Untitled

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52
文
sion in parts to results by Lu and Wang［9］, and
Hofbauer and So［6］for the global stability of
抄
録
Permanence of 2-host, 1-parasitoid systems
Lotka-Volterra retarded systems without any
R.Kon and Y.Takeuchi
delayed intraspecific competitions.
［Fields
Institute
Communications,
Vol. 36,
195-211（2003）］.
２宿主・１寄生者系のパーマネンス
今隆助、竹内康博
Stability analysis of time delayed chemostat
In this paper, permanence of a host-parasitoid
models for bacteria and virulent phage
system, which is composed of two hosts and one
E. Beretta, H. Sakakibara and Y. Takeuchi
parasitoid, is considered.
Sufficient conditions for permanence of the
バクテリアと毒力を持つファージに対する
system are obtained by using average Liapunov
時間遅れケモスタットモデルの安定性解析
functions.
E. Beretta、榊原宏達、竹内康博
This paper considers the dynamical properties
of the time delayed chemostat model composed
One of the sufficient conditions shows that
even if two hosts cannot coexist by themselves,
they can coexist with a help of a parasitoid in a
sense of permanence.
of the resource, two bacteria（one is sensitive
［Dynamics of Continuous, Discrete and Impul-
and the other is immune to predation）and vir-
sive Systems. Series B, Vol. 10, 389-402（2003）］
ulent bacteriophage.
First, we investigate the basic properties of the
model, the existence of the equilibria and
boundedness of the solution.
Next, we present the local and global asymptotic stability of the equilibria.
We show that the equilibrium point only with
positive resource density is globally asymptotically stable under high chemostat turnover rate.
For the lower turnover rate, the equilibrium
point with the resource and sensitive bacteria
The effect of mutualism on community
stability and competitive interaction
K. Tainaka, N. Yoshida, N. Terazawa,
N. Nakagiri, Y. Takeuchi and Yoshimura
生物集団の安定性と競争相互作用に対する共生の影響
泰中啓一、吉田憲由、寺沢、中桐、竹内康博、吉村仁
can be locally asymptotically stable under suit-
The so-called Lotka-Volterra model, which is
able conditions on the length of time delay and
thought to be appropriate for the dynamics of
the reproduction rate of new bacteriophage.
mutualistic relationship, tells us that the mutu-
The point is further globally asymptotically sta-
alism does not play positive roles for the stability
ble for any length of time delay, if it is locally
of ecosystem. When the mutualistic interactions
asymptotically stable for any length of time de-
between species are stronger than a certain
lay and the other equilibrium point with the re-
threshold, population sizes of species ultimately
source and immune bacteria does not exist.
increases. In the present paper, in order to pre-
［Fields Institute Communications, Vol. 36, 45-58
vent the divergence, we apply a lattice model,
（2003）］
and introduce extended Lotka-Volterra equations. The latter is the mean-field theory of the
former. These models contain the property of
competition due to space limitation. In both
models population is usually stable, when the
intensity of mutualism are strong. In the lattice
論
文
抄
録
53
model, spatial distribution of species naturally
Effect of a parasitoid on permanence of
evolves into a specific pattern of either mutual-
competing hosts
ism or competition, depending on environmen-
R. Kon and Y. Takeuchi
tal conditions.
［J. Physics Soc. of Japan, 72/4, 956-961（2003）］
競争宿主のパーマネンスに対する寄生者の影響
今隆助、竹内康博
Analysis of a chemostat model for bacteria and
bacteriophage
In this paper we consider the permanence of
E. Beretta, H. Sakakibara and Y. Takeuchi
the system composed of two hosts and one parasitoid focusing on the dynamics of a subsystem,
バクテリアとバクテリアファージに対する
a two-host system. The subsystem is classified
ケモスタットモデルの解析
into four classes, namely, dominance, coexistence, bistability and special case. It is shown
E. Beretta、榊原宏達、竹内康博
that the system with dominance or coexistence
This paper considers the dynamical properties
subsystem can be permanent by the introduc-
of the time delayed chemostat model composed
tion of a parasitoid. Sufficient conditions for the
of the resource, a virulent bacteriophage and
permanence are given with the forms which can
two bacteria（one is sensitive and the other is
be easily checked, It is also shown that the sys-
immune to predation by the bacteriophage）.
tems with bistability and special subsystems are
First, we give a model and summarize several
difficult to be permanent.
known results on the basic properties of the
model such as the existence of the equilibria,
［Vietnam
Journal
of
Mathematics,
Vol. 30,
473-486（2002）］
boundedness of the solution, the local and global asymptotic stability of the equilibria.
We show that a positive equilibrium point（the
Stability analysis of the Kaldor model with time
coexistence state composed of the resource, two
delays: Monetary policy and government
bacteria and the bacteriophage） is locally as-
budget constraints
ymptotically stable for small values of the delay,
loses the stability under the increasing of the
Y. Takeuchi and T. Yamamura
value of the delay and becomes locally asymp-
時間遅れを持つカルドアモデルの安定性解析：金融政
totically stable again by further increasing of the
策と政府の財政制約
value of the delay.
［Vietnam
Journal
459-472（2002）.］
of
Mathematics,
竹内康博、山村竜也
Vol. 30,
We analyze the model with monetary policy
based on the Kaldor's business cycle theory. We
introduce the government sector, which conducts the fiscal policy and monetary policy to
stabilize the economy. The execution of such a
policy needs legislation, and generally, the legislative process is time-consuming.
We investigate in this paper how the fiscal
policy with a time delay affects stability of the
economy.
We assume that the monetary policy is conducted as a countermeasure of the fiscal deficit
論
54
文
by the government, and we consider two extreme cases, namely money finance and bond
抄
録
差分方程式で記述される個体群動態モデルの分岐
finance case. In each case, when no time delay
間崎圭一郎、竹内康博
exists for the fiscal policy, Keynesian fiscal policy is the preferred method for preventing the
差分方程式で記述される個体群動態モデルを考察し，
economic fluctuations. However it is not so
密度依存効果が総個体数で決まると仮定すると分岐が
simple when the time delay exists in the fiscal
決定されることを示し，密度依存効果が幼体と成体の
policy. There exists the policy, which stabilizes
１次結合で決まると仮定すると分岐の様子が変化する
the economy under any time delay in the money
ことを考察した．
finance case. On the other hand, in the bond fi-
［数理解析研究所講究録, 1309, 76-83（2003）］
nance case, such a policy does not exist and as
the time delay increases the economy becomes
unstable. However in both cases, contrary to the
How supplemental food may induce
expectations of the government, the stronger the
abnormality in wild Japanese macaque
fiscal policy, the more unstable the economy
populations
becomes for the short time delay.
［Nonl. Anal. Series B Real World Applications,
J. Yoshimura, T. Fujiki, T. Kawai and H. Amagai
Vol. 5, Issue 2, 277-308（2004）］
餌付けが日本の野生サルの奇形を
どのようにひきおこしたか
Stability analysis of a sea bass and young sea
bass model
M. Yamaguchi and Y. Takeuchi
シーバスと小型シーバスモデルの安定性解析
山口正博、竹内康博
吉村仁、藤木誉行、河合崇尚、雨甲斐広康
Food has been supplied to many wild Japanese macaque（Macaca fuscata）populations in
Japan since the 1950s. Since then, the monkeys
have often exhibited various physical abnormalities such as anomalies and malformation of
the limbs and other body parts. No conclusive
explanation exists for these anomalies. Here we
In this paper we consider population dy-
propose a new population-level hypothesis:
anamics of sea bass and young sea bass. It is
feeding relaxes selection intensity such that ab-
known that young sea bass eats resource such as
normal babies tend to be born and survive to
a prawn or benthos and when it grows up into
adulthood. We build a discrete population dy-
sea bass, sea bass eats not only resource but also
namic model and use it to simulate successfully
pery like small fish. We first consider the model
the macaque population of Mt. Takasaki. Con-
without time delay, which becomes intra-guild
trary to our usual intuition that a bad effect is
predastion model. The model can have a chaotic
caused by a bad factor, in some situations fre-
behavior. By using the stability switch theory, we
quent abnormalities could be caused by the shift
show that the model can be stabilized by the
introduction of the time delay.
［数理解析研究所講究録, 1309, 68-75（2003）］
to a good environment.
