¤¢£¦¡£¢¡£© 7A7f7 ÿ)rø2014.10.17ù wý^ÉHm f7¬ö¬7HÈ ²fÉÖ¬ö Q ('fù z Hg lLg ν A A + ν BB ν CC + ν DD − Q (pfù £ ¤¢£¦¡£¢¡£© Hf lLg Üçòßöóîò ν CC + ν DD Q ('fù Hg ν A A + ν BB − Q (pfù lLg ν CC + ν DD Δ = øS}qÇhKālLzùöøSÉhKāHzù Hf :;uÉÄÉH Q = ΔU :;Hf Δ U ĂølLgÉÜçòßöÉ(ù ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬öøHgÉÜçòßöÉ(ù ( ΔU = ν CU m, C + ν DU m, D ) product ( − ν AU m, A + ν BU m, B ) react 1 mol EÁÖÉÜçòßö :,ÉÄÉH Q = ΔH :,Hf Δ H ĂølLgÉÜõâòéöÉ(ù ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬öøHgÉÜõâòéöÉ(ù ( ΔH = ν C H m, C + ν D H m, D ) product ( − ν A H m, A + ν B H m, B pfH¬ā¬ΔU ÏÁÊΔHÊ ) react 1 mol EÁÖÉÜõâòéö 'fH¬ā¬ΔU ÏÁÊΔHÊY ¤ ¤¢£¦¡£¢¡£© :;HfÅ:,HfÉ :;Hf ΔU ΔH = ΔU + PΔV :,Hf ΔH HFÉ;u1 ν A A + ν BB ( ΔV = ν CVm, C + ν DVm, D ν CC + ν DD ) product ( − ν AVm, A + ν BVm, B ) react 1 mol EÁÖÉ;u HgûlLgõkJZÅĶ×ÉÇÕËû RT RT ΔV = ⎡(ν C + ν D ) product − (ν A + ν B )react ⎤ × = Δν × ⎣ ⎦ P P ΔH = ΔU + PΔV = ΔU + Δν RT HfÉy ( Δ r H = ν C H m, C + ν D H m, D ) product ( − ν A H m, A + ν B H m, B ) react #gÉðòÜõâòéöµÙ´ØËyÄ¶× <µQ÷ -chKÚ:»Ãû¿ÉhKÄÉÜõâòéöÚüÅ½× Üõâòéö |ø-chKā 1 bar, 25˚Cù Δ f H (react) ! Δ f H ( product) ! WclLÜõâòéö Hg Δr H ! lLg Δ r H ! = (ν C Δ f H !C + ν D Δ f H ! D ) product − (ν A Δ f H ! A + ν B Δ f H ! B )react ¥ ¤¢£¦¡£¢¡£© HfÉy íáÉ^ f7PtDÉNy CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O C + 2H2 CH4 CO2 + 2H2O ÞòèïäêÉ^ HÜõâòéöÉbC5I f7wþ^ wý^āÜçòßö1MÉÙØ×ÃÉtÄÜçòßöÊ5ºØ× ¬¬¬¬¬¬6vzÉÜçòßöÊ1»Ç± ¬¬¬¬¬¬øÜçòßöÉȽ×^ù 6vz Of0 pq × pq @ýā100˚C @þā20˚C @ýā60˚C @þā60˚C ejÉP&Ú]Ñ×Ô²Ç^µ°× ¦ ¤¢£¦¡£¢¡£© Üõåôéö wý^ÈÔØËû6vzÉÜçòßöÊ: 6vzÉzÅ2nÍÉÜçòßöÉP^ÊdNÈ°× dÉÉ~Ð$Ù¾ÉÄûÆصpqÇ1 Ä°×´Ú:½×ÁÑÉhKN Üõåôéö¬Ą f7wþ^ 6vzĹ׽ÎÃÉpqÇ1Êû6vzÉÜõåôéöµ/3½× P&øΔS > 0ùÈÉлûÜõåôéöU3øΔS = 0ùÄBhKÅÇ× ¹¹ÄûΔS = ΔSzúΔS2nûÄ°× Üõåôéö S ÊûXDÄ:ºØ×hKÄ°× dS = dQrev T "qÈÖ½×f ΔS = ΔSzúΔS2n = 0 "tÏÁÊB ΔS = ΔSzúΔS2n > 0 "tÏÁÊp1 ÜõåôéöÊÏÁzɺÉ?C SøZùăSø_ùăSø+ù SøbùăSøbù § ¤¢£¦¡£¢¡£© Üõåôéö/3 z2É2nø20˚Cù z2É2nø20˚Cù 6vzā89 Q pq zāÝäìÈÂÁàöèöø20˚Cù zāÝäìÈÂÁàöèöø90˚Cù ΔS = ΔSzúΔS2n > 0 bCµ½×¬ΔSz < 0 fÚ!