ハ驚Z¯ ノZナ{チ ハヒYツfv» チ ハソZ] ZfyZ { ハクサ

 '( $%& # " ! )
(91 -122 ) 1393 .26 .7 . *
(,% *+
.% */(
! ! "# $#% &
1
! ! "$' #!
234
/ >4?@ *4 4AB: 45 C4:=4 "4,<4 ;
4$ 45 8+: ' '/0 *+,
.=4$ 4 /04$ 4:B ;4, ' 4+, .4#B<4 =B: & C:B C'$D,B
":#4!% *45 C4:% / :0+,/# ' ;,B / *&$0 E* C:/0$
<4, ' # /0$ K0 HIJ ;, # .: / $#0 / FG #&# #B:
0+,/# C:#D ' I?) B?< ,0L / B?< CI FJ MN#N # &'
T4$S 4:4$0S ;4, *4 K% :/RS ;, # .K,/+ (* / O%P ,0L / Q,/
C:#&4$ C4:Y/4? / 4:=:X4 W=N #!% 0: /0$ CD%0 C:V :K:
C:/04$ 4$# B50 "#L ;, * WZ% :#!% ;, C:/0$ # '
4$#0 # 4J F4 '$ = C# K_ ^E #!% 5 D / ,$ #!% 48 #4 *% # CD%0 V 62 ",$ C:#!% C:/0$ ; ' "FJ ;, # .K,0%
' ?$ : ! $#0 ;, ' C:#&$ .K,0% `0
$ "=$:= B: *5
[email protected] :Vb 8, *
1393 /3 /29 :0,dS T,#
1393 /2 /19 :=,# T,#
26 8#B / 7 V$
92
*4d< / (4# 65) 4, 4' / ' 04! C#4e #4f*4 (4# 97) V@ '
C:/04$ # (,4$ C:#4!% F4% 4# 25) ,4$ #4!% 12 .=$ (# 59)
80' # :#!% ;, B: *% # R,/ %G «:» FI# «» =Xgh / FI 0 4& ' i4I (4# 75) 4h4 #4!% 36 / 0< #0h *e$ V@# C:#!%
' 4# 93) # 4l, C4:k/ 4/0 .4 FI# ,0j * F_h / ,<
# X4$ C4:k/ 0#4% .=$ X$ C:k/ ' 0! (,$ C:#!% C:/0$
i4I 4: # 63 # *% C#f* m=$:#!% 0,$ ' 0B% # *,*e$ C:#!%
*$/# #!% /0$ "= C# K_ C^E ' .=$ *# #%* l, C:k/
;,0! / =$ ##&0 ,$ C:#!% 0, C:/0$ ' C:=:X ;,0! '
.=$# = C# C^E 0, /0$ ' # ,0</
"4: -4 =4Xgh "CD4%0 V "4B?< (CI) FJ " /0$ : 25
.,*e$
8 .1
/ >4?@ *4 4AB: 5 C:= ",< ;
$ 5 8+: ' '/0 *+,
"4 =4,: C4:B ;4, ' +, .#B< =B: & C:B C'$D,B
04, C4:/0$ *% =$ ; 0B: I$ C*egh /0$ .=$ /0$
"4% *n0E 5 * # =+@ , = 0: V / 0+ 8#E 0,' m# Y/?
#4L . *& B$# C:=eh # "= #
* / # Z0@ / =B$#
*4 *4% 4 =4 o4:0 / 4IE "T,#4 ' D54 4eX /0$ *% /#
C:/04$ CJ / qrg "pEh ;,0 .% QB% 0 0! ,0B:
"44 $#0 << C:*X5 ' C:/0$ *N0< .: D B5 *4 H4IJ ;4, # .4HIJ #&# *% # 5/ : ' S C,/' AB:
&44' 4erg 8R4,/ MN#4N / *4,0 4$4' ,/' ' /0$
# Hh4 4 04+,/# ;4, 04,' mK,,D<0 B?< CI FJ # C:/0$
# S e ' / #0 HBE # S C:=eh/ ' 0S "' s,0t
93
C:/0$ ,J / ' #&$ # /%
26 8#B /7 V$
' % B?< CI FJ "0, * .% ,'Z 0: $S 0,'
# :/R4S ;4, # "q40 ;4, *4 .#04 04S ;4 # 4e s4
C4:*,P
#4!% 04: 4 /04$ CD4%0 C:V .1 :K: :$0S ;, T$S C5/=5
;4, 4 C:/04$ 4 # ' C:#&$ C:Y/? / :=:X .2 W=N
WZ% :#!%
:
;& %"& .2
C4:V4$ # 4 m=$ ! Zl C:/0$ 8## C,' C::/RS "%
1
«4$/0$» uOg4 C04<F+4 *4 *% K: C%0S Yerg : "0&
C:/0$ 8## YEOf C#/vB5 / *erg Ce* >?r ;, .=$ 0l
.0% vn/ # Z2003 V$ # 2V% ,, "# ;
/ =$
/ &*e5 0! / /0$ 8## *% 0,0j 0!:/RS '
5
;x4,# "(1995) 4` / &# "(1963) 35 "*&0S HIJ * ,I$
/ 9/#/ "(2006) 8,0 ;B5 F! "(2006) 7% "(2005) 6y$% "(2005)
40A / (1388) C#4 "(1384) ' .0 Z # 10# F+, / (2012) #+B:
4' # ' / ,I$ IIJ *% : C0, 0!:/RS (1392)
. Zl C:/0$
:
;& / % .3
=4Xgh) Q,/ 0+,/# C:#D ' / =$ I? z ' ":/RS ;, C0L CX
C4:4' 0#4% F4Xh' B?< C:#D / (CD%0 V) * / O%P "(: / 44 C:/044$ # X44$ C44:k/ F44I# 44l, C44:k/ 0#44% / 44
.K,0 0
F4J 8#4# Q4,/ 04+,/# # 4u0g YEn ' :«: /» =Xgh
=4X{ C:<R,/ / Y? 0 #B: "Q,kr_, C:B?< # .=$ Q,kr_,
"Q4,/ 04L' .44 4%G 04, ? C:<R,/ / Y? 00# 0#%
26 8#B / 7 V$
94
4,< *4% #04h ;, m },0 : - #J 0 qj» :| C:B'
04e q4rh # # 0< C:/0< / =X{ 0e qrh # # & /0< # ,0<
4» :4,0 0L# # *B5 ;, "V{ C0 .(Van Dijk, 1998: 22) «% K$0 ?