［Evolutionary Ecology Research 5: 1103-1109
（2003）］
論
文
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55
Parameter sensitivity in a lattice ecosystem
A role of a low-density species on the
with intraguild predation
community outcomes in a model ecosystem
N. Nakagiri, K. Tainaka, T. Togashi, T. Miyazaki
T. Suzuki, N. Nakagiri, K. Tainaka, T. Togashi,
and J. Yoshimura
T. Miyazaki and J. Yoshimura
ギルド内捕食をもつ格子生態系におけるパラメーター
の感受性
中桐斉之、泰中啓一、富樫辰也、宮崎龍雄、吉村仁
モデル生態系における群集効果への低密度種の役割
鈴木崇徳、中桐斉之、泰中啓一、富樫辰也、
宮崎龍雄、吉村仁
Intraguild predation presents a sound example of a complex ecosystem with both com-
We explore the role of a low-density species in
petition and predation. We studied the spatial
a lattice ecosystem by perturbation experiments.
pattern dynamics in the 3-species ecosystems
We introduce the third low-density species that
with intraguild predation using the lattice ver-
is preyed by the common prey, while eats the
sion of the Lotka-Volterra model. A food web
common predator. The relationship among
consists of plant, pure consumer （prey） and
three species is cyclic, corresponding to the
predatory consumer, where the latter two con-
Rock-Paper-Scissors game. We perform pertur-
sumers show intraguild predation. The simula-
bation experiments by decreasing the repro-
tion of the lattice model shows complex patterns
duction rate of one common species. We then
of phase transition with various parameterde-
compare the resulting community structures
pendence. The outcomes depend on the combi-
and evaluate the effects of the low-density spe-
nation of these two reproductive parameters.
cies and the perturbation strength on the model
This suggests that the stability of this ecosystem
ecosystems. The simulation results are depen-
depends on the environmental parameters of
dent on both the low-density species and per-
the component species. Our results suggest that
turbation strengths. The results are often para-
the discussion of stability based on the ecosys-
doxical and different from those expected from
tem structure could be meaningless unless all
the mean field version of the lattice model. Our
ecological and life history parameters of the
results imply that the conservation biology and
component species are included. Our results
management practice of natural ecosystems
indicate that a small human activity may have a
may be hindered if less common unattractive
relatively
by
species are ignored. Furthermore, an introduc-
changing the ecological conditions of their
tion of a new species may alter the ecosystem
component species.
balance without changing the apparent struc-
large
impact
on
ecosystems
［Proceedings of MODSIM 2003 4: 1691-1696
（2003）］
tures of the community.
［Proceedings of MODSIM 2003 4: 1673-1678
（2003）］
論
56
文
Effects of ammonium concentration and
抄
録
Simulation of mating behavior of gametes and
dilution on the competition between the
the evolution of anisogamy in marine green
cyanobacterium Microcystis novacekii and the
algae: isogamy, slight anisogamy and marked
green alga Scenedesmus quadricauda
anisogamy
T. Miyazaki, K. Takeya, T. Togashi, N. Nakagiri,
T. Togashi, A. Kaide, T. Miyazaki, T. Suzuki, N.
T. Suzuki and J. Yoshimura
Nakagiri, J. Yoshimura, John L. Bartelt and Paul
シアノバクテリア Microcystis novacekii と
緑藻 Scenedesmus quadricauda の間の
競争におけるアンモニア濃度と希釈の影響
宮崎龍雄、K. Takeya、富樫辰也、中桐斉之、
鈴木崇徳、吉村仁
The chemostat theory on two species compe-
Alan Cox
海洋性緑藻における配偶子の配偶行動の
シミュレーションと配偶子異型性の進化：
同型配偶子、僅かな異型配偶子、著しい異型配偶子
富樫辰也、A. Kaide、宮崎龍雄、鈴木崇徳、中桐斉之、
吉村仁、John L. Bartelt、Paul Alan Cox
tition has shown that the dilution rate where
In marine green algae, isogamous and slightly
transition of dominance occurs is independent
anisogamous species produce positively photo-
of limiting-nutrient concentration. However, we
tactic gametes: phototactic devices including an
obtained the experimental data indicating that
eye-spot in both sexes. We numerically simu-
the transition-dilution rate changed with varia-
lated gamete behavior in three-dimensions, and
tions in limiting-ammonium concentrations, us-
found that, all else being equal, phototactic ga-
ing the chemostat mixed-culture of the cyano-
metes have considerable reproductive advan-
bacterium Microcystis novacekii and the green
tage over non-phototactic ones because they
alga Scenedesmus quadricauda . We tried to
can search for potential mates on the water
simulate the experimental results. We intro-
surface – a two-dimensional plane -- rather than
duced the effective dilution rate that depended
in three dimensions. This suggests that slight
on nutrient concentration（ammonium concen-
anisogamy in marine green algae has been
tration in this study）
. A Monod-type hyperbolic
maintained by the search efficiencies of photo-
function was used to represent the effective di-
tactic devices in both sexes. However, in some
lution rate for each species. The maximum dilu-
markedly anisogamous species, the smaller male
tion rate of the function was set to be the me-
gametes have no eye-spot, swim randomly, and
chanical dilution rate（nominal dilution rate）of
do not respond to light stimulus. In contrast, the
the chemostat culture. The calculation showed
larger female gametes have an eye-spot and ex-
that the nominal transition-dilution rate where
hibit positive phototaxis. Adding the phero-
transition of dominance occurs decreased with
monal system to our numerical simulations, we
increased concentration. This simulation was
discovered that markedly anisogamous species
well consistent with our experimental data.
can, through pheremones, achieve 2D search
［Proceedings of MODSIM 2003 2: 742-746（2003）］
efficiencies on the water surface. Therefore,
sexual pheromones as well as phototaxis may be
a key to understand the mechanisms of the
evolution of isogamy, slight anisogamy and
marked anisogamy in marine green algae.
［Proceedings of MODSIM 2003 2: 736-741（2003）］
論
文
抄
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57
Population dynamics of some mutualistic
forecast the effect of ecological management but
relationships
also to conserve biospecies. So far, it is well
J. Yoshimura, H. Amagai, T. Suzuki, T. Togashi
and T. Miyazaki
known that competing species can coexist,
when they respectively live in different microhabitats. However, such species-speci.fic dif-
相利共生関係の個体群動態
ferentiation does not always hold, if competing
species interact with a generalist that can live in
吉村仁、雨甲斐広康、鈴木崇徳、
a variety of microhabitats. In the present paper,
富樫辰也、宮崎龍雄
we study stability of two competing specialists
We consider the population dynamics of mu-
by two metapopulation models, that is, island
tualistic interactions with positive density and
and lattice models. Computer simulations reveal
frequency dependences. Positive frequency de-
that both models are not always stable. More-
pendence is studied in contrast with positive
over, we found that all species coexist, when a
density dependence, and supposing the general
cyclic balance similar to the paper-scissors-rock
relationships of symbiosis. We assume that the
game holds. The difference of results between
two
lattice model and mean-field theory is discussed.
species
are
under
the
Lotka-Volterra
density-dependent competition. The equilibria
［Proceedings of MODSIM 2003 2: 725-729（2003）］
are compared with the cases of competition
alone. Unlike the traditional model of positive
density dependence, population explosion does
The effect of mutualism on community
not appear in the current dynamics, but the new
stability
equilibrium is simply achieved. The two models
K. Tainaka, N. Yoshida, N. Terazawa,
show a distinctive difference for the coexist-
N. Nakagiri, T Hashimoto, Y. Takeuchi and
ence. Positive density dependence does not
J. Yoshimura
promote coexistence of species. Only when the
coexistence is achieved under competition, the
相利共生の群集安定性に対する影響
equilibrium densities are increased. In contrast,
positive frequency dependence always pro-
泰中啓一、N. 吉田、N. 寺沢、中桐斉之、橋本剛、
motes coexistence. This change is also qualita-
竹内康博、吉村仁
tive. Whether Mullerian mimicry is a special
The so-called Lotka-Volterra model, which is
case of mutualism, or mutualism does not pro-
thought to be appropriate for the dynamics of
mote coexistence under competition is an open
mutualistic relationship, tells us that mutualism
question.
does not play positive roles for the stability of
［Proceedings of MODSIM 2003 2: 730-735（2003）］
ecosystem. In the present paper, in order to
prevent the divergence, we apply a lattice model,
Stability of specialists feeding on a generalist
T. Sakata, K. Tainaka, Y. Ito and J. Yoshimura
ジェネラリストを食べるスペシャリストの安定性
坂田智之、泰中啓一、伊藤悠、吉村仁
The investigation of ecosystem stability of
competing species is important not only to
and
introduce
extended
Lotka-Volterra
equation. In both models, population is usually
stable, when the intensity of mutualism are
strong.
［Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 72:
956-961（2003）］
論
58
文
不満関数を用いる集団区間ＡＨＰ法
八卷直一、杉山学、劉暁東、山田善靖
抄
録
BFGS公式と同等の収束速度を持つ。また、Nocedalの
記憶制限準ニュートン法に比べて、探索方向を求める
際の計算量を大幅に低減できる。
［統計数理研究所共同研究リポート, 161, 1-8,（2003）］
AHP（Analytic Hierarchy Process）は、主観や直
感を含む意思決定支援ツールとして、多くの適用事例
が報告されている。しかし、AHPは唯一の意思決定者
Behavioral Modeling of EM Devices by
を前提としたツールであり、集団の意思決定にはその
Selective Orthogonal Matrix Least-Squares
ままでは適用できない。AHPを複数のメンバの合意形
Method
成を伴う集団意思決定に用いる試みは幾つか報告され
ているが、それらは必ずしも決定的な手法とはなって
いない。
Yuichi Tanji, Masaya Suzuki,
Takayuki Watanabe, Hideki Asai
本論文は、AHPを、集団の意思決定に適用するため
選択的直交化行列最小二乗法による
の一方法を提案している。ここで提案する方法は、集
EMデバイスの動作モデリング
団の各メンバが自己の信ずる評価項目間の一対比較値
を区間として提示し、それらから集団の一対比較値を
丹治裕一、鈴木雅也、渡邉貴之、浅井秀樹
ある意味での最適解として導出する。提示された区間
This paper presents a method for modeling
に対して、不満度という概念を導入し、整合性と集団
EM devices, where sample data obtained by
全体の不満をともに最小化する意味で、モデルを構成
numerical EM solver is approximated into a ra-
している。
tional matrix of complex s. The model is de-
［Journal of Operations Research Society of Japan, 45（3）, 268-284,（2003）］
scribed in verilog-AMS, thus, the EM devices
can be simulated with the digital/circuit mixed
circuits described at various abstraction levels.
To generate the model, the selective orthogonal
大規模非線形方程式に対する準ニュートン法について
根岸達彦、八巻直一、矢部博
matrix least-squares method is presented. The
computational efficiency of the proposed approach is confirmed on a commercial simulator,
compared with the numerical EM method.
非線形方程式の数値解法として、最急降下法の「大域
[Asia and South Pacific Design Automation
的収束性」
とニュートン法の
「局所的に速い収束性」
と
Conference, 2C-3, pp. 184-188, Jan. 2003]
いうそれぞれの長所をあわせ持つ準ニュートン法
（quasi-Newton method）がよく知られている。準
ニュートン法は無制約問題に対する数値解法の中では、
現在最も有力な解法の１つである。
A Framework for Macromodeling and
Mixed-Mode Simulation of
本論文では、変数の数が非常に大きい問題、いわゆ
Circuits/Interconnects and Electromagnetic
る大規模問題を取り扱う。大規模問題は次元数が非常
Radiations
に大きくなり、非常に大規模な記憶領域が必要となる
ため、事実上解くことが困難となる。記憶制限準ニュー
Takayuki Watanabe, Hideki Asai
トン法は大規模な無制約最適化問題を解くためにNo-
回路／配線／電磁界放射のモデリングと混合モードシ
cedalによって提案された方法でる。本研究では、拡張
ミュレーションのためのフレームワーク
セカント条件を満たす公式を用いて新しい記憶制限準
ニュートン法を構築する。
渡邉貴之、浅井秀樹
本研究で構築した新しい記憶制限準ニュートン法は、
This paper presents a framework for modeling
探索方向を計算する際に、Nocedalが提案したものと
and mixed-mode simulation of circuits/inter-
同程度に記憶領域を低減することができる。サイジン
connects and electromagnetic（EM-）radiations.
グが自然に適用されることにより、サイジングされた
The proposed framework investigates the signal
論
文
抄
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59
integrity in VLSI chips, packages and wiring
tronics, Communications and Computer Sci-
boards at the GHz-band level, and verifies the
ences, Vol. E86-A, No. 2, pp. 335-341, Feb. 2003］
electromagnetic interference （EMI） and the
electromagnetic
compatibility
（EMC）
of
high-speed systems. In our framework, the fre-
Analysis of PCB Interconnects Using
quency characteristics of interconnects and
Electromagnetic Reduction Technique
EM-radiations are extracted by the full-wave
FDTD simulation. The macromodels of interconnects are synthesized as SPICE subcircuits,
and the impulse responses of EM-radiations are
stored in the database. Once the macromodels
are synthesized, the circuits simulation with the
Takayuki Watanabe, Hideki Asai
電磁界縮退技法を用いたPCB配線網の解析
渡邉貴之、浅井秀樹
consideration of EM-effects can be performed
This paper describes the generalized electro-
by using SPICE. The EM-field distributions can
magnetic model order reduction technique in
be also easily calculated by taking convolutions
order to construct macromodels of the PCB in-
of pre-simulated EM impulse responses and the
terconnects in consideration of the detailed lay-
SPICE results.
out. This technique allows to handle hybrid sys-
［IEICE Transaction on Fundamentals of Elec-
tem equations consisting of electromagnetic
tronics, Communications and Computer Sci-
systems and linear lumped networks. The ac-
ences, Vol. E86-A, No. 2, pp. 252-261, Feb. 2003］
curacy of the proposed method is substantiated
with some numerical examples.
［IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and
A Low Voltage Floating Resister Circuit Having
Systems, III-498, May. 2003］
Both Positive and Negative Resistance Values
Shashidhar Tantry, Yasuyuki Hiraku, Takao
Oura, Teru Yoneyama, and Hideki Asai
正負両方の抵抗値を有する低電圧
フローティング抵抗回路
シャシダ・タントリ、平工泰之、大浦崇央、米山輝、
浅井秀樹
In this paper, we propose a floating resistor
circuit with positive and negative resistance operating at the low supply voltages ±1.5V. Only
An Efficient Learning Algorithm with
Second-Order Convergence for Multilayer
Neural Networks
Hiroshi Ninomiya, Chikahiro Tomita,
Hideki Asai
多層ニューラルネットワークのための二次収束性を有
する効率的な学習アルゴリズム
二宮洋、富田親弘、浅井秀樹
two transistors are connected between supply
This paper describes an efficient second-order
lines in order to operate under the low power
algorithm for learning of the multilayer neural
supply voltages. In this circuit, current subtrac-
networks with widely and stable convergent
tion is carried out at the gate terminal for which
properties. First, the algorithm based on itera-
input/output voltage is applied. As a result, the
tive formula of the steepest descent method,
proposed circuit can realize the large range of
which is “implicitly” employed, is introduced.
resistance of positive and negative resistances.
We show the equivalent property between the
Therefore, in an application, the proposed cir-
Gauss-Newton（GN）method and the“implicit”
cuit is used in neuro-based limit cycle generater
steepest descent（ISD）method. This means that
as synaptic weights.
ISD method satisfy the desired targets by simul-
［IEICE Transaction on Fundamentals of Elec-
taneously combining the merits of the GN and
論
60
文
SD techniques in order to enhance the very
抄
録
SOM-LS: Selective Orthogonal Matrix
good properties of SD method. Next, we propose
Least-Squares Method for Macromodeling
very powerful algorithm for learning multilayer
Multiport Networks Characterized by Sampled
feedforward neural networks, called “implicit”
Data
steepest descent with momentum
（ISDM）method and show the analogy with the trapezoidal
Yuichi Tanji, Takayuki Watanabe, Hideki Asai
formula in the field of numerical analysis. Fi-
SOM-LS：標本化データにより特徴付けられた多ポー
nally, the proposed algorithms are compared
ト回路網をモデル化するための選択的直交化行列
with GN method for training multilayer neural
最小二乗法
networks through the computer simulations.
