壱GES “Bu血∝Sand山eEmonment”htem血氾】Ⅶ）rkshop2005 Sessionl：3RBusinessTrends 1Ⅳendsof3RBⅦSimessesinJapan 恥kashiGu亘ima Sub−Pr房ectLeader，BusinessfbrSustainableSocietyPrqject IGESK揖由Re5earCbCentre Iwouldliketorepor‖odayo皿thestatusandtrezlds marketsurvey，Whichtheyplantowindupbeforeth6 Ofthe3RbllSinessinJapan． endof血isfinancialyeaェ 1Newtrendsinthe3Rbusiness 2 Compatibility between economy Currently，the Ministryfor the Environment and theMinistryofEconomy，Tradeandhdustryarecon− ducting a market surveyfor the eco−b11SitleSS．In MaTCh也isye訂，aCOmm旭eem∈etmgWaSllel（＝ode− Cide uponthe basic conceptsfor conducting this SurVey．Asusual，interviewsinlinewithOECDcate− gorieswi11bethecoreofforecasts，butthe丘rstpolnt tobemisedhereisthatglobalizationoftheeco−b11Si− nessismovlnglnaneWdirection・Whatthismeansis dlatreCyClinginJapanlSglobalizingbecauseofgrow− and environment 、−“− き、 一厘ぬ払 皿 ℡ 数鷺⇒−・ 8 『』『 葛著 皿 認＝＝F＿声一㌻ 8 8 ヒ＝＝こ 皿 「J’−空．＿ 且 九 1ngeCOtlOmicrelationshipwithChina．Moreover，the 貰∈nla「gedfigu「eDnP．32． ChineseeconomylSgrOWlngdynamical1yandenvi− ronmental1imitationsaregradua11yemerging．Japan’s Thebackgroundtotheformationofthe3Rbusi− eco−bllSinesscaJIPrOVeuSefu1inChina，SOitispre− nessandeco−businessisshownhere．Untilnow，t■eco− dictedthattheeco−businesswi11growfurther． nomicsandthe environment were notcompatibleT． ThesecondpointconcernSthe3Rbusiness．Umi11 and．’raismgeconomicprofitsandprotectingtheenvi− now，血e’13Rs、、havebeengraspedassomethingstaticronmentwereatrade−0伊’，butaroundthemid1980s thatappearsinthe basic environmentalpla11S Only． theideaoftargeting’一compatibilitybetweeneconomy Butthe3Rbusinessisbecomingdymamicuntoitself Thatisbecauseoftheemergenceofdematerialization andtheenvironmentllwasconceived． 仏紙replacesgoodswi也seⅣices，aSis也ecasewi血 SerVicizingandPSS（ProductService Systems）．We Shouldonlybegintothinkabollttheeco−businessafl terproperlyunderstandingthewaytheeco−business gotstarted．Thesecretariatwillwatchthedirections inwI厄cb血eeco−bu5hessgoesas血eyconduct血eir hEurope，theideapopsupinthedebateoverT．eco− logicalmod血ationI●・MoTeOV訂，E町叩eb鮎Seena trendtowardsnotonly”compatibiliybetweenecon− 0Inyandtheenvironment．’butalso，’integrationofthe environmetlt，eCOI10myandsociety一’． Theconceptofecologicalmodemizationgoeslike this．Businessmustinvestmoreintheenvironmentas 25 岳窃監S “Businessand山eE珊nment‖htem伝01血Workshop2005 environmentalcostsisgettlngmOreandmoreinter− By stirru1g eCO−innovation，the costs that were SPe11tOneXPOStfactoend−Of−the−pipemeasurescan beoffsetelsewhere，eVenifinvestmentisrequired，tO bringdowntheoveral1cost．And，byaddressingthe na】ized because of stronger environmentalregula− tions．Iftheyre印OJldwithend−Of・the−Pipeteclm01− Ogy，thatklndofenvirommentalinvestmentisnon− PrOductlVe．Under that scenari0，if environmental environment，eCOnOmicprofitsriseandindustrycan costsriseandcarLnOtbeabsorbedbyinternale飴rts， be reactivated via reindustriakzationand become mQ一色eCO一缶iend吋． 