K:4
#d4</0 4O : ' C*: Ck0 D} ~: * ,=$ C0
;4, # C'04Sk/ .«=4d< 4:
4 8# 0 C0€G : B , / 0%
=X4 «4» *4 # / % "D} ~: ; *% =$ C*<* *B5
q4gh / # «:» / «» C: ;,0 m(B) : * , / =$ .0< #0h sr
=4$ 0» / =$0<#&$S C*,0L * / O%P B?< ,0L :CD%0 V
CD4%0 V .(70 :1387 "g4$) «4: *_# B?< 0 EB5 # B: ' ' C*4EBl ' 4B?< 04: "*4 / O4%P 04L* .=$ *,0L ;, K:? ' +,
,4e Z4L # CD4%0 C4:V ;4, .=$ F+! CD%0 C:V , :*!
4: /4 *% : u0g K:? ;,0K / % ?, $$ I B?<
04< *4% 4: *4B& 4BE {*» :V ;, "0, #XE * .D,#/0 B?<
~O&04 4' C:#&$ # .(344 :1388 "_0%) «D,#/0 *B& " *0
.0 Z CD%0 V C5* CD%0 C:V ' "EB5 C:#&$
*A / :* * l, C:k/ :X$ C:k/ FI# l, C:k/
K:4? 4 :4< "=4$ ZE *A / :* * X$ C:k/ / # 5/
# 44 -44? / =X{ ?fE # F@ q0* *% -*, / *,
=X{ #&' ;:| # YB% ' /0< / ;, 0#% e, m 0t
m# 4# 4& 0B: } mo5 / } 8k/ / "V{ C0 . * ? ,
.% l, ;:| # E o5 8k/ C4:#D 4E*4 4, / V@ "*d< ' *$ 0#% : C:' 0#%
., +e :B?< # *% C0+ C:=eh/ 8:! B?<
4#*4/# 04 0 C%G =$ ;+B /0$ # , ' 0#% "V{ C0
. #!% Q,
95
C:/0$ ,J / ' #&$ # /%
26 8#B /7 V$
:
;& =
2 < .4
11
K_ ^E ‚S / ,$ C:#!% C:/0$ ", C0L CX ' ?$ 4 C:/0$ $#0 ' ~: .K% $#0 # 12J F '$ = C#
C:#4!% 4,I 4+ #/ K:04 "F4 '4$ = C# K_ ^E ‚S
"~4: ;4, *4 4,=$ C0 .=$ Y#h q@ C:#!% ' :/0< ,$
4$# *4 4: 13B50 0B: # *erg # C:#!% C:/0$ ' $0
/ ;,/4 "?>@A >" > > M4% *4 $ #% ;, .K,0% *
14
. HIJ (1384) ' ,S C#/
2 C! D .5
8H I %? FG! .1 -5
15
K+L <MA NOP" 1 J
A
< Q;
F
_P
#!% Z
1
h0M5 C$
,0ƒ5 +
2
H& Q0% C#B5
=+@ z
3
_P Z0 /0$
/0$ Z
4
Q,
/0$ C: e
5
(. 0l :S 0$ * *% B% MOI) Z1975
/0$ q, V$
6
_P
/0$ '
7
($_P :=) $ $
0$*0
8
=A,$ C
'$o:
9
0? 6/645/827
=eB5
10
v0 0% 236/800
=@
11
(;,S * i$) *,*e$ 0B% / 44,*e44$ D44
12
16
17
18
# }g$
, / `X% "Z,/ ";N "#B
,B:
13
26 8#B / 7 V$
96
K+L FG! 2 J
A
8RS
F
;'04$) 4,0<*4d< "; ,$
4# "4 4+, / Y4@/ "(C#S
' ,4:# ZO4E "=4 ~0 / +
; CR C00 " M# / <0
CD%0 C:V
1
«:»  FI# «» 
2
"4_& / :=r,0x '#X "Z0
"=44 C' / VOI44$ ' =44LJ
/ C'/0S C0 O # Zh=€
= $# X&*
Z0 : 
_& / :=r,0x :: 
0
,e ^
,e i/#
3
1
*d<
C:' 0#% e
4
10
V@
1
,
14
(*,) l, C:k/ 0#% e
4
(*,) X$ C:k/ 0#% e
5
# UV " W J 3 J
A
"
JH" *R
+5 / ƒ
440E / 44hDh "44Xr
Ce$
"h0#B ";,0J "ƒ
"45 04% "04E "CD/
"rƒ "CDr "Xr "=,%
"Ce4$ 0E "BE "Vx
"44hDh "44+' "44,
19
";g4 0rƒ4 ";g
"444444+5 "444444b/0
Ye$ / I "YDE „q5
:/'# / ~: B: V
W J
;
(=,: ' !