丹治裕一、渡邉貴之、浅井秀樹
［2003 International Joint Conference on Neural
Networks, pp. 2028-2032, July 2003］
This paper presents the selective orthogonal
matrix least-squares（SOM-LS）method for representing a multiport network characterized by
Face Image Recognition by 2-Dimensional
sampled data with the rational matrix. Recently,
Discrete Walsh Transform and Multi-Layer
it is needed in a circuit design to evaluate phys-
Neural Network
ical effects of interconnects and package, and
Masahiro Yoshida, Takeshi Kamio, Hideki Asai
the evaluation is done by numerical electromagnetic analysis or measurement by network
二次元離散ウォルシュ変換と多層ニューラルネット
analyzer. Here, the SOM-LS method will play an
ワークによる顔画像認識
important role for generating the macromodels
吉田昌弘、神尾武司、浅井秀樹
of interconnects and package in circuit simulation level. The accuracy of the macromodels is
This report describes face image recognition
predictable and controllable, that is, the SOM-LS
by 2-dimensional discrete Walsh transform and
method fits the rational matrix to the sampled
multi-layer neural networks. Neural network
data, selecting the dominant poles of the rational
（NN）is one of the powerful tools for pattern
matrix. In examples, simple PCB models are an-
recognition. In the previous researches of face
alyzed, where the rational matrices are de-
image recognition by NN, the gray levels on
scribed by Verilog-A, and some simulations are
each pixel of the face image have been used for
carried out on a commercial circuit simulator.
input data to NN. However, because the face
［2003 IEEE International Workshop on Behav-
image has usually too many pixels, a variety of
ioral Modeling and Simulation, pp. 58-63, Oct.
approaches have been required to reduce the
2003］
number of the input data. In this research, 2-dimensional discrete Walsh transform is used for
reduction of input data and the recognition is
Model Order Reduction of Electromagnetic
done by multi-layer neural networks. Finally, the
Systems and RLC Circuits for Power Plane
validity of our method is verified.
［IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences, Vol. E86-A, No. 10, pp. 2623-2627, October
2003］
Resonance Analysis
Takayuki Watanabe, Hideki Asai
パワープレーン共振解析のための電磁界システムと
RLC回路のモデル・オーダ・リダクション
渡邉貴之、浅井秀樹
This paper describes an efficient method for
generating simulation macromodels of power
論
文
抄
録
61
plane resonances on printed circuit boards
Power/Signal Integrity Analysis for Global
（PCB）. This method models a PCB as a hybrid
Solution of SoC/SiP Design
system of equations which is composed of electromagnetic systems and RLC circuits. The
Hideki Asai, Takayuki Watanabe
model order reduction technique is utilized in
SoC／SiP設計のグローバル・ソルーションのための
order to construct macromodels from the hybrid
パワー／シグナル・インテグリティ解析
system of equations.
浅井秀樹、渡邉貴之
［IEEE 12th Topical Meeting on Electrical Performance of Electronic Packaging, pp. 203-206,
This report describes power/signal integrity
Oct. 2003］
analysis for global solutions of SoC/SiP design.
Especially, two kinds of key techniques to simulate efficiently the printed wiring board（PWB）
What-If Analyses of Multi-Layer PWB
are presented. One is the FDTD （finite-differ-
Embedded in the Digital Still Camera with
ence time-domain）
-based EMI（electromagnetic
Parallel-Distributed FDTD-Based Simulator
interference）simulation technique and the oth-
“BLESS”
er is the FDFD（finite-difference frequency-do-
Kenji Araki, Hidemasa Kubota, Takayuki
Watanabe, Hideki Asai
main）
-based simulation technique for the hybrid
system composed of the electro-magnetic subsystem and the linear lumped networks. These
並列分散型FDTDシミュレータBLESSによるディジ
techniques enable to simulate efficiently the
タル・カメラ内蔵多層PWBのWhat-If解析
PWBs with the consideration of electromagnetic
荒木健次、久保田英正、渡邉貴之、浅井秀樹
compatibility（EMC）and power/signal integrity.
The parallel-distributed FDTD-based full-wave
This paper describes a full-wave EMI （elec-
simulator was implemented on the PC-cluster
tromagnetic
BLESS
and the FDFD-based simulator was done with
（Board Layout Evaluation and Suggestion Sys-
the model order reduction technique. Finally,
tem）for the printed wiring board（PWB）design
the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed
with the consideration of electromagnetic com-
method are substantiated with some numerical
patibility（EMC）and power/signal integrity. This
examples.
interference） simulator
simulator is based on the parallel-distributed
［2nd Asian Workshop on Signal Integrity（Elec-
finite-difference time-domain （FDTD） method,
trical Design of Advanced Packaging & Sys-
and works on a PC-cluster. The accuracy of
tems）, pp. 3-8, Nov. 2003］
analysis by BLESS is verified in comparison with
s-parameter measurements. Using the simulator,
the full-wave analysis of the multi-layer PWB in
CONTE: 携帯電話を用いた自由曲線を描画可能なイ
a commercial digital still camera is demon-
ラスト作成ツール
strated. With the aid of what-if analysis results,
PWB design can be verified and optimized with
less number of trial productions.
［IEEE 12th Topical Meeting on Electrical Per-
吉滝幸世、太田雅敏、坂根裕、石原進、水野忠則
携帯電話を用いて、いつでも、どこにいてもイラス
トを作成できれば、外出先での出来事や、ふと思いつ
formance of Electronic Packaging, pp. 169-172,
いたイメージを、そのとき、その場でイラストにして、
Oct. 2003］
他者に送信したりWWWにより公開したりできる。ま
た、途中まで作成した画像を他者に送り、続きを描く
ことを繰り返して１枚の絵を作成するコラボレーショ
ンアートなどを手軽に楽しめる。しかし、携帯電話に
はマウスやタブレットなどのポインティングデバイス
論
62
文
抄
録
が搭載されていないため、自由曲線を用いたオリジナ
［The 8th international workshop on Mobile
ルイラストを作成することが困難だった。本稿では、
Multimedia Communications（MoMuC2003）, pp.
携帯電話のボタンのみの操作で自由曲線の描画を実現
479-484（2003-10, Munich/Germany）.］
する５種類の描画法およびこれらを用いた描画ソフト
CONTE（Canvas ON mobile TElephone）を提案
する。提案した描画法を用いてユーザが意図する画像
Sharing multiple paths for temporarily
を描くことができるかを評価実験によって検証し、各
connected mobile computers using Mobile IP
描画法の特性を明らかにした。さらに、CONTEと
WWWとの連携によるモバイル環境でのコラボレー
S. Ishihara, K. Koyama, Y. Ito, H. Mineno
and K. Ohta
ションアートを実現する応用アプリケーションを実装
した。
We propose a method to increase com-
［情報処理学会論文誌, Vol. 44, No. 2. pp. 285-296
munication speed and reliability between mo-
（2003-2）］
bile computers and the Internet by using multiple links. The method uses multiple links between a temporary group of mobile computers
Implementation and evaluation of
and the Internet to deliver IP packets between a
synchronous distributed multimedia data
mobile computer in the group and its cor-
transmission on multiple links for group of
respondent host on the Internet. We modified a
mobile hosts
function of a Mobile IP home agent to distribute
Y. Saito, S. Ishihara, T. Mizuno, T. Watanabe
packets to the multiple links, and designed
management protocols for the group of mobile
In this paper, we describe implementation and
computers and the home agent. We imple-
evaluation
achieves
mented the protocol on Linux and tested it on an
high-speed and efficient data transmission be-
emulated wireless network and a real IMT-2000
tween multiple mobile hosts and the Internet.
network. The results showed that sharing mul-
This method enables terminals that have a
tiple wireless links with our method increases
low-speed link to the Internet to receive and
the throughput almost n times of each wireless
play a high quality streaming video, and miti-
link between mobile computers and the Internet
gates the load on the server. Multitrack can be
when the bit rate of the link was sufficiently slow
used in a cluster-type network where multiple
against the bit rate of the link for the temporary
mobile hosts are connected to each other with
group of mobile computers.
of
Multitrack
that
short-range, high-speed links. High-speed com-
［2003 IEEE Pacific Rim Conference on Com-
munication with hosts outside the cluster is
munications, Computers and Signal Processing
achieved by using multiple wireless links from
（PACRIM'03）, pp. 326-329（2003-8, Victoria/Cana-
each mobile host in the cluster and the Internet
da）］
in parallel and dispersing data traffic to them. By
using Multitrack, users of the hosts in the cluster
can see a high quality streaming video by shar-
Implementation of Cluster Control Manager
ing the received multimedia data. However, be-
for Multiple Wireless Links Sharing Systems
cause of the differences in the bandwidth and
the delay, it is important to disperse traffic according to the quality of multiple links in order
H. Mineno, Y. Konishi, S. Ishihara,
and T. Mizuno
to offer a stable multimedia data transmission.
