Global Strategy of Infrastructure Business - 元橋研究室 - 東京大学

Global Strategy of Infrastructure
Business (2012.10.23)
元橋一之(技術経営戦略学専攻)
Kazuyuki Motohashi
Department of Technology Management
for Innovation (TMI)
1
Background
• Potentiality of infrastructure business
Substantial gap between demand and supply:
blackout, congestions… in emerging economies
Regulatory reforms for flat world
• But risky business
Risk and uncertainly (unpredictable,
uncontrollable)
Investment size, length
Objectives of Our Activities
• Research
– Risk analysis of global infrastructure projects
– Business modeling of PPP project
• Education
– On-site training of global infrastructure business
and exchange views across parties
– Teaching materials (course contents, cases…)
• Business development
– Regular contacts with government, private firms..
ケース(事例)ベースのアプローチ
フェーズ1
フェーズ0
:リスク分析
フェーズ2
プロジェクトの概要
プロジェクトNPV、CF
ビジネスモデリング
利害関係者の整理
モンテカルロシミュ
レーション
エージェントシミュ
レーション、最適化、
シナリオ分析
リスク要因洗い出し
感応度分析
研究中の事例
ニムラナ
工業団地
中国水ビ
ジネス/エ
コタウン
台湾高速
鉄道
ソーラー
IPP
ゼネコンの海
外土木工事・
リスク分析
デリー
メトロ
バンコク郊
外高速道路
ダウェイプロ
ジェクト
中印進出
拠点・JV
Risk factors and analysis
EPC Phase
O&M Phase
SPC/SPV
Supplier (ex fuel)
Price change
Mainly market
(commercial) risk
Completion risk
ex. cost over-run, delay
Quantity change
Price change
EPC contractors
secure land
Price control
Regulation
change
Local
government/
public entities
Customers
Formation of infrastructure PPP project
(case of Delhi metro airport line)
東京大学工学部システム創成学科 伊藤圭介氏資料
Necessity of business modeling
Goal/Contingency
Key Variable
Major risks
Procurer
Value for money/
failure in PPP
project
NPV of project
Quality of public
services
Bid qualification
Sponsor
Return on Equity/
financial close
Equity IRR
Demand factors and
cost factors (OPEX,
CAPEX)
Senior Lender
Return on Loan/
delay and default of
interest and
principle
Loan life cover
ration (LLCR)
Annual debt service
cover ratio
(ADSCR)
Whole project risks
but senior over
equity and junior
loan
Example of optimization problem:
Too high D/E ratio -> LLCR (ADSCR) shortage -> Require mezzanine loan
-> higher financial costs -> Lower equity return
The degree of procurer’s commitment to demand (electricity, ridership clause)
-> lower contingency (like bankruptcy of SPV) -> make NPV of project higher
Business modeling process
• Determine cash flows structure
– Inter-relationship of entities (procurer, sponsor, lender)
– Financing structure
– Distinguishing endogenous or exogenous variable (for
optimization)
• Quantifying risk factors (degree, correlation of risk
factors, type of distribution function etc.)
• Run simulation and scenario analysis
– Optimization for win-win solution for PPP entities
– Worst scenario: identifying systemic risk factors
BMのセッティング
東京大学工学部システム創成学科 伊藤圭介氏資料
分析結果:出資54.2%で最適化(ベー
スケース:30%)
東京大学工学部システム創成学科 伊藤圭介氏資料
リスクの分類と特徴
未知
予見性なし
確率分布
政治リスク
クーデター
政治リスク
料金設定
自然災害リ
スク
技術リスク
(工事・オペ
レーション)
商業リスク
乗客数 等
既知
予見性あり
マクロ経済
要素
為替レート・
インフレ率
等
少
頻度
多
Goal of business modeling
• Risk management simulation
– Contractual arrangement
• Design change, slide clause, ridership clause etc.
• Understanding the nature of risk and inter-linkage
(systemic risk)
– Worst scenario analysis
• Proposition of solutions for risks (uncertainty),
difficult to deal with
– Type of organization (JV with whom?)
– Localization of management
– CSR