) & * …0
97
C:/0$ ,J / ' #&$ # /%
"
0444% "#444B "444B%0
l,#| / Z,/ "rB
26 8#B /7 V$
JH" *R
W J
;,0J
; +
"044E "O44 "44ƒ "4!&# "C04I "4,Of ";,#' "
";4x "=4,% "rB4 0% 4'0 / }X4 ;'04$ ";/# "#
"4+' "B%0 "*,#$
#&
# / CD/ "hDh
"+5 ";x "#B
0< / Q "=$/ "D,DE
Vx / 0E "+'
"CD/44444 "h044444#B
FI / '
"44444+' "44444+5
/ 44444hDh "44444B%0
#
"44B%0 "44Xr "CD/44 "+ "*: "*50 "# "†#D
"44+' "44+5 "044gh / =BLE "'00$ "B'# "B5#
"44%S "44rƒ "044E
*X0
/ 44444l,#| "44444#
+5
CD/
B/0€
"rƒ "$Dh0h "CD/ / ,44$ F44h "F44l F44h "44I
"4B%0 ";4x "%S
#$# / ;, "$0S
"V44x "44_P "rB44 044%
"+O,044$ "Ce44$ 440E
0E / ;,0J
+O,0$ / CD/
M% / '/0S
hDh / +O,0$ "CD/
"O4 "+O,04$ ";x / 4
=,' "#h/ / H!E # X,' "X,'
"4B%0 "V4x "5 0%
04% / 4Xr "4+' "0E
rB
eXf v / =eXf 0L ' X,'
;
26 8#B / 7 V$
98
"
JH" *R
W J
Z,/ / =,%
B#h / #I
Z,/ / B%0 "$Dh0h
*%0 / ;g "rƒ / Z/44I "445Z44I "zl44 "44OI
0,dS=+
Vx / ;,0J
5 / ;,0J / Vx
rB: B "*N#x+,
0gh
/0
"4 "M4& C4:DN "<' 8:) Ce
Ce
84#/0S "#/04S4 "4B, "=I4$ "$#
"V44x "+O,044$ (44
Z44r / C44h 044
B%0 / Xr "+'
+O,0$ / %S
,,'
C
(D&F@) C
+5
B5#
B%0
*,0<Zh s
/ hDh "B%0
$/ ZB: / H!E "=$/
+'
B%0
(=0$) 0,I
Z,/
/5
;g
* M
`X%
$
l,#|
Z50Q
#B "0E
=rb / C0,dS=&
04% "04, "CD/4 ";,0J
' / #,S ",S "*/5
"44rƒ "=44,% "445
"Ce44$ 440E "44%S
/ 4444B%0 "4444+5
Z,/
"CD/ "#B "O
l,#| / ;B,
; * ,'#/ H!E / ; =$/
;
99
C:/0$ ,J / ' #&$ # /%
"
JH" *R
26 8#B /7 V$
W J
b/0
& S #
' =t?@
CD/
; ' =t?@
;
=,%
i$ ; C#*
; X
$Dh0h / 5 0%
O
/ `X44% "V44x "44ƒ
;'0$ >?@
C0 ;
,# Q
C0 C#&Kj
;
;
h C00 / Zh "h z
"444BE "=444,% "44450<
"444$Dh0h ";444B, "*,#444$
"44444B%0 "44444rƒ
/ 4_P "hDh "+'
;,0J
";44x "V44x "h044#B
'
Z0
/ 450< ";g 0rƒ
0Xh
";44x "44hDh "44ƒ
0h
l,#| / *%0
0Xh / hDh
zl
;,0J
0
rB 0%
o:0 / <
Vx
/0!S
BE
F
0gh / BE
#,0 / 0<#{,
hDh / +O,0$
B#h
*%0
=$0S&
+'
} >J
50<
VJ&
26 8#B / 7 V$
100
"
JH" *R
%S
#,S
50<
Z0&
50<
#,S
*%0
5H@
0Xh
l5
0Xh
0<5/=5
;,0J / _P
W J
Z0
~0 / #<#D "+
Xr
= #
50
Xr
:* #
BE
M0E ;x / ,r "CD/
*44 Z044@ " ZO44$ "44$0 /#
Z0
BE "=,% " "ƒ
Z0 ; # / #!% # #^@
;,0J /
0E
; # #^@ * #/
;,0J
,S0 =+@
0gh
Z:* 0
*,#$
C0 Q,0X
,
C0 H!E
+'
LJ
ƒ
0!B &
#!% # #^@
,
' $0
Z,/
C$* YE
l,#|
o5 # '0$ C#%
Z,/
‡ 0j
/ :#D
0Xh
0!B FB@
o5 C:B
;x
B5 K5 FI#
}
K5
o5
z
101
C:/0$ ,J / ' #&$ # /%
"
JH" *R
*,#$
e
Xr / ƒ
$ #
26 8#B /7 V$
W J
,0ƒ5 ,5
#!%
CD/
0,D5
,0ƒ5 <R,/
#!%
rB 0%
%S %
C:'0 ;e
$Dh0h
P %
#!% ,0ƒ5
Vx
0 =B%@ / ,0ƒ5 80< ;e
hDh
;'0$ ,0ƒ5 =e$/
"5 0% "rB 0% ":
"*x "0) ˆ& ,0ƒ5 C:+
;g 0rƒ / $Dh0h
(h / ,# "%
Ce$ 0E / ƒ
.=$ †#D &
;B,
0% ;?%
;g 0rƒ
#e
* Z0@
r
`X%
* B,
:
",4 "/:
ZO$
, Z$#
C,
0ƒ5
,
;, / ,
#!% # , z
"‰4,k "Q$
"444444444$#S
"B44444444
J
C#,
;,0J / Vx
;,0J
/ S#
ƒ
H@ C0X:# 0,dS
0,
0X:# ZS ' C/0S
;,0J
zl
Y? 0B0
/ B:0 "B'#
S
#,S
S / 0X:#
26 8#B / 7 V$
102
"
JH" *R
:S 0<
b/0
=g$ >?@
BE / `X% "b/0
S ,/#0 / =g$ C0X:#
=,%
Z0 C00
=,%
Z0 ' z
BE
/ ' =Ef
0E
/ /5
"# ";Sk "`X% "b/0
/ H@ # E
W J
S / 0X:#
Ce$ 0E / BE
;,0J
(=,: ' !
) & * …0
b/0 / ;,0J
,S0 C0X:# / =+@
b/0
>?@
/ 4$Dh0h " "O
Z0 ; #^@
B%0
=rE
/ ? "=XJ "0
$/
Z,/ "+O,0$
;# ;' / ;, *B&
";444x "444%S "444
KN0S u0f s/
0?
"*444%0 "Ce444$ 4440E
l,#| / # "Z,/
"Ce44$ 440E ",44r
KN0S o# s/
/ 4l,#| "4# "*%0
KN0S
Z,/
B%0 / ,r "0E
Z,/ "Ce$ 0E "#
* /# / *00 KN0S
KN0S 'D:
l,#| /
Ce$ 0E / Xr
C0
,r
=I / =Be "C'/0S B
*%0 / %S
C#,S / =/I B
;x
D,DE
+5
KN0S 0,' !% s
103
C:/0$ ,J / ' #&$ # /%
"
JH" *R
*%0
KN0S =+r
*%0
# # †0
Z,/ / *%0
& &0$ ' *0< KN0S &0$
Z,/
,$ C$ * Z0 CB:#
;g
* #& <$
#
;B FI# KN0S ;0
:k
0E
Kh / 0!B
5 0%
`% &#
Xr
/0$
,r
S C0
Xr / 5 0%
; C#* C0
CDr
C / =Be CgE
Ce$ 0E
Z0 C0
Ce$ 0E
KN0S ;00 C0
!