Over the last few years, a variety of access
We evaluated some traffic dispersion methods in
technologies have been deployed. In a multiple
the practical environment using our imple-
access technology environment, mobile hosts
mented system.
have multiple network interfaces. We have pro-
論
文
抄
録
63
posed a SHAring multiple paths procedure for a
ing the received multimedia data. However, be-
cluster
Environment （SHAKE） to
cause of the differences in the bandwidth and
achieve high-speed data transmission in such
networK
the delay, it is important to disperse traffic ac-
heterogeneous
In
cording to the quality of multiple links in order
SHAKE, mobile hosts that are connected by a
to offer stable multimedia data transmission. In
fast local link --- We call this type of network a
this paper an effective traffic dispersion method
cluster network --- use multiple long-range
for this environment, and evaluate this method
wireless links co-owned by all hosts simulta-
and other methods by simulations.
network
environments.
neously to communicate with hosts on the Internet. In this paper, we describe a SHAKE
Cluster Control Manager（SCCM）that sets up
［The international conference on advanced information
networking
and
applications
（AINA2003）, pp. 644-648（2003-3, Xi'an/China）
.］
the cluster network autonomously and provides
suitable shared network resource information
for SHAKE. In some basic experiments, we show
The Multi-Sharing Mobile Remote Monitoring
the features of SCCM and demonstrated that
System-The Four Layer Object Management
each host's communication performance is
Model and Practical System
guaranteed even when a competitor appears
within the cluster network.
Y. Murata, K. Sugiura, S. Ishihara, F. Sato,
and T. Mizuno
［2003 IEEE Pacific Rim Conference on Communications, Computers and Signal Processing
We developed a multi sharing mobile remote
（PACRIM '03）, pp. 276-279（2003-8, Victoria/Can-
monitoring system MMRM. This paper will
ada）.］
present the four layers object management
model and the three layers application protocol
stack model that are basic design schemes of
Evaluation of Traffic Dispersion Methods for
MMRM. The system structure and the function
Synchronous Distributed Multimedia Data
block diagram of the practical system TRM
Transmission on Multiple Links
（Tokai-Remote Monitoring System） will be in-
Y. Saito, S. Ishihara, T. Mizuno, and T. Watanabe
troduced. In addition, system characteristics
such as the delay period from trouble detection
In this paper, we propose a multimedia data
to sending alarm message will also be described.
transmission method, Multitrack, that archives
［The international conference on advanced in-
high-speed and efficient data transmission between multiple mobile hosts and the Internet.
formation
networking
and
applications
（AINA2003）, pp. 587-592（2003-3, Xi'an/China）
.］
This method enables terminals that have a low
speed link to the Internet to receive and play a
high quality streaming video, and mitigates the
Mobile image monitoring system using video
load on the server. Multitrack is used in a
interphones --- Development of the Residential
cluster-type network where multiple mobile
Self Security System
hosts are connected to each other with short
-range,
high-speed
links.
High-speed
com-
Y. Murata, Y. Tsuduki, S. Ishihara, F. Sato and
T. Mizuno
munication with hosts outside the cluster is realized by using multiple wireless links from each
This report outlines the development of resi-
mobile host in the cluster and the Internet in
dential self-security system RSSS that enables
parallel and dispersing data traffic to them. By
remote
using Multitrack, users of the hosts in the cluster
around homes, and a remote verification of
can see a high quality streaming video by shar-
windows/doors locked to ensure high security.
communication,
image
monitoring
論
64
文
抄
録
This system utilized CTI technology that com-
vectors of antichains of a rooted forest. Faigle
bines a video interphone and PHS by connect-
and Kern introduced this concept and showed
ing video interphones and IP mobile phones
that a dual greedy algorithm works for the linear
（NTT DoCoMo's i-mode terminals, etc.）through
program over dual greedy polyhedra. In this
servers. Functions required in a residential
paper, we show that a dual greedy polyhedron is
self0security system, structures to ensure system
the isomorphic image of an ordinary submodu-
security, and the newly developed system will be
lar polyhedron under the Möbius function of the
discussed in detail. Also, connect time and im-
underlying rooted forest. This observation en-
age transfer time, important factors in remote
ables us to reduce linear optimization problems
communications, were measured.
over dual greedy polyhedra to those over ordi-
［1st International Forum on Information and
Computer
Technology,
pp. 222-227 （2003-1,
Shizuoka/Japan）
.］
nary submodular polyhedra. We show a new
max-min theorem for intersection of two dual
greedy polyhedra as well.
［IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals E86-A
（2003）995-999］
相互評価の下での不可能性定理
安藤和敏、小原朱理、山本芳嗣
民主的な社会的決定方法が存在しないことを示唆す
るArrowの不可能性定理は、社会的選択理論における
古典的結果である。Arrowの設定では、社会の各構成
Development of a Kanji Drill System with
PDAs for Elementary School Students
Takeharu ISHIZUKA, Tatsuya HORITA,
Masahiro OGAWA and Tomoyuki YAMADA
員は全ての選択肢に対する選好順序を表明するが、本
小学生を対象としたPDAを用いた漢字ドリル
論文では社会の構成員が相互に評価しあう状況、すな
学習システムの開発
わち、社会の各構成員が自分自身を除いた他の全ての
構成員に対して選好順序を表明する状況を対象とする。
石塚丈晴、堀田龍也、小川雅弘、山田智之
このような相互評価の状況の下での Arrow及び
本研究では、PDAの手書き文字認識機能を利用して
Hanssonの公理系を再定義し、いくつかの公理の組合
書きとり練習を行なう漢字ドリル学習システムを開発
せでは社会的厚生関数の存在に関して肯定的な結果を
した。本システムを搭載したPDAを１クラスの児童全
導くことができないことを示す。
員に各１台貸与し、PDA漢字ドリルと学習効果の関係
［Journal of the Operations Research Society of Japan 46
について研究を行なった。その結果、PDA漢字ドリル
（2003）523-533］
の利用量が多いほど漢字能力漢字能力も向上するとい
う関係があることが、判明した。一方で、児童の学習
記録を教師が把握し適切な指導を随時行なっていく必
Mo
¨bius Functions of Rooted Forests and
Faigle-Kern's Dual Greedy Polyhedra
Kazutoshi ANDO
根付き半順序集合上のMo
¨bius関数とFaigle-Kernの
双対貪欲多面体
安藤和敏
A dual greedy polyhedron is defined by a system of linear inequalities, where the right-hand
sides are given by a submodular function and
the coefficients matrix is given by the incidence
要も判明し、そのためのシステムを今後開発していく
必要があることが分かった。
［日本教育工学会誌, Vol. 27, Suppl.（2003）, pp.
303-306］
論
文
抄
録
65
Methane emission from rice fields in mainland
TgCH4 yr-1, of which 7.67 Tg was estimated from
China: Amount and seasonal and spatial
China and 5.88 Tg from India. A high-resolution
distribution
and quality emission distribution map was con-
X. Yan, Z. Cai, T. Ohara and H. Akimoto
中国における稲作地からのメタン発生量：発生量、
季節変動、地域分布
structed as the emission was directly estimated
at province level and below that, a 30-second
land-use dataset was used in order to translate
the emission to grid format.
X. Yan, Z. Cai, 大原利眞、秋元肇
［Global Change Biology, Vol. 9, 237-254（2003）］
China is the largest rice producer in the world.
Methane（CH4）emission from its rice fields has
Estimation of nitrous oxide, nitric oxide and
been widely measured since the late 1980s. This
ammonia emissions from croplands in East,
study collected the results of available field re-
Southeast and South Asia
search, totaling 204 season-treatment measurements conducted on 23 sites. Analysis of these
X. Yan, H. Akimoto and T. Ohara
data shows that input of organic material, such
東アジア、東南アジアおよび南アジアにおける耕作地
as green manure, animal waste, and crop straw,
からのN2O, NO, NH3 発生量の推計
increases CH4 emission by a factor of 2. The
region-specific emission factors, and 1995 data
X. Yan、秋元肇、大原利眞
on rice cultivation area, CH4 emission from
Agricultural activities have greatly altered the
growing-season rice fields in Mainland China
global nitrogen cycle and produced nitrogenous
yr-1,
ranging from
gases of environmental significance. More than
5.82 to 9.57 Tg yr-1, due to uncertainties in the
half of the global chemical nitrogen fertilizer is
areas receiving organic inputs, and intermittent
used for crop production in East, Southeast and
irrigation.