血eb血newillbeslli食edtoprlCeSC飢SlngSalesto Aoother approach is To conserve resources and drop，Whichslowseconomicgrowthonthedomestic Switchtoservieestopromote一’dematerialization．’・Be− front and lowers competitiveness in intemational ． CauSeOfservicizingandPSS（ProductSeI’vice Sys− markets．Onewayto dealwiththisis，ifdomestic regulationsaresti飴ned，tOmOVePrOductioncenters tems），”deindusbialization．’and一一service economy” areg【℃Wlngt to a country Or SO−Cal1ed T．pollutionheavenY．where regulations are more relaxed or non−eXistent・This 1．SimonKu之netS’ e叩血esb也￡eXpOrしOfpolhtion・TbebⅦbesssⅥr− envirOnmental culve Vives，blユtthepollutionwasmovedfromthecountry 烹貰 to abroad，Which e脆ctively extemaliz占s environ− mentalcostsandpostponestheefEortsto負ndsolu− 瑚一喝血 tionstotheproblemtoalaterdate．Inconseq11enCe， 仏瑚￠．㈱わhO沖鏡血相 桝叫研一咄■ domestic industry hollows and unemployment ‘T輌d∫山叫■tれ■■触■ ■t・■Jk■−■＝Ibt■血■叶一■l、血− 1如′■r▲11㈹′hl■】t■＝1‘巾l （包■．一丈′■r■tけ血lヽ山l小卜一−￣−■■〉」＜叫■t叫 mCreaSt∋S． Ano血erw叩tOd￡alwi血hcreasmgemkomn也1 costsisthelobbyingactivitiesofthesteelindustdes， thoughtheyarei11declinetoday・Thesteelindustry This describes Simon Kuznet●s environmental WaSregulatedheavilyduringitsheydaysofthe1960s curve．KtrznetIs curve does notindicate the environ− mentperse，aS KuznethimselfaTguedthat一一inthe earlystagedofecoI10micdevelopment，thedi晩rence thesteelindustryCarriedalotofinmlenCe，SOthey pooledtheirassetsandstartedlobbyingfbrsubsidies・ inincomelevelisgreat，butthegapclosesasaceト And，theytriedprotectingthemselvesbycal1ingfbr t血1evelofincomeisatはhedlt．None血eless，Wben tbmugh1970s．b血eindlほ扇als仕uc血resof血etime， expressedin termS Of environmental problems， thoughenvironmentaldestruCtion becomes severe 1ated envirorLmentalcosts．This greatly delayed tlle conversionofindustriaistruCture．nOughtheexport alongside economic growth，at a Certain polnt OfpollutionandlobbyiIlgaCtivitiesmayhelpabusi− （GDP＄3，000to5，000），theenvironmentlmprovesdeT non−tariffbarriers．Theselobbyingactivitiesemascu− nesstosurvive，thernacro−viewof丘ndingcompatibil− SPiteeconomicgrowth．Theeconomyandtheenviron− itybetweeneconomicsandtheenvironmentbecomes ment become compatible or decoupled．There are Various explanations as to why Kuznetts environ一 皿entalcurveworks．Oneisthat，iftheeconomyde− Incontrasttothis，TTeco−innovation’’hasbecomea Velops，the environmentalawareness ofthe people recenttrend，Insteadofadopti喝nOn−PrOd11Ctiveend− increases to some degree．Ifdlereis a democratic OfLtheqpipeteclmologies，therearetowards，PreVenta− PrOCeSSR〉rmakingdecisions，pOliciesareformulated tivebpe’’cleantechnologies一’and”wasteenrichlnent tocountertheproblemsandbasicregulationsareset． techologleS”that make rich use of untapped Businessthen teclmically responds to血e environ− reSOurCeS． di伍cⅥlt． 