& Y5
Xe / &
Ce$ 0E / 0gh
& Yh
Ce$ 0E
& Y? 50<
& ,$
`X%
W J
:! / :B
* Z0@
BE / CDr "b/0
e # YXE
:
Xe * H!E / ,$
:
Xe C C#5
"# ";44Sk "`X44% "44b/0
S H@ #
Ce$ 0E / BE
"CD/4 "h0#B "b/0
+' / +5
C/'# ; / E
M&
Z0 H@ #
Ce$ 0E / ,r
"#S444$ "CD/444 "0444,
26 8#B /7 V$
;'0$ H@ #
26 8#B / 7 V$
104
"
JH" *R
"=444,% "CD/444 "#444B
;'0$ / (#S) 5
W J
"4rƒ "_P "$Dh0h
/ ;g4 "Z4,/ "B%0
#
CDr
C# ;'0$
0Xh / `X%
$ Z0 / ;'0$
`X%
;% :S Š#/
`X%
#/ * #/
;g 0rƒ / 0E
*d< + =!<' #$&
rB 0%
*d< B / T,#
=,%
T,# 0% '00$
%S
V@ ' 0 T,# 0€G
0gh
;% 0 ;'0$
*,#$
d< C0,dS=+
+5
#/ C:'
B%0
5 Y0
+'
; 5 :0B:
Z,/
, # <' !&#
hDh
<, * *5
/ +5 "$Dh0h
<, * ; VI
,0<*d<
,0<,
B%0
%S
*d< ' , C0,dS0€G
#B
C0 5
Y@/ "J
#B
C0 C#%
( ;Q,)
CDr / $Dh0h
# <' / Z0 #^@
J "C#0
,r
J
/ /0%
Vx
F< I@ * *X!
#B
; VXh# *?t/Zl C0
;N
;B 00#
105
C:/0$ ,J / ' #&$ # /%
26 8#B /7 V$
"
JH" *R
%S
;'0$ Z/ ‹E
+O,0$
Y@/ ;# S*
:
Xe i$ 0% J
50< / hDh "_P
/ /0% J
#S$
J * YE
CD/
J ZOE
, / 5 0%
Z/
Xr
Z0 #/0j
`X%
*d< #/0j
*,#$
d< #/0j
hDh
#/0j >?@
`X%
e
C#Be
`X%
: !% rN*
:#/ / :'
0,
MOI zh/
W J
#/0j
ˆ& '
`X%
=! ' =Be '#
=,%
M0E =?
Ce$ 0E
=! 8,0
;N
Z0 ;B% #
5 0%
FI# <,
Z,/ / ;N
;# S* / ;$&0 *
Ce$ 0E
C00 / + =B$*
;g 0rƒ
0 =B$*
;N
;B 00#
Xr
0J '/# #
;g / h0#B
# '#X / 0h
0,
0X:# ZS
, / hDh
# # C#%
# / 0E
C0 †0 M
K5 / =!
0g&
YE
=El
VOI$ / C'
26 8#B / 7 V$
106
"
JH" *R
W J
, / _P
' =LJ
,
* '/l ?
$Dh0h
C$* YE
$Dh0h
Z/
$Dh0h
00 KN0S
_P
' =LJ
;x
+
0gh
C0 #& <$
+O,0$
Z0 #^@
+O,0$
CgE C0 =$&#
+O,0$
F% C'
*%0
H@ Q, E* C'
+'
C'
50<
* $0 /#
#
# # †0
h0#B
=+
h0#B
?
h0#B
' Y0?
h0#B
C
"#Be$ "Kr,0x
_P / h0#B
o5
<0 / !%0
h0#B
o5 # Y@/
h0#B
;B E* 0e
_P / ;N
M# / ' ,:#
0E
;0,dx # # †0 M
Z,/
:0l' ;+
h0#B
* YE
0,
B, + AB:
;N
#!% ;&$ #/
0ƒ / MOI
107
C:/0$ ,J / ' #&$ # /%
26 8#B /7 V$
"
JH" *R
W J
#S$
' / & # 0ƒ
+O,0$
#/ Z+J$ / :<
Z,/
,5 <' ;&$
h0#B
MOI #
0E
B 0
+' / :
;'0$ / #!% YP,
B%0
* YE
:
: X& r * $0 /#
#g$ / *r
CDr / :
Xe / & i$ CgE
"
X& "C
CD/
* $# C0 E
/ &
";444x "444%S "0444E
; # #^@
C'/0S
Y0
"44444+' "44444B%0
50< / B%0
rƒ / hDh
C0 :
$ =+ "!% ‚#
_P "$Dh0h
Z0 $# X&* / C
BE
S #^@ 0f&*
#S$
: =B$* YE
CD/
* $0 /#
0,
=+@ z * #
"`X%"b/0 " ";,0J
g$ / 0B+@ "S ' 0 Z
=+@ / =r/
/ =,% "BE "CDr "#
0E
%S
=r/ C#,S
;Sk
=+@ CI / Z/
;Sk
=+@ F+
rB 0%
0
$Dh0h
' =,n#
rƒ / $Dh0h
=B$* YE
"h0 "=0!S
26 8#B / 7 V$
108
"
JH" *R
W J
0E / CD/
; # #^@ * #/
e$ / F+
rƒ / CDr
# <'
;
%S
C0 KN0S C#5
#S$
* ,=$
#S$
C0 E
,
C0 C#%
CD/
re
l,#| / +'
C/0 * +
5
$Dh0h
#S
# / $Dh0h
0S
#
0&
Xr
0S
Xr
%%
0,
zf
0,
#/H@
=,%
=II@
*%0
,5H@
;B, / 0,
: =0<
Vx
#{,
0h
Z,/
:0B:
;'0$ l
0E
?
C#& / =r|
0E
?
+O,0$
;, *B&
Xr
# =El
+'
Z0 =/I
Vx
#!% # ' z
,r
' * E
:F * *5
=II@
~O& / zD
'
'
109
C:/0$ ,J / ' #&$ # /%
"
JH" *R
"B%0 ", "rB 0%
; C0
26 8#B /7 V$
W J
l,#| / ;g
Xr
;x
O ;0< *l C0
; C0
# #
C#%
; , K$ Z:
;d<&'
Z,/
& ;
,#
BE
S C0
,
= C0
,
C0
Z,/
C'/0S C0
,
=0!S C0
Z,/
0gh
=B$* YE
rB0%
Zl C0 #
+O,0$
; i$ CgE
50<
,$
rB 0% / 0E
; C0
/ % "O
_P
C'/0S C0
$
B%0
:
$ ' $0
Z,/
:
$ =+
rB 0%
=B$* ;# S
Xr
# Q
rƒ
#%+ C:#!% i/# Z+J$
+5
F 0,$ $/
B%0
5 # #!% KN0S *0
+'
5 # Ydr ;'0$
;B,
/0$ & C0 * 0% 0
=,%
; =,:
$# / $#
5
B,
26 8#B / 7 V$
110
"
JH" *R
W J
%S
C#,S
+O,0$
; i$ CgE
=,%
; =,:
+5
; *
;B,
=,0! =?