South Asia where rice is the center of nutrition.
was estimated to be 7.67 Tg
［J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 108, 4505-4518（2003）］
Emissions of nitrous oxide（N2O）, nitric oxide
（NO） and ammonia （NH3） from croplands in
this region were estimated by considering both
Development of region-specific emission
background emission and emissions resulting
factors and estimation of methane emission
from nitrogen added to croplands, including
from rice fields in the East, Southeast and
chemical nitrogen, animal manure used as fer-
South Asian countries
tilizer, biological fixed nitrogen and nitrogen in
X. Yan, T. Ohara and H. Akimoto
crop residue returned to field. Total N2O emission from croplands in the region was estimated
東アジア、東南アジアおよび南アジアにおける稲作
at 1.16 Tg N yr-1, with 41% contributed by back-
地からのメタンの発生係数と発生量の評価
ground emission which was not considered in
previous global estimates. Total NO emission
X. Yan、大原利眞、秋元肇
was 572 Gg N yr-1 in the region, with 38% due to
Rice cultivation areas in East, Southeast and
background emission. Total NH3 emission was
South Asia account for 89% of the world total,
estimated at 11.8 Tg N yr-1.
and field measurements of methane emission
from rice cultivation have been widely performed in this area. In this paper, we assembled
most
of
measurements
and
developed
region-specific CH4 emission factors. Total
emission from these areas was estimated at 25.1
［Global Change Biology, Vol. 9, 1080-1096（2003）］
論
66
文
抄
録
Determining fertilizer-induced NO emission
about 10.4 Tg CH4. The total methane emissions
ratio from soils by a statistical distribution
from livestock increased by an average of 2%
model
per annum from 1965 to 2000. The recent in-
X. Yan, K. Shimizu, H. Akimoto and T. Ohara
確率分布モデルを用いた施肥土壌からのNO排出推計
crease in methane emissions in China was especially remarkable.
［Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 37, 4393-4406
（2003）］
X. Yan、清水邦夫、秋元肇、大原利眞
To reduce uncertainties in the highly variable
estimates of NO emission from N fertilizer, we
光化学オキシダントの全国的な経年変動に関する研究
compiled and analyzed available reports of field
大原利眞、坂田智之
measurements on fertilizer-induced NO emission. Three statistical distribution models, log-
1985∼1999年度に日本全国の大気常時監視測定局で
normal, gamma and Weibull, were used to fit the
測定された光化学オキシダント年平均濃度を解析した
observation data. Results show that while all
結果、82%の測定局において経年的な増加傾向を示し、
three models fit the observation data statisti-
その増加率は全国平均で年間0.33ppb／年（1.1%/年）
cally, the lognormal model is not applicable to
であった。特に1991∼1996年度における増加は著しく、
this data set. A mean fertilizer-induced NO
その間に全国平均で約５ppb増加した。また、濃度上昇
emission ratio of 0.71% was derived from a
は全国的な現象であること、６月を除く暖候期に増加
Weibull distribution, which is the besting fitting
傾向がやや大きいことなどの特徴が認められた。しか
model.
し、大気常時監視測定局のOx測定機には1980年代中頃
［Biol Fertil Soils, Vol. 39, 45-50（2003）］
から向流吸収管の自動洗浄装置が装着され始め、この
測定法の変化がOx測定濃度の長期変動に一定の影響
を及ぼしている可能性もある。
A country-specific, high-resolution emission
［大気環境学会誌、Vol. 38, 47-54（2003）］
inventory for methane from livestock in Asia
in 2000
関東地域におけるオゾンによる植物影響評価
K. Yamaji, T. Ohara and H. Akimoto
−ダメージ関数を用いたインパクト推計−
アジア地域における家畜起源メタンの
高木健作、大原利眞
2000年高分解能エミッション・インベントリの構築
関東地域におけるオゾンの植物影響を、大気常時監
山地一代、大原利眞、秋元肇
視測定局で測定された光化学オキシダント
（Ox）
濃度
Methane emissions from livestock in South,
データ、収穫量データ及びダメージ関数を用いて定量
Southeast, and East Asia were estimated to be
的に評価した。対象とした植物は農作物８種類とスギ
about 29.9 Tg CH4 in 2000 using the Food and
である。推計結果によると、オゾンによって関東地域
Agriculture
and
の植物は大きな影響を受け、農作物収穫量及びスギ乾
district-level data on regional activity and emis-
Organization
database
重量が大きく減少し、農作物減収による被害総額は年
sion factors, considering regional specificities.
間210億円にものぼる。
These emissions consisted of 25.9 Tg CH4 from
一方、関東地域におけるOx濃度はやや増加傾向にあ
enteric fermentation and 4.0 Tg CH4 from live-
り、しかも高濃度域が都市域からその周辺域に拡大し
stock manure management systems. India had
ている。これらのことから、植物影響の視点も考慮し
the greatest production, with 11.8 Tg CH4 from
て光化学大気汚染対策を講じる必要があると考えられ
livestock, primarily cattle and buffaloes. China
る。
was also a high-emission country, producing
［大気環境学会誌, Vol. 38, 205-216（2003）］
論
文
抄
録
67
Tiny Tools for Supporting Environmental
based on results of the preliminary survey.
Communication
Questionnaires concerning perceptions of trust
MAEDA, Yasunobu
環境コミュニケーションを支援するちいさなツール群
前田恭伸
Sharing of environmental information be-
in the organizations and the proposed determinants were sent by mail to residents in the area
where
environmental
risk
problems
had
emerged. The data were analyzed by covariance
structure analysis to construct models of trust in
industry, government, and citizen's groups. As a
result, ‘openness and honesty’,‘concern and
tween various people, such as citizen groups,
care’,‘competence’
, ‘people’
s concern with
environmental experts, and laypeople, is an im-
risks’
, and‘consensual values’were found to
portant way to deal with environmental issues. It
be factors directly determining trust. Suggested
was with this point of view, that the Ayumisaki
in particular, is that‘openness’of an organiza-
Project distributed hypertext on water quality
tion is not attained merely by information dis-
data that were investigated by citizen groups in
closure, but also by bi-directional communica-
the Ibaraki prefecture. Although many people
tion with the people. Moreover, these models
accepted the environmental hypertext, some
include‘consensual values’
, which do not ap-
users needed functions to help understand numerical data and technical terms. This paper
pear in the model proposed by Peters et al.
［Risk Analysis, 23（2）, 303-310（2003）］
discusses new program tools, such as the MWQI
Tool, the Water Quality Interpreter, and the
Client-side Search Engine, that were developed
after analyzing their requirements. These pro-
高速道路排水のリスクアセスメント
grams were written using Java and JavaScript
前田恭伸
languages, and were designed to be executable
on WWW browsers.
［Proceedings of Information Technologies in
Environmental Engineering（ITEE‘2003）, 6 pages（2003）］
Risk Assessment of Expected Run-off
from a Highway
MAEDA, Yasunobu
現在建設中の第二東名高速道路は、既存の東名高速
道路より山側に配置されて計画されているため、その
Determinants of Trust in Industry,
Government, and Citizen's Groups in Japan
Yasunobu Maeda and Makoto Miyahara
道路排水が下流河川の水質に与える影響が懸念される。
そこで本研究では、この高速道路排水が上水道水源に
流れ込むある地域を対象に、想定される道路排水の健
康影響についてリスクアセスメントを行った。取り上
日本における企業、行政、市民グループの
げた物質は重金属、PAH、およびTHMである。その結
信頼性の決定要因
果、ブロモジクロロメタンについて10-5を超える発が
前田恭伸、宮原誠
ん確率が推定された。また、一部の重金属やその他の
THMについても比較的高いリスクが示されたため、
The causal structure of the determinants of
今後の流域全体での水質の監視と管理が必要であるこ
trust in industry, government, and citizen's
とが示唆された。
groups in Japan was investigated on the basis of
Peters et al., 1997. A preliminary survey of the
adequacy of the hypotheses proposed by Peters
et al. in Japan was made. A set of hypothesized
determinants of trust in Japan was proposed
［環境情報科学論文集, No. 17, 247-252（2003）］
論
68
文
抄
録
高アンモニア濃度条件下での嫌気性消化における
equivalent -- the decrease in carrying capacity K
酸生成細菌の有機物資化特性
that causes the same enhancement of extinction
藤島繁樹、宮原高志、小野寺寿治、野池達也
嫌気性消化における高アンモニア濃度条件での酸生
成段階の有機物分解特性は明らかにされた。反応槽内
のアンモニア濃度が限界濃度を超えると、たんぱく質
risk as chemical exposure at a given level. The
risk equivalent can be used in mitigation banking.