26 “Bu血鮎SandtheEnv皿m印t”htemdonaI恥rksbop2（和5 mentbymeanssuchaseco−innovatio11，makitlgCOm− 巨窃ES andglobalwamgmea5WeS． Patibilitybetween economics andthe environment POSSible．This canbeseeninJapanlsenvironmental InPor［er’stheory，thefirstenvironnlentalcrisiswas metwithend−OfLthe−Pipeteclm0logleS，butthesecond POlicy．Basedonthat，MichaelPorterofHarvardUni− hasbroughtoutcleanerteclm0logies，WaSteemich− VerSib，Claimed that TTtightemiJ］g Of environmental menttechnologleSandlivlngteClm0logleS． regulationscanenhanceinternationalcompetitiveIleSS CleanertechnologleSarenOttheconventionalthera− OfindustriesT．．Later，Porterrephrasedhimselftosay Peuticapproachtopollutionoutbreaks；theyarepre− ‖appropriateregulations”，buthe stilladvocatesthat Ventive technologies that conserve resources and ．．叩prOPrlateregulationsspureco一innovationandlead energyLVhsteemichmenttechnologleSlookatwaste tocorporatepro最短’−， asantmtappedresoluCeandrenewableresource．Liv− MartinJanickeofBerlinUmiversitysaidsomething 1ng teClm0logleS uSethe11aturalenvironmentitself Simi1ar．Hegrd）Sthesituationfrombothsidesbyad− Theysmartlyusenaturalelementsinwhatisknown VOCatingtwopolicies，Onethatconvertsindustrytoa as”bio−mimicry−’． low environmentalload struCture by the”struCtural Forexample，thereare teClmologleS thatdevelop biodieselfuels（BDF）asaltemativefuelsbyusingoil 血atreducesuseofresourcesandenergyonasourcefrom vegetable且owers orpalmoil．AIso，thewax basis，aSl．struCturaltransformationwithinindustriaI fromscaleinsects，Whichareharmfu1toagricultlue， SeCtOrS”・This，aSheputsit，WOuldpromoteecologlCal ist〉ei11g偶edasarawmaterlalR）rtbesI血ysideof modemizationandconvertindustrytoastruChLrethat 血emalpapef．AIso，也e払也−h nat甘alchocolate existinharnonywiththeenvironment， SeParatedwhenchocolatesolidi丘ed，isbeingllSedas Tk馳neでscⅦⅣepbenomemnconcemgenvi− anemlsi重er． transfbrmation betweenindustrialsectors、一 and one ronmentalpollutionmeasuredinppmsuchasairand NewenergleSSuChassolarpowerandwhdpower Water POllution takes e飴ct rough1yinthe GDP q11ali＆asliving energies・These teclm0logies both ＄3，000to5，000r群Ige、By也eway，Wi也COユandwas−SuppOrttheenvironmentandhelpreducecosts． Whereasindustry took action to redllCe enViron− te，GDPo鮫rsaneVenbetterposition．0wingtointer− I）ationalconventions，theCO2gaPhasfinal1ystarted menta1loadinproductionprocessesinthe丘rstenvi− tocloselittlebylittle．Accordinglnforwhatregards ronmenhlcdsisof也e1960sand1970s，也esecond PO11utants，thereiscorrespondenceinthe丘rstandsec− environmentalcrisis changedto actionaimedatre− Ondenvironmentalcrises．Asarecycle−0rientedsoci− ducing environmenta1loadinthewaypeqple uve． ety and carbonrnel血alsociety develop，Ku2netTs Moreover，regarding policy，nOt Onty regulations CuZVeisexpectedtograduallylowerbecauseofwaste Olardlaw）butsocialinstrumentS SuChas economic measuresandvolunteeraCtion（SOftlaw）werealsoin− troduced，COnVertingtheessenceoftheeco−busirleSS． Alongthisline ofdevelopment，nOt Only dothe economy andthe environment become coznpatible butalsotheeco−businessincreasesjobs．