0E
C0 <0 ?
"B ";B
0E
0 <0N
/ 0B$ "_&
_P
'#X
;N
;B 00# =El
rƒ
00# C0,dS=+
Z,/
5 C/# ‡ 0j
#
/ 00# KN0S ;0
;x
Y#h ?
;B,
i ?
,
C0B$ 0+ FBJ
Vx
#!% # z
o:0
%S
<&0
#
Z,/
C0 %
50<
†#D C:#
0gh
# ' C/0S
0XS / <#D
Z,/ / +O,0$
;# ;' / ;, *B&
0?
*%0
?
K
*%0
?
C
B%0
0f
#!% C0<=5
B%0
, / ; * Kt ?
+' / *%0
;/#
0
Z,/
Pf / =
$
;B,
* ; He
C#/
=,0!
111
C:/0$ ,J / ' #&$ # /%
"
26 8#B /7 V$
JH" *R
W J
;g
K!&
;g 0rƒ
Y0@ / $0 /'# *
;g
OI "=+ ;0,dx / '#X =/I
;# S
;g
;,0J
#
:;+B0j 0
X0
0 C0 '
h
<' / †0 ?
W J % NY Z!& 4 J
A
"
8
#
e
%81
39
; ~/
%62
30
; / E // Y5 / &
% Y
F
;
1
;, / ;,
2
, / B, /M& C/'#
%58
28
Z0 ~/
Z0
3
%54
26
4 # 0h / =0<
o5
4
Q C:#
5
,0<*d<
6
=+@
7
/;444d<&' / C#%444 /o4445
";B44 44 '#44X /o445 # =44/I
/ zD4 /K4r,0x / 0B$ "_&
~O&
%52
25
/4 "4& "
X4& "C
$/ "? "=XJ "0
# /$# / $# /=II@
%43
21
/ 4:' /% /*d< B / T,#
:#/
%41
20
04 Z /S "0X:# "Z+@ /:=r/
=+@ z '
26 8#B / 7 V$
"
%39
112
8
19
% Y
F
, * =e4n/ K$0
8
0ƒ / MOI C044 M44g
/ F4+ "h0 "=0!S # # %
#!%
; e$
%33
16
J /0% / J / Y4444444@/
9
N#x+,
%33
%31
16
15
Z/4 / * YE / # # C#%
/ C'
VOI$
KN0S /:! / :B
:B
10
11
# UV " W J % NY Z!& < 1 C3
W J [R! .2 -5
#4 *4% # CD4%0 V 62 ",$ C:#!% C:/0$ ; ' "FJ ;, #
CD4%0 C:V ,e YIXf ;,00#%0S .K,0% `0
$ "=$:= B: *5
113
C:/0$ ,J / ' #&$ # /%
26 8#B /7 V$
"Z04 ";4, / ;4, ";4 :' 4Y#XE q0* ,$ C:#!% C:/0$
"#4!% C04 Mg =en/ K$0 "=+@ ",0<*d< "Q C:# "o5
K:? ;,00#%0S ' +, «;» .:B / "VOI$ / C' "N#x+, / Y@/
# .# C#4 VB! K:? *% F =$ Ck/ ; .=$ C:/0$ #
' 04, 4 *4 m4 04 #4%*4 4,' D ; iX0 K:? " C:/0$
;4 *4 *45 "K:4? ;4, ' 4+, .=$ *&0S ; * s
C:*X5
*4 44 *4B5 ' *4% =4$ & * …0 Oh / =,: ' !
E*
C:#4!% 4 # .04% # /; #!% / /; ; " /; ;'0$ Y#XE
4N 4 .=4$ 4 04%| (4# 81 4e,) #!% 39 # Z? ;, ",$
Y/? 0, C:#!% C#h ;g 0rƒ /0$ # Z? ;, ' ?$
/ *40< #04h ;'04$ #4% # 4 / ; 0Bn un/* "0, C:#!% # .=$
*% ZOE ;g 0rƒ /0$ # m=$ C,0 : /
# « ;'0$» $# 0L* .=$ & ;'0$ # #^@ : r$#D:/ C/'#
'4: 4» :=4$ 04+ 4S =4eh/ '4: ,< *% =$ ,,# "/0$ ;,
# *4N0< .«4& ;'04$ # K ' *% *r$#D:/ "*0 =$'
C/'# / 4 ' 4AB: ' 4S C: ",< ;
$ & ;'0$ ' /0$
4@ ;g4 0rƒ ";,0 .=$ * HIJ ': *% % , C*r$#D:/
.B ;g 8qj ;'0$ Qr # & ";I,* & /0$ #
«;4» 4B% C:4,B: "04<4 #0h ; ,e IXf # *% C0, Z?
04B: H4$ C#/#4 0:4B5 4J ' *,VOI$ C:#!% " ;, ' .=$
4' , # .0% ?$ +, Y? ' / y0! :=? qj # *$/#
# ;, / :! FI C0,dS0€G / ,0B: E ":#!% ;, /0$
.#d< C/# S/0 ' *: / ' *% =$ r@#
4!