［Chemosphere 53, 377-387.（2003）英文, システム工学
科］
分解に先駆けて炭水化物の分解が急激に低下する。こ
れは代謝経路の変化を伴うものであり、滞留時間を長
くとることでエタノール生成の割合が高まる程度の影
Can transitive inference evolve in animals
響に抑えることができるが、滞留時間の変更が困難な
playing hawk-dove game?
場合の有効な対策として、炭水化物を主成分とする基
Mayuko Nakamaru（システム工学科）
質を添加することで、アンモニアによる阻害のないプ
Akira Sasaki.
ロセスにできることが明らかにされた。
［土木学会論文集, 7（727）, 31-38,（2003）］
What should an individual do if there are no
reliable cues to the strength of a competitor
when fighting with it for resources? We herein
Extinction Risk to Bird Populations Caused by
examine the evolutionarily stable strategy（ESS）
DDT Exposure.
in the hawk-dove game, if the opponents re-
Mayuko Nakamaru （システム工学科）
Yoh Iwasa & Junko Nakanishi
source holding potential（RHP）can only indirectly be inferred from the outcome of past interactions in the population. The strategies we
The impact of toxic chemicals on wild animals
examined include the classical mixed strategy in
and plants can be quantified in terms of the en-
which no information on past games is utilized,
hanced risk of population extinction.
the "imprinting" strategy in which a player
To il-
lustrate a method for doing this, we estimated
increases/decreases
such impact for two bird species: herring gull
wins/loses a game, the "immediate inference"
（Larus argentatus）in Long Island, NY, and spar-
strategy in which a player can infer the strength
rowhawk （Accipiter nisus） in easthern England,
of those opponents it fought before, and the
its
aggressiveness
if
it
when they were exposed to DDT（p, p'-dichlo-
"transitive inference" strategy in which a player
rodiphenyltrichloroethane）and its metabolites
can infer the strength of a new opponent
（called DDTs）. The method we used is based on
through a third party with which both players
a formula of the mean time to population ex-
have fought before. Invasibility analysis for each
tinction derived for a stochastic differential
pair
equation（the canonical model）. The intrinsic
transitive-inference strategy can always invade
rate of natural population growth was estimated
the mixed strategy and the imprinting strategy,
from an exponentially growing population, and
and itself refuses invasion by these strategies;
the intensity of the environmental fluctuation
（ii） the largest advantage for transitive-infer-
was estimated from the magnitude of population
ence is achieved when the number of games
size fluctuation. The effect of exposure to DDTs
played per individual in one generation is small
in reducing the population growth rate was
and when the cost of losing an escalated game is
evaluated based on an age-structured popula-
large;（iii）the immediateinference, rather than
tion model, by assuming that age-specific fertil-
the transitive-inference, can be an ESS if the cost
ity is density-dependent and sensitive to DDTs
of fighting is small;（iv）a strong linear ranking is
exposure, but age-specific survivorship is not.
established in the population of transitive-infer-
The results are expressed in terms of the risk
ence strategists, though it does not perfectly
of
strategies
revealed
that （i） the
論
文
抄
録
69
correlate to the ranking by actual RHPs. We
breeding females）
, and CV（coefficient of vari-
found that the advantage of the transitive infer-
ation）= 0.2（s2e=0.0298）. Risk equivalent allows
ence is not in its ability to correct a misassess-
us to compare different risk factors and is useful
ment（it is actually the worst in doing so）, but in
in mitigation banking. ［Environmental Toxicology
the ability of quickly lining up either incorrect or
and Chemistry 21, 195-202.（2002）英文、システム工学
correct assessments to form a linear dominance
科］
（この要旨は、昨年載せ忘れたものです。）
hierarchy.
［Journal of Theoretical Biology, 222, 461-470.（2003）英
文、システム工学科］
Chaotic Dynamics in Semiconductor Lasers
with Optical Feedback
Extinction Risk to Herring Gull populations
from DDT Exposure.
Junji Ohtsubo
戻り光半導体レーザにおけるカオスダイナミクス
Mayuko Nakamaru（システム工学科）
Yoh Iwasa, Junko Nakanishi.
大坪順次
The impact of toxic chemicals on wild animals
The article deals with the dynamics of feed-
and plants can be quantified in terms of the en-
back induced instability and chaos, especially
hanced risk of population extinction.
To il-
for optical feedback. The characteristics of
lustrate the method, we estimated it for herring
semiconductor lasers as class-B lasers based on
gull（Larus argentatus）populations in Long Island,
the rate equations including various laser struc-
NY, exposed to DDT （p, p'-dichlorodiphenyl-
tures are reviewed and, then, the effects of op-
trichloroethane） and its metabolites （abbrevi-
tical feedback in semiconductor lasers are dis-
ated as DDTs） with a strong biomagnification
cussed. As applications of chaos in semicon-
effect. The method is based on a formula of the
ductor lasers with optical feedback, chaos con-
mean time to population extinction derived for a
stochastic differential equation （the canonical
trol and chaos communications are present.
［Prog. in Opt. Vol. 44, pp. 1-84 2002］
model）
. The intrinsic rate of natural population
growth was estimated from the doubling time of
an exponentially growing population and the
Expanded-Bandwidth Chaos Synchronization
intensity of the environmental fluctuation from
in Semiconductor Lasers with Optical
the magnitude of population size fluctuation.
Feedback by Strong Optical Injection
The effect of exposure to DDTs in reducing the
population growth rate was evaluated based on
Yoshiro Takiguchi, Koji Ohyagi, Junji Ohtsubo
an age-structured population model, by assum-
強光注入により帯域拡大された
ing that age-specific fertilities（including chick
半導体レーザのカオス同期
survivorship）are density-dependent and sensitive to DDTs exposure, but age-specific survi-
滝口由朗、大八木紘司、大坪順次
vorships are not. The results are expressed in
Bandwidth-enhanced chaos synchronization
terms of the risk equivalent -- the decrease in the
in strongly injection-locked semiconductor la-
carrying capacity K that causes the same en-
sers with optical feedback is numerically studied
hancement of extinction risk as chemical expo-
based on the laser rate equations. The band-
sure at a given level. The high concentration
width of chaotic carrier frequency in a semi-
reported in Long Island, NY, in the 1960s cor-
conductor laser with optical feedback is ex-
responds to the equivalent loss of carrying ca-
panded roughly three times by a strong optical
pacity by 30.5 % when K is 100 （the number of
injection compared with the case of no optical
論
70
文
injection. Using a bandwidth-enhanced semi-
抄
録
［Opt. Lett. Vol. 28 No. 18, pp. 1677-1679 2003］
conductor lasers as chaotic transmitter and receiver, the transmitter and the receiver lasers
synchronize under a complete chaos synchro-
Anticipating Chaos Synchronization at High
nization scheme.
Optical Feedback Rate in Compound Cavity
［Opt. Lett. Vol.28 No.5, pp. 319-321 2003］
Semiconductor Lasers
kenji Kusumoto, Junji Ohtsubo
Observation of Low-Frequency Fluctuations in
高反射率複合共振器半導体レーザにおける
VCSELs with Optical Feedback
予想同期カオス
Natsuki Fujiwara, Junji Ohtsubo,
楠本憲嗣、大坪順次
Yoshiro Takiguchi
Numerical studies for anticipating chaos syn-
戻り光面発光レーザにおける低周波振動の観測
藤原夏樹、大坪順次、滝口由朗
chronization in semiconductor lasers with optical feedback are presented. Anticipating chaos
synchronization in a delay-differential system is
believed to be occurred when all chaos param-
Low-frequency fluctuations（LFFs）which are
eters between the two systems are perfectly co-
typical chaotic oscillations in edge-emitting
incident with each other. However we find new
semiconductor lasers are experimentally ob-
schemes of anticipating chaos synchronization
served for a y-polarization mode（y is the direc-
when the parameters between the two systems
tion along the optical axis of a laser material）in
have mismatches. Under these conditions, the
a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser（VCSEL）
time lag between the two laser outputs is equal
with optical feedback.
to that of anticipating chaos synchronization,
［Opt. Lett. Vol. 28 No. 11, pp. 896-898 2003］
but the physical origin of the phenomenon
comes from optical injection-locking or amplification in laser systems. We show the evidence of
Experimental Synchronization in Mutually
such chaotic synchronization using trajectories
Coupled VCSELs
in the phase space of the phase difference and
Natsuki Fujiwara, Yoshiro Takiguchi,
Junji Ohtsubo
the carrier density in the laser oscillations.
