イスラームにおける法の概念
― 中東を中心に ―
堀 井 聡 江
はじめに
2
2
1
7
1
2
2
19
2
1
2
2
1994
178.
10.
〈法〉概念の時間と空間
1. シャリーアとカーヌーン
1-1. 神の法―啓示と学説
sharīʿa
3
632
2
213
45
18
5
48
shirʿa
sharaʿa
ḥukm.
42
13
aḥkām
fiqh
ijtihād
ʿulamāʾ.
ʿālim
qāḍī
1
2
sunna
4
3
ijmāʾ
4
3
qiyās
、4-10
イスラームにおける法の概念
3
naṣṣ
ʿaqlī
sharʿ
1-2. 為政者の法と公の福利
siyāsa.
qānūn
640
4
khalīfa.
niẓām.
maṣlaḥa
767
5
1
798
5
786-809 年
“Ḳānūn” i (Y. Linant de Bellefonds), ii (Cl. Cahen), iii/1 (Halil İnalcik), Encyclopedia of Islam. New Edition,
CD-Rom edition v. 1.0 (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1999).
5
71-72
189/805
4
〈法〉概念の時間と空間
6
al-ṣalāḥ.
raʿiyya
7
1299‐1922
1
1563
1
imām
nāẓir
8
sulṭān
istiṣlāḥ
10
9
19
10
Abū Yūsuf, Kitāb al-kharāj (Cairo: Dār al-Iṣlāḥ, 1981), 31.
Ibid., 35.
8
Zayn al-Dīn Ibn Nujaim, al-Ashbāh wa-al-naẓāʾir maʿ sharḥihi li- al-Ḥamawī Ghamz ʿuyūn al-baṣāʾir, 5 vols.
(Karachi: Idārat al-Qurʾān wa-al-ʿUlūm al-Islāmiyya, 1409/1988), 369-78.
9
100-102.
M. Khalid Masood, Islamic Legal
6
7
Philosophy (Delhi:S. M. Shahid, 1989), 149-69
10
Wael B. Hallaq, A History of Islamic Legal Theories (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 214.
イスラームにおける法の概念
11
12
2. 「神の権利」と「人間の権利」
siyāsa sharʿiyya
16
13
2
632-565
565-750
750-1258
11
1956
1984
Cf. Hallaq, ibid., 220-24.
12
72
2009 1-25
207ff.
Robert W. Hefner, “Introduction - Law and society in the modern Muslim world,” Robert W. Hefner (ed.),
Shariʿa Politics. Islamic Law and Society in the Modern World (Bloomington, Indianapolis: Indiana University
Press, 2011), 18.
13
〈法〉概念の時間と空間
14
maẓālim
15
ẓulm.
16
ḥuqūq Allāh
ḥuqūq al-ʿabd
1089-90
17
khums
ʿibadāt.
14
ʿibāda
al-ṣaḥāba.
Crone, Patricia and Hinds,
Martin, God's Caliph, Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam (Cambridge et al.: Cambridge University
Press, 1986), 48-54.
15
58-59.
16
Hefner, “Introduction,” Shariʿa Politics, 16.
17
2012 3-5.
イスラームにおける法の概念
jihād
18
5
5
qisās
19
1
10
2
ḥuqūq al-nāṣ
20
2
874
21
1058
22
23
Pazdawī, Fakhr al-Islām Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Muḥammad b. Ḥusayn al-, Kanz al-wuṣūl ilā maʿrifat al-uṣūl in
Bukhārī, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. Aḥmad al-, Kashf al-asrār, 4vols. (Istanbul: al-Maktab al-Ṣanāʾiʿ, 1307-08/1890-91),
4/136.
19
61-62.
20
Abū Yūsuf, Kharāj, 367.
21
Khaṣṣāf, Abū Bakr Aḥmad b. ʿAmr b. al-Muhayr al-, Kitāb adab al-qāḍī, ed. Farḥat Ziāda (Cairo: American
University, 1978), 587.
22
2006 71.
18
23
529-32
〈法〉概念の時間と空間
24
3. 国家の介入によるシャリーアの変容
2
1
10
1250-1517
1357
25
26
2
27
24
Emile Tyan, Histoire de l’organisation judiciaire en pays
d’Islam, 2nd ed. (Leiden:E.J. Brill, 1960), 600-603.
25
Najm al-Dīn al-Ṭarsūsī, Kitāb tuḥfat al-turk (Damascus : Institut Français de Damas, 1997), 17-21.
26
Ibn ʿĀbidīn, Ḥāshiyat Radd al-mukhtār ʿalā al-Durr al-mukhtār: Sharḥ Tanwīr al-abṣār fī fiqh madhhab
al-Imām Abī Ḥanīfa al-Nuʿmān, 8 vols. (2nd. ed., Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1412/1992), 5/420.
27
1
2010
111-14.
イスラームにおける法の概念
1.2.
33
15
28
15
al-Qānūnī
1520-66
1574
1
1687
29
15
Mecelle-i ahkâm-ı Adlîye.
1660
30
15
al-aḥwāl al-shakhṣiyya.
statut personnel
19
31
28
29
30
Ibn Nujaym, Bahr al-rāʾiq: sharḥ Kanz al-daqāʾiq, 8vols. (Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, 1413/1993), 7/228.
Ḥamawī, Aḥmad b. Maḥmūd al-, Ghamz ʿuyūn al-baṣāʾir in Ibn Nujaym, Ashbāh
8 , 2/337-8.
Ibn ʿĀbidīn, Radd, 5/419-20;
ʿAlī Ḥaydar, Durar al-ḥukkām: Sharḥ Majallat
al-aḥkām, 4 vols. (Beirut, Baghdad: Manshūrāt Maktabat al-Nahḍa, n.d.), 4/259.
2011
31
35-42
1917
20
〈法〉概念の時間と空間
結論
16

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