Y4@/ =45# «=$ *& ;f/» 8#e$ ' "ƒ /0$ #
# 4h z * ";S C: # 0,' m *0< 0 ƒ s
Zh *40< 04L# 4& Q4, 4E*4 : B: ;,0 m=$ # #!% ;,
26 8#B / 7 V$
114
;4f/» 8#e4$ ";g #!% /0$ # .% <' *& Q, # *% «; &» n q%0 # *& .=$ *# #%* ;'0$ QB =5# «=$ *&
*4 ";4!S 4 # 04,' m04j F4I# =4$ C%G l, # ; 0Bn .=$ *4?< ;
4$ =4/I / Z4I / 4 ' "e C: # / 0% # zD ;'0$
.=$
=g4$ "*f/04! :S ZL : =+@ z *% ,$ C:#!% B: #
" Z * # "=$ ;!0 / V# g$ f/0! "g$ f/0! "*Ig
Z4L *4% C#4!% 4 .=4$ 4 04%| =4+@ z "0 / g$ "#K+@
/04$ # .=$ , "! # * /0$ # / =$ *f/0! :S
4 4'K4: /0$ q, V$ m :! Xr5 + ";,0J #!% ' 04 Z4 ' ‰4S /0$ ;, # ;,0 m=$ #!% ;, # $$ h q,
04 4S Z4 C'$X N0: m=$ # $$ h ,S * "S
D45 L *% C0, C:#!% # .% E # / ,5 =B: "$$ h
04, "04% #4 & =+@ z * =@0* *% ,$ #!% "# :S
.% %G & =+@ z 0 "0, O$ C#B5 ' 0 Z *% =$
*4% =$ ? " VB! K:? # FG #&# + "YE ,e IXf #
=B4$*4 ;4# S * # 0 /0$ ;, .=$ ;g 0rƒ /0$ #
=4,, # 204E Ž# 4# 4B: #/4, 0 .% YE 0
804% 04 # 4E Ž# ,40ƒ5 804< # 5 C:#!% B: 0,' m
,4e 4IXf ;4, ' *4% ,:#4!% 4 /0$ # .*0< C5 $ e, ";'
4, (Z4,/ / ;4N) ;B4 =B4$* ;# S / ;$&0 * Z0 "0% ?$
0rƒ4 /0$ # . YE (Ce$ 0E) C00 / + =B$*
' C#44 8440<0# / 44 N>>! # *44% 44E Ž# C44:'0 *44 ";g44
0rƒ4 ";,0 .=$ # "=$ *#/& Ig # 5 % C:#!%
%G % C:'0 0< 0 & /0$ # *% =$ C#!% ;g
.: #0h & FI# # 0, C:#!% ' C# "Bn #f* / %
115
C:/0$ ,J / ' #&$ # /%
26 8#B /7 V$
8<8 HRQ W ?# \! 1<8! .1-2-5
' VBe #f* # 0$ CP D "=$ X ,*e$ Z? *N0<
V$ # # 5 Q ./# #B* :#!% ,*e$ ;e C:#e
.% C*IXf /0< #N # # D Jr' # :#!% "& Z2013
21
.;,S # / ;,S* i$ # "P* i$ # "P # ,:#!%
"% #f* 0& /0< *$ / *?< *,*e$ =
/0< C:#!% *
F *% Z#N /0< C:#!% * .: Ch 0L' *e$ V@# C:#!%
. Of D *,*e$ 0B% C:#!% "=$ ;,S # C:#!%
/ :#!% ,*e$ 5# …X# $#0 ":/RS ;, ~: ' +,
#!% =?: # o5 CD%0 V .=$: C:/0$ # `# K:?
B: .=$ *# #%* *,#$ / ;x 22"0Xh "l,#| "Z,/ ", "ƒ
0Xh iI / *e$ V@# C:#!% 80' # "0Xh D5 #!% =?: ;,
"# "_P "0, C:#!% # C' / VOI$ CD%0 V .=$ *,*e$
# V ;, .=$ *# #%* $Dh0h / +' "+O,0$ "*%0 "0Xh
<R,/ V ;, .0% $#0 +@ ZL z / ,*e$ #e / ;0< 0L#
C#!% E* 0Xh iI / =$ *e$ V@# C:#!% C:/0$
# .=$ 0% 0%| & /0$ # # C' / VOI$ CD%0 V "*,*e$
.B , V ;, "=$ :S : +@ ZL *% ,:#!%
' 04! 4l, C4:k/ ",4$ C:#4!% 4 C:/04$ ' # 93 #
/ 4, "*4%0 #4!% *4$ 4 /04$ # i4I / =4$ *# #%* X$ C:k/
C:#4!% .K4: 4l, / X4$ C4:k/ 040 pX,0I 0#% : h0#B
# 63 *% C*<* m0% ?$ C0B% X$ C:k/ ' "=X* *,*e$
' i4I 4: h4 / *0< #%* C:/0$ # # l, <k/ p0 :
*4% =$ ;g 0rƒ /0$ {$ .0% ?$ X$ 8k/ / , Q,
X4$ 4<k/ ' 04! "=X4* "*,*e$ C:#!% # ;0< #0h 5/
.=$ 0% ?$
26 8#B / 7 V$
116
F4I# «4» =4Xgh / FI 0 (,$ C:#!% F% # 25) #!% '/
/ 40< #0h *e$ V@# C:#!% 8'@ # B: *% # R,/ %G «:»
"Z4,/ "h04#B "4, ";4x "4_P ";4B, "04E "# :' Y#XE
40j / h0 / * # $ 8#h 0< .rƒ / rB 0% ";N "B%0
#4!% 4/$ .*0< #0h $ 0 # 0L # C:#!% 0! "K% KI
,0j * F_h / ,< «&» ' iI (,$ C:#!% F% # 75) h
. FI#
44, 44' / ' 044! C#44e #4f*44 (44# 97) V44@ 44' ' ?4$
0t4 qj :#!% C:/0$ ;,0 m=$ (# 59) *d< / (# 65)
*4d< 4' ' 0! , ' : # / =$: 5 =en/ / V@ ' *
#4!% 84, =e4n/ K4$0 =4?< Z? ;, * *5 .=$ *# #%*
.# d< 0 D%0B ' C0P ,5
' C#4S 4?t/ *4% =4 C# K_ ^E #!% ‚S C:/0$ ;
,4:Y/? / :=:X "# E* # 5 # y0! ZL C05 / }
*40 / 4 ";4N "4+,0 C:#!% /0$ # :# 5/ u0 ;, *
:4! *4$/# #4!% 4 /04$ # *% # 5/ ! ' 0E / K:?
