䠄᭕ᩥ䛻䛴䛔䛶䠅 • ⱥㄒ䛾≉ᚩ䠖㻌 ㄒᙧኚ䛜ᑡ䛺䛔䠄Ꮩ❧ㄒ 䛻㏆䛔䠅䛯䜑䚸༢ㄒ䛜ከရモⓗ䛻䛺 • “Time flies like an arrow” 䇾Flying planes can be dangerous” – “time” ྡモ䚸“flies” ືモ䚸“like” ๓⨨モ 㻌 㻌 䛂䛿▮䛾䜘䛖䛻㣕䜆䛃䠄ග㝜▮䛾䛤䛸䛧䠅 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 䠄㏻ᖖ䛾ゎ㔘䠅 • “flying” 䜢ᙧᐜモ䛸䛧䛶ゎ㔘䛩䜛䛛䚸ືྡ モ䛸䛧䛶ゎ㔘䛩䜛䛛䚹༢ᩘ䛩䜛䛸䠖 – 䠄ᙧᐜモ䠅㻌 A flying plane can be dangerous. – 䠄ືྡモ䠅㻌 Flying a plane can be dangerous. – “time” ᙧᐜモ䚸“flies” ྡモ䠄䝝䜶䠅䚸 “like” ືモ䠄ዲ䜐䠅 㻌 㻌 䛂䝝䜶䛿▮䜢ዲ䜐䛃 • “The shooting of the hunters disturbed me.” 䜒ྠᵝ • 䇾I saw a man with a telescope” “I ate the apples in the garden” 䛿䠛 – “time” ືモ䠄௧ᙧ䠖䛂ィ䛩䜛䛃䠅䚸 “flies” ྡモ䠄䝝䜶䠅䚸“like” ๓⨨モ 㻌 㻌 䛂䝝䜶䜢▮䛾䜘䛖䛻ィ䛧䜝䛃 䠄௨ୗ3ᯛ䛿ᮃ᭶ඛ⏕䠄ᮾிእ䠅䛾㈨ᩱ䜘䜚䠅 http://www.tufs.ac.jp/ts/personal/motizuki/ ᩥἲ䠄4䠅 ᩥ䛾ᵓ㐀䛾᭕ᛶ2䠄5䠅 lecture/ls2k62/lsandc06.ppt • ᩥ⬦⮬⏤ᩥἲ䛾 㻌 – PP㻌 䠖ྃᵓ㐀つ๎䛾㞟ྜ 䠄1䠅Sĺ13㻌 VP 䠄4䠅NPĺ'(7㻌 N 䠄7䠅VPĺ93㻌 NP 䠄2䠅NPĺ1 䠄5䠅VPĺ9 䠄3䠅NPĺ13㻌 PP 䠄6䠅VPĺ9㻌 NP S NP 䠄8䠅VPĺ93㻌 PP 䠄9䠅PPĺ3UHS㻌 NP VP 㻌 VP – PD㻌 䠖㎡᭩つ๎䛾㞟ྜ NP Nĺ , DSSOHV JDUGHQ Vĺ DWH Det ĺ㻌 the Prepĺ LQ N 㻌㻌I 㻌 V ate 㻌 ᩥ䛾ᵓ㐀䛾᭕ᛶ2䠄8䠅 㻌 N 㻌㻌I 㻌 V ate 㻌 Det N the 㻌 apples Prep Det N in 㻌 the 㻌 garden . • ಟ㣭ㄒ䠄⏝ゝ䠖㉥䛔䚸䛝䛺䠅䛜⿕ಟ㣭ㄒ䠄యゝ䠖 ᒇ᰿䚸ᐙ䠅䛾䛹䛱䜙䜢ಟ㣭䛩䜛䛛䚹 • ༢⣧䛺⤌䜏ྜ䜟䛫䛷䛿 2㽢2 = 4 ㏻䜚䛒䜛䚹 VP