［IEEE J. Quantum Electron. Vol. 39 No. 12, pp.
1531-1536 2003］
相互結合した面発光レーザにおける
実験的カオス同期の観測
藤原夏樹、滝口由朗、大坪順次
Synchronization of chaotic oscillations is observed
in
mutually-injected
vertical-cavity
指押し課題による視覚依存性反射的サッカードに伴う
注意解除の検討
海老澤嘉伸、渡邊昌彦、天野亮
surface-emitting lasers （VCSELs） in a low-fre-
A Study of Attentional Disengagement
quency fluctuation（LFF）regime. In the experi-
Accompanied by with a Visually-Guided
ments, only one of the two polarization modes（x
Reflexive Saccade Using Manual
mode）shows synchronized oscillations and the
Reaction Times
other polarization components （y mode） synchronize due to the effect of anti-correlated oscillations that is a characteristic feature in VCSELs.
Yoshinobu Ebisawa, Masahiko Watanabe,
and Ryo Amano
サッカードの発生前には、注視点からの注意の解除
論
文
抄
録
71
が必要であるとされている。本研究では、注意の解除
中における大小の注視点周辺での注意レベルの変動を
指押し課題により調べ、解除中に注意集中範囲が経時
連続点滅光のサッカード定位誤りの点滅頻度依存性
的に広がるという仮説を支持する結果を得た.
海老澤嘉伸
［電子情報通信学会論文誌D-II，Vol. J86-D-II, No. 2,
pp. 354-358（2003）］
Dependence of Flashing Frequency on
Saccade-Contingent Visual Mislocalization of a
Repeatedly Flashing Stimulus
超音波位置計測に基づく頭部運動による
ポインティングシステム
布下正意、海老澤嘉伸、石間大典
Yoshinobu Ebisawa
Subjects were placed, in complete darkness,
and asked to elicit a saccade from a repeatedly
Head pointing system based on ultrasonic
flashing stimulus in the center of the visual field
position measurement
to a saccade target located 10 deg to the right of
Masaoki Nunoshita, Yoshinobu Ebisawa, and
Daisuke Ishima
the stimulus. The stimulus produced several
phantom flashes basically in the direction of the
saccade；they were mislocalized to the saccade
頭部運動が可能な四肢麻痺患者がパソコンを扱える
target, when the flashing frequency was high
ように、超音波センサを用いた頭部ポインティングシ
（e.g., 500 Hz）. The stimulus was extinguished
ステムを構成した。従来法に比べ、パソコン画面上に
near the saccade in time. The subjects reported
おいて、常に顔正面にカーソルを提示できる点で操作
the position of the finally perceived phantom
性に優れている。健常者３名において、提案法はマウ
flash. The results of the two experiments showed
スと大差のないポインティングスピードを示した。
that the degree of mislocalization decreasing
［映像情報メディア学会論文誌, Vol. 57, No. 3, p.
flashing frequency, but it is not affected by the
403-408（2003）］
luminance of each flash or the average luminance of the flashing stimulus. Our previous
study suggested that the degree of mislocaliza-
注視点消灯後の視標出現位置における注意レベルの
tion depends on the attended position during
変動とサッカード反応時間の関係
the saccade. The results of the present study
天野亮、海老澤嘉伸
Relationship between Saccade Reaction Times
were discussed related to the attention shift.
［映像情報メディア学会論文誌, Vol. 57,No. 12, pp.
1669-1676（2003）］
and Attentional Levels at Target Appearing
Positions after Fixation Point Disappearance
Ryo Amano and Yoshinobu Ebisawa
あらまし本研究では、視標出現に対する指押し反応
時間が、視標出現時の視標出現位置における注意レベ
視標出現の予期によるサッカード反応時間の変化
海老澤嘉伸、天野亮
ルを反映していると仮定して、サッカードと指押しの
Variation of Saccade Reaction Times
両反応時間を同時計測した。その結果、注視点消失か
Depending Upon Anticipation of Target
ら視標出現までのギャップ時間に視標出現位置におけ
Appearance
る注意レベルが経時的に上昇することを示唆する結果
を得た。
［映像情報メディア学会論文誌，Vol. 57, No. 3, pp.
413-416（2003）］
Yoshinobu Ebisawa and Ryo Amano
本研究では、左右に出現する視標の確率を4：1と1：
4にした二つの実験条件間で、サッカード反応時間
（SRT）と指押し反応時間（MRT）
を比較し、出現確率の
論
72
文
抄
録
高いほうの視標に対して、両反応時間が短くなること
veloped to identify electrolytes in an aqueous
を示す。MRTは、視標出現位置での注意レベルを反映
solution without selective coatings. When the
していると考えられているため、視標出現をより強く
electrical properties of sample solution are the
予期した方の位置での注意レベルの上昇と、それが原
same, it is impossible to identify the differences
因となってSRTの短縮が起こったと考えられる。
by using steady-state values. The transient re-
［映像情報メディア学会論文誌, Vol. 57, No. 12, pp
1759-1763（2003）］
sponses from the liquid-flow system, however,
depend on the materials contained in a sample
solution. Therefore, it is possible to determine
the type of ion species in the solution from the
Eye Tracking Based on Ultrasonic Position
transient responses. To identify and evaluate
Measurement in Head Free Video-Based
the sample solutions, the self-calibrating ratio-
Eye-Gaze Detection
metric method（SCRM）is proposed. Since the
Daisuke Ishima and Yoshinobu Ebisawa
SCRM is based on the time differences between
rise and fall responses, the influences of experi-
頭部運動を許容するビデオ式視点検出における超音波
mental conditions can be calibrated and thus
位置計測に基づく眼の追尾
ignored. The results indicate that the SCRM is
石間大典、海老澤嘉伸
an effective identification method based on the
transient responses. Moreover, the mechanisms
We are developing a head free video-based
are discussed and it is found that the dispersion
eye-gaze detection system. In the present study,
of an electrolyte based on the gravity effect and
a recently developed ultrasonic head tracking
the evanescent piezoelectric potential are es-
system is used to keep capturing eye image in
focus with zoom-focus control and one-mirror
rotation systems which we previously devel-
sential for the identification.
［Sensors and Actuators B, Vol. 91, Issue1-3, pp.
309-315（2003）］
oped. The experimental results show that the
proposed total system makes it possible to detect
Development of Practical Surface Acoustic
the eye’
s feature points necessary for deter-
Wave Liquid Sensing System and its
mining the eye gaze, even if the head moves
Application For Measurement of Japanese Tea
back and forth or right and left, relatively fast.
［Proceedings of IEEE EMBS Asian-Pacific Conference on Biomedical Engineering 2003, 2 pages
（2003）］
Jun Kondoh, Takao Muramatsu,
Tetsuo Nakanishi, Yoshikazu Matsui,
Showko Shiokawa
弾性表面波液体計測システムの開発と
日本茶測定への応用
Identification of Electrolyte Solutions Using a
Shear Horizontal Surface Acoustic Wave
Sensor with a Liquid-flow System
Jun Kondoh, Yoshikazu Matsui,
and Showko Shiokawa
近藤淳、村松隆雄、中西徹郎、松井義和、塩川祥子
In this paper, we report on the development of
a practical compact and stable sensing system
with a shear horizontal surface acoustic wave
（SH-SAW）sensor for liquid. First, the oscillation
液体フローシステムと弾性表面波センサを用いた電解
circuits for the liquid-phase sensor based on the
質水溶液の識別
SH-SAW device is discussed. Two sensor out-
近藤淳、松井義和、塩川祥子
puts, i.e., frequency and amplitude, are required
for evaluating the liquid properties. To monitor
A liquid-flow system with a shear horizontal
the amplitude, an automatic gain control ampli-
surface acoustic wave（SH-SAW）sensor is de-
fier is utilized in the oscillation circuit. The de-

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