#+ «:» FI# «» =Xgh / FI "/0$ #N 0: # *+, *B5' mB
# «:» .B , & FI# C0j *$/# /0$ # m :!
"0B4$ .# Y#4? 4 *4$ / *4 q40*4 / *0 /0$
/23S4S "O4h "4Brt "#/D4 "04<*4bf :S "_& "y$0 '0$
/ 4S B4 "B4 / =4$ *40 4 /04$ # «4:»  B
# CD%0 C:V ' +, K%=$ . /0$ # «:»  :%Z
o45 J4 K4$0 4, / ' 0 Z ";B *E o5 * YE "/0$ #N ;,
4 /0$ # .B , *$/# /0$ # o5 * YE / o5 V .=$
m=4$ 4 ?4$ X4$ C4:k/ ' *40 / ";N "+,0 C:#!%
C#4e #f* (# 60) X$ C:k/ /0 *0 /0$ # *% C*<*
117
C:/0$ ,J / ' #&$ # /%
26 8#B /7 V$
CX4$ 8k/ : *$/# /0$ # m=$ (# 33) l, C:k/ ' 0!
*4$/# 4 /04$ "#!% ‚S ;, C:/0$ ' $# 0L* .=$ *0 #%*
450 Y4+ ' .# $ 8#h C:#!% 0, C:/0$ C0! ,0B:
Z4 4 / *40 "*$/# "+,0 /0$ # .=$& K$ 0%| :/0$ ;,
04%| ;N #!% /0$ # iI / =$ 0%| / 0 F% / / Y5 "&
/04$ *4+, *4 *5 *% =$ ;, l, # 5 h .B , & Z
4$$ Z4L 4 4& #04h qf
"=$:#!% $$ C:B ' +, .# B: - 5 =$$ ' # ;, *% -*0 #P+$
K,# C:/0$ # *##%* ' C:*
! &0 ;X / 0? iX0 5 C:=eh/ : # 5 ' C:=eh/ ' D *%
0e #!% ;, =,: E* o5 C:B +,0 /0$ # "V{ C0 .
*% % =€ ":B$ # C#l? C:qB / C:=%# D0h e /» :
.«=$ 'D: # l # ': KN0S
:| 0 "s
C:=X$* :#!% # #0+ =E* /0$ *% l '
.# CR,/ ,5 K:? / <k/ M
"=$ #d<0€G Z0
8. .6
=4 C#4 K4_ ^E ‚S / ,$ C:#!% C:/0$ IXg erg #
: =$* 0,' ‚, J F '$
`0
4$ ,4$ C:#4!% C:/0$ ' D,B CD%0 V = ' 4 C:/04$ CD4%0 C4:V ,4e Y4IXf ;,00#4%0S "4 ;4, ' .
C4:4# "o45 "Z0 ";, / ;, "; :' Y#XE q0* ,$ C:#!%
/ Y4@/ "#4!% C04 M4g =e4n/ K4$0 "=4+@ "4,0<*4d< "Q
4:4 4! $#0 ;, ' C:#&$ .:B / "VOI$ / C' "N#x+,
(4# 65) , ' / ' 0! C#e #f* (# 97) V@ ' ' ?$
8, / V@ =en/ * :#!% 0! *5 0 0 ;, *% =$ (# 59) *d< /
26 8#B / 7 V$
118
F4I# «4» =4Xgh / F4I 0 (# 25) ,$ #!% '/ .# =rP :
/ 40< #0h *e$ V@# C:#!% 8'@ # B: *% # R,/ %G «:»
FI# ,0j * F_h / ,< «&» ' iI (# 75) h #!% 36
#!% 45 # .= #;B ,$ C:#!% 8BE 0+,/# "q0 ;, * .
C4:k/ 0#4% .=4$ X$ C:k/ ' 0! l, C:k/ /0 (# 93)
/0$ # *% C#f* m=$:#!% 0,$ ' 0B% # *,*e$ C:#!% # X$
C:#4!% „‰+E04 .=4$ *4# #4%*4 4l, C4:k/ iI : # 63 ' 04! #4 X4$ C4:k/ ' *40 #4!% /0$ # ",$ ,*e$
4 /04$ "=4 C#4 K_ C^E ' .=$ ?$ l, C:k/
,4$ C:#4!% 04, 4 C:/04$ 4 # ' =:X ;,0! *$/# #!%
.: ! = C# C^E 0, /0$ ' # ,0</ ;,0! / =$#
:| 0 "s
C:=X$* :#!% # #0+ =E* /0$ *% l '
‚,4 ";,0 .# CR,/ ,5 K:? / <k/ M
"=$ #d<0€G Z0
r4e / '4 =45# 4:=4 / 4:=4r/ C0 CD :/RS ;,
/ =4B: F4r*4 "K,04% *A * *5 . C:/0$ * !
/04$ *4 0, C*<* , ":#!% Z0 0 /0$ I$ / ; C#d<0€G
/ "4 CP/ C4:'# ;4I C0 S /0$ . # := 0, o:0 ' :< 0,' m5 } / 0! Ye$ * $#
'4j :#4!% 4 /0$ , "# ;, # / 0€‘ 5 } C0<F+
.=$ &
,&
1. anthematology
2. David Kendell
3. Jahoda
4. Rekha & Taj
5. Rippon
6. Cusack
7. Kolsto
119
C:/0$ ,J / ' #&$ # /%
26 8#B /7 V$
8. Michael Jamieson Bristow
9. Voros
10. Michael Moure
"# "F_04$ "04E "450< "0Xh ";,0J "l,#| "# :' Y#XE :#!% ;, .11
";4B, "40E 4J Y#4 "*%0 "*,#$ ";g "Ce$ 0E "0gh "BE "Xr "=,%
"Z4,/ "h0#B ", "#S$ ";x "CDr "_P "CD/ "`X% "ZOr# b/0
"4hDh "+O,04$ "4%S "V4x "#4B ",4r "04, "4: " "O "ƒ
.rƒ / ;Sk "5 0% "rB 0% ";N "+' "B%0 "+5 "$Dh0h
.*0 / ";N "*$/# "+,0 :' Y#XE = C# K_ ^E ‚S .12
*4 :/0$ ;, B50 " /0$ s
' 39 * $#0 # C:/0$ *% l ' .13
. $#0 $#
B4$# v4l # 4 /04$ E* : ' !