SomewelT fおestatestodayareconv訂血唱丘omwe脆retowo正一 fare by changlng their policy of helping unemployed ex post facto to a preve11tative policy thatpreventsunemployment．Scandinaviahasstarted to’一integratetheenvironment，eCOnOmyandsociebT■’ 27 竜窃E＄ “BusinessaれdtbeEnv血nment■■htembo一山Workshop2005 toprotecttheenvironmentandsecurenewjobs・They arepromotingtheconversiontoanindustrialstruC− turethatwi11fosterbusinesses oflowenviroumental load，byshiftingthetaxbase倉omgoodsthatincrease jobstothebadsthatdestroytheenvironment， 3BackgroundtoJapanlseco−busines Thedevelopmentoftheeco−businessinJapanisre− 嘉EnIa「gedfi8しl「eOnP＿34 1ated to the coumtry’s enviro‡1mentallaws and regulations．Inthe1970s，theAirPollution ControI Law and the Water Pollution Prevention L訂ⅣCame Out，Stimingbusinessinthepollutionpreventionsys− temstosllppOrt也at． Itltheyear2000，theFundamt∋ntalLawforEstabr lishizlg a SoundMatedal−Cycle Society，Which sup− ※Enla「gedf晦U「e〔】nP．33＿ POrtS the 3R business，the theme of todayls COnfbrence，WaS eStablished．Also，in and around 2000，SeVemllaws weTe paSSed to ad血ess gldbal Warmlng．Ifyoucomparethistothefo1lowingslides On’’Our Experiencesin EnvironmentalBusiness’．， youcanseehowtheeco−bushessemergedalongside re卯1atioIIS． hparticular，anumberofrecyclinglawsrelatedto the3Rbusinesscameoutinthemid1990s．TheCon一 也ineTSandPackagmgRecycleLa叫HomeAppliance RecyclingLaw，End−OfLLi董ヒVehicleRecyclingLaw， ※EnlargedfLBUreOnP．33． FoodRecyclingLawandConstruCtionMaterialRecy− ClingLawwereestablished．Theselawswereallslg− tlincantinthedevelopmentoftheeco−business．For example，afterthe establisllment Ofthe Containers atld Packaging Recycle Law，the development of monomerization technology for PET bottles proT gressedandtechnologlCaldevelqpmentpickedupfor hightemperaturefumace reducing agents（chemical recyclhg）andgasificationfbrpla5tics・ Regardinghomeappliances，aftertheoilcrisisof 1973，energy COnSerVation technology progressed ※EnJa「gedf鹿UreOnP．34 and，followlnglateramendme11tStOtheEnergyCon− 28 “Busin臨Sand也eEmmnmenご’htαnadona】Ⅶorkshop2005 iG匿S lIlgagalnStthebusinessesofenvironmentalpollution SerVationLaⅥりhe’’toprunnerl．systemfurtherpushed energyconservationwithhomeappliances．AIso，ma− COntrOl（A）and environmenta1loadreducingtech− terialrecyclingteclm0logyprogressedbecauseOfthe nologiesandproducts（B）・lflookedatindividua11y， HomeApplianceRecyclingLaw， the market sizefor renewable energleS and eco一 Withregardstovehicles，emissionsregulationsand 缶iendlyproductsisgrowlngOVerteChnologyfbrpre− theEnd−Of−LifeVehicleRecyclingLawpromotedthe VentlngalrpOllutionandtreatingwastewater．