NP VP 㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌 NP Det N the 㻌 apples 䛂㉥䛔ᒇ᰿䛾䛝䛺ᐙ䛃 S NP NP ⚾䛿ᗞ䛷䜚䜣䛤䜢㣗䜉䛯 3 㻌 PP – – – – PP NP Prep Det N in 㻌 the 㻌 garden . ⚾䛿ᗞ䛾䜚䜣䛤䜢㣗䜉䛯 5 䕿㻌 䕿㻌 䕿㻌 㽢㻌 ㉥䛔ĺᒇ᰿䚸䛝䛺ĺᒇ᰿ ㉥䛔ĺᒇ᰿䚸䛝䛺ĺᐙ ㉥䛔ĺᐙ䚸䛝䛺ĺᒇ᰿ ㉥䛔ĺᐙ䚸䛝䛺ĺᐙ • 䛧䛛䛧䛂ᒇ᰿䛾ᐙ䛃䛸䛔䛖ゝ䛔᪉䛿䚸ᬑ㏻䛾᪥ᮏ ㄒ䛷䛿䛷䛝䛺䛔䛛䜙䚸᭱ᚋ䛾䜒䛾䛿㝖እ䛥䜜䜛䚹 • 䠍␒┠䜒ⱝᖸ⮬↛䛷䛿䛒䜛䚹 4 • 㽢䛂ᒇ᰿䛾ᐙ䛃 • 䛂䛄㉥䛔ᒇ᰿䛾䛝䛺䛅ᐙ䛃 䛂㯮䛔▖䛾䛝䛺ዪ䛾Ꮚ䛃 • 䛂㉥䛔ᒇ᰿䛾ᐙ䛃 • 䛂㉥䛔䚸䛄ᒇ᰿䛾䛝䛺䛅ᐙ䛃 • ๓䛾䛂㉥䛔ᒇ᰿䛾䛝䛺ᐙ䛃䛸ྠ䛨ᵓ㐀䛻ぢ䛘䜛䛜䚸ᐇ 㝿䛻䛿䜒䛖ᑡ䛧」㞧䚹 – 䛂ዪ䛾Ꮚ䛃㻌 䠄girl ĺ female child䠅 – 䛂䛄ዪ䛾䛅Ꮚ䛃㻌 䠄woman’s child䠅 • 䛂ᒇ᰿䛾䛝䛺ᐙ䛃 • 䛂䛄㉥䛔ᒇ᰿䛅䛾䛄䛝䛺ᐙ䛅䛃 䛂㯮䛔▖䛾䛝䛺䛄ዪ䛾Ꮚ䛅䛃 • 䛂㯮䛔▖䛾䛝䛺䛄ዪ䛾Ꮚ䛅䛃䛸䛩䜜䜀䚸 䛂㉥䛔ᒇ᰿䠊䠊䠊䛃ྠᵝ䚸䠏㏻䜚 • 䛂 䛄㯮䛔▖䛾䛝䛺ዪ䛅䛾Ꮚ䛃䜒ྠᵝ䛻䠏㏻䜚 • 䛒䛸䚸ᕪⓗ䛺䜿䞊䝇䠄䛂Ꮚ䛃䛜ಟ㣭䛥䜜䜛䜿䞊䝇䠅䛜䛒䜛䚹 䛯䛰䛧䚸䛂ᒇ᰿䛾ᐙ䛃䛸ྠᵝ䚸䛂ዪ䛃䛜༢⊂䛷䛂Ꮚ䛃䜢ಟ㣭䛩䜛 䛾䛿ᑡ䛧⮬↛䚹 䛂 䛄㯮䛔▖䛾䛝䛺ዪ䛅䛾Ꮚ䛃 䠄ᅗ䛿ᮃ᭶ඛ⏕䠄ᮾிእ䠅䛾䜒䛾䜢ᨵኚ䠅 http://www.tufs.ac.jp/ts/personal/motizuki/lecture/ls2k62/lsandc06.ppt 䛂㯮䛔䛄▖䛾䛝䛺ዪ䛅䛾Ꮚ䛃 䛂 䛄㯮䛔▖䛅䛾䛄䛝䛺ዪ䛅䛾Ꮚ䛃 㽢䛂 䛄㯮䛔▖䛾䛝䛺䛅䚸䛄ዪ䛅䛾Ꮚ䛃 㽢䛂 䛄▖䛾䛝䛺䛅䚸䛄㯮䛔ዪ䛅䛾Ꮚ䛃 㽢䛂 䛄㯮䛔▖䛾ዪ䛅䛾䛄䛝䛺Ꮚ䛅 䛃 㻌 䠄䛒䛸䛾䠎䛴䛿ಀ䜚ཷ䛡䛜ᕪ䛧䛶䛔䜛䠅 ၥ㢟䠄ᮇᮎヨ㦂➼䛻䜒ฟ䛩䛛䜒䠅 • 䇾I saw a man with a telescope” 䛾ᩥ䜢ྠᵝ䛻ᵓᩥゎᯒ䛧䛶䜏䜘 • ᩥἲつ๎䜢ຍ䛘䛶䛾ᩥ䜒ゎᯒ䛧䛶䜏䜘 • 䛂㯮䛔▖䛾䛝䛺ዪ䛾Ꮚ䛃䛿ఱ㏻䜚䛾ゎ㔘䞉ゎ ᯒ䛜ྍ⬟䛛䠄ᑡ䛺䛟䛸䜒8㏻䜚䠅 • 䠄ຍῶ㝖䛸䜹䝑䝁䜘䜚䛺䜛䠅ᩘᘧ䛾ᩥἲ䜢ᐃ ⩏䛧䛶䜏䜘䚹䠄䛒䜛䛔䛿ㄪ䜉䛶䜏䜘䠅 䠄䝥䝻䜾䝷䝭䞁䜾ゝㄒ䛾ᇶ♏㒊ศ䛷䜒䛒䜛䚹䠅 12
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