Distribution of Impor七ant Trees (in JaI)anese wi七h English Abs七ract),Coniferous Re玉)or七 1, Bulletin of The Governmenも Fores七 Experimen七al S七a一むion, No.48, 1951; Coniferous Repor七 2, Ibid.,No.55, 1952; Coniferous Repor七 3, Ibid.,No.75, 1954 Hayashi, Y.: Taxonomical and Phyto−GeograI)hical S七udy of Japanese Conifers (in Japanese), 1960, Tokyo Imanishi, K. and T. Ki ra: Biogeography (in Japanese), Physical GeograI)hy 工1 (Edited by E. Fh㎞i),pp.235−313, 1953, Tokyo Ohwi, J.: Flora of Japan (in Japanese), pp.1−5, 1953, Tokyo Onodera, H.: Deformed Coniferous Trees in 七he Sou七hern I)ar七 〇f the Ohu Moun七ains (in Japanese wi七h English Abs七rac七), Ann. Toho㎞Geogr. Assoc.,Vol.13, No.3, pp.ll2−ll9,1963 Onodera, H.3 Clima七ic Landscape in Some Par七s of 七he Ohu Moun七ains, Sci・ ReP。 Toho㎞Uhiv., 7七h Ser. (Geogr.), No.13, PP.135−145, 1964 Yoshioka, K. and T. Kaneko: The Dis七ribu七ion of Plan七 Communi_ 七ies du・七・T・P・graphy in a Par七・f Mt. Hakk・da(in Japanese), Jap. Jour。 Ecol.,Vo l.12, No.1, pp.26−31, 1962 Yoshi oka, 1(。 and T. Kaneko 3 Dis七ribu一むion of Plant Communi七ies on M七. Hakkoda in Rela七ion to Topography, Ecol. Rev., Vo l・16, No.1, PP.71−81, 1963 _166_
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