¸ ׬ΔS2n > 0 BÉ-c wý^Åwþ^É$D wþ^ wý^ dU = dQ + dW dW = −PdV dQ = TdS dQ < TdS dU = TdS − PdV dU < TdS − PdV "tÏÁÊB "tÏÁÊp1 "tÏÁÊB "tÏÁÊp1 ¨ ¤¢£¦¡£¢¡£© :bû:,TÉBÉ-c øGibbs Üçòßöù dU − TdS + PdV = 0 "tÏÁÊB dU − TdS + PdV < 0 "tÏÁÊp1 :bû:,TÄÊûTdS = d (TS ) , PdV = d ( PV ) dU − TdS + PdV = dU − d (TS ) + d ( PV ) = d (U − TS + PV ) = 0 dU − TdS + PdV = dU − d (TS ) + d ( PV ) = d (U − TS + PV ) < 0 H = U + PV ÔÖ d ( H − TS ) = 0 T, Pā:ûB d ( H − TS ) < 0 T, Pā:ûp1 Gibbs Üçòßö G = H − TS ( dG )T , P = 0 ( dG )T , P < 0 "tÏÁÊB "tÏÁÊp1 :bû:,TÉBÉ-c øGibbs Üçòßöù :bû:,TÄÉhK1Ê Gibbs Üçòßöµa> ½×P&ȹÖûGibbs ÜçòßöU=ÉŶBÅÇ× Gøzù pq pq Zs _s Gøzù = GøZsùú Gø_sù Z_BhK pÉC$± © ¤¢£¦¡£¢¡£© {gÉZ_B Zs _s Gm, g [ J mol] ZÉðò Gibbs Üçòßö ng [ mol] ZÉðòN Gm, l [ J mol] nl [ mol] _Éðò Gibbs Üçòßö _ÉðòN zÉ Gibbs ÜçòßöÚ G Ž×Å G = nl Gm, l + ngGm, g zÄ°×´Õ nl + ng = nT ( const ) G½×Å dG = Gm, l dnl + Gm, g dng :b:,ÇÕ Gibbs ÜçòßöÊ: dnl + dng = 0 ∴dnl = −dng {gÉZ_B BÄÊûdG = 0 Ä°×´Õû ( ) ( ) dG = Gm, l dnl + Gm, g dng = Gm, l −dng + Gm, g dng = Gm, g − Gm, l dng = 0 dng ≠ 0 Ä°×´ÕûBÄ°×ÁÑÈÊû Gm, g = Gm, l {gÉþsµBhKÄ5½×ÁÑÈÊû¿ØÀØÉsÉ ðò Gibbs Üçòßöµx»·Ç¸ØËÇÕDZ ª ¤¢£¦¡£¢¡£© :bû:;TÉBÉ-c øHelmholtz Üçòßöù :bû:;TÄÊû TdS = d (TS ) , PdV = 0 dU − TdS + PdV = dU − d (TS ) = d (U − TS ) = 0 dU − TdS + PdV = dU − d (TS ) = d (U − TS ) < 0 d (U − TS ) = 0 T, Vā:ûB d (U − TS ) < 0 T, Vā:ûp1 Helmholtz Üçòßö A = U − TS ( dA )T , V = 0 ( dA )T , V < 0 "tÏÁÊB "tÏÁÊp1 :bû:;TÄÉhK1Ê Helmholtz Üçòßöµa> ½×P&ȹÖûHelmholtz ÜçòßöU=ÉŶBÅÇ× Gibbs ÜçòßöÚ]Ñ×*4 ýùgÉ7~LÅV VL|µ%¼ÄÒû¿ÉRVÓ4VµoÇ×Å Gibbs ÜçòßöÊoÇ× GøãÛñðõæù ≠ Gøù Gøn – ëâõù ≠ Gøi – ëâõù þùgÉhKøZû+û_û`$gù Gø[ Zù ≠ Gø[ù ≠ Gø\ù A B Gøzù = GA + GB z A + B Gøzù ≠ GA + GB ÿùbC Āù, « ¤¢£¦¡£¢¡£© Gibbs ÜçòßöÉbC³ÔÌ,5I G = H − TS ∴ dG = dH − TdS − SdT H = U + PV dH = dU + PdV + VdP dU = dQ + dW = TdS − PdV ∴ dH = TdS + VdP ∴ dG = VdP − SdT Gibbs ÜçòßöÉ,5I bC:É.$ dT = 0 ÔÖ dG = VdP ⎛ ∂G ⎞ ∴⎜ =V ⎝ ∂P ⎟⎠ T ,1È<½×Gibbs Üçòßö1iÊ®u¯ÅÇ× G G T ā: V V P2 P2 P1 P1 ΔG = ∫ V dP = ∫ ΔG = V ( P2 − P1 ) RT P dP = RT ln 2 P1 P ,µ1½ØËuÒ1 P P ,Iø+û_ùÉ.$ ,IøZùÉ.$ £¢ ¤¢£¦¡£¢¡£© Gibbs ÜçòßöÉbC5I ,:É.$ dP = 0 ÔÖ dG = −SdT ⎛ ∂G ⎞ ∴⎜ = −S ⎝ ∂T ⎟⎠ P bC1È<½× Gibbs Üçòßö1iÊ®Üõåôéö¯ÅÇ× G -‐S ΔG = −S (T2 − T1 ) Üõåôéö:É.$ T Gibbs ÜçòßöÉbC5I ⎛ ∂G ⎞ ∴⎜ = −S ⎝ ∂T ⎟⎠ P bC1È<½× Gibbs Üçòßö1iÊ®Üõåôéö¯ÅÇ× G [ J/mol ] Gm, g P : 101.3 kPa Gm, l Gm, l {gÉZ_B Gm, g = Gm, l Gm, g BbCāTb T [ K ] ££
© Copyright 2024 ExpyDoc