Theen− developmentoffueLconservationandrecycletechlOl− VironmentalpoIlutlOJICOntrOlbusiness（A）inJapanis Ogy，andled tothe developmentofinternationally alreadymatured，butthesetechnologiesareexpected COmPetitivevehicles． todevelopinAsiaa11dparticularlyinChina・Inconq WiththeFoodRecyclingLaw，teChJ］0logleSWere trast，WhatisimportanttoJapa11istheglobalwarm− developedforcoInpOStlng，fbrtilizerproductionand methanegas氏rmentationasabiomassstrategy．How− ever，biomasshasnotgonewell，thereforebiodegrad− able plastics were developed usingthepolylactic acidinrawwaste． ※Enla「gedfigu「eonp，36． 5＿TheflrSlenvironmentaldsFs andecヶinnov8tion汀ype】） ■Envi州P01血血触柑（R岬 measures）OECDd曲0∩ ⇒Ma掴hJ叩an坤柏叩dmto ※∈nla「gedfigureonp，35． Chha摘血As】an∝血血mwon ・8∪引neSS9rOWm鹿h2別0Ⅳ血5鹿l伯ter 柚l軋Wa如触札a嘲mon此而叩． mlandno地相onconlrd） 6．ThesecondenvironmenlalG由iL ndecかinnovationmpell） 粗野腰慧地 ※Enl訂gedfigu「eonp．35． 画面血呵個別一肌咄bぬ鵬■t This table su皿marizesthe currentandforecasted SizeofJapanIseco−bllSinessnlarketintheyear2010 and2020．1tcanbelmderstoodthatbusi11eSSinvoIved withthee飴ctiveutilizationofresources（C）isgrow− ；9 藍旨藍富野間組瓢 E呵yCm椚放れ血l佗mledLⅣJ朗唱L8Ⅳ 叫 竜窃匿S “B11血盟S祖d也￡加mm亡’bk血Ⅶ∝ksb叩2005 palrS，renOVation，refutbishing，uPgrades，etC・ mgpreventionbu5inessand3Rbu5iness・ As0wnerShipandusagetypebusinesses，thereare car−Sharing，Car−POOling，Car−boITOWlngandsoforth・ 4”SeⅣici之ing”and■limproved＄eⅣiceli財■ ThereareaalsoITandlaborintensivePSSaswell， AsexamplesofseⅣicizhg，也ereareseⅣices血at Sellper知rmanceandfunctionssuehascar−rental，Car− pooling，Per払rmanCeaSSuranCeandCMS（Chemical ManagementSystems）・ BecmseofseⅣic短l喝，a3RbⅥSh闇S仏訳aimsれ deindustrializationislikelytoprogress． 9．lmprovedservicelifeT− 開血畑山ー叫騨bb lわS一価リリ吋血 恥ro血po血皿t aSpeCtS Of血e3R busi皿eSS are 慧芸濃糊諾瑚認許細 ．．servicizlng”andt’improvedservicelifb’．． 見■hまじ曲tor ●祀鵬叩訓∼鵬−■p騨′伸m鵬′叫■−叫′仰山 一肋押付■岬川小皿 ■脚牒那加一叫嶋脚陶′ ・u■血叫け00∞釦d卵油鵬伽1 Anotherideais．’improvedservicelilもIl：PrOlonglng theseJViceli飴ofproducts．Withit，prOdllCtuSageis prolongedwithrecycledmaterialsandaltemativema− terials oflow environmentalload．AIso，long−1ife （i．e．，long−1ifeeco−Steelpipepillars，etC．）andsophisti− ServicizipgandPSS（ProductServiceSystem）sell Catedprod11CtSareemergmg． SerVicesasopposedtoproducts．Businessisconvert− ing丘omeco一触endlyproductsthatreduceenviron− menta1load to re血ci皿g e皿Ⅴ血皿entalloadin血e processesthat皿akethoseproductsazld一一demateriali− Zationl’viainnovationinhowthingsaresoldandpur− chased and service−based altematives．For that TeaSOn，SerVices and血IICtioTIS aTe SOldinstead of PrOducts．Ⅵdouskindsofbusinesshaveemergedbe− CauSeOfseⅣiciz血gandPSS． Forexample，insteadofsellingagrochemicals，m− ※En）a「gedfigureonp．36． sectremovalseⅣiceseradicateinsectsusingminimal chemicals and．instead ofselling fluorescentbulbs， hourBSSPrqiectatIGES，WeareCurTentlydoing CaSeStudiesofPSSdevelopmentinJapan・Theverti− theligl1tingkeliefprovidjngsenTiceprovideslighting・ Calaxisin thisfi辞Ire rePreSentS the PSSinJapan， AsservicesthatimpfOVetheservicelifeofprod− ucts，there are maintenance，a氏erTSales services，re− Whilethehorizontalaxisistheindustriesthroughout 30 “8us−neSSand仇eEmⅦ）一皿蝕l什IntemdondⅦ）rkshop2005 竜G匿S thel脆cycleofaproduct．