iI ":/0$ &0 Pf =E* .14
/04$ ;,04& / 4 :& B: ## D :/RS ;, FJ ;,0 m S
. :& $#0 :/RS C05 ' "C#!% 0: # uO
15. Laos
"4:4 ’# C#4!% 04: ,0ƒ5 C:'0 , :=+@ / :Y#h # *% , Y0ƒ .16
04,' m44 4 C:/04$ *4B5' "4 C4:B 4&0 4 ;,D<C5 ‹E pBE
/04$ "4 4 C,5 =$$ 50: / : :#!% =$$ *
C:/0$
4:#4!% VOI4$ ' ‰4S 4$ 8#h # C:/0$ 0{% .$# q,* D C,5 04ƒ "/04$ 04ƒ C0 =r/ C^E , S =$&# "=+@ 0ƒ .$# q,*
"#4!% Z4 04ƒ "#4!% #4B5‰_# , 0X:# Y "S ;! =
* , g$ ;,/E
q,4 / K Q, zn ' C0,dS0€G "MOI "#!% Q, ' 5 / 8#/ J
.=$$ 8#h # C:/0$ 0ƒ F,P 0, ' ,5 h
17. Sisana Sisane
18. Dr. Thongdy Sounthonevichit
#!% ;, /0$ ":/RS ;, # .=$ $# =X€* F '$ # F_0$ Z #!% ;, .19
.=$ FJ / $#0 ;g 0rƒ Z ' 4<#D 4
"$ 80,D5*X ZB :' Y#XE " 0%| N! # *% E Ž# C:'0 .20
"Xr "0E ' <#D "=,% ZB "0E rB "# ZB "0:h rB 0
.0Xh / *%0 h0M5 ' !
"*,#$ ZB
"C4h 0L' *% P # C:#!% :0< #0h /0< #N ;, # $ 8#h C:#!% .21
"4b/0 "Ce4$ 40E "0gh "BE "=,% "# "0Xh ";,0J :, #B* *,*e$
"4l,#| :P4*4 i4$ 4# 4 C:#!% m;g 0rƒ / ;Sk "5 0% "#S$
26 8#B / 7 V$
120
4# 4 C:#!% m;N / B%0 "hDh ",r "0, ", "CDr "*%0 "Xr "0E
";44x "44_P "CD/44 ";44B, "*,#44$ ";g44 "4450< "44# :;,44S*44 i44$
C:#4!% m4rƒ / +' "$Dh0h ": "+O,0$ "%S " "Z,/ "h0#B
.rB 0% / +5 "O "#B "Vx "ƒ "`X% :;,S # .% ?$ , /0$ ' / # /0$ & ' *% =$ C#!% 0Xh .22
. *0 MOI ?r
' *% C0 #%=& V0k .23
^%
.’0 :B$ .?@A " .(1384) ,S "' @HA NV ?A » ? ?HRQ _NV .(1387) 0ƒE "g$ -
. 0! :0 .2“ .«? `
.0, / 0S*, *Bf B50 .?HRQ C! .(1379) ;# "~O%0 .:*$# e$ / Yerg 0 "O$ # / o:0 Y#'/ :0
;X / K # #% C#D "~/O%P B?< ,0L» .(1388) #P$BJ ",0% .3 .39 .($$ ZE / I@ 8+! l) , %O< .«$$ C:,S
.360 -339
C! B50 .«#
/ C0$ "=El C/ " /0$» .(1383) F+, "# .32 -31 .173 .:
;& a%< " .X5#
.?@A " 2WQ %?HRQ C! .(1388) 50 "C# .'0 ! .# $#% ,S
. ?HRQ ! Z :?HRQC! ! .(1382) .C b "Q,/ / Yerg 0 "O$ # / o:0 Y#'/ :0 .0, / CD, '/0S B50
.:*$# e$
- Bristow, M. (2006). National Anthems of the World. 11th Ed. London:
Cassell.
- Cusack, I. (2005). "African National Anthems: Beat the Drums, the Red
Lion Has Roared". Journal of African Cultural Studies. No. 17(2). Pp.
235- 251.
- Fairclough, N. (2000). Critical Discourse Analysis. F. Shayesteh Piran &
Others (Trans.). Tehran: Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance,
Office of Research and Media Development. [In Persian]
121
C:/0$ ,J / ' #&$ # /%
26 8#B /7 V$
- Jahoda, G. (1963). "The Development of Children´s Ideas about Country
and Nationality: National Symbols and Themes". British Journal of
Educational Psychology. No. 33(2). Pp. 143- 153.
- Kasraei, M. (2009). "Laclau & Mouffe Discourse Theory, an Efficient
Tool in Understanding And Explaining Political Phenomena". The
Journal of Politics. Faculty of Law And Political Science. Vol. 39. No. 3.
Pp. 339- 360. [In Persian]
- Kolsto, P. (2006). "National Symbols as Signs of Unity and Division".
Ethnic and Racial Studies. No. 29(4). Pp. 676- 701.
- Moure, M. (2004). "The National Anthem, Song of Courage, Pride and
Honor". M. Mashhadi Rajabi (Trans.). Culture And Research Journal.
No. 173. Pp. 31- 32. [In Persian]
- Naderi, M. (2009). Discourse Studies Analysis of Excerpts of The National
Anthems of The World. Master´s Thesis. Shiraz University. [In Persian]
- Pouyan, A. (2005). National Anthems of The World. Semnan: Aabrox. [In
Persian]
- Rekha, S. & H. Taj (1995). "National Integration through Value-Oriented
Activities". Psycho Lyngua. No. 25(1-2). Pp. 73- 77.
- Soltani, A. (2008). Power, Discourse and Language "Mechanisms of
Power in Islamic Republic of Iran". 2nd Ed. Tehran: Publication Ney. [In
Persian]
- Van Dijk, T.A. (1998). Critical Discourse Analysis. Available:
http://www.hum.uva.nl/ teun/cda.htm.
- ___________ (2003). Studies in Discourse Analysis: From Text
Commands till Critical Discourse Analysis. P. Izadi & Others (Trans.).
Tehran: Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance. Office of Research
and Media Development. [In Persian]
- Rippon, T.J. (2005). "Do National Anthems Educate for a Culture of Peace
or a Culture of War?". Culture of Peace Online Journal. No. 1. Pp 34-39.
- Voros, V. (2012). "Word Use and Contex Analysis of Six National
Anthems Preliminary Cultural Suicide Research". European Psychiatry.
No. 27(1). Pp. 137- 138.
- David.national-anthems.net/ index.html. David Kendell. 2004. National
Anthem Reference Page. Follow Link to country.
- National-anthems.org/ history. Htm. Michael Jamieson Bristow. 2003. The
history of Twenty Eight National Anthems.
- www. farsi.khamenei.ir
- www.worldbank.org