Here，PSSisoverwhelm− new ceramics．A community business has been 1nglystronglnSalesandservicesareas，Whichhave littleupstreammaterials． launched to collect broken ceramic ware andmixit Aninnovative material−basedPSS wouldbemate− rialleaslng，Whichleases raw and processed withclaytocreaterecycledceramicworks． ThereasonwhytherearesoftwcasesofPSSin thematerialsindustryisthatthesearchforalternative materials．Ma比丘alleasmgleadsto血eultim独3Rh materials，SuChas蝕皿CtionalmaterialsthatproIong Services．Nevertheless，CaSCade recyclingis doneinServicelife and recychble materials ofbiological Japanbecause the qllalityofthematerialsworsens． Origin，isbeingpromotedasanindustry・ Viathiscascaderecycling，thesphereofrecycliIlghas Intherecycle−0rientedsocietyofthefuttn・e，SerVi− gonebeyondJapantotheentireworldwithmaterials Cizlngwi111ikelybedevelopedasabusinessandin− goingeverywhere．Accordingly，thematerialindustry dustriesthatenhancethefunctioningofmaterialsand isnotrecyclingalonghorizonta11inesasbeforebutin PrOloIlgtheserviceli免ofmaterialsoflowenvironJ acascadeぬm，血ere鈷re氏wpSSca5eSare丘〉und血 mentalloadwi111ikelyemerge・BylookingattheecoJ businessdynamicallyratherthanstatically，thenext Howevelち1tisnotcompletelyzero；inceramicspro− directionofthe3Rbusinesswilllikelybecomeclear． d11Cing areas，WaSte Ceramicis being recycledinto 血ematerials血du5吟． 31 岳G監S ht甘na血ndⅦ〕rkshopon“8usimessandtbeEnヽ血m餌ご’2005 叫hn●血OrF■光椚■ 0・CompalibiIitybetweeneconomyand environment −Zdeaofenvironmental Modernization− 肋■■ldq■l11■■摘It 甘 r・ぐ＝コ宗慧蒜評 価 岬l▼lさIr叫一閤血ホ●1朝 ｛○勇Irlボ叫 L叫蕊岬 甘 叫仙叫【働鵬叩仙仙カ ニ諾ア叩 ∈to㈹hk9†○咄▼ nnll■れl廿○轟■IO小n■事●れ h吐血山 くOb仰▼ 32 iGES ￣Bus】neSSand鮎Env皿nment−’htemado血Workshop2005 EnvironmentalLawsandRegulationsinJapan Source＝MinistryoftheEnvironment（2005） 33 岳GE＄ ‘‘伽sine5Sand仇eEnv旺Onm飢ご’ⅠれIm60ndW⊃rksb叩2005 JapaneseExperiencesinEnvironmentalBusiness 血u C曲tiohO！ 1，仰 柑TD 柑∝1 1測 仙也● 2∝旧 血t■ 仙血●h加l 仙●l仙 P仙 画 （00ケ丘■■●h 血d bd 1垂◆皇■指 「￣票訂l＝＝＝＝苛 山一 ＋汰胤 細雨 鵬● ………・t………◆ ■鵬 W■■伽to C■▲血叫ヽ■ 血幽1 仙叫 ＝謡ニュ」 l包叩ケ■■如▲l 18∽ 1988 19丁（l 1畑 2M ⊥山l■1● 山■■■●▲｝叫l 叫血 ▼r■一曲】．▲如 芦軒 ￠lt血○− モ血打t 園♭ モ トト 匡彗＝＞ R亡如伽○† モnⅥrqV冊t ⊆⊆巨 E州Wentd 「￣石ここ＝＝コ1 −■ト■ l 一空竺巨＝−lt−＝≡r巨・ 仙 許 l叫l ●▼■鵬血叫d鵬側■lIl■■ …・ 日 ・ 細山▼hl桝．th伽■t■■d ⊥‥・＝・▲． ； 匡ヨ＝＝胃壁昌 冒 ∈…曜y GOれ■8∩■t 卓 ErlVi・○血 脚■Gbul P一山リーt拾d ltM●■ 堅 「蒔1 脳 ［ l・− 「憲一♭ピ≡巨 噸叫■ホl．■：【≡】 Scurce：MinistJyOftheEnvironment（2005） ：姐 音6E＄ “Bu血essandtheEnv00nm肌t…htem血mlⅧ）rkshop20拡 ）佗†（岱en【sublbnemnmiV爪eruo†oeks血止舶ehtfol匹措nP柁u賊dnano鯛触Stn決≧nP・3 I2刀lおeniSU用他emn加vneruoroekstekrameれtfOt∝pSm叩ru止ndnanO戯伽S鵬詑erP・3 ．，．，．．．＿＿ Ndel：D8bi血tedby●ノbml鵬bu＆ 2細m血l由盟h2M脆l6由bd8d打岬ItyⅦ■． aD曲げm血tskeiさー血dd†t00▲1叫幻喝L陀爪aylⅦt∝旧叩． Dabbm郁叫dll羊∈m血 35 岳G匿S btemdona】Workshopon“Busin盟Sa爪d仇eEnvimnment’■2005 10・DistributionofPSSprovidersby”＿叫，＿、 indus吋 36
© Copyright